2/80 3.0 (8) Unit FL6004 Flowmeter Applications (Gas, Liquid & Steam) 5 SSS CONTENTS ORIFICE PLATES AND FLANGES LiL Orifice Plate ssseeseeseeeeeees Orifice Flange Unions. Steel Unions Pressure Connections s.s.++ FLow NozZLES 2.1 Pressure Connections . 212 Flow Nozzle Tap Location 213. Flow Nozzle Location +. vewTuRE TUBES: 3.1 Pressure Connections « 312 Venturi Tube Location GAS OR ATR FLOWMETER Starting Meter» oe Stopping Meter - As <1 General .. 2 3 LIQUID FLOWMETER Sel cenersl ere 512 Filling Meter Lines. 513. Starting Meter « 5.4 Stopping Meter STEAM FLOWMETER 6.1 Meter Lines ssssse+ Filling Meter Lines 6.2 6.3. Starting Meter 6.4 Stopping Meter 615. Density Corrections GAS FLOW CORRECTION TABLES 7.1. Gas Flow Correction For Teaperature .ss.+++ 7.2 Gae Flow Correction For Specific Gravity 2.3. Gas Flow Correction For Pressure ...++ “ 18 1» 1.0 ORIFICE PLATES AND FLANGES 1.1 ORLFIGE PLATES General, The orifice plate te the ost common and convenient type of primary device, The orifice plate consists of an accurately tored hole in a flat plate. The plate may be from 1/16" to about 3/8” thick depending upon pipe size. However, thicker plates are beveled on the donerrean side 20 that plate thickness at the entering edge ts Usually about 1/50th of pipe T.D. Always install beveled plates with the flac side upstresn (this side is sarked inlet on handle) snd beveled side downstream, Orifice plates should be carefully cleaned before installation. If plate is greasy, wuash it with a degreasing solvent, Do not clean orifice with emery cloth o sandpaper because this Will round out the orifice edges and destroy the accuracy of the plate and calibration of the recording or indicating instrument. Installation. In order to take full advantage of the accuracy built into Bristol's Flowmeters, the orifice plate should be installed in pipe Line fat a point yhere the longest possible straight run of pipe will exist upstream from the orifice (see Figure 1). For this reason it is important to select orifice location carefully. Pipe fittings, sharp bends, valves, etc., close to orifice set up eddy currents and disturbances that effect differ~ ‘ential pressures across the orifice, sonetines enough to cause {naccurate readings. The orifice fs designed for a particular tap location as spect- Hed on the order; there 48 no choice of location after plate hes been drilled. The orifice plate asy be inserted between any standard pipe flanges. Generally, orifice flange unjons are used except where venavcontracta or pipe tape are used. The plate mst be claaped so that the orifice 1s concentric with the pipe without Gdstorting orifice plate of pipe. The orifice plate is designed to clear flange bolt holes by approxinately 1/16". It 1a desireable to have the fend of che pipe flush with flange face, this leav~ ing no recess between end of pipe and orifice plate except that due to gasket thickness. In no case should the flange face extend beyond pipe end so thet recess extends 1/4". Gaskets should have openings ae large as outside dianeter of pipe and should be fastened on flanges vith shellac or other suitable adhesive, The use of white lead or soe Other non-adhesive ts preferred between gasket and orifice plate.F6004 — oy ¢ = ea =] get o = K ao I br—te = hee cr 13 8 Ha ate Figure 1. Location Of Primary Devices And Straightening Vanes cal F cs K L a0 | 6.0 [28 [so] 60] as | as 8.5 | 9.5 16.0 20 | 6.0 | 2:7 | 5.0 | eo | ais | a5. 8.5 | 9:5 Ins 30 | 6:0 | ato | 5:0 | Bo | ars | a5, ais | 9:5 | 19.5 cao | 6.0 | 3.3 | 5.0 | 60 | as | as as | 95 | also | 6:8 | 3.6 | 5:3 | 74 | 9:2 | 9.5: 30.0 | 10.3 | o.60 | 9:0 | 3:2 | 5.7 | 9.4 Jroe | 10.4 asia | azo 30.0 aro Jasin | as | 66 [22-0 J 2-2 | 12-0 aes }a5.0 | 38.0 ar80 | 20:0 | 4:5 | 8:0 |1s.0 | 15-5 | 1s.0 25.0 | 19.5 50.0 8 = Orifice Inside Dianeter Divided By Pipe Inoide Dianet Table 1. Minimum Lengths Of Straight Pipe In Terms Of Pipe Dianeter For Accurate Heasurenent With Flonmeter Using Flange Connections. Bristol Baboock 1100 Buckingham Street Watertomm, CT. 06795 ppg, Retest ok1.2 ORIFICE FLANGE UNIONS Orifice flange unions are designed and furn~ ished as a convenient device for holding orifice plates and for measuring differential pressure across the plate, They consist of two flang each drilled for two pressure connections located 180" apart, The dimeter of chese pressure taps varies with flange pipe size (1/4" drill for 2.1/2 pipe and svaller, 3/8" drill for 3" and 3 1/2" pipe, 1/2" drill for 4* pipe and larger). Each pressure tap 4s reaned and threaded (to a depth of 1 snch) to receive 1/2" diameter acter piping (note: Taylor Forge furnishes 900 and 1500 pound flanges with 3/4" pipe taps) « Each union is furnished complete with stand~ ard number and dianeter of bolts or studs required for the sane rating pipe flange. Also, each flange ie furnished with a jackscrew to separate the flanges to facilitate orifice installation or removal. Orifice flange unions are available in forged steel or cast steel only. 1.3. STEEL uttoNs Forged steel orifice unions