1

DC CALCULATIONS
AET 3
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff's Law as it applies
to DC circuits

Courtesy of the United States Air Force

 2

INTRODUCTION

In this unit you will learn how to

calculate circuit operating
parameters. We will expand on
Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws,
and learn some new formulas.
 3

INTRODUCTION

Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws,

along with many other electronic
formulas, will give you the knowledge
to help you become proficient in
troubleshooting electronic circuits.
 4
INTRODUCTION

If needed, we will take some time to

answer any questions or clear up
any areas from the previous unit,
DC Theory.
 5
INTRODUCTION

Objective 5a
Given formulas, calculate values for
a resistive DC circuits IAW the PC
checklist Meas: PC
• Series
• Parallel
• Series-Parallel
•Voltage Dividers
 6
INTRODUCTION

Objective 5b
Given formulas, calculate parameter
changes on a resistive DC circuits
IAW the PC checklist Meas: PC
• Series
• Parallel
• Series-Parallel
• Voltage Dividers
 7
INTRODUCTION

Let’s start by taking a quick look at

why we need to calculate circuit
parameters or values.
 8
DC CALCULATIONS

Purpose of Calculations:

Mathematics is an integral part of

electronics. By using the formulas of
the laws governing electronics (Ohms
and Kirchhoff), we can calculate all
circuit parameters mathematically.
 9
DC CALCULATIONS

Purpose of Calculations:
For example, the filament in a light
bulb has a positive temperature
coefficient. This means that its’
resistance increases as temperature
increases. The resistance of the
tungsten cannot be measured under
normal operating conditions
(resistance cannot be measured while
a circuit is in operation).
 10
DC CALCULATIONS

Purpose of Calculations:
However, we can calculate the
resistance of the tungsten during
normal operating conditions if we
know the voltage applied to the bulb
and the amount of current through it.
Remember the Ohm’s Law and
Kirchhoff’s Laws formulas we used in
the last unit. Well dust them off,
because we are going to use them
again.
 11
DC CALCULATIONS

Purpose of Calculations:
The first law that we will look at is Ohm’s
Law. We can use Ohm’s Law to calculate
the following circuit parameters: Current,
Source (applied) Voltage, Voltage “drops”,
Resistance, and Power.
 12
DC CALCULATIONS

Ohm’s Law: In 1827, Georg Simon

Ohm, a German
teacher, discovered the
relationship between
voltage, current, and
resistance.
 13
DC CALCULATIONS
Ohm’s Law:
Current is directly proportional to source voltage and inversely
proportional to circuit resistance.

E = IR
E E
I= R=
R I
 14
DC CALCULATIONS

Kirchhoff’s Laws: In 1854, a Russian

physicist, Gustav
Robert Kirchhoff,
announced his
voltage and currents
laws that extend the
theory of Georg
Simon Ohm.
 15
DC CALCULATIONS

Terms Applicable to Kirchhoff’s Laws:

• Element
• Node
• Branch
• Loop
 16
DC CALCULATIONS

loops nodes
branches

elements

2 nodes (connection points-three or more)

3 loops (current or voltage)
3 branches (connects adjacent nodes)
4 elements (resistances and voltage sources)
 17
DC CALCULATIONS

Kirchhoff’s Current Laws:

No matter how many branches
or paths into and out of a point
or node all the current leaving
that point or node must equal
the current arriving at that
point or node.
 18
DC CALCULATIONS
No matter how many branches or paths into and
out of a point or node all the current leaving that
point or node must equal the current arriving at
that point or node.

3 mA 3 mA

IT=IR1=IR2=IR3

3 mA 3 mA
 19
DC CALCULATIONS

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws:

The sum of the voltage drops

in a closed loop equals the
applied voltage.
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DC CALCULATIONS
Voltage: The sum of the voltage drops in a
closed loop equals the applied voltage.
?V

80 V

30 V

20 V

Ea=ER1+ER2+ER3
 21
DC CALCULATIONS
Circuit and Component Identification:
Ea = applied voltage
E or V = voltage
ER# or VR# = voltage drop of resistance #
I = current
IT = total circuit current
IR# = current of resistance #
R = resistance
R# = specific resistance #

Let’s properly label the circuit!

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DC CALCULATIONS
Series Circuits Review:

Voltage: Current:
 23
DC CALCULATIONS
Calculating Total Resistance for a Series Circuit
R T = R1 + R2 + R3 + … OR RT = Ea / IT

R1
5Ù

Why? 10Ù R2
30V
15Ù
R3

ρ = l
Remember the resistance formula:
α
Resistance in series effects the LENGTH factor.
 24
DC CALCULATIONS
Calculating Total Current for a Series Circuit

R1
1A 5Ù
1A
1A 10Ù R2
30V

1A 15Ù
R3

IT = IR1 = IR2 = IR3 … OR IT = Ea / RT

Kirchhoff Ohm
 25
DC CALCULATIONS
Calculating Ea for a Series Circuit

R1 5V
1A 5Ù
1A
1A 10Ù R2
30V 10V
1A 15Ù
R3 15V

Ea = ER1 + ER2 + ER3 + … OR Ea = IT x RT

Kirchhoff Ohm
 26
DC CALCULATIONS
IT = IR1 = IR2 = IR3 = … IT = Ea / RT
Ea = ER1 + ER2 + ER3 + … Ea = IT x RT

Total Resistance is always Higher or Larger Than Largest Resistance

Current Voltage
Is Is
Common Divided
 27
DC CALCULATIONS
Power: The rate of Doing Work, measured in Watts

P=IxE
P = E2 x R
P = I2 x R We’ll use these
formulas the most.
PT = IT x Ea
PT = Ea2 x RT
PT = IT2 x RT
PT = PR1+ PR2+ PR3+…
 28
DC CALCULATIONS
Power Calculations

