LICH SLf - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU

Dfic f>\m cun Qun TRINH nh

LRN XAM NHSP DONG

Nnivi n

(Dfiu TH'KV XVII - CUOI TH^KV XVIII)

Ths. Le Thj Mai
Khoa Ljch sdr - Dgii hgc Supham - Dgi hpc Dd Ndng

1 ir sau cac cudc phdt kicn dia li d the

ldnh nghl, vdi mdt ham ddi manh vd hang

ky XV - XVI, trung tam thuang mai the gidi

trdm tdu chien dii cdc loai ludn theo sdt cac

da djch chuyen tir Dia Trung Hai sang ven

ddi thuang thuyen vd cdc thuang diem dugc

bd Bien Bdc. Sir thay ddi ve dia kinh te nay

xay dvmg d hdi ngoai. Tfnh tien phong vd uu

da dan den nhirng chuyen bien bet sire to ldn

viet ciia nen cdng hod tu sdn da trd thanh

trong nen thuang mai Ddng

Tdy cd truyen.

dieu kien tien quyet, be dd hieu qua cho boat

He thdng mau dich bang bai dugc hinh thdnh

ddng cua gidi cdng thuang gia Ha Lan trong

xuyen dai duang, ndi lien cdc luc dia. Thi

cudc canh tranh quyet liet vdi cdc dich thu,

trudng the gidi dugc md rdng cung dan den

gianh dia vi bd quyen.

sir hinh thdnh chii nghia thuc dan vd ddy

nhanh cjud trinh tich luy nguyen thuy tu bdn
d cac nudc chau Au.

Ddng Nam A (DNA) tir rit sdm da dugc

nhieu nudc ldn tren thi gidi quan tam din vi
cd ngudn huang lieu, gia vi ndi tiing vd vi tri

Bd Dao Nha vd Tay Ban Nha, nhd vai

chien lugc quan trgng tren true hang hai

trd tien phong trong viec khai md con dudng

Ddng - Tay. Din khoang diu thi ky XVI,

hang hai sang phuang Ddng vd phdt kien tan

hdu bet cdc qudc gia DNA tren budc dudng

luc dia dd dat dugc nhirng thanh cdng vugt

suy thodi da tao ca hdi thuan lgi cho sir xam

bac ve thuang mai, quan sir va truyen gido

nhap cua cdc nudc phuang Tay. Theo sau Bo

trong the ky XVI. Tuy vay, vdo dau the ky

XVII, uu the dy thudc ve Ha Lan rdi Anh va
Phdp.

Dao Nha, Ha Lan da cd thau tdm ngudn

huang lieu, gia vi hang nhit cua khu vuc
DNA hai dao. Ndm 1595, doan vien chinh
dau tien cua hg sang phuang Ddng da cap

Dau the ky XVII, Ha Lan da vdo cudc

cdng Bantam - mgt thuang cang hd tieu nli

vdi sir hau thuan to ldn ciia nen cdng boa

tiing tren ddo Java. Lgi nhuan tir chuyin di

non tre ciing hang nghin thuy thu diing cdm.

ndy da md diu cho nhiing boat dgng bdng vfi

^de

itienc eua qud

55

ti'inh...

lire quyet liet ciia Ha Lan trong viec gianh

ciia thuang mai trong con mdt ciia cdc chfnh

ddc quyen budn bdn cde mat hdng ndy tir tay

khdch chau Au duang thdi bat ke dudi chfnh

ngudi Bd, nhit Id khi cdng ty Ddng An Ha

the ndo.

Lan (VOC) dugc thdnh lap (1602). Khi md

rdng tim kiem lgi fch thuang mai d cdc
vuong qudc trong luc dia nhu Ayutthaya,
Dang Ngodi, Dang Trong, Mien Dien, Ldo,

Chiu dnh hudng cua chu nghia trgng

thuang va de ddp img nhu cau tich Iiiy
nguyen thuy tu ban, giai cap tu sdn Hd Lan
da nd lire bdnh trudng thuong nghiep. Muc

Campuchia, Ha Lan chii yeu ddt thuang

dich ma hg hudng tdi Id ldm gidu bdng lgi

diem, thdng qua ky ket cdc hiep udc, giup dd

nhuan tir thuang nghiep, nhat la ngoai

vii khi, ky thuat quan sir de thiet lap quan he

thuang. Theo dd, gidi tu sdn cdng thuong

bang giao vdi chfnh quyen ban xii. Quan he

ndng ddng da xem xet lam the nao de cd

budn bdn cua Ha Lan vdi cdc nudc DNA cd

nhung miic do klidc nhau nhung tat cd deu

dugc nhiing ngudn bang hod chdc chdn nhat,

gdp phdn ldm cho Hd Lan vuan tdi ddc

sinh lgi nhieu nhdt vd tim ra nhirng bien

quyen thuang mai d DNA vd Vien Ddng.

phdp de cd dugc ngudn hdng dd. Khau hieu

ciia gidi tu sdn Ha Lan khi vuon ra thj

Qua nghien cuu qud trinh Ha Lan xam

nhap thi trudng DNA, cd the nit ra cdc ddc
diem sau:

trudng qudc te la ''''Trade, not

territory

nghia la '''budn bdn, khdng cdn ldnh thd"

Ddi vdi hg, lgi fch thuang mai Id muc dfch

1. "Doc quyen thuong mai" chi phoi

chien lugc hdng dau. Budn bdn, thu lgi

toan bo qua trinh Ha Lan xam nhap Dong

nhuan la dieu de hieu ddi vdi qudc gia tu sdn

Nam A

thuang nghiep mdi vuan len.