are furnished in four standard typen as follovs: Theeaded Union, (See Figure 2.) The indt- cated flange Union nay be back velded to insure @ pressure tight and reinforced Joint. Figure 2. Threaded Flange Union Slip-on Union. (See Figure 3.) Slip-on flanges, as the nane implica, are designed to slip over the pipe end in such a manner that the flange face projects approxinately 3/16" beyond pipe end. The flange mist be properly Lined up and square F604 with the pipe axis before it 4 velded. This type of flange requires two welds: one bead between hub fand pipe exterior, and one bead between the interior surface of {Lange and pipe end. The welding should be done carefully to insure strength and a pressure tight Joint. It say be necessary to machine the pipe end bead to prevent interference vith the Flange facing against the orifice pla Figure 3. Slip-On Welding Flange Union Welding Weck Union. (See Figure 4.) As shown tn sketch, the welding neck flange inside dianeter dn the same as the pipe. These unions are designed with an elongated hub of neck which is beveled on the end #0 an to form a groove vhen butted against fa pipe having a similar beveled end. This groove provides trough for weld material, Cure must be exercised to make certain that the flange to align fed exactly with the pipe. Also, highly skilled welding 4# required 1f Joint ts'to be strong and pressure tight end, at the some tine, flexible and heat in appearance: Figure 4, Welding Neck Flange Union Socket Welt Uoton. (See Figure 5.) A soci fined into the flange hub is euch a Way that the hub will slip over the pipe end for aF604 distance between 1/6" and 1", depending upon pipe size, It is necessary that pipe end be absolutely square, Since the joint strength is entirely de- pendent on one weld bead, it 1s very exxcential that worksanchip be of high caliber, othervise the Joint will be weak or will not be pressure tight. Wote also that the union inside dianeter must be the same as the [.D. of the pip Figure 5, Socket Welding Flange Union 1.4 PRESSURE conNEeTIONS Flange Tap Location. (See Figure 6.) Flanges are supplied vith tvo tap holes already drilled in each flange. “These holes are located 180° apart, The holes are so drilled that the centers of the pressure taps are approximately one inch from the orifice plate, Figure 6, Pipe Tap Location. (See Figure 7.) Where orifice is designed for pipe taps, the upstrean tap should be 21/2 pipe diameters from the orifice plate upstrean face. The davnstrean tap should be Placed 8 pipe diameters frou orifice plate upstrean Face, Pipe taps are used for gas flow when using AGA-3 formila, Flange Taps Figure 7. Pipe Taps For Gos Vena-Contracta Tsp Location. (See Figure 8 and Table 2.) Vena-contracta is the point of maxi min jet constriction downstrean from an orifice place, Where orifice is designed for vena-contacta taps, the upstream tap center should be one pipe Aianeter from orifice plate upstream face. The dowstrean tap center is located by the ratio of pipe and orifice inside diaucters. The mean dist- ance, show in Table 2, should alvays be used for locating the dounstrean tap. Figure 8. Vena-Contracta Connections Ratio Of Inside Pipe Diameters To Inside orifice Diaseter Distance Of Downstream ‘Tap Inlet Face Of Orifice In Pipe Diameters () Minin 0.10 0.30 | 0.90 0:20, 0:40 | 0:85 0.30 ous | 0:80 040 oa | 0:73 0.50 oar | 0266 0.60 0.42, | 0.56 0.65 ose | 0.52 0.70 0.33 | 1a 0:75 0.26 | 0:38 0.80 o.22 | 0132 0.825 ot 0:30 Table 2. Location of Downstream Pressure Taps For Vena-Contracta Taps> Dand Z Taps For Liquid. (See Figure 9 for cap Locations sk Figive 10 for a cosposite of all types of taps). Fluid flow through a flat-plate orifice showing relative positions of pressure taps in common use (flow is fro left to right). (Aa) flange tap location; (B) vena-contracta tap location {C) pipe tap location for gas; and (D). D and 3 tap Location for Liquids. Figure 9. Tap Locations For Figure 10, Composite Tap Locations Tap Holes. (See Figure 114 and 3.) For flange taps, the pipe inner surface tap diameter should be 1/4" for # pipe size of 21/2" and under; 3/8" tap diameter for 4 3" and 31/2" pipes and 1/2" tap Giameter for all pipe sizes of 4" and over. For vene-contracta and pipe taps, the tap diameter aust never be Less than 1/4", Both taps should be on sane side of pipe and perpendicular to longitudinal axis of pipe. The tap hole edges inside of pipe should be free fron borre and chanfered if possible. With orifice using vena-contracta and pipe taps, each pressure Fi6008 hole location should be spotted on pipe with a centering punch and then a hole of proper size Grilled through pipe (See Figure 115). Generally, ‘a half coupling or veld-o-let is velded on pipe at that point because of the pipe wall thickness will not permit a threaded connection of sufficient strength (See Figore 11a), when a fitting is welded on pipe, care aust be taken to make sure that inside of pipe is not distorted in any way by heat. The pipe hole should be drilled after the welding 12 done, using