5W R1 5V
1A 5Ù
1A 10W
30W 1A 10Ù R2
30V 10V
1A 15Ù
15W R3 15V

P =IxE P = IT x Ea PT = PR1+ PR2+ PR3

 29
DC CALCULATIONS
Total Current: IT = Ea / RT

Given: ER1
Ea=30V
R1=5Ù
R1
R2=10Ù
R3=15Ù
ER1=5V

R2
RT = R1+R2+R3 I=E/R
R3
RT = 5Ù+10Ù+15Ù IR1 = ER1 / R1
RT = 30Ù IR1 = 5V / 5Ù
IT = Ea / RT IR1 = 1A
IT = 30V / 30Ù OR Current is common
IT = 1A IT = IR1
IT = 1A
 30
DC CALCULATIONS
Total Resistance: RT = Ea / IT

Given:
Ea=165V R1
R1=?Ù
R2=?Ù IR1
R3=?Ù
15A
IR1=15A R2
11Ù
R3

Current is common
IT = IR1
IT = 15A
RT = Ea / IT
RT = 165V / 15A
RT = 11Ù
 31
DC CALCULATIONS
Find: RT, IT, ER1, ER2, ER3, PT, PR1, PR2, PR3

Given: RT = R1+R2+R3
Ea=100V R1 RT = 20Ù+5Ù+25Ù
R1=20Ù RT = 50Ù
R2=5Ù IT = Ea / RT
R3=25Ù R2
IT = 100V / 50Ù
IT = 2A
R3 IT = IR1 = IR2 = IR3
 32
DC CALCULATIONS
Find: RT, IT, ER1, ER2, ER3, PT, PR1, PR2, PR3

Given:
R1 RT = 50Ù
Ea=100V
R1=20Ù IT = 2A
R2=5Ù
R3=25Ù R2

R3

E=IxR ER1 = 2A x 20Ù ER1 = 40V

ER1 = IR1 x R1 ER2 = 2A x 5Ù ER2 = 10V
ER2 = IR2 x R2 ER3 = 2A x 25Ù ER3 = 50V
ER3 = IR3 x R3
 33
DC CALCULATIONS
Find: RT, IT, ER1, ER2, ER3, PT, PR1, PR2, PR3

Given: RT = 50Ù
Ea=100V R1
IT = 2A
R1=20Ù ER1 = 40V
R2=5Ù
R2 ER2 = 10V
R3=25Ù
ER3 = 50V
PT = 200W
R3 PR1 = 80W
PR2 = 20W
PR3 = 100W
P=IxE PT = 2A x 100V PT = 200W
PT = IT x Ea PR1 = 2A x 40V PR1 = 80W
PR1 = IR1 x ER1 PR2 = 2A x 10V PR2 = 20W
PR2 = IR2 x ER2 PR3 = 2A x 50V PR3 = 100W
PR3 = IR3 x ER3
 34
DC CALCULATIONS
Find: Ea R1 R2

Given:
R1=2Ù IR1
R2=6Ù
R3=4Ù R3
R4=10Ù
R5=8Ù
IR1=2A R5 R4

RT = R1+R2+R3+R4+R5 Ea = ER1+ER2+ER3+ER4+ER5
RT = 2Ù+6Ù+4Ù+10Ù+8Ù ER# = IR# x R#
RT = 30Ù IR# = IT
Ea = IT x RT ER1 = 2A x 2Ù ER1 = 4V
IT = IR1 OR ER2 = 2A x 6Ù ER2 = 12V
IT = 2A ER3 = 2A x 4Ù ER3 = 8V
Ea = IT x RT ER4 = 2A x 10Ù ER4 = 20V
Ea = 2A x 30Ω ER5 = 2A x 8Ù ER5 = 16V
Ea = 60V Ea = 4V+12V+8V+20V+16V
Ea = 60V
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DC CALCULATIONS
GIVEN: ANSWERS:
Ea = Practice: Ea =
ER1 = ER1 =
ER2 = ER2 =
ER3 = ER3 =
RT = RT =
R1 = R1 =
R2 = R2 =
R3 = R3 =
IT = IT =
IR1 = IR1 =
IR2 = IR2 =
IR3 = IR3 =
PT = PT =
PR1 = PR1 =
PR2 = PR2 =
PR3 = PR3 =
 36
DC CALCULATIONS
GIVEN: Practice: ANSWERS:
Ea = Ea =
ER1 = R1 R2 ER1 =
ER2 = ER2 =
ER3 = ER3 =
RT = R3 RT =
R1 = R1 =
R2 = R2 =
R3 = R3 =
IT = IT =
IR1 = IR1 =
IR2 = IR2 =
IR3 = IR3 =
PT = PT =
PR1 = PR1 =
PR2 = PR2 =
PR3 = PR3 =
 37
DC CALCULATIONS
Polarity of Voltage Drops

+ -
+ +

- -
- +

Polarity of components is referenced to negative side of the battery.

 38
DC CALCULATIONS
Circuit Reference Point: Ground

Voltage drops are referenced to circuit ground.

 39
DC CALCULATIONS
Voltages with respect to ground:

TP TP

TP

TP TP
 40
DC CALCULATIONS
Voltages with Non-ground References:
TP TP

TP

TP TP

Voltage between TP B & D = +14V

 41
DC CALCULATIONS
Voltages with Non-ground References:
TP TP

TP

TP TP

Voltage between TP B & D = +14V

VBD =+14V
 42
DC CALCULATIONS
Multiple Voltage Sources

Series-aiding
 43
DC CALCULATIONS
Multiple Voltage Sources

Series-opposing
 44
DC CALCULATIONS
Multiple Voltage Sources

Complex
 45
TRANSITION

What’s next ?

Parallel Circuits
 46
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuit Review:
Remember Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws

90V 90V 90V 90V

Voltage in a parallel circuit is common.

 47
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuit Review:
Remember Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws

6A 5A

6A 1A 2A 3A

5A

Current in a parallel circuit is divided.

 48
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuits: Multiple current paths (loops)

Branch currents are inversely proportional to branch resistances.