Vdo the ky XVI, XVII, cdc qudc gia

Vdo cudi the ky XVI, nhu cau ve huong

chau Au nhu Bd Ddo Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Hd

lieu, gia vi cua phuang Ddng d thi trudng

Lan, Anh... da ra siic md rdng nen ngoai

chau Au tdng nhanh. Vdn tham gia tfch cue

thuang. Dudi sir bdo trg ciia hodng gia, cdc

vdo viec thu mua vd bdn lai cdc san pham

qudc gia tren bdn ddo Iberia da di tien phong

thudc dia cua Bd Ddo Nha d chau Au nen

trong qud trinh chinh phuc, xdm nhdp thi

gidi thuang nhan Hd Lan da nhanh chdng

trudng chau A. 6 ldn sdng thii hai, chfnh phu

nhdn thay huang lieu, gia vi chfnh Id loai

Hd Lan, Anh da chii ddng nim lay boat ddng

hdng boa mang lai lgi nhuan cao nliit vd "r/n

Clia cdc cdng ty thuang mai, cung cap vdn vd

trao cho nhieu ddc quyen de bien chiing
thdnh nhiing cdng cu xam nhdp hieu qud
ban. Dilu ndy chiing thuc tam quan trgng

Palmira Brummett (History) & Lydia Pulsipher

(Geography): U. of Tennessee, Going Beyond Nation
and the "East-West" Divide,
http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/intera
ctions/brummett.htmi.

56

NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N09 (132).20n

ludng chdc chdn rdng ddc quyen huang lieu

liao Vgng vd phia tdy eo Magellan"

Id vdn de ed Idm quan trgng sdng cdn cita

dugc muc dfch, Cdng ty phdi ''chdng lgi

qudc gia"" Dc gianh ddc quyen ban nbung

nhirng ke thii cua nen cgng hod vd ngdn cdn

mat hang na>' cho thi tririmg chiiu Au thi Ha

cde qudc gia chdu Au khde di vdo nen

Lan phai gianh dugc dpc quyen thu mua d

thuang mgi Ddng An"^ So vdi cdc cdng ty

noi cung cap, san xuat chiing. Vao thdi diem

ciia hodng gia Bd vd cdng ty Ddng An Anh,

na>, DNA bai dao da Ird thanh dia ban trung

VOC la mdt the lire biing hau ve tdu thuyen,

tam cung cap ngudn huang lieu, gia vi ciia

ham ddi, thuy thii vd ngudn vdn. Chinh lgi

the gidi. Nam 1608, Hdi ddng Ileren XVII

the dd dd giup ngudi I Id Lan tien rat nhanh a

da xac dinh rang: "'khu virc Banda vd

thi trudng Vicn Ddng, gianh lay ddc quyen

Moluccas Id muc lieu chit yeu chiing ta phdi

thuang mai tir tay Bd Ddo Nha trong the ky

nhdm vdo"

XVII.

Vi vay, muc dfch hang dau ciia

Ha Lan khi xam nhap DNA Id loai bd tat cd

cdc the lire cdn trd hp gianh ddc quyen
thuang mai cdc mat hang huong lieu, gia vi
d khu vuc nay.

De dat

O khu vuc DNA hdi ddo, den giu'a the

ky XVII, vdi viec loai bd ddi thu Bd Dao
Nha, the lire canh tranh ciia ngudi Anh va
chinh phuc cdc tieu qudc tren bdn dao Ma

Ddt nen tang cho todn bd qud trinh ndy

Lai, Sumatra, Java bdng vii lire, ngudi Ha

la sir thdnh lap mdt cdng ty thuang mai ddc

Lan da thdnh cdng trong vice gidnh doc

quyen

Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan (1602).

quyen thuang mgi cdc mat hang huong lieu,

Cd the ndi, sau Bd Ddo Nha, ngudi Hd Lan

gia vi vd thiec d day. Vi du: ddc quyin cay

(cung nhu ngudi Anh) da dua vdo mdt y

dinh huang dd rai vdo tay Cdng ty vdi viec

tudng hodn todn mdi me, d trinh dp cao

kiem sodt cdc ddo Ambonia, Ternate, Tidore

trong boat ddng thuong mai qudc te, dd Id

vd chinh phuc Macassar; cudc chinh phuc

loai binb cdng ty cd pban. Trong dieu le

quin dao Banda dem lai cho Cdng ty doc

thdnh lap, ddc quyen thuong mai vd viing

quyen bat vd vd nhuc dau khiu ldm huong

thuang mai ddc quyen ciia Cdng ty da dugc

lieu; ddc quyin budn bdn thiic dat dugc

khang dinh: ''Khdng ai ngogi trir VOC cd the

bdng hiep udc vdi cdc tieu qudc Palembang,

dua Idu lir Netherlands den hay kiem sodt

Aceh; chinh phuc tilu qudc Bantam, Cdng ty

nen thuang mgi d khu vuc phia ddng mui

da nim dugc ddc quyin budn bdn ho tieu.

D.G.E. Hall: Lich sir Dong Nam A, Nxb. Chinh trj

quicgia. Ha Noi, 1997, tr.477.
^ D.G.E. Hail, sdd, tr.472.