fitting as a Conplate. With orifices using threaded or slip-on welding Flanges, the flanges should be installed before the tap bole is drilled in the pipe, The flange tap hole may be used as a tenplate for pipe tap hole. Figure 11. Method of Making Pressure Connect~ Tons to Pipe. Straightening Vanes. (See Figure 1.) Straightening vanes are sometimes Used in pipes to eliminate svirls and eddies ceused by pipe fittings fon upstream side of primary device, When two elbows, shown dn figure 1D and 18, are closely preceded by a third which 1s not in sane plane as middle of second elbow, piping requiresents shown by 1K and 1G should be doubled. For vena-contracta and pipe taps, add dist- ance between orifice and pressure connections to Asstances shown in Table 2 to get total length of pipe up and downstream. 2.0 FLOW NozaLES Floy nozzles are soactizes used in place of orifice plates and flanges, particularly on high velocity flovs such ae are encountered In steam Lines, Most Bristol installation dravings show an orifice plate as a primary device, but a flow nozzle nay be used vherever application calle for At, provided the instrument is calibrated for use with the flow nozzle. 2.1. PRESSURE CONNECTIONS (See Figure 12.) on horizontal and inclined pipes, pressure connections for piping froa flow nozzle to instru ent should be made as follows:F608 1, For gas or air installations, connect to top of pipe. Never connect to the bottom, 2, For Liquid installations, connect to side of pipe, Never connect to top or bottom of pipe. 3. For steam installations, connect to top of pipe when instrument is above the Line and pressure is below 15 psi, and to side of pipe in fll other cases. Never connect to the bottom. 4 On vertical pipes, the pressure connection nay be nade on any side of ‘the pipe. Figure 12, Flow Nozzle 2.2 LOW NOZZLE TAP LOCATION Te ds necessary to dell and tap at least one hole for pressure connections, depending on soztle design. Where long radius nozzles are used, such as illustrated in Figure 12, two taps have to be drilled. The upstreaa or high pressure connection is placed one pipe dianeter upstrem from nozzle inlet. The dovnstream or low pressure connection is usually 1/2 to 3/4 pipe diameters from nozzle inlet as specified on installation sheet, depend- ing on nozzle design. In no case should the low pressure connection be beyond the nozzle outlet. On the Simplex type 7G nozzle, only one tap bole need be drilled in pipe as che other is integral with the nozzle (See Figure 13), Figure 13. Simplex Type 6 Flow Nozzle 2.3 FLOW NOZaLE LocaTzo ‘The flow nozzle should be installed in pipe Line at a point whore longest possible straight run of pipe vill exist upstream from flow noztle. The straight run of pipe required for a flow nozzle is the same as for an orifice plate, (See Figure 1 for straight run of pipe required). Pipe fittings, sharp bends, valves, ete., close to Flow nozzle set up eddy currents and disturbances that effect the differential pressure across the flow nozzle. For this reason, it ie iaportant to select flow nozzle location carefully. 3.0 VENTURE TUBES The venturi tube is universally accepted as the most efficient primary flometer device avail~ able. Sections of & venturi tube are identified as follows: (1) the entrance cone - consisting of 4 short section of straight pipe (usually one pipe Asameter) preceding the high pressure connection and Leading into a converging section; (2) the throat section where maximum convergence and mind- mim pressure of flowing fluid occurs; and (3) the exit cone is 2 diverging section which pernics Mowing fluid to expand gradually, — | Figure 14. Venturi Tube Most Bristol installation drawings show an orifice plate as the primary device, but venturi tube may be used wherever the application calls for it, provided that the inscrument is calibrated for se with a venturi tube. 3.1 PRESSURE CONNECTIONS Pressure connections for venturi tubes are Located at entrance and throat. Instead of single hole at each tap, chere are usually several holes evenly spaced aroind the tube periphery. These are Joined together by means of an dategral annular ring called a piezoneter ring. With this arrangeaent, {£ one hole becomes plugged, measure- fuent accuracy is not impaired,3.2 VENTURI AND FLOW TUBE LOCATION The venturé tube ts set in the pipe in sane manner as an ordinary section of pipe, the shorter cone forming inlet or upstreaa end. Tt is not essential that tube be installed in @ horizontal pipe; it aay be installed in an inclined or verti~ cal pipe. A straight Length of pipe of the sue diameter as the meter, should alvays be placed immediately before the inlet, Preferably, the length of this pipe should be at Least 6 tines the pipe diameter for sizes up to 26 inches and at least 12 feet for Larger sizes. When using flow tube provide a zini- mum of 8 1/2 diameters of straight pipe upstream. 