Branch currents are independent:
Gain or loss of a branch resistance doesn’t effect other branches.
 49
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuits: Current in, Current out

Label
With the
Correct
Polarity

Current entering node considered positive polarity.

Current exiting node considered negative polarity.
 50
DC CALCULATIONS
Calculating Total Resistance for a Parallel Circuit
1 R1 R2 RN
RT = OR RT = OR RT =
1 1 1 R1 + R2 N
+ +
R1 R2 R3

Why?

ρ = l
Remember the resistance formula:
α
Resistance in parallel effects the cross-sectional area.
 51
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuit Resistance

10kÙ 20kÙ

Reciprocal
Formula
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ + RT = 6.67kÙ
R1 R2 R3

2nd 6 1 0 EE 3 1/X + 2 0 EE 3 1/X = 1/X

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DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuit Resistance

10kÙ 20kÙ 10kÙ

Reciprocal
Formula
1
RT = RT = 4kÙ
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R2 R3
2nd 6 1 0 EE 3 1/X + 2 0 EE 3 1/X + 1 0 EE 3 1/X = 1/X
 53
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuit Resistance

10kÙ 20kÙ

Product
Over
Sum

R1 R2
RT = RT = 6.67kÙ
R1 + R2

2nd 6 ( 1 0 EE 3 x 2 0 EE 3 ) ÷ ( 1 0 EE 3 + 2 0 EE 3 ) =
 54
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuit Resistance

10kÙ 20kÙ 10kÙ

Product
Over
Sum
R1 R2
RT = Re = 6.67kÙ RT = 4kÙ
R1 + R2
2nd 6 ( 1 0 EE 3 x 2 0 EE 3 ) ÷ ( 1 0 EE 3 + 2 0 EE 3 ) =

( 6 . 6 7 EE 3 x 1 0 EE 3 ) ÷ ( 6 . 6 7 EE 3 + 1 0 EE 3 ) =
 55
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuit Resistance

10kÙ 10kÙ

Like Value
Formula
RN RT = 5kÙ
RT =
N 2nd 6 1 0 EE 3 ÷ 2 =

Let’s check this using the reciprocal or product over sum formulas.
 56
DC CALCULATIONS
Parallel Circuit Resistance

10kÙ 10kÙ 10kÙ

Like Value
Formula

RN RT = 3.33kÙ
RT =
N 2nd 6 1 0 EE 3 ÷ 3 =

Let’s check this using the reciprocal or product over sum formulas.
 57
DC CALCULATIONS
Calculating Total Current for a Parallel Circuit

6A 5A

10Ù 15Ù 6Ù
18V
6A 1A 2A 3A

5A

IT = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + … OR IT = Ea / RT

 58
DC CALCULATIONS
Calculating Ea for a Parallel Circuit

6A 5A

10Ù 15Ù 6Ù
18V
6A 1A 2A 3A

5A

Ea = ER1 = ER2 = ER3 = … OR Ea = IT x RT

 59
DC CALCULATIONS
IT = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + … IT = Ea / RT
Ea = ER1 = ER2 = ER3 = … Ea = IT x RT

Total Resistance is always Lower or Smaller Than Smallest Resistance

Current Voltage
Is Is
1A 2A 3A
Divided Common
6A
40V 40V 40V
40V
 60
DC CALCULATIONS
Power: The rate of Doing Work, measured in Watts

P=IxE
P = E2 x R
P = I2 x R We’ll use these
formulas the most.
PT = IT x Ea
PT = Ea2 x RT
PT = IT2 x RT
PT = PR1+ PR2+ PR3+…
 61
DC CALCULATIONS
Power Calculations

1A 2A 3A
6A
40V 40V 40V
40V 40W 80W 120W
240W

P =IxE P = IT x Ea PT = PR1+ PR2+ PR3

 62
DC CALCULATIONS
Total Current: IT = Ea / RT

Given:
Ea=60V
R1=10Ù
R2=15Ù

1
RT = IT = IR1+ IR2+ IR3+…
1 1 1
+ + Voltage is common
R1 R 2 R 3
IR1 = ER1 / R1
1
RT = IR2 = ER2 / R2
1 1
+ RT = 6Ù IR1 = 60V / 10Ù
10 15
IT = Ea / RT
IT = 60V / 6Ù
OR IR1 = 6A
IR2 = 60V / 15Ù
Current is divided
IT = 6A+4A
IT = 10A IR2 = 4A IT = 10A
 63
DC CALCULATIONS
Total Resistance: RT = Ea / IT

Given:
Ea=60V
R1=10Ù
R2=15Ù
R3=6Ù
Voltage is common
IT = IR1+ IR2+ IR3+… RT = Ea / IT 1
IR1 = ER1 / R1 RT = 60V / 20A RT =
1 1 1
IR2 = ER2 / R2 + +
RT = 3Ω R1 R 2 R 3
IR3 = ER3 / R3
1
IR1 = 60V / 10Ù IR1 = 6A RT =
IR2 = 60V / 15Ù IR2 = 4A OR 1
+
1 1
10 15 6
+
IR3 = 60V / 6Ù IR3 = 10A
IT = 6A+4A+10A IT = 20A RT = 3Ù
 DC CALCULATIONS
64

Find: RT, IT, IR1, IR2, IR3, PT, PR1, PR2, PR3

Given:
Ea=100V
R1=10kÙ
R2=15kÙ
100V
R3=12kÙ

R 1R 2 6k x 12k
RT = RT =
R1 + R2 6k + 12k
10k x 15k 72k
RT = RT =
10k + 15k 18k

150k RT = 4kÙ
RT =
25k

Re = 6kÙ
 65
DC CALCULATIONS
Find: RT, IT, IR1, IR2, IR3, PT, PR1, PR2, PR3
Given:
Ea=100V
R1=10kÙ
R2=15kÙ
R3=12kÙ
100V
RT = 4kÙ