F.S. Gaastra: Foundation ofthe VOC - the Charter,

http://www.tanap.net/content/voc/organization/organi
zation found.htm.
^Nt. ~

(Dde itiein exiu qud

ti'inh...

Sl

De duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai ndy,

Ddo Nha trong viec tim kiem lgi nhuan

VOC da kiem sodt chat che boat ddng

thuang mgi trong phgm vi chdu A nhu Id

thuong mai eiia cdc thuong cang thudc dia

phirang tien hd trg cho nen thuang mgi mdt

ciing nhu nam giii cd qud trinb sdn xudt cdc

chieu vdi chdu Au vd ed xu hudng tim kiem

mat bang nay ciia cu dan ban dia. Vi du.

SU' dpc quyen mpt vdi trong so nhdng sdn

Macassar sau khi bi Ha Lan kiem sodt dd trd

vgt quan trgng" De lam dieu dd, VOC da

thdnh mdt thdnh phd thudc dia, dugc ddt

khai thdc nhirng Id trinh thuang mai truyen

dudi quyen kiem sodt true tiep ciia Cdng ty.

thdng ciia khu vuc bdng cdcb md ra nhirng

VOC Id the lire duy nhat cd quyen budn bdn

mdi quan he bang giao vd thuang mai mdi

mdt cdch hgp phap ddi vdi tat cd bang hda

vdi cdc qudc gia trong luc dia.

ciia Indonesia ciing nhu chau A dugc trao

ddi d cdng nay. De dam bdo ddc quyen
thuong mai, VOC da qudn ly gdt gao boat

So vdi khu vue hdi ddo, cdc qudc gia

DNA luc dia dugc ngudi Ha Lan chu y den
mudn ban. O cdc qudc gia ndy, VOC bj canh

ddng cua cdc tdu budn dia phuong. Theo dd,

tranh quyet liet vd gap nhieu thdch thiic de

tat cd cdc tdu dia phuang phdi cd mdt gidy

xdc lap dugc vi the ciia minh. Sir hien dien

thdng hdnh do Cdng ty cap cho mdi chuyen

vd giir vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sdng kinh

di lai. Day la ddc diem chung cho tat ca cdc

te, chfnh tri cua cdc thuang nhan chau A nhu

thdnh phd cdng khde cua khu vuc qudn ddo

ngudi Nhat, ngudi Hoa, ngudi An, ngudi

thudc quyen kiem sodt ciia VOC^

Hdi ciing nhu sir phdt trien tu cudng, thdi dp

Trong qua trinh canh tranh vdi cdc ddi

bang giao chu ddng cua cdc trieu dinh phong

thil de gidnh ddc quyen thuang mai cdc mat

kien dia phuang la nhiing trd lire chu yeu

bang huong lieu, gia vj d khu vuc bdi ddo,

cho nd lire gidnh ddc quyen thuang mai ciia

VOC da ddnh qud nhieu lgi nhuan budn bdn

Hd Lan. Bdi ednh dd khdng cho phep VOC

thu dugc cho viec xay dung phdo ddi, duy tri

sir dung vii lire de chinh phuc nhu hp da lam

nhirng vi trf tien tieu ldn vd trang bi cdc ham

d khu vuc hdi ddo.

dpi tdu chien. Vi vay, cdng viec kinh doanh

Vi vay, xam nhap khu vuc ndy, thdng

cua VOC trong thuang mai hai chieu giiia

qua quan he bang giao, thuang mai vdi chfnh

chau Au vd chau A khdng thu dugc ket qua

quyen ban xii, ngudi Hd Lan da cd gdng

nhu mong dgi. Hp bdt dau "theo guang Bd

kiem sodt mdt sd tuyen dudng budn ban

truyen thdng va ndm ddc quyen thu mua mdt

^ Leonard Blusse: Among Feign Friend and Declared

Enermy, Leiden University, 1997, p. 7; din theo Pham
Van Kien, Qud trinh banh trudng the luc cua cong ty
Dong An Ha Lan a Indonesia va nhirng he qud ciia
no, Luan van thac sT, Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi, 2004,
tr. 79.

sd mat hdng quan trpng la cdc sdn vat cua

^ Nicholas Tarlings: A concise history of Southeast
Asia, Frederick A.Praeger Publishers, New York,
Washington and London, 1966, p.48.

58

NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N09 (132).20n

tirng viing dat vd ddc quyen cung cap nbung

Hd Lan phdi loai bd the lire cua cdc ddi thii

thuang pham theo nhu cau ciia vua chiia vd

canh tranh bang vu lire; duy tri thudng xuyen

dan chiing dia phuong. Vi du, xam nhap

he thdng phdo ddi, lire lugng qudn dpi dl

Ayutthaya, VOC da nim dugc quyen kilm

phdng thii; gianh thdng lgi trong cdc cuoc

sodt true thuang mai Nagasaki - I'ormosa

thuang chiln quyet liet vd ddi mat vdi sir

Ayutthaya, ddc quyen cung cap mat hang da

pban khdng gay gat ciia cu dan, chfnh quyin

sdng (da huou, da trau) cho thi trudng Nhat

ban xir. Mat khde, chfnh sdch ddc quyin

Ban lir sau hiep udc 1664; xam nhap thi

thuang mai ciia Cdng ty tat yeu sinh ra

trudng Arakan \a Miln Dien, VOC da ddc

nhirng be qud tieu cue khde ma chinh nd se

quyen cung cap hang det Bengal; xam nhap

phd va the ddc quyen nhu nan cudp biln,

hai mien Dai Vict (chu ylu d Dang Ngodi),

budn lau, budn ban tu nhan va tham nhung.

