Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information in our body.

Glia support neurons in various parts

of the body and holds them in place
Most of the Neurons organelles are
located in its cell body.
Dendrites branch off that receive
signals and a generally long strand
branches off called the Axon which
transmits signals through the use of
messenger molecules called
neurotransmitters
Once neurotransmitters are released at junctions called synapse, where axons and
dendrites touch, the signal is passed down again and again along a chain of neurons
Neurons have diverse forms and vary in size and shape depending on its purpose
Sensory neurons transmit information back to processing centers
Interneurons make up a large part of our brain and form very complicated circuits
of dendrites and axon
Motor neurons transmit signals to muscles causing them to contract
These signals are created through the use of ion channels, to create voltage through
gradients, like the Sodium-potassium pump
Membrane potential is created when positively charged sodium is actively
transported outside while positively charged potassium is pumped inside
Resting Potential occurs when the diffusion of ions is allowed and K+ is allowed
through channels generating a more negative inside
Hyperpolarization increase the magnitude of the membrane potential as it allows
active transport
Depolarization decrease the magnitude of the membrane potential by opening
channels
Some membrane potential changes can vary continuously depending on the
strength of a stimulus and are referred to as graded potentials
An Action Potential is a brief rapid depolarization of a neurons plasma membrane
created by voltage gated ion channels when the reach a certain membrane
potential threshold and are generally created by graded potentials. These are the
best ways to transmit signals fast and across long distances
Myelination creates a myelin sheathe which wraps around the axon restricting
voltage gated sodium channels in the axon to exposed parts uncovered by myelin
called the nodes of ranvier.

This allows for Salutatory conduction, allowing the action potential to travel
faster along the axon as voltage gated ion channels only need to opened at the
Nodes
At the Synapse junction electrical current either flows directly from one cell to
another or neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft, the space between
the axon and the dendrite
Many synapses across the neurotransmitters bind to ligand gated ion channels
creating excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential which in reduces or
increases the chance of the neuron to exhibit action potential