4.0 GAS OR AIR FLOWETER 4.1 GHVERAL Meter piping between primary device and instru~ ent should be as short as possible, preferably ‘less than 50 feet. Pipe runs up to 100 feet are permissable for some applications. Longer rune fare not recomended under any circumstances ne 4 | =} rr) HIGH Piping Diagram (Air Or Gas Flow Heter)~ Meter Below Orifice Figure 15. FI6004 Copper tubing 1s recomended for connecting the instrument to primary device, but steel pipe say be used, ‘The folloving gives suggested pipe sizes for various meter runs: up fo 50 feet use 1/4" pipe size; beyond 50 feet use 1/2" pipe size. Figure 16. Piping Diagram (Air Or Gas Flow Meter)~ Meter Above Orifice It ds advisable to have as mich slope to pip- ing between primary device and instrument as possi- ble, Piping should always slope tovard the primary device to facilitate draining of any condensate. The minimum slope of horizontal runs should be 2 inches in 10 feet for hard copper tubing or steel pipe and at least one inch per foot for soft copper fubing. The use of soft copper tubeing is not recommended for Lengths beyond 50 feet because of the difficulty in straightening tubing and avoiding pockets, No leake can be tolerated in piping between primary device and instrument. A leak will cause an error in instrument reading. Gate valves should be used in horizontal rune of pipes globe or needie valves should be used only in vertical runs.F 16004 A manifold assembly including three valves - V, W and Z (shown on piping diagrans) for connections to instrument is furnished with each inserument ‘when specified on the order. 4.2 Starting Meter With valves X, ¥, V and W closed and valve Z open, crack valves X and Y auffieiently to allow Line’ pressure to bufld up in piping; they open valves X and Y wide. Crack valve V and open slouly until pressure is on boch sides of instrument. Pen will renain at zero, Close valve Z, Slowly open W until open wide, Meter will now start to indicate or record as the case may be. 4.3 Stopping Neter Close valve W. Open valve slowly until equal, pressure 1s on both sides of instrument. Pen should fest at zero under this condition. Close valve V- Meter may now be disconnected. If work 2 to be done on piping beyond valves W and V, close valves, X and 7. caution Do not discomect Instrument from piping without first closing valves Wand Vand opening 2. Do not disconnect any of the seter piping without firer closing valves Xand ¥, Figure 17. Suggested Piping For Wet Gat Measurenent yo wan Cc) mw PRESSURE Presa, x bw Figure 18, Vertical Installation Meter Above Orifice 5.0 LIQUID FLOWMETER 5-1 GENERAL Heating is necessary in metering highly viscous Fluids or in cases when meter Lines are exposed to low tenperatures. This aay be accomplished by run~ ‘ing small steam line between the two meter lines and lagging the lines together, ‘A manifold assembly including three valves V, WW and Z (shown on piping diagrans) for connecting to instrument, is furnished with each instrusent hen specified on the order. 5.2 FILLING METER LINES Meter Below Prinery Device, (See Figure 19.) With Valves 1 and Y closed, open valves WW and 2, Renove plugs A and 8 and vent valves F and G. Pili with Line fluid alternately at a and B uneil full. Replace plugs A and B. Fill lines at F and G until Liguid overflows, tapping pipes gently to dislodge bubbles and remove air. Replace vent valves F and G. Be certain that ali air has been renoved from the systen. Check to make sure that vent valves F and G are closed. Meter ds now ready to start. (See Section 5.3). Meter Above Prinary Device, (See Figure 20.) With valves X and Y closed, open valves V, W and Z. Renove plugs A and 8 and vent valves F, G, M and N. FALL with flutd alternately at A and B'until full, Replace plugs A and 8, Fill lines at F and @ until Liguid overflows, tapping pipes gently to dislodge bubbles and renove air. Replace vent valves F and G. PIL Lines with Ifne fluid at M and N until Liquid overflows, gently tapping pipes to dislodge air bubbles. Be certain all air has been renoved from system. Check to see that all vent valves are closed, Meter is now ready to start, (See Section 5.3).16004 \ { : A ° to how + | Figure 19. Piping Diagram (Liquid Flowmeter) Meter Below Or: 5.3 STARTING METER With valves X, ¥, V and W closed and valve Z open, crack valves X"and ¥ sufficiently to allow Line’ pressure to build up in piping; open valves X and Y wide, Crack V slowly until pressure is on both sides of instrument, Pen will renain at zero. Close valve 2. Slowly open W until open wide. Meter will now start to indicate or record, as the case aay be. 5.4 STOPPING METER Close valve W. Open valve Z slovly until equal pressure is on both sides of instrument. Pen Should rest at zero under this condition. Close valve V. Meter say now be disconnected. Tf work is to be done on piping beyond valves W and V, close valves X and Y. Figure 20, Piping Diagram (Liquid Flowmeter) Meter Above Orifice caution Do not disconect instrunent from piping without first closing valves W and V and opening Z, Do not disconnect any of the eter piping without first closing valves Keand ¥. 