VOC da ddc quyen cung cip bac, ddng vd

tien ddng Nhat Bdn (1675); ddc quyin thu
mua da huou sdng, da cd duoi d Campuchia
(1665)... Them vdo dd, tir sau lenh tda quoc
cua chinh quyin Mac phii dugc ban hdnh
(1639), Ha Lan cung Id ke tbI chan ngudi
Nhat kiem sodt cdc tuyin budn ban giiia

Tat cd nhung he qua phdt sinh tir viec thilt

lap vd duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai nay
chinh Id nguyen nhan quan trgng nhit dan
den su gidi the ciia Cdng ty Ddng An va gop
phan ldm cho Ha Lan suy sup d DNA vd tren
thi trudng the gidi.

Nhat vd cdc thuong cdng ciia khu vuc nhu

Nhu vay, nhan td cbi phdi qud trinh

Aytthaya, Thdng Long, Plinom Penh. Cdc

VOC xam nhap DNA Id viec thilt lap va duy

tuyen budn bdn ndy thdng qua boat ddng ciia

tri ddc quyin thuang mai. Ddc quyin thuang

tau thuyin VOC da dugc kit noi thdnh mdt

mai dugc hieu la ddc quyin mua vd bdn, san

mang ludi md gidi nghien ciru ggi la he

xudt vd phan phdi ddi vdi hang hda d mdt thi

thdng "thuang mai lien A" (inter-Asia trade)

trudng nhat dinh. Doi vdi Hd Lan, ddc quyin

bode "thuang mai ndi A" (intra-Asia trade).

thuang mai hodn toan dugc thilt lap d DNA

Md hinh thuang mai nay dugc ngudi Ha Lan

vao till ky XVII, XVIII chi dien ra ddi vdi

ke thira ciia ngudi Bd trudc dd vd khai thdc

mat hdng huang lieu, gia vi d khu vuc hai

cd bieu qua, thu dugc lgi nhuan ban rit

nhieu trong khi ngudi Anh din sau lai it
nhdm vdo viec chia lgi trong mang ludi
thuang mai nay md chi chii y ddt cdc ca sd
khai thdc vd san xuat.

dao khi hg khdng chi thu mua ma cdn kilm

sodt dugc qua trinh san xuit. 6 khu vuc luc
dia. Ha Lan chi dgc quyin mdt mat hodc thu
mua hodc ban mdt loai hang hod ma thoi.
Ngoai ra, ddi vdi hg, ddc quyin thuang mai

Viec tbiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin

cdn la dgc quyin van chuyin hang hda buon

thuang mai tat yeu budc Ha Lan phdi doi

bdn tren cdc Id trinh thuang mai xuyen luc

mat vdi nhirng thdch thiic to ldn. Mgt mat.

dia hodc trong khu vuc.

^de

itiein

eua qud

59

ti'inh...

Bd Dao Nha trudc dd ciing theo dudi va

dd td chirc budn bdn rdng rdi, khdng cd

thuc te da thuc hien dugc ddc quyen thuang

nhirng nhd doe quyen. Ly gidi dieu ndy,

mai d chau A ndi chung va ddc quyen kiem

Kierman cho rdng khdu hieu ciia ngudi Anh

sodt mau dich huang lieu d DNA ndi rieng.

la "tu do kinh doanh" (laissez-faire) trong

Ngudi Bd ddc quyen thu mua vd ban huong

khi ngirdi Hd Lan "khdng cd cugc edeh mgng

lieu, gia vi d thj trudng chau Au nhung

cdng nghiep de phd dd nhiing cdu ehdm

khdng true tiep kiem sodt viec sdn xudt

ngdn eiia mgt chu nghia tu bdn giai dogn

ngudn hdng nay, gidng nhu tinh budng ddc

sdm da bdm chat vdo su dgc quyen, su gidi

quyen mdt mat md Hd Lan thuc hien d cdc

hgn vd su kiem sodt chat che"

qudc gia DNA luc dja. Ngudi Bd chi loai bd

Phdp, de xam nhap vdo viing dat ndy, thudng

cdc ddi thu thuang mai ciia khu vuc de ddc

lgi dung lire lugng gido sT. Hoat ddng cd

quyen thu mua huong lieu vd gia vj dpc cdc

hieu qua cua cdc gido sT thira sai Phdp d khu

hdi cang d Java, Sumatra, Moluccas trong

vuc chfnh Id su md dudng cho cdc boat ddng

khi ngudi Hd Lan da tien xa hon, tim mpi

eiia thuc dan Phdp sau ndy.

cdch kiem sodt sdn lugng thdng qua viec ddt

Cdn ngudi

2. Su* ket hop giira thucng mai, quan

ra ban ngach sdn xuat ddi vdi ndng dan bdn

SU" va chinh tri trong phuong thiic hoat

xii cho tat cd cdc ngudn hang md VOC yeu

dong

cau. Them vao dd, muc dfch chfnh ciia Bd

Ddo Nha khi xdm nhdp chau A Id "hgt tieu
vd linh hdn" Bd Ddo Nha da sdt sdng, hang
hdi theo dudi viec truyen dao di ciing muc
dich thuang mai do "su thdng nhdt giira
quan diem thuang mgi eua Hodng gia Bd vd
quan diem cua Gido hdi La Ma" Sir ket hgp
hai ylu td ndy da quy djnh todn bd hoat ddng
cua Bd Ddo Nha.