Voltage is common
IT = Ea / RT IT = 100V / 4kÙ IT = 25mA
IR1 = ER1 / R1 IR1 = 100V / 10kÙ IR1 = 10mA RT = 4kÙ
IR2 = ER2 / R2 IR2 = 100V / 15kÙ IR2 = 6.67mA IT = 25mA
IR3 = ER3 / R3 IR3 = 100V / 12kÙ IR3 = 8.33mA

IT = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

IT = 10mA + 6.67mA + 8.33mA IT = 25mA
 66
DC CALCULATIONS
Find: RT, IT, IR1, IR2, IR3, PT, PR1, PR2, PR3
Given:
Ea=100V
R1=10kÙ
R2=15kÙ
R3=12kÙ
100V
RT = 4kÙ
IT = 25mA
IR1 = 10mA
P=IxE PT = 25mA x 100V PT = 2.5W IR2 = 6.67mA
PT = IT x Ea PR1 = 10mA x 100V PR1 = 1000mW IR3 = 8.33mA
PT = PR1+ PR2+ PR3 PR2 = 6.67mA x 100V PR2 = 667mW PT = 2.5W
PR1 = IR1 x ER1 PR3 = 8.33mA x 100V PR3 = 833mW PR1 = 1000mW
PR2 = IR2 x ER2 PR2 = 667mW
PR3 = IR3 x ER3 PT = 1000mW + 667mW + 833mW PR3 = 833mW
PT = 2500mW or 2.5W
 67
DC CALCULATIONS
Find: Ea
Given:
R1=90kÙ
R2=45kÙ
R3=30kÙ
IR1=2mA
2mA

ER# = IR# x R#
ER1 = 2mA x 90kÙ ER1 = 180V

Ea = ER1= ER2= ER3=…

Ea = 180V
 68
DC CALCULATIONS
GIVEN: ANSWERS:
Practice:
Ea = Ea =
ER1 = ER1 =
ER2 = ER2 =
ER3 = ER3 =
RT = RT =
R1 = R1 =
R2 = R2 =
R3 = R3 =
IT = IT =
IR1 = IR1 =
IR2 = IR2 =
IR3 = IR3 =
PT = PT =
PR1 = PR1 =
PR2 = PR2 =
PR3 = PR3 =
 69
DC CALCULATIONS
GIVEN: Practice: ANSWERS:
Ea = Ea =
ER1 = ER1 =
ER2 = ER2 =
ER3 = ER3 =
RT = RT =
R1 = R1 =
R2 = R2 =
R3 = R3 =
IT = IT =
IR1 = IR1 =
IR2 = IR2 =
IR3 = IR3 =
PT = PT =
PR1 = PR1 =
PR2 = PR2 =
PR3 = PR3 =
 70
DC CALCULATIONS
Polarity of Voltage Drops

+
+ + +
ER1 ER2 ER3
-
- - -

Polarity of components is referenced to negative side of the battery.

 71
DC CALCULATIONS
Current Divider

A A A

TP 1 TP 2 TP 3
 72
DC CALCULATIONS
Multiple Voltage Sources

Voltage sources must be of equal value

Provides increase in current capacity
TRANSITION
73

That was easy - Let’s kick it

up a notch !

Series-Parallel
Circuits
 74
DC CALCULATIONS

Series-Parallel Circuit Calculations:

• Identification of a Series-parallel
circuit
• Calculate Equivalent Resistance of
Parallel Components (Re)
• Calculate RT
• Calculate IT
• Calculate Individual Branch Currents
• Calculate ERS
• Subtract ERS from Ea to obtain ERe
 75
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit Review
Voltage: Current:
Series portion: Series portion:

Parallel portion: Parallel portion:

Let’s do a quick simplification of this circuit.

 76
DC CALCULATIONS
Identification of a Series-Parallel Circuit
Re1

Ea Ea Re1

R 2R 3
R e1 =
R2 + R3

Re2 = R1 + Re1
Ea Re2 = RT

1 voltage source and 1 resistance

=
Simplified Series-parallel circuit
 77
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Equivalent Resistance

Re =
1 R 3R 4
1 1 Re =
+ R3 + R4
R3 R4 OR

Re = 307.69Ù Re = 307.69Ù
 78
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Equivalent Resistance
Parallel Portion

1 R 3R 4
Re = Re =
1 1
+ R3 + R4
R3 R4

OR Re = 307.69Ù
Re = 307.69Ù
 79
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Equivalent Resistance

1
R e1 =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3

1 R 5R 6 RN
R e2 =
1 1
R e2 = R e2 =
+ R5 + R6 N
R5 R6
OR OR
 80
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Equivalent Resistance
1
1
R e2 =
1 1 1
R e1 = +
1 1 1 R5 R6
+ + Parallel Portions
R1 R 2 R 3
Re2 = 60Ù

Re1 = 40Ù OR
R 5R 6
R e2 =
R5 + R6
Re2 = 60Ù

OR
RN
R e2 =
N
Re2 = 60Ù
 81
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Total Resistance (RT)
Basic Formula: 1

RT = RS + Re
Parallel Portions

RS = R4 = 60Ù

Calculate Re

1
R e1 =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3

Re1 = 40Ù

RN
R e2 =
N
Re2 = 60Ù RS Re1 Re2
Calculate RT RT = 60Ù + 40Ù + 60Ù RT = 160Ù
 82
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Total Current (IT)
1

Basic Formula:
IT = Ea / RT Parallel Portions

Calculate Re

Re1 = 40Ù
Re2 = 60Ù

Calculate RT

RT = 160Ù

Calculate IT IT = 80V / 160Ù

IT = 500mA
 83
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Branch Currents (IB#)
1

Parallel Portions

Before we can calculate branch currents we need to calculate the voltage

drops of the series resistances (RS) and the parallel resistances (Re).
 84
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Series Voltage Drop (ERS)
1

Basic Formula:
ERS = IT x RS Parallel Portions

Calculate Re
Re1 = 40Ù
Re2 = 60Ù

Calculate RT

RT = 160Ù
Calculate IT
IT = 500mA

ERS = 500mA x 60Ù

Calculate ERS
ERS = 30V
 85
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Parallel Voltage Drops (ERe)
Basic Formula: 1