6.0 STEAM FLOWNETER 6.1 METER LINES It ds advisab3e to have as mech slope in piping between primary device and instrument as possible. The minimim elope of horizontal runs should be one 4nch per foot, to prevent any air from becoming trapped in the tubing. Air trapped in this manner will cause a false differential. Figures 21 and 25 Suggest the direction in which tubing should be sloped.m1 6004 No lesks can be tolerated in the Lines between prinary device and ingtrument, This will cause an error in the instrument reading. laake pressure connections in such s manner that mereusy, which nay be accidentally blown out of instrument, can not drain into pressure elenent, Piping Diagram (Steam Flowneter) Meter Below Orifice Horizontal Line Figure 21. Condensate chanbers and piping between chaubers and instrument mist be left uninsulated in order to maintain proper supply of condensate at all tines, However, if parts of meter Lines are exposed to freezing teaperatures, they should be covered oF steam traced, Meter lines mist be insulated be- ‘tween condensate chambers and prinary device, Gate valves should be used in horizontal rune of pipe, and globe or needle valves used only in vertical runs. 4 aanifold assembly including three valves ~ V, Wand Z~ (shown on piping diagrams) should be used with each instrument, When pressure pens or pressure gauges are used im conjunction with mereury-type sampmeters, it is Teconmended to carry static-pressure type gauge piping to a separate tap in metered Line or to pressure tap at primary device, Avoid making connections directly to manifold because diaphragm or helical pressure elenents are nade of suprous alloys, silver solder, ete,, that will be rapidly attacked by mercury of merciry vapors. Be sure to Figure 22. Piping Diagran (Steam Flowmeter) Meter Selow Orifice Vertical Line 6.2 PILLING MereR LinEs Neter Below Primary Device, (See Figures 21 and 22, With valves X and ¥ closed, open valves 2, Vand W. Remove drain plugs A and B. Fill with, clean water alternately at A snd B until full, Replace plugs A and B. Reiove vent valves F and G. Fill Lines at F and G until water overflows, tapping pipes gently to remove bubbles. Replace vent valves F and G and check to make sure that they are closed. Be certain that all air has been renoved from systes. Close valves V and W. Slowly open valves X and ¥ until both are completely open. Crack vent valves F and G until stean escapes. (This will remove excess water in condensate chasbers and adnit steam to upper half of chasbers.) Close vent valves, Meter 4e-now ready to start (See Section 6.3), Meter Above Primary Device. (See Figures 23 ana 2}, (Stean pressure below 15 psig.) With valves J and K closed, open valves Z, W and V. Renove plugs A and 8 and open vent valves F and G. FALL with clean water at A and B until water over-Fi600% ar Sapgesn a 3 i i Figure 23. Piping Diagram (Steam Flowmeter) Meter Above Orifice Pressure Below 15 PSI Horizontal Line flows, Replace plugs A and B, Proceed to £411 Lines with clean water at F and G until water over flows. Tap pipes gently during f111ing proces: to renove entrapped air. Be certein that all air has been renoved from eyeten, Replace vent valves Fiand G, Close valves Vand W, With valves X and ¥ open, slowly open valves J and K until fully open. "Crack vent valves F and G until steam ‘appears, Close vent valves F and G. Meter is now ready €6 start. (See Section 6.3). Meter _sbove Prisary Device. (Steam Pressure above Is PS), Gee Figures 25 and 26.) With valves X and ¥ closed, open vaives Z, V and W. Renove plugs A and B,” Fill with clean vater alternately at A and B until full, Replace drain plugs A and B, Renove vent valves F, Gy M and N. FALL Lines at F and until water overflows, tap- ping gently to dislodge sir bubbles. Replace vent valves F and G, Meter {5 now ready to start, (See Section 6.3). Figure 24. Piping Diagram (Steam Flonmeter) Meter Above Orifice Pressure Below 15 PS! Vertical Line 6.3 STARTING METER Check to be sure valves V and W are closed and valves X, ¥, J, K and Z are open. Slowly open valve V'to'put Tine pressure on meter. Close valve 2. Slowly open valve W untii fully open. The meter will now start to record or indicate as the case may be. If your instriment 4s a costroller, see separ- ate instructions on the control sechanisn. 6.4 STOPPING METER Close valve WU. Open valve Z slowly until ‘equal pressure ie on both sides of instrument. Pen should rest at zero under these conditions. Close valve V, Meter may nov be disconnected. Lf vork 4s to be done on piping beyond valves W and V, close valves X and ¥.F16004 Figure 25. Piping Diagram (Steam Flowmeter) Neter Above Orifice Stean Pressure Above 15 PSI Horizontal Line cavrron Do not disconnect instrument froa piping without first closing valve W and V and opening Z, Do not disconnect any of the nueter piping without closing valves X and Y. 6.5 DENSITY CORRECTIONS Dry Stean. The meter is factory calibrated, as specified in customer's order, for a definite steam condition (pressure and teaperature or quality), and 2 mitiplier is