VOC ciing nhu cdc cdng ty thuang mai

Clia cdc nudc chau Au khde ra ddi vd tdn tai
trudc bet vi ly do kinh doanh, lgi nhuan hen
Id chiem ddng lanh thd. Gidi tu sdn cdng
thuang Ha Lan, tir dau da "khdng dgt muc
dich md rdng chiem ddng ldnh thd bdi vi
viee qudn ly vd phdng ve nhirng ldnh thd ldn
se ldm cho lgi nhudn, tien ldi ciia nd tieu tdn
het vdo nhiing ehi phi hdnh chdnh"

Viec

Cdng ty Ddng An Anh trong mdt the ky

kiem sodt lanh thd chi la sir hd trg de dat den

rudi (thi ky XVII vd nira diu thi ky XVIII)

lgi fch tdi cao la thuong mai. Cdng ty Ha

eiing theo dudi lgi fch thuang mai, khdng

Lan ciing khdng nhiet tam vdi viec truyen bd

chilm dit dai (chi nira sau the ky XVIII, nd

mdi trd thdnh mdt thi luc thuc dan) nhung
* Nguyin Thi VTnh Linh: Qua trinh Bo Ddo Nha xdm
nhdp vdo chdu A (cudi thi ky XV giUa thi ky XVII),
Luan van thac sT, Dai hoc Su pham Hui, 2008, tr.54.

' V G. Kiernan: The Lords of human kind, Columbia

University Press, New York, 1986, p.88.
' Mary Somers Heidhues (Huynh Kim Oanh, Pham
Viem Phuong djch): Lich su phdt trien Dong Nam A
{Tir hinh thdnh den hien dgi), Nxb. Van hoa thong tin,
Ha Noi, 2007, tr. 128.

NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N09 (132).2011

60

tdn gido sang viing dat mdi xam nhap.

mdt thi lire chfnh trj, quan sir va tdn tai nhu

Nhung gi VOC tim kilm Id cdc vj tri budn

mdt qudc gia tu trj ddc biet.

ban tai nbung noi thudc quyen kicm sodt ciia

La ngudi kiln lap de che Ha Lan d Vien

minh bode tai trung tam banh chinh cua cdc

Ddng vdi viec thilt lap Batavia, chinh phuc

vua chiia dja phuong.

Palembang,

Macassar,

Toan

quyen Jan

Song, ngay tir khi thanh lap, dieu Ie da

Pieterszoon Coen (1618-1629) da vach ra

chinh thu'c thira nhan cac ddc quyen ciia

ring: Batavia se la trung tam ciia de che

VOC, nhat la ddc quyen thuang mai d thj

thuang mai Hd Lan dua tren viec kiem soat

trudng Vicn Ddng. Chinh dieu nay quy djnh

hodn todn viing bien. Ong khdng du kien bat

phuang thirc boat ddng ciia Cdng ty la hudng

cir su md rdng lanh thd ndo vd khdng quan

vdo vice thiol lap vd duy tri ddc quyen

tam den van dc chinh trj ciia viing ndi dia

thuang mai d thj trudng nay. Ddng thdi, vdi

Java. Theo Coen, nhtirng lanh thd md VOC

CO sd phdp ly ay, VOC dugc todn quyen thay

nen thuc sir chiem giu" Id mdt sd bdn ddo nho

mat Ngbj vien trong quan be vdi ben ngodi,

nhu Ambonia vd Banda. Khu vuc cdn lai ciia

sir dung bao luc, gay chien tranh vd ky ket

de che se bao gdm nhirng khu djnh cu buon

cdc thuang udc, bda udc; xay dung trung

bdn cd cdng sir viing chdc gdn bd chat che

tam dieu hdnh, cdc phdo ddi, kho tdng, hdi

vdi nhau va dugc bdo \e bdi mdt luc lugng

cdng vd lap thuong diem; td chirc quan ddi

hdi quan vd djch'

rieng, lay ddng guilder ldm don vj tien te

rieng; thuc bien viec bd nhiem cdc vien Toan
quyen, xet xir cdc quan chuc ciia minh neu vi
pham den dieu le kinb doanh hoac lam tdn
hai den lgi ich ciia Cdng ty. Vdi quyen lire
tdi cao dugc trao cho, "tu bdn thuang nghiep
Hd Lan da nhdy len vii ddi thuc ddn vdi mdt
sir lodn quyen ve chinh tri'\ VOC "da trd
thdnh mdu mue cho cdc edng ty khde cimg
logi vd Id mgt hien tugng dgc ddo trong lich

Sau Jan Pieterszoon Coen, thdi ky

Antonio Van Diemen lam Todn quyen
(1636-1645), hoat ddng thdm hiem cdc viing
dat de tim kiem cdc ca hdi thuang mai mdi
vd viee md rdng kiem sodt ldnh thd dugc
thiic day manh me. Ban budng dan cho
chuNcMi di ciia Abel Tasman (8/1642) ciia
chinh quyen Batavia da bdc Id muc dich thuc
su ciia ngudi Ha Lan qua cdch thiic cu the
ma hp tiep can vdi cu dan viing dit mdi.

sir cudp bdc thugc dia"^^ Nhu vay, VOC

kbdng cbi mdt the lire thuang mai md cdn la

Trudc het, nlu viing dit dugc tim thay

"da cd eu ddn dugc khai hod sinh sdng, cdc
anh se phdi trao cho hg su dn cdn ldn hon

" F. la. Polianxki: Lich sic kinh te cdc nu&c (ngodi

Lien Xo), Thai ky tu bdn chit nghTa, Nxb. Khoa hpc
Xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1978, tr.80.

ddi vdi ddn man rg hoang da", phai dl dan

D.G.E. Hall, sdd, tr.479.