ERe = IT x Re
ERe = Ea – ERS Parallel Portions

Calculate Re
Re1 = 40Ù
Re2 = 60Ù

Calculate RT
Now we can go back
RT = 160Ù and calculate the
branch currents.
Calculate IT
IT = 500mA
Calculate ERS
ERS = 30V ERe1 = 500mA x 40Ù ERe1 = 20V
Calculate ERe1 & ERe2
ERe2 = 500mA x 60Ù ERe2 = 30V
 86
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Calculations: Branch Currents (IB#)
1

Basic Formula:
IB# = ERe / R# Parallel Portions

What we know.
Re1 = 40Ù
Re2 = 60Ù
RT = 160Ù
IT = 500mA
ERS = 30V

ERe1 = 20V
ERe2 = 30V
IB of Re1 IB of Re2
IB1 = 20V / 200Ù IB1 = 100mA IB5 & IB6 = 30V / 120Ù
IB2 & IB3 = 20V / 100Ù IB2 & IB3 = 200mA IB5 & IB6 = 250mA
 87
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Voltage Loops

Circuit 1 Circuit 2
Looking at the voltage loops of a circuit can help determine if your calculations are correct.
Voltage drops of L1 and L3 = Voltage source (Ea) Voltage drops of L1 and L2 ? Voltage source (Ea)
ER2 + ER1 = Ea ER3 + ER1 = Ea 20V+30V = 50V ER6+ER4+ER3+ER2? Ea 4V+2V+3V+2V ? 10
Voltage drop of L2 = Voltage source (R2) ER6+ER5+ER1 ‚ Ea 4V+5V+2V ‚ 10
ER2 = ER3 20V = 20V
 88
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Unknown Current Values

B1 B2

Looking at the current loops of a circuit can help determine unknown current values.
IR2 = ?
IR2 = IT – IB2
IR2 = 750mA – 150mA
IR2 = 600mA
 89
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Simplify & Find E, I, R, & P
 90
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Simplify & Find E, I, R, & P
Re1

Ea Ea Re1
?Ù

Re1 =

RT =

Ea Re2 = RT
?Ù
 91
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Simplify & Find E, I, R, & P
?A
+ -
?V
+ +
Ea Re1 ?V
-
Re = 40KÙ -
RT = 50kÙ
IT =
ERS = ?P
?A
ERe =
?P + -
IR2 = + ?V + +
Ea
IR3 = ?V ?V
- ?P ?P
- -
PT = ?A
?A
?A
 92
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Simplify & Find E, I, R, & P
Re =
RT =
IT =
ER4 =
ER5 =
ERe =
IR1 =
IR2 & IR3 =
ER2 =
ER3 =
PT =
 93
DC CALCULATIONS
Finding Unknown Values:
Givens:
Ea = 10V
ERS = 6V
R1 = 6kÙ
R3 = 8kÙ

Find:
IT =
Re =
ERe =
IR3 =
IR2 =
R2 =
 94
DC CALCULATIONS
Finding Unknown Values:
Givens:
IT = 25mA
IR4 = 10mA
R1 = 200Ù
R3 = 1.5kÙ
PR2 = 625mW

Find:
ER1 =
IR2 =
ER2 =
R2 =
IR3 =
ERe =
R4 =
Re =
Ea =
 95
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Do your own

For some brain teasers click here.

 DC CALCULATIONS
96

Remember, series circuits make

Unloaded Voltage Dividers
 97
DC CALCULATIONS
Voltage Dividers: Unloaded

Ground as a reference
 98
DC CALCULATIONS
Voltage Dividers: Unloaded D

A=GND A=
15 Ù 15V
B= B=
C= C C=GND
D= D=

30V 10 Ù 10V
A= A=
B
B=GND B=
C= C=
D= 5Ù 5V D=GND
A

Ground as a reference
 99
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-parallel circuits can be used
to make Loaded Voltage Dividers
 100
DC CALCULATIONS
Loaded Voltage Dividers

Unloaded Loaded
(S1 open) (S1 closed)
RT = R1 Re =
30K S1
IT = 120V RT =
ER1 = Y IT =
ER2 = ER1 =
R2 R3
ER3 = ER2 =
30K 15K
Y= ER3 =
Y=
 101
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-parallel circuit:
Loaded Voltage Dividers
 102

DC CALCULATIONS

Appraisal
Objective 5a
Given formulas, calculate values for a
resistive DC circuits IAW the PC
checklist.

Assignments
 103

PARAMETER CHANGES

Objective 5b
Given formulas, calculate
parameter changes on a resistive
DC circuits IAW the PC
checklist. Meas: PC
 PARAMETER CHANGES
104

Series Circuit
Increase Applied Voltage:

When resistance remains constant,

current follows the change in voltage.
Ea ↑ ER1 ↑
IT ↑ = IT ↑ =
RT ↔ R1 ↔
 PARAMETER CHANGES
105

Series Circuit
Decrease Applied Voltage:

When resistance remains constant,

current follows the change in voltage.
Ea ↓ ER1 ↓
IT ↓ = IT ↓ =
RT ↔ R1 ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
106

Series Circuit
Add Resistance:

RT = R1+R2
Ea = ER1 +ER2
IT = RT

Ea ↔
Voltage follows opposition IT ↓ =
RT ↑
PARAMETER CHANGES
107

Series Circuit
Increase Resistance:

RT = R1+R2
IT RT
Ea = ER1 +ER2
? Voltage follows opposition
ER2 ↑
R2 ↑ ER2 ↑ ∴ IT ↓ IT ↓ = Ea ↔
R2 ↑ IT ↓ =
E ↓ RT ↑
R1 ↔ I T ↓ ∴ E R1 ↓ I T ↓ = R1
R1 ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
108

Series Circuit
Increase Resistance: 8

RT = R1+R2 8Ù
IT 0A RT 8Ù

8 Ea = ER1 0V +ER2 Ea

Ea ↔
Voltage follows opposition IT ↓ =
RT ↑ 8
PARAMETER CHANGES
109

Series Circuit
Decrease Resistance:

RT = R1+R2
IT RT
Ea = ER1 +ER2
?
Voltage follows opposition
E ↓
R2 ↓ ER 2 ↓ ∴ I T ↑ IT ↑ = R 2 Ea ↔
R2 ↓ IT ↑ =
ER1 ↑ RT ↓
R1 ↔ I T ↑ ∴ E R1 ↑ IT ↑ =
R1 ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
110

Series Circuit
Decrease Resistance: 0Ù

RT = R1+R2 0Ù
IT RT = 5Ù
Ea = ER1
0Ù
Voltage follows opposition
E ↓
R2 ↓ ER 2 ↓ ∴ I T ↑ IT ↑ = R 2 Ea ↔
R2 ↓ IT ↑ =
ER1 ↑ RT ↓
R1 ↔ I T ↑ ∴ E R1 ↑ IT ↑ =
R1 ↔
 PARAMETER CHANGES
111

Series Circuit Summary

Ea Voltage Drops Total Resistance Total Current

Source Voltage

Resistance Where R incr

All others
Resistance Where R decr

All others
 PARAMETER CHANGES
112

Parallel Circuit
Increase Applied Voltage:

When resistance remains constant,

current follows the change in voltage.
Ea ↑ ER1 ↑ ER 2 ↑
IT ↑ = I R1 ↑ = I R2 ↑ =
RT ↔ R1 ↔ R2 ↔
 PARAMETER CHANGES
113

Parallel Circuit
Decrease Applied Voltage:

When resistance remains constant,

current follows the change in voltage.
Ea ↓ ER1 ↓ E ↓
IT ↓ = I R1 ↓ = I R2 ↓ = R2
RT ↔ R1 ↔ R2 ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
114

Parallel Circuit
Adding Branch Resistance:
1
RT =
1 1
+
R1 R 2

Increase in IT is due to added branch

Any increase in IT goes to added branch
1 Ea ↔
RT = IT ↑ =
1
+
1
+
1 RT ↓
R1 R 2 R 3

E R1 ↔
RT IT I R1 ↔ =
R1 ↔
IR1
IR2
ER 2 ↔
I R2 ↔ =
R2 ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
115

Parallel Circuit
Increase Branch Resistance:

Decrease in IT is due to increase in R3

Any decrease in IT is from R3 branch
Ea ↔
1 IT ↓ =
RT = RT ↑
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3 E R1 ↔
I R1 ↔ =
R1 ↔
? RT IT
IR1 ER 2 ↔
I R2 ↔ =
IR2 R2 ↔
IR3 E R3 ↔
I R3 ↓ =
R3 ↑
PARAMETER CHANGES
116

Parallel Circuit
Increase Branch Resistance: 8

1
RT =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3

Decrease in IT is due to increase in R3

Any decrease in IT is from R3 branch
1 Ea ↔
RT = IT ↓ =
1 1 RT ↑
+
R1 R 2 E R1 ↔
I R1 ↔ =
R1 ↔
8Ù RT IT
IR1 ER 2 ↔
I R2 ↔ =
IR2 R2 ↔
IR3 0A E R3 ↔
I R3 ↓ =
R3 ↑
PARAMETER CHANGES
117

Parallel Circuit
Decrease Branch Resistance:

Increase in IT is due to decreased in R3

Any increase in IT is from R3 branch
Ea ↔
1 IT ↑ =
RT = RT ↓
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3 E R1 ↔
I R1 ↔ =
R1 ↔
? RT IT
IR1 ER 2 ↔
I R2 ↔ =
IR2 R2 ↔
IR3 E R3 ↔
I R3 ↑ =
R3 ↓
PARAMETER CHANGES
118

Parallel Circuit
Decrease Branch Resistance: 0Ù

Increase in IT is due to decreased in R3

Any increase in IT is from R3 branch
Voltage decrease due to max. current

Ea ↓
1 IT ↑ =
RT = RT ↓
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3 E R1 ↓
I R1 ↓ =
R1 ↔
0Ù RT IT
ER 2 ↓
IR1 0A I R2 ↓ =
R2 ↔
IR2 0A
IR3 Max. ER 3 ↓
I R3 ↑ =
Ea = 0V R3 ↓
 PARAMETER CHANGES 119

Parallel Circuit Summary

Ea Total Resistance Branch Current Total Current

Source Voltage

Added
Add a Branch + Others
Removed
Remove a Branch - Others
Effected or 0A
Branch Ω or 8Ù
Others
Effected
Branch Ω
Others

Effected Max.
0V 0Ù Max.
0Ù
Others 0A
 PARAMETER CHANGES
120

Series-Parallel Circuit
Increase Applied Voltage:

?
When resistance remains constant,
current follows the change in voltage.
Ea ↑ ERS ↑ E ↑
IT ↑ = IT ↑ = I Re ↑ = Re
RT ↔ RS ↔ Re ↔
 PARAMETER CHANGES
121

Series-Parallel Circuit
Decrease Applied Voltage:

?
When resistance remains constant,
current follows the change in voltage.
Ea ↓ E ↓ ERe ↓
IT ↓ = I T ↓ = RS I Re ↓ =
RT ↔ RS ↔ Re ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
122

Series-Parallel Circuit
Add Series Resistance:

R4 Voltage follows opposition (R4)

Ea ↔
? RT = R1+R4+Re IT ↓ =
RT ↑
Ea = ER1+ER4+ERe
IT E R1 ↓
IT ↓ =
ER1 R1 ↔
ERe ERe ↓
IT ↓ =
Changes effect entire circuit Re ↔
 PARAMETER CHANGES
123

Series-Parallel Circuit
Add Parallel Resistance:

Changes effect entire circuit

RT = R1+Re Ea ↔
Ea
IT ↑ =
R2 R3 R4 IT RT ↓
60V
10Ù 15Ù ? ER1 E R1 ↑
IT ↑ =
ERe R1 ↔
R1
2Ù E Re ↓
Voltage follows opposition I T ↑ =
Re ↓
PARAMETER CHANGES
124

