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May26,2015

#1
BIOLOGY
EOC
REVIEW CARDS
Name: ________________

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ScientificMethod&ExperimentalDesign

May26,2015

#2

1.Question
2.Hypothesis
3.Testing(Observations&ControlledExperiments)
4.Conclusions(SupportorRejectHypothesis)
IndependentVariablescientistchanges(Xaxis)
DependentVariablewhatismeasured(Yaxis)

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May26,2015

ImportantOrganicCompounds
Carbohydrates
sugars,starches,cellulose
energy
Monomer=glucose
Polymer=starch

#3

Lipids
fats&oils
energy,cellboundaries
Monomer=glycerol&3fattyacids

Proteins
enzymes,hair,collagen
regulatecellprocesses
Monomer=aminoacids
Polymer=polypeptides(proteins)

NucleicAcids
DNAorRNA
carryhereditaryinformation&
instructionstomakeproteins
Monomer=nucleotides

RememberMonomerscombinetomakePolymers(smalltobig)

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May26,2015

Prokaryoticvs.Eukaryotic

#4

NoNucleus

Haveanucleus

Nomembraneboundorganelles

Havemembraneboundorganelles...
mitochondria,chloroplasts,etc.

ex)Bacteria
Theydohave
1)PlasmaMembrane
2)DNA&RNA
3)ribosomes
4)cellwall
5)cytoplasm

ex)Protist,Algae,Fungi,Plants,Animals

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May26,2015

ImportantCellOrganelles
Organelle

Function

Prokaryoticor
Eukaryotic

#5
PlantorAnimal

ControlCenter

Eukaryotic

Both

PlasmaMembrane
(cellmembrane)

Controlpassage
into/outofcell

Both

Both

CellWall

Support&Protection Both

Plant(&fungi&bacteria,
&someprotists)

Mitochondria

powerhouse,Make
ATP(energy)

Eukaryotic

Both

Vacuoles

Storage&Support

Eukaryotic

Both(smallinanimal,
largeinplant)

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis,make
Eukaryotic
food

Plants

Ribosomes

makeproteins

Both

Nucleus

Both

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MovementofMaterialsInto/OutofCell

May26,2015

#6

ActiveTransportagainstgradientfromlowtohigh,requiresenergy

PassiveTransportwithgradientfromhightolow,NOenergyrequired
ex)Diffusionanyparticle
Osmosiswateronly
FacilitatedDiffusionusesproteinchannels

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May26,2015

Howwillwatermove?
1)

40%sucroseonSideA

60%sucroseonSideB

2)

55%glucoseonSideA

35%glucoseonSideB

3)

60%saltonSideA

60%saltonSideB

SideA

#7
SideB

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Enzymes

May26,2015

#8

endinASE
proteins
speedup(catalyze)chemicalreactionsbylowering
activationenergy(amountofenergyneededto
startreaction)
veryspecific(lock&key)
Enzymesarerecycled&reused
Denatured(changeshape)byhightemperatures&
pHchanges(usebufferstomaintainpH)
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May26,2015

Photosynthesis

#9

Sunlighttofood(glucose)
Happensinchloroplast
requireschlorophyll(pigmentthatabsorbslight)
AutotrophicNutrition

CO2+H2O+sunlightC6H12O6+O2
carbondioxide+water

glucose+oxygen

[Chemosynthesisuseschemicals(insteadofsunenergy)to
makefoodcertainbacteria]

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May26,2015

CellularRespiration

#10

Food(glucose)toATP(mitochondria)
H2O +ATP
+
CO2
O2
C6H12O6+
Energy
Oxygenwith CarbonDioxideWater
Glucose
Enzymes

AerobicRequiresOxygenTotalof36ATP
1.Glycolysis(2)
2.Kreb'sCycle/CitricAcidCycle(2)
3.ElectronTransportChain(32)
AnaerobicWithoutOxygenTotalof2ATP
1.Glycolysis(2)
2.Fermentation
a.Bacteria/Animalslacticacid
b.Yeast(Fungi)alcohol&CO2
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May26,2015

DNAvs.RNA
DeoxyribonucleicAcid

RibonucleicAcid

DoubleHelix(2strands)