^de diem eua qud

trinh...

ban xir thay dugc thien ebi ciia ke mdi din

va "/70 lire di den sir giao thiep vd thuang
lugng theo nhirng quy tdc vd thdn ddn cita
hg, hay de cho hg biel rdng cdc anh ghe vdo
bd chi vi lgi ich thuong lugi" Ban hudng
dan ndi den each thiet lap nidi quan be bang
giao nham muc dich thuong mai d nhung
viing cd cu dan sinh sdng hoac d viing cd cac
vj vua chiia cai tri: '"Co gdng khdm phd
nhirng mat hdng ndo md ddt mrdc hg sdn
xudt, sail dd thdm dd vc vdng vd bgc Irong sir
kinh trgng cao do khien hg lin ludng rdng
cdc anh khdng hdm hd mdt li ndo ve cdc kim
logi quy, de ldm hg khdng biel vi} gid Iri cua
nhirng thir nhu the; neu hg ditng vdng vd bgc
de trao ddi nhirng mat hdng cua cdc anh, cdc
anh se cir gia vd giir Idy nhirng thir dy vdi sir
quan tdm qua loa, cho hg xem ddng do, thiec
hoge chi vd tgo cho hg dn lirgng nhu the cdc
thir kim logi dy cua chung ta Id cd gid trj eao
han (ciia bp) ,14
Xuat phat tir muc dich la tim kiem cac
CO hdi trao ddi budn ban, danh gid tiem nang
ciia viing dat va cu dan phuc vu cho Igi ich
thuang mai. eae phuong each ma Ha Lan
thuc hien trong viec ddi phd vdi cac tinh
hudng d viing dat mdi xam nhap cbo thay
tfnh thuc dung nhung kbdng thieu Iinh boat
cua gidi thuong nhan VOC. Hp khdng chi
budn ban thu lgi nhuan ma cdn cd tbam vpng
thay thi ngudi Bd Ddo Nba thiet lap mdt de
che thuong mai hiing manh. Vi vay, ndm
trong y do ciia Coen rdng, de che thuang mai
'^ Manning Clark: Sources of Australian history.
Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1957, p.7-8.
'^Nt.

61
Ha Lan sc kbdng chi gidi ban d Indonesia,
ma cac phao dai va thuang diem sc dugc trdi
rdng ra todn phuang Ddng, VOC da xiic tien
xam nhap khu vuc DNA luc dja. Trudc bet,
Cdng ty thiet lap cdc mdi quan he bang giao
tdt dep vdi gidi cam quyen Ayutthaya, Dang
Trong, Dang Ngoai, Lao, Mien Dien.... dc
md dudng cbo boat ddng budn ban thuan Igi
cua Cdng ty d cdc vuong qudc nay. Sau dd,
VOC da hd trg ky thuat quan su, tau chien,
\u khi trong xung dot giu:a eac the lire phong
kicn (lien minh quan su vdi Dang Ngoai),
tranh chap lanh thd d khu vuc (xung dot giira
Mien Dien vdi Ayutthaya, chinh phuc lieu
qudc chu bau Patani ciia Ayutthaya) vd lam
ddi trpng loai bd the luc nudc ngoai (Bd Dao
Nba va Tay Ban Nha d Ayutthaya). Tat ca
phuong thirc, thu doan nay nlidm budc chinh
quyen ban xii thira nhan cdc dac quyen
thuong mai ciia Cdng ty nhu quyen tu do
budn bdn va dam bao an toan khi budn ban
tren lanh thd dja phuang, khdng bj ddnli thue
hang hda xuat nhap cdng, ddc quyen budn
ban mdt sd mat bang, dugc lap thuang diem,
khu djnh cu... Trong nhieu trudng hgp,
VOC da sir dung vii lue de dat dugc muc
dich thuang mai ciia minh nhu danh tan ham
dpi Anh d vjnh Patani, danh dam tau thuyen
budn ban vdi Dang Trong, gay chien vdi
Dang Trong. Ddng ke nhat la viec dimg su'c
manh quan sir de kiem sodt cira sdng Chao
Phraya, danh pba tdu thuyen cua Ayutthaya
budn bdn vdi cdc nudc trong khu vuc, budc
ngudi Thdi phdi ky vdi Hd Lan hiep udc bat
binh ddng ndm 1664.

62

NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N09 (132).20n

0 khu vuc hai dao, tir dCxii the ky XVII.