Series-Parallel Circuit
Increase Series Resistance:

RT = R1 +Re Ea ↔
IT ↓ =
IT RT ↑
ER1
E ↑
I T ↓ = R1
ERe Voltage follows opposition R1 ↑
? ERe ↓
Changes effect entire circuit IT ↓ =
Re ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
125

Series-Parallel Circuit
Increase Parallel Resistance:

RT = R1+Re
Ea ↔
IT IT ↓ =
RT ↑
ER1
E R1 ↓
? ERe IT ↓ =
R1 ↔

E ↑
Voltage follows opposition I T ↓ = Re
Changes effect entire circuit Re ↑
PARAMETER CHANGES
126

Series-Parallel Circuit
Increase Series Resistance: 8

RT = R1 +Re Ea ↔
RT 8Ù I ↓ =
RT ↑
T

IT 0A
ER1 = Ea E ↑
I T ↓ = R1
ERe = 0V R1 ↑
Voltage follows opposition
8Ù
E Re ↓
Changes effect entire circuit IT ↓ =
Re ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
127

Series-Parallel Circuit
Increase Parallel Resistance: 8

Ea ↔
RT = R1+Re IT ↓ =
RT ↑
IT
ER1
ERe
E R1 ↓
IT ↓ =
8Ù R1 ↔
Changes effect entire circuit
E Re ↑
IT ↓ =
Re ↑
PARAMETER CHANGES
128

Series-Parallel Circuit
Decrease Series Resistance:

Ea ↔
IT ↑ =
RT ↓
RT = R1 +Re
IT
ER1 ↓
ER1 I ↑ =
R1 ↓
T

ERe
? Voltage follows opposition
ERe ↑
IT ↑ =
Changes effect entire circuit Re ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
129

Series-Parallel Circuit
Decrease Parallel Resistance:

Ea ↔
IT ↑ =
RT ↓
RT = R1+Re
IT E ↑
I T ↑ = R1
? ER1 R1 ↔
ERe Voltage follows opposition
E Re ↓
IT ↑ =
Changes effect entire circuit Re ↓
PARAMETER CHANGES
130

Series-Parallel Circuit
Decrease Series Resistance: 0Ù

Ea ↔
RT = R1 +Re IT ↑ =
RT ↓
RT = Re
IT ER1 ↓
IT ↑ =
ER1 = 0V R1 ↓
Voltage follows opposition
0Ù ERe = Ea
ERe ↑
IT ↑ =
Changes effect entire circuit Re ↔
PARAMETER CHANGES
131

Series-Parallel Circuit
Decrease Parallel Resistance: 0Ù

Ea ↔
IT ↑ =
RT = R1 +Re RT ↓
RT = R1
IT E R1 ↑
IT ↑ =
0Ù R1 ↔
ER1 = Ea
Voltage follows opposition
ERe = 0V
ERe ↓
IT ↑ =
Changes effect entire circuit Re ↓
 PARAMETER CHANGES
132

Series-Parallel Summary
Ea ERS ERe RS
RT Re IRS (IT) IRe

Source Voltage

Add Series Added

resistance + Others
Add a Branch
+
Series Ù

8Ù 0V 0A 0A

Branch Ù

8Ù Effected
Others
0A

Series Ù

IT
0V 0Ù IRS = IRe
0Ù
Branch Ù

ERS = Ea 0V RT = RS 0Ù IRe = IRS

0Ù
 PARAMETER CHANGES
133

Voltage Dividers: Unloaded D

A=GND A=
_____Ù _____V
B= B=
C= C C=GND
D= D=

_____V _____Ù _____V

A= A=
B
B=GND B=
C= C=
D= _____Ù _____V D=GND
A

Same as series circuit.

 PARAMETER CHANGES
134

Loaded Voltage Dividers

Unloaded Loaded
(S1 open) (S1 closed)
RT = R1 Re =
___Ù S1
IT = ____V RT =
ER1 = Y IT =
ER2 = ER1 =
R2 R3
ER3 = ER2 =
___Ù ___Ù
Y= ER3 =
Y=

Same as series and series-parallel circuits.

 PARAMETER CHANGES
135

If you need more

practice, click here
and try these!
PARAMETER CHANGES
136

Appraisal

Objective 5b
Given formulas, calculate
parameter changes on a resistive
DC circuits IAW the PC
checklist. Meas: PC
 137
APPRAISAL
35. 30 k Ω
RT ______
IT ______
ER1 ______
10 k Ω
160 VDC
ER2 ______
ER3 ______
PT ______
40 k Ω
 138
APPRAISAL
36. 20 k Ω
RT ______
IT ______
ER1 ______
10 k Ω
200 VDC
ER2 ______
ER3 ______
PT ______
20 k Ω
 139
APPRAISAL
37.
RT ______
IT ______
IR1 ______
Ea R1 R2 R3 IR2 ______
48 VDC
IR3 ______
60 kÙ 40 kÙ 24 kÙ PT ______
 140
APPRAISAL
38.
RT ______
IT ______
IR1 ______
Ea R1 R2 R3 IR2 ______
60 VDC
IR3 ______
12 kÙ 20 kÙ 30 kÙ PT ______
 141
APPRAISAL
39.
R1
Re ______
24 kÙ RT ______
IT ______
Ea R2 R3
IR1 ______
240 VDC
ER1 ______
60 kÙ 40 kÙ
ER2 ______
ER3 ______
IR2 ______
IR3 ______
PT ______
 142
APPRAISAL
40.
R1
Re ______
8 kÙ RT ______
IT ______
Ea R2 R3
IR1 ______
60 VDC
ER1 ______
30 kÙ 20 kÙ
ER2 ______
ER3 ______
IR2 ______
IR3 ______
PT ______
 143

Let’s
Check
our
answers
 144
APPRAISAL
35. 30 k Ω
80 kΩ
RT ______
2 mA
IT ______
60 VDC
ER1 ______
10 k Ω
160 VDC
20 VDC
ER2 ______
80 VDC
ER3 ______
PT 320 mW
______
40 k Ω
 145
APPRAISAL
36. 20 k Ω
50 kΩ
RT ______
4 mA
IT ______
80 VDC
ER1 ______
10 k Ω
200 VDC
40 VDC
ER2 ______
80 VDC
ER3 ______
800 mW
PT ______
20 k Ω
 146
APPRAISAL
37.
12 kΩ
RT ______
4 mA
IT ______
.8 mA
IR1 ______
Ea R1 R2 R3 1.2 mA
IR2 ______
48 VDC
2 mA
IR3 ______
60 kÙ 40 kÙ 24 kÙ 192 mW
PT ______
 147
APPRAISAL
38.
6 kΩ
RT ______
10 mA
IT ______
5 mA
IR1 ______
Ea R1 R2 R3 3 mA
IR2 ______
60 VDC
2 mA
IR3 ______
12 kÙ 20 kÙ 30 kÙ 600 mW
PT ______
 148
APPRAISAL
39.
R1
24 kΩ
Re ______
24 kÙ 48 kΩ
RT ______
IT ______
5 mA
Ea R2 R3
5 mA
IR1 ______
240 VDC
120 VDC
ER1 ______
60 kÙ 40 kÙ
120 VDC
ER2 ______
120 VDC
ER3 ______
2 mA
IR2 ______
3 mA
IR3 ______
1.2 W
PT ______
 149
APPRAISAL
40.
R1
12 kΩ
Re ______
8 kÙ 20 kΩ
RT ______
IT ______
3 mA
Ea R2 R3
3 mA
IR1 ______
60 VDC
24 VDC
ER1 ______
30 kÙ 20 kÙ
36 VDC
ER2 ______
36 VDC
ER3 ______
1.2 mA
IR2 ______
1.8 mA
IR3 ______
180 mW
PT ______
 150
TRANSITION

You have now covered one-half of a

semester of college level electronics.
It has not been easy, but it takes a lot
of hard work to build a successful
career! Coming up next --
Circuit Parameter
Changes

Assignments
 151
PARAMETER CHANGES

41. If Ea is increased, IT _____________.

 152
PARAMETER CHANGES

42. If R1 is increased, IT _____________.

 153
PARAMETER CHANGES

43. If R2 is removed from the circuit and continuity maintained,

IT _____________.
 154
PARAMETER CHANGES

44. If R3 branch is removed from the circuit, RT ___________.

 155
PARAMETER CHANGES

45. If R3 is increased in value, IT ___________.

 156
PARAMETER CHANGES

46. If another branch is added to the circuit, IT ___________.

 157
PARAMETER CHANGES

47. If Ea is increased, IT _____________.

 158
PARAMETER CHANGES

48. If the value of R3 is increased, IT _____________.

 159
PARAMETER CHANGES

49. When the voltage divider is loaded, RT _____________.

 160
PARAMETER CHANGES
Appraisal

Let’s check your Answers

 161
PARAMETER CHANGES

increases
41. If Ea is increased, IT _____________.
 162
PARAMETER CHANGES

decreases
42. If R1 is increased, IT ______________.
 163
PARAMETER CHANGES

43. If R2 is removed from the circuit and continuity maintained,

increases
IT ___________.
 164
PARAMETER CHANGES

increases
44. If R3 branch is removed from the circuit, RT ___________.
 165
PARAMETER CHANGES

decreases
45. If R3 is increased in value, IT ___________.
 166
PARAMETER CHANGES

increases
46. If another branch is added to the circuit, IT ___________.
 167
PARAMETER CHANGES

increases
47. If Ea is increased, IT _____________.
 168
PARAMETER CHANGES

decreases
48. If the value of R3 is increased, IT _____________.
 169
PARAMETER CHANGES

decreases
49. When the voltage divider is loaded, RT_____________.
 170

CONCLUSION

Summary:
Series Circuits
• Current
• Voltage
• Resistance
• Power
• Voltage Dividers
• Parameter Changes
 171

CONCLUSION

Summary:
Parallel Circuits
• Current
• Voltage
• Resistance
• Power
• Voltage Dividers
• Parameter Changes
 172

CONCLUSION

Summary:
Series-Parallel Circuits
• Current
• Voltage
• Resistance
• Power
• Voltage Dividers
• Parameter Changes
 173

CONCLUSION

Remotivation:
With the knowledge of
applicable laws and formulas,
we can better understand
circuit operating parameters.
This will prepare us for later
lessons in troubleshooting.
 174

CONCLUSION

Assignment:

Complete the workbook

assignments for Objectives 5a.
Review Unit 5 text as needed to
complete the assignment.

Review Unit 5 text on Calculating

parameter changes.
 175

CONCLUSION

Assignment:

Complete the workbook

assignments for Objectives 5b.
Review Unit 5 text as needed to
complete the assignment.
(Assignments may be deferred
to the end of the day)
 176

CONCLUSION

Closure:
This concludes this lesson on
DC Calculations
 177
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Try these on for size.

To return click here.

 178
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Try these on for size.

What does the ammeter

To return click here.
read at each test point?
 179
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Try these on for size.

Find R3

To return click here.

 180
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Try these on for size.

Find Ea

To return click here.

 181
DC CALCULATIONS
Series-Parallel Circuit: Try these on for size.

Find R3 & Ea

The end. Click here to return.

 PARAMETER CHANGES
182

Series Circuit:
R1
______Ù

Ea R2
_______V ______Ù

______Ù
R3

To return click here.

 PARAMETER CHANGES
183

Parallel Circuit:
R3
_____Ù

Ea R1 R2
_____V _____Ù _____Ù

R4
_____Ù

To return click here.

 PARAMETER CHANGES
184

Series-Parallel Circuit:
R1 R3

______ ______

______ R5
______ R2 ______ R4
Ea
______V ______
R6

The end. To return click here.