determined which will give actual Flow corresponding to readings of this chart. If pressure, teaperature or quality should be different from that used in calibration Of meter, a corrected multiplier can be obtained by the following equation: Figure 26. Piping Diagram (Steam Flowmeter) Meter Above Orifice Stean Pressure Above 15 PS! Vertical Line corrected tultiplier = original Nuttiptier 725 where Mo 4s the original density for which meter was calibrated and ln is the actual density. Table 3 gives values of square roots of den~ sities corresponding to pressures from 1 to 500 pounds absolute for dry-saturated steam, Absolute pressure equals average baronetric pressure plus gauge pressure, Rempler Meter vas calibrated to measure stess at 55.3 pounds gauge pressure and to use e multiplier of 1000. Find corrected multiplier if gauge pressure Se 104.3 pounds.FI6008 Table 3, Density Multipliers For Saturated Steam LBS.PER 1S PER, 135.7 Las. PER Las, PER 59.18 39.1 39.0 59.18 ‘89.18 ABS we ass. | VT ass. | J we ‘ABS. PRES. PRES. PRES. PRES. 1.0 0.05477 | 30.5 o.2719 | mm 0.4037 | 32 o.s394 | amt On us togeia | 32:0 2736 | 72 ose | 132 15414 | a2 [6478 20 torsag | aus 12759 | 73 won | 23315433 | 93 Loan 2s Tosa2d | 3210 l2779 | 74 Laut |e Tus | 9 6510 310 ostea| || satse: |e -zence|| 75 erry | et ated | ety 6526 35 Tosass | 33:0 ‘2az0 | 76 preg |e tery ai | ary T6542 ao Trost | 33:5 feu | 77 ass | 37 T3nn| 97 16558 as Tun | 34:0 f2e60 | 784220 | 138 15530 | 198 16574 5.0 Tiies | 341s T2079 | 79 eae | 1395549 | 99 16590 35.0 [2898 | 80 © 14270 | nko 18868 | 200 16606 5.5 eras | ss) vir || at tavern 2 5967, 2|1 209) 6685 60 Tize9 | 36:0 © [2036 | a2 = 422, | ae 15603 | 20 6760 65 rig | 36:5 12955 | 83. 346 | 14315624 | 25, eaat 0 mer || is | || 4370 | 146 13643, | 220 Teo1a us rato) || svsse | = icovas ||: 951 etsis | iis esee | 225) 6993 8.0 Bice |e | as | 6 S568 | 230 T7064 8.5 das) | cers = eesast |e ork | haa e|t a7 seo || 235) ina 9.0 isa) || outoe | | esoees |e casi ace as 2 esrs || 2x0: Ime 9.5 fs | 39:5 T3066 | 89 ais | ip i536 | 245, Ine? 10.0 T1613 | 40.0 13083 | 90 sie | 150 5734 | 250 tn360 10.5 st6is | 40.5 tos | 91-539, J ast sr7z | ass. 7430 ao ‘uss | 41:0 © T3uza_ | 92 asez2 | 1525791 | 260 {7503 is fimz | aris 3139 | 93, Casas | 15315809 | 265 17570 12.0 lams7 | 42io—3nse | 94 = S408 | 15415828 | 270 let ais fu | as 3173 | 95 west | 155 5846 | 275, {1707 13.0 Tig2s | 43:0 31k | 964654 | 156 15863 | 280 fn Bs tiess | 431s 13208 | 97 “ker? | 57 58an | 285 t7a42 14.0 lisp | 44:0 © 13225 | 98 4700 | 358 13899 | 290 tz 14s fia | ais lazaz | 99 az | 139 L517 | 295 17975 15.0 T1950 | 45:0 13287 | 100 “4744 | 1605935 | 300 aoa 15.5 si980 | 45s 23277 | ton 768 | ter 5952 | 305 -suz 16.0 zor0 | 460 © 13298 | 102 14790 | 162 ©3970] 510 tan 16.5 facso| liners) | esti t| 103 re = tly lib Te240 0 T2067 | 471013327 | toe “4a3u |e = Ye008 | 320 8308 as T2096 | a7is 1334s. | 05 Lasse | 165 © Y6022 | 325 ‘2366 18.0 t2123 | 48.0 © T3360 | ios © 14879 | 166 feo | 330 Te432 18.5 ais | agts 2 3971 100) 4900 | 167 L608 | 335 Teast 19.0 aura): aot) = 29991 1| 10s) = | vyzi || ies | 10075 ||| 940) [3556 19.5 eo if core AO |e ee at | a 2620 20.0 i232 | soo 3425 | 10 “46s. | 170 © Leno | 350 3678 20.5 2258 | st sas? | na fo a i) lla 741 2110 tn280 | 52 aang leit) =| 300s) || ure = eeisa =|) 360: 3803 215 T2309 | 33 S30 | 13 [5029 | 173 lever | 365 8860 22.0 vasa | 5% i551 | m4 15080 | lena] 370 Ta9a2 22.5 vase | 55. tas | us T30n | as eas | 375, 3983 23.0 i231 | 56 Tse | 16 15092 | 176 Sez12 | 380 19039 23.5 i205 | 57 Tae | ny Tsus |? gaa | 385, ‘9099 26.0 t2a29 | 58 v3e2 | ua 15138 |e e246 | 390 {9160 24.5 t2aas | 59 Ss. | ig 15135 | 179 fezes | 395 19220 25.0 tars | 60 S31 | 12015175 | a0 16279 | 00 t9274 25.5 2500 | ss760 | aan 59s | an .6296 | a0 +9391 26.0 ‘2522 | 2 ‘ames | a2z2 T52s | ae fea13, | azo ‘9503 26.5 ‘2506 | 63 s3ai7 | 123 5235 | 183 6329 | 430 t9618 27.0 f2567 | 6a v3sue | 24 15256 | es Lesus | ato toma. 27.5 i258 | 65, ize | 325 T3275 | tas esez | 450 9839 28.0 i260 | 66 ‘301 | 126 15296 | as 14379 | 460 9905 28.5 (2633 | 67 i329 | 127 15316 | 1g7— 16395 | 470 1.0060 29:0 2653 | 68 t30s7 | 128 15336 | lee Loatz2 | 480A Lonse 29.5 f267s | 69 S308u | 12915355 | a9 T6uz8 | 490 Loam 30.0 12697 | 70 {aor | 30 75375 | 190 644s | 500 1.0378 BF16004 Orig. Pressure (Abs) = 95.3 gauge + 14,7 = 120 Lbs. Actual Pressure (abs) = 104.3 gauge + 14, 7=119 Lbs, For 110 tbs absolute, YW = .4965 (from table 3) For 119 lbs absolute, YW = 15155 (from cable 3) = 1038.3, Then, corrected miciplier = 100 x ” he corrected mitiplier value of 1038.3 stows that with this increased pressure, the flow in- creases 3,832 nor For superheated steam vse stean cables (Host engineering handbooks contain tables which give properties of super- heated steam). Note that tables give specific volune (cuble feet per pound). Density (pounds per cubic foot) equals reciprocal of specified volume. Wee Steam. Correction of multiplying factor for wet steam is made in a similar sanner, taking into account, however, the quality of the steam. If, for instance, there 46 2% aoisture or 98% quality steam, the actual density at any particular pressure will be: Via vee In our calculations it will be necessary to divide the value of Vin read from table 3 by VI95~ Example: Meter vas calibrated to measure dry satu- Fated Bream at 110 Ibe absoluce pressure and to use a miltiplier of 1000, Find corrected milciplier AE gauge presaure is 119 Ibs absolute. For 110 Ibs abs., Vio = .4965 (from table 3) For 119 Lbs abs. Vit = .5155 (from table 3) However, the figure .5155 corresponding absolute in table muse be divided by for 98% quality stean. to 119 pst /3B co allow This gives +5208 vse ‘The corrected multiplier = 1000 x 25208 "2965 = 1048.9 7.0 GAS FLOW CORRECTION TABLES 7.2 GAS FLOW CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE (Dejrees Fahrenheit) Table 4 shows {loving temperature factors for Table 4, Flowing Temperature Factors ~ Fre (Degrees Fahrenbete) Factor Factor | rf | Factor | cr | Factor | ‘F | Factor | °F | Factor rosea | 22 | 1.0392 | a | roves | a | 0.9990 | a1 | 0.9806 | 110 | o.s9sa zioso9 | 22 | 110387 | 42 | rove | 62 | 0.998 | 82 | 0.9795 | 120 | 0.9469 Losses | 23, 0376 | 43 | roves | 63 | 0.9972 | 8 | 0.9786 | 130 | 0.9388 viosaa | 24 | xioses | aa | alos? | o& | 0.9962 J ss | o.9777 | 140 | 0.9309 | 10575 j 25 | ross | 4s | alora7 || 6s | o-99s2 | as | 0.9768 | iso | 019233 6 | s.osee | 26 | r.030¢ | 4s | 1.037 | 66 | 0.993 | 86 | 0.9759 | 160 | 0.9158 7 | 10352 ] 27 | xi0333 | 47 | ior? | 67 | 0.9933 | a7 | 0.9750 | 170 | 0:9085 a | alos J 28 | 110323 | 43 | rioiay | 6a | 0.992 | es | 0.978 | iso | 0.9014 9 | xi0s30 | 29 | sioa12 | 43 | x:o107 | 69 | 0.995 | 89 | 0.9732 | iso | 0.8944 ro | iiosie | 30 | a:0302 | 50 | 1.0098 | 70 | 0.9905 | 90 | 0.9723 | 200 | 0.8876 ur | a.0507 fsx | a.o292 f 52 | 10088 | nm | 0.996 | s | o.97s | 210 | 0.8810 12 | 110496 |} 32 | aiozer | 52 | 10078 | 72 | o:9887 | 92 | 0.9706 | 220 | 0.8745 a3 | locas | 33 | 2!0270 | 53 | io068 |] 73 | 0.9877 | 93 | 0.9697 | 230 | o-sea ae | rove | 3% | xi0z60 | 54 | il0058 |} 74 | o.gses | 9% | 0.3688 | 240 | overs 15 | Loves | 35 | xo29 | 55 | to0e | 75 | 19859 | 95 | o.s660 | 250 | o:8558 us | 1.0452 | 36 | 1.0239 | se | 2.0039 | 76 | 0.9850 | 96 | 0.9672 | 260 | 0.8498 a | alow: | 37 | il0a29 | 57 | 10029 | 77 | ore40 | 97 | o-9662 | 270 | o-8440 as | 20430 | 38 | aoa | ss | ions |) 7 | o.98 | 98 | 0.9653 | 280 | 0.8383 19 | x09 | 39 | i028 | 59 | tooo | 79 | o:se2z | 99 | 0.9605 | 290 | 0.8327 20 | t:0a8 | 40 | 1.0198 | 60 | 120000 |} so | 0.9813 | 100 | 0.9636 } 300 | o.ez72 ractor = fj 520 360 + Kotwal Flowing Teaperanurefale and gases corresponding co temperature in de~ grees Fahrenheit The correction factor can be obtained from che following equation for aay variation in tenp- erature for any calibration Conperature: ‘Actual Flow Corvection Factor = ¢,Aetual Hee = Factor at Actual Tenperature Factor at Calibration Temperature The actual flow ed to temperature base for which flow meter is cal~ Abrated, 1s then product of calibrated flow, as read from scale, and correction facto Actual Flow = Calibration Flow x Correction Factor Example: {lometer calibrated for a {loving Tanperature of 50°F and a base tenperature of 60°F gives a reading of 10,000 cubic Feet per hour at ¢ existing conditions, correct Fi6004 70°F. What is correct rate of flow? ‘vhe correction factor 4x obtained froa Table 4 by dividing flowing tanperature factor by 70°F by that at SO"F: aa T.oo9e = 9-9809 The actual Flow ts 0.9809 x 10,000 = 9,809 c.f.r. This ts flow corrected to temperature base 60° Factor * Nore, If temperature of meditm is not included tn table 4, correction factor can be readily calculated from equation for flowing temper~ ature factor: Fa correction Factor = £8 = here Ta is actual temperature and Te is calibration tenperature. ‘Table 5. Specific Gravity Factors - Fg Specific Specific specific Specific Gravity, | Factors | Gravity | Factors || Gravity | Factors | Gravity | Factors © Fe ¢ Fe 4 ¥e ° Fe 0.500 181a2 0.675 a2 0.830 1.0847 1.05 0.9759 0.505 rao72 0.680 32127 01835, 10815 106 0.9713 0.510 3.4003, 0685, az082 0.860 1.0783 107 0.9667 0.515 33935 0.650 1.2039 0.865, iors Loe 019623 0.520 33868 0.695, 11995 0.870 sort Los 0.9578 0.525 1.3801 0.700 1.3982 0.875 1.0690 1.0 0.9535 0.530 13736 0.705 Vasio 0.880, 1.0660, ran 0.9492 01535 sen 0.710 111868 0.885, 1.0830 naz 0:9469 0.540 33608 ons aisze 0.890, 1.0600, nb 0.9407 0,545 L336 0.720 Lies 01895, 1.0570 a 0.9366 0.530, 1.3484 0.725 1.3766 0.900 1.0541 Las 0.9325 0.555, 13423 0.730 11704 0.305 10512 16 0.9285 0.560 113363 0.735, L664 0.910 Lows3 ana 0.9245 0.365 1.3304 0.740 Lies 0.915 1o4se aie 0.9206 0.570 13245, 0.745, 1.1586 0.920 rows ans 0.9167 0.575 Lass 0.750 1.1567 0.925 1.0398 1.20 0.9128 0.580 131s 0.755 111509 0.930 1.0370 ula 0.9081 0.585, i074 0.760 Laan 0.935 3.0342 Liz 0.9058 0.580, 13018 0.765 1143 0.940 i031 123 0.9017 0.595, 1.2964 0.770 11396 0.945, ie287 124 0.8980 0.600 1.290 ors 1.1359 0.930 1.0260 1.25 0.8944 0.605, 112856 0-780 ama 0.955, 10233, 126 0.8909 0.610 12804 0.785 11287 0.960 0206 127 018874 L615 a27s2 0.790 1251 0.965 10180 1.28 0.8839 0.620 1.2700 01795, alias 0.970 1.0153 ize 0.8805, 0.625 2.2649 0.800 1.1180 0.975 1.0127 1.30 0.8771 0.630 112599 0805, 11146 0.980, 10102 iat 0.8737 01635 112549 0.810 Lint 0.985 120076 132 0.8708 0.640 1.2500 o.e1s, 11077 0.990 10050 133 0.8671 0.645, 312051 01820 21003, 0.995 10025 134 0.8639 0.650 1.2403 0.825 1.1010 1,000 1.0000 135 0.8607 01655 1.2356 0.830, 10976 Lor 019950 1136 0.8573 0.660 12309, 0.835, 10944 Leo 0,901 ar 0.8540 0.665, 12263 0.840. Logit 1.030 0.9853, 138) 018513 0.670, 1.2217 0.845, 110879 1.040, 0.9806 139 0.8482 rorsF1600% 7.2 Gas Flow Correction For Specific Gravity Table IT shows specific gravity factors for gases, ‘The correction factor can be obtained froa this cable for any variation in specific gravity from that for which the flow meter is calibrated: Actual Flow Gal ibration Flow Ractor at Actual Density Factor at Calibration Density correction Factor = ‘The actual flow at existing conditions {# then the product of calibrated flow, as read fron the scale, and the correction factor Actual Flow = Calibration Flow x Correction Exanple: A flow meter calibrated for a gas with a specific gravity of 0.70 gives a reading of 10,000 cubte feet per hour when specific gravity 1s 9180. What 19 the correct rate of flov? The correction factor 42 obtained fron cable 11 by dividing the gravity Factor at 0.80 by that at 0.70, Factor = JO. 9.9954 952 ‘Then actual flow 16 0.9354 x 10,000 = 9,354 e.£.h. at existing gravity. Nore If specific gravity of medium te not in cluded in Table TI, che correction factor ‘can be readily calculated from the equation 7 for the specific gravity factor (Air=1-000). Ta. Ge Correction Factor = F# = © inoue us. |, us. T actor =| as. | 1s. ANGIES F eacron [UIS: | vacron | MS: ractor|| [05 | racton| (ise [ractor | Bs | ractoR 29 | oa | o | 3.79 [30 60 | 8.63 [aco | 10.70] 250 | 16.26 26 | oat | a | 3:92 [31 1 | si6a }105 | 10.93] 255 | isa ay | xior | 2 | 4205 J 32 62 | a.m fio | 115] 260 | 16.57 2 | alze | 3 | ata $33 63 | scan iis | anise] 265 | a6.71 25 | alae | 4 | 4.29 [3% 6 | 8.85 120 | 11:59] 270 | 16.86 2 | ale J 5 | 4240 [35 65 | sia f125 | ancer}a7s | anor 2a | aire | 6 | aise J36 66 | 8:97 [130 | 12:02} 280 | 176 az | aloo 7 | aces [a7 or | 9:02 [135 | 12-22] 285 | 17.30 ay | zloz | 8 | alas 38 68 | 9:08 140 | 12:43} 290 | 17.45 20 | ze | 9 | 4:86 39 69 | 9:43 aus | 12-63} 295 | 17/9 aa | 2125 fio | 4:94 fao yo | sag iso | 12:82] 300 | wzs73 ye | 236 Jou | sio8 far ni | 924 fas | a3t02 | 308 | azar a | atag fiz | sce fae m2 | s30 feo | 13:20}310 | 13.01 te | zise Jas | 5.23 faa | 9.35 fies | 339 ]31s | as as | ates Jae | 5.33 faa we | 9:40 170 | 13:s8}320 | 18 uw | zr Jas } sta fas 75 | 9.46 fa7s | as.76fs25 | as. a3 | zs Pre | 5:51 fae 26 | 9st [igo | 13:94] 330 | 1a. 12 | 2iez faz | si60 far m7 | 9.56 fies | 14212 f335 | aa: ni | x00 fis | 5.69 fas 73 | 9.6 [90 | 14:30] 340 | 1a. to | 3lo8 | a9 | 5.78 fas 79 | 9.66 |195 | 1aca7 sas | 18. 9 | ais | 20 | 5.57 |s0 to | 9:72 }200 | 14:64] 350 | 19209 a | 324 fa | 5.95 fst ar | 9:77 | 205 | x48} ass | 19.22 7 vi faz | 6.03 | sz a2 | 9.a2 | 210 | 14.98] 360 | 19:35 6 | sae [23 | eae fs 83 | acer f2as | asias [36s | 9.48 5 | 3146 | 24 | 620 | 54 si | 9.92 }220 | 1s] 370 | 19.6 4 | 3isy | 25 | 6.28 [55 a5 | 9.97 J225 | 15.47 }375 | 19.73 3 | 360 | 26 | 636 }56 | 8.39 Jas |ao.02 | 230 | 15.63)380 | 19:86 2 | 3.66 | 27 | 6.43 57 | 8.45 Jer | 10.07 Jas | 15.79] 385 | 19:98 1 | 3:79 fae | ost fse | sist foo |uo.22 J2mo | 15:95 }390 | 20:11 o | 3.79 [29 | 6:59 }59 | 857 95 rouse fous | isir}s9s | 20.23, ‘Table TIT. Constant Pressure Factore Factor =Viba + pounds Regs7.3 ag Flow Correction For Pressure ‘Table IIT shove pressure factors for air and gases: ‘The correction factor can be obtained from this equation for any variation in pressure from any calibration pressure: Actual Flow correction Factor = g,;Aetual Flew — Factor at Actual Pressure Factor at Calibration Pressure The actual flow at existing conditions, correct= ed to preseure base for hich Clow meter ie calib- rated, is then the product of calibrated flow, as Fead from the scale, and the correction factor: Actual. Flow = Calibration Flow x Correction Factor Frample: A Clow aeter ealfbrated for a floving pressure of 15 pounds gauge and a base pressure of 14.4 pounds absolute gives a reading of 10,000 cube Feet per hour (e.f.h.) when preasure 1s 12’ pounde Rouge. What is the correct rate of flow? F 16008 ‘The correction factor 1s obtained from Table IIT by dividing pressure factor at 12 pounds by that at 15 pound 5.14 Factor = $44 « 0.9489 The actual flow 1s 0.9483 x 10,000 = 9,483 c.f.n, This 1s flow correctad to the pressure base of List pounds absolute. Nore If pressure of medium fe not included 4a Table III, the correction factor can be readily calculated from the equation for pressure factor: Correction Factor = EE = where Pa is actual pressure and Pe is calibration pressure in pounds gauge. v