1strand

A,T,C,G

A,U,C,G

Rules:ATandCG

Rules:AUandCG

Replication:DNAcopiesitself
happensduringinterphase
semiconservative:useoldstrand
tomakenewstrand

#11

mRNAleavesthenucleus,goes
totheribosometodirect
proteinsynthesis
tRNAtransfersaminoacidsto
ribosome

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ProteinSynthesis

May26,2015

#12

happensattheribosome
1.Transcription:DNAtomRNAinnucleus
2.mRNAleavesthenucleus,travelstoribosome
3.Translation:tRNAanticodoncarryingaminoacid
isattachedtoeachmRNAcodon[lookforstart(AUG)&
stopcodon(UAA,UAG,UGA)]
4.aminoacidsarejoinedtogetherbypeptidebonds

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May26,2015

#13
Sexualvs.AsexualReproduction
usedtoproduceoffspring
(children)

usedforgrowth&repair
1parentonly...nomateneeded

2parentscontributeDNA
offspringaregeneticallyidentical

Insuresvarietywithinspecies
NOgeneticvariation

Offspringaregenetically
unique

ex)mitosis,binaryfission,budding,cloning,
regeneration

ex)meiosis&fertilization

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May26,2015

Mitosis

#14

producessomaticcells(bodycells)
1diploidcellmakes2diploidcells
Interphasehappensbeforemitosis(copyDNA)
StagesofMitosis
1.Prophasechromosomesvisible,spindlefibersattach
2.Metaphasechromosomeslinedupincenter
3.Anaphasechromatidsseparateatthecentromere
4.Telophasenucleusreforms,chromosomesspreadout
Cytokinesishappensaftermitosis
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May26,2015

Meiosis

#15

Producesgametes(sexcells:egg/sperm)
1diploidcellmakes4haploidcellsthrough2divisions
Interphasehappensbeforemeiosis(copyDNA)
MeiosisI

MeiosisII

(separateshomologouschromosomes)

(separatessisterchromatids)

a.ProphaseI:crossingover/synapsis a.ProphaseII
b.MetaphaseI
b.MetaphaseII
c.AnaphaseI
c.AnaphaseII
d.TelophaseI
d.TelophaseII
CytokinesisfollowsTelophaseI&II

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SourcesofGeneticVariation

May26,2015

#16

1.Recombinationofallelesduringsexualreproduction
2.Mutations(randomchangeinDNA)
3.RandomAssortmentofchromosomesduringmeiosis
4.Crossingover(ProphaseIofMeiosis)
5.Nondisjunction(mostcommonlytrisomy21=Downsyndrome)
6.Fertilization:23mom+23dad=46you

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PunnettSquareVocabulary

May26,2015

#17

Dominant:expressed(onlyneed1copy)
Recessive:NOTexpressed(unlesshave2copies)
Homozygous:samealleles(TTortt)
Heterozygous:differentalleles(Tt)
Phenotype:Whatitlookslike(Tall)"physicalform"
Genotype:Geneticmakeup(TT,Tt,tt)"typeo'genes"
TestCross:crosstodetermineifhomoorheterozygous
foratraitmustcrosswithhomozygousrecessive

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May26,2015

MonohybridCrosses

#18

Onetraitonly
T=tallt=short
Ex)HomozygousTall(TT)crossedwithHeterozygous(Tt)

Gametes T
T
TT
t
Tt

T
TT
Tt

PhenotypicRatio:AllTall
GenotypicRatio:2TT:2Tt
or50%TT,50%Tt

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May26,2015

DihybridCrosses

#19

Twotraits
(showsMendel'slawofindependentassortment

ex)TtBbxTtBb

T=tall
t=short

B=brown
b=blonde

1.FindGametes(FOIL)or(1&3,1&4,2&3,2&4)
TB,Tb,tB,tb
2.Use16blockPunnettSquare
3.9:3:3:1phenotyperatio
BeabletopredictGenotype&Phenotypeofspecificsquares
withinthecross

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May26,2015

IncompleteDominancevs.Codominance

#20

Partialdominance

Bothallelescontribute

Resultsinblending
oftwotraits

BlackFeathers(BB)
x
WhiteFeathers(WW)
=
Black&White
(checkered)Feathers
(BW)

Redflowers(RR)
x
Whiteflowers(R'R')
=
Pinkflowers(RR')

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May26,2015

MultipleAlleles

#21

morethantwoallelesforatrait
ex)BloodTypehas3alleles:IA,IB,i(orA,B,o)
A&Ballelesarecodominantovertheoallele
TypeA:IAIAorIAi

TypeB:IBIBorIBi

TypeAB:IAIB

TypeO:ii

UniversalDonorisTypeO
UniversalRecipientisTypeAB
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May26,2015

SexLinkedvs.Polygenic #22
FoundontheXchromosome

Count#ofdominantallelesto
determinephenotype

Morecommoninmales(XY)
becausetheyonlyget1X

ex)skin,eye,haircolor

ex)Hemophilia(lackblood
clottingfactor)Colorblindness

H=normalh=hemophilia

XHXHnormalfemale
XHXhcarrierfemale
XHYnormalmale
XhYhemophiliamale

4dom=black
3dom=dark
2dom=med
1dom=light
0dom=white

Therefore....
AABB=black
AaBB=dark
Aabb=light
aabb=white

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May26,2015

#23

Pedigrees&Karyotypes
familyrecordthatshowshow
traitsareinheritedovermany
generations

ordereddisplayofaperson's
chromosomes

square=male
circle=female

usedtodeterminegender
(23rdpair)
same=XXfemale
different=XYmale

shadedin=showsdisorder
usuallyshowsexlinkedtraits
(mostmaleshavedisorder)

usedtodeterminegenetic
disorderslikeDownsyndrome
(trisomy21)

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May26,2015

UsesofDNATechnology

#24

DNAFingerprint=madeusingGelElectrophoresis
separatesDNAsegmentsbysize(smalltravelfurther)
usedtodeterminepaternity&whocommittedcrimes
Cloning
makinggeneticallyidenticalorganisms
reducesvariation:(
TransgenicOrganisms(GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms)
genesfrom1organismaretransferredintoDNA
ofanotherorganismtoprovideausefultrait
ex)creatingplantsthatareresistanttoherbicidesorthat
aredroughttolerant

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May26,2015

MakingRecombinantDNA #25
1.extractdesiredgene(usuallyfromhuman)
usingrestrictionenzymecutDNAatspecific
sequences
2.splice(join)desiredgeneintoDNAofa
plasmid(circularDNAofbacteria)
3.insertplasmidwithdesiredgeneback
intothebacteria
4.allowbacteriatoreproduce(binaryfission)
&createidenticalcopiesthatcontainthe
recombinantDNA
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May26,2015

Evolution

#26

Changeovertime
Simpletomorecomplex:AnaerobictoAerobic
ProkaryotictoEukaryotic
TypicallyanswerswillbeCOMMONANCESTOR
orNATURALSELECTION
MechanismsofEvolution
1.mutationrandomgeneticchange
2.geneticdriftunusualgenemorefrequentinsmall
population(Amishpeople)
3.geneflowmigrationin/outchangespopulation
4.naturalselection
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EvidenceofEvolution

May26,2015

#27

1.FossilRecord
a.RelativeDating:lowerrocklayershaveolderfossils
b.RadiometricDating:givesexactage,
uses1/2lifeofradioactiveisotopes
2.Biochemistry:moresimilarDNAorproteins=more
closelyrelated
3.ComparativeAnatomy
a.HomologousStructures:differentfunction,similar
structuresuggestscommonancestor
b.AnalogousStructures:samefunction,different
structure(notcommonancestry)
4.Embryology:developmentverysimilarsuggestsevolution
fromcommonancestor.
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May26,2015

NaturalSelection

#28

Darwin'sSurvivaloftheFittestdifferentialreproductive
success
1.Organismsproducemoreoffspringthansurvive
2.Withinpopulation,individualshavevariations
3.Thosewithusefulvariationssurvive&reproduce
4.Overtime,thosewithusefulvariationsmakeup
mostofthepopulation
TypesofNaturalSelection
a.Stabilizing:favorsaverage
b.Directional:favors1extreme(AntibioticResistance)
c.Disruptive:favorsbothextremes,leadstonewspecies

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