Nhu vay. cd the ndi su ket hgp giiia

dua \ao uu the \irgl lrc)i \c sire manh quan

boat ddng quan su, "chfnh

su. lla Lan da UCMI hanh cac cupc chicMi tranh

"thuang nhan ddc quyen" Id mdt net dac

ihuxTiig mai mil miic dich clui yeu la ihu lieu

trung trong phuang thirc boat ddng ciia Ha

dpc quNcn thuang mai cua Bo Dao Nha. I lo

Lan d DNA till ky XVII, XVIII.

xam chicMn vii kicm soiil nhiing \i Iri chien

lupc

nlur

Banda.

Ambonia,

1 crnale.

Macassar. Malacca. Baiilam. Palembang.

khach" va

3. Cdng ty Ddng An I lii Lan chuyen

til" canh tranh thuong mai sang xam chiem
Vii cai tri thudc dia

Baku ia... bang he lhdng phao dai phdng thu

\ung chac. Ngoai ra. VOC thuc hicn chinh

Muc dich tim kicm Igi nhuan thuong

sach dpc quNLMi mua ban cac mill bang huang

mai da dan ngudi Ha Lan den viing dat

lieu, gia \ j . thiec lhdng qua vice ky nhung

DNA. ca khu vuc hdi dao cung nhu luc dja.

hiep udc mang linh dp dat ddi \di cac lieu

Song, mdi quan tam ma VOC hudng den

qudc

Macassar,

lirng viing, tirng qudc gia khac nhau nen mirc

Palembang, Aceh, Kedah, Mataram...). Tir

dp xam nhap \a lgi ich thuang mai dat dugc

nam 1650 dcMi 1656, de dam bao ddc qu\cn

cung khde nhau.

lldi

giao

(Banlam,

thuong mai, VOC da cudng birc cu dan quan

Dau the k> X\'1I. ngudi Ha Lan da den

dao Moluccas va Banda chi dugc trdng

tren bd bien Coroniandcl dc tim kicm hang

nhung loai ca\- huang lieu, gia \i nhal dinh

del sgi bdng hu\cn thoai ciia An Dp. Tren ba

vdi sd lugng da quy djnh \a phai nhd, chat

bien phia ddng An Dp. hp da phat hien ra

bd sd lugng thira nham duy tri gia ca cac san

nen thuang mai sinh lgi ldn bang qua \jnh

pham nay. VOC da khuat phuc dan ban xir d

Bengal

quan dao Moluccas bang nhung banh ddng

/\yultba>a.

Iran dp dam mau. Budc sang the ky XVIII,

cimg \di nhung viing do Cdng l>' true tiep
cai Iri. VOC cung da sir dung bd nia> chinh
qu\CMi ban xir dc bdp nang nhan dan. Toan
quyen Anh a Java Stamford Raffles nhan xet
xac dang rang, VOC da "kel hgp Irong hogt
ddng cua minh lot ca sir xao quyet thuc lien
cua mdt chinh khdch vdi todn bg linh ich k}'
cua mdi thuang nhdn dgc quyen"" ^

den

Arakan.

Mien

Dien

va

Ayullha>a vdi nhirng ngudn lgi \c san

pham ndng nghiep ddi ddo (nhit Id liia gao),
giau cd cdc loai gia \i, lam thd san quy nhu
hd lieu, go tech, dan huang, da thii, long
thil... cung cap cho thj trudng khu vuc Dong
Nam A (Java, Philippines) vd An Dp, md
rdng thdng thuang vdi thj trudng Trung
Qudc (ddi liy lua, gdm, dd sir, ngpc, hang
son vd cde hdng hda khde), ndi tuyin buon
ban vdi ngudi Nhat thdnh Id trinh thuong

mai truyin thdng Nhat Ban

Ayutthaya.
'^ Cac Mac: Sir thung tri Anh a An Do// Mac vd Ph.
Ang-ghen lodn lap, lap 9, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Thdng qua mdi quan he bang giao dugc thiet
M n i tr 1 1~>

^de itiein eua tfuii

ti'inh...

lap sdm. Ha Lan da dat dugc nhilu ddc

quyen thuang mai d thj trudng nay, nhit la
ddc quyen cung cap mat hang da huou cho
thj trudng Nhat. "Vdo giira ihi kyXVIl. hdng
ndm Ayutthaya xudt sang Nhdt Bdn khoang
han 300.000 tdn da huou Ihi phdn ldn viec
xudt khdu ndy ihiigc vc VOC vdi sd lgi len
din 200%""^^ Tuy NAN, Ha Lan khdng bdng
Idng vdi \i tri ddc qu>en mdt so mat hang da
cd ma mudn kiem soat hoan loan nen ngoai
thuong Clia Ayutthaya. Nhung mau thuan \c
quyen Igi kinh te vdi Ayutthaya da chuyen
mdi quan he bang giao giua VOC vdi trieu
dinh Thdi trong nira dau the ky XVII sang
xung dot d nii'a sau the ky XVII.
Xam nhap Arakan vd Mien Dien, ngodi
tim kiem ngudn luong thue (gao) cung cap
cho he thdng hdnh chinh ciia Cdng ty, VOC
cdn mudn dat dugc nhirng ddc quyen budn
ban bang det va vdi sgi bdng mau dd ciia
viing Bengal, An Dp cho cdc thj trudng nay.
O Mien Dien, boat ddng budn bdn ciia VOC
budc dau gap nhieu thuan lgi. Sd sdch ciia
cdng ty cbi ra rdng khdch hang ciia VOC Id
tat ca cdc giai tang xa bdi, tir cdc vj vua den
cdc quan chiic, xudng den ddm nd Ie thap
kem. Nhdm khdch bang quen thudc khde da
sdc tdc bao gdm cd ngudi I Idi gido. An Dp,
My, Bd Dao Nha, Trung Qudc, ngudi Thd
NhT Ky vd tat nhien cd ngudi Mien. Lgi
nhuan dang ke tir viec bdn mat bang ndy da
cung cip cbo cdc ca sd ciia Cdng ty d

'^ Le Van Quang: Lich sir vuong quoc Thdi Lan, Nxb.
Thanh phi H6 Chi Minh, TP H6 Chi Minh, 1995,
tr.91.

63
Coroniandcl va Bengal nhieu ngudn tai chinh
dutrir'^
Ha Lan cung nd luc xam nhap thj
trudng Dang Trong ciia cdc chiia Nguyen.
Tuy vay, quan he thuang mai giua Batavia
vdi Dang Trong da sdm dd vd. Nguyen nhan
Clia nd, theo Klcinen, Id vice thieu mdt su
ddng y ve cdc dieu lual qudc lc lien quan den
nhirng con tau mdc can cung nhu nhung vj
Iri khac biet md phia I Id Lan vd Dang Trong
phdi ddi dien vdi Dang Ngoai. Mat khac,
quan he thuang mai vdi Dang Ngoai dugc
thiel lap da Idm cho tam quan trpng ciia
Dang Trong ddi vdi VOC dan thu hep lai.
Khi mdi quan he ay dugc phuc hdi trong
ndm 1651, nd ciing khdng phai dugc ca bai
ben ddng gdp nhiet tinh. Cdng ty ket luan
rang, chang cd nhieu lgi nhuan gi tir mdi
I o

quan he vdi Ddng Trong Trong thdi gian

nay, quan he budn bdn vdi cdc vuong qudc
Lao, Campuchia dd dugc thiet lap nhung
Cling nhu Ddng Trong, ngudn Igi eiia VOC
tai cdc thj trudng nay kbdng Idn.
Trong khi dd, boat ddng thuang mai ciia
VOC d Ddng Ngodi dii trdi qua nhieu thdng
tram nhung da thu dugc ket qud ddng ke.
Trpng tam budn bdn ciia VOC vdi Dang
Ngoai tap trung vdo viec thu mua cdc loai
sdn pham to lua de xuat khau sang Nhat Ban;
cde loai sdn pham khde nhu que, xa huong.
Wil O. Dijk: The Dutch East India Company in
Burma
(1634
1680),
http://www.iias.nl/nl/34/llAS_NL34_13.pdf.
'* John Kleinen: Ve nhung ngudi bgn cu vd nhiing ke
thit gid mgo - Quan he cita Hd Lan voi Ddng Trong
the ky XVII // Su tie vd Rong, Bon the ky cjuan he Hd
Lan-Viet Nam, Nxb. Thg gioi. Ha Noi, 2008, tr.36.

NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N09 (132).2011

64

vang chilm li trpng kbdng ldn. Mau dich la

dam bdo duy tri nen mau djch vdi Thdng

lua giua VOC vdi Dang Ngoai trai qua nhieu

Long, trong giai doan suy thodi ciia nen mau

bicMi ddng. Trong giai doan dau (1637-1654),

dich ta lua, vira nhdm thu Igi nhuan, dii

la lua Dang Ngoai chicni ITnb thj truemg

khdng cao, tir vice budn ban gdm sir Dang

Nhal Ban khd manh (68%). Irong giai doan

Ngoai^^

1655-1669, ly le nhap khau to lua Dang

Nhin chung, diem tuang ddng trong qua

Ngoai ciia VOC sang Nhiit Ban bat dau

trinb xam nhap ciia Ha Lan ddi vdi DNA luc

giam, chi cdn 17%. To lua Bengal dugc ua

dja la dil miic do xam nhap vd ket qua dat

chucMig d thj trucVng na\ da day boat ddng

dugc cd khde nhau, nhung VOC cbi don

xual khau la lua Dang Ngoai ciia VOC va

thuan canh tranh thuong mai d day. I Id Lan

ciia Hoa thuong vao the suy thoai. Vc sau,

khdng chicni ddng mdt thuang cdng nao hay

nhung khd khan tir boat ddng nhap khau, mat

bien mdt viing ddt nao thanh thudc dia. Ho

miia tricn iiiicMi d Dang Ngodi lai day gid

chi thiet lap quan he bang giao, tim kicm mot

nhap to lua len cao

sd dac quyen budn ban va ddt thuong diem

Ben canh to lua, mau dich gdm sir cua

de khai thdc tdi da Igi ich thuang mai tir cac

VOC \di Dang Ngoai cung thirc hien khd

san vat dja phuang. Day cung la diem khac

hieu qua trong hai thap nien 1660 vd 1670,

biet trong so sdnh vdi boat ddng ciia VOC d

thay the cbo hdng gdm sir thd ciia Trung

khu vuc hdi ddo.

Qudc. Sdn pham gdm sir Dang Ngoai tham

nhap manh me vdo thj trudng DNA hdi dao
la cdc sdn pham gia dung dugc sdn xuat chii
yeu tai trung tam gdm sir Bat Trdng

Trong

giai doan 1663-1681, gdm sir Ddng Ngoai

duge VOC chuyen qua budn ban d thj trudng
nay len tdi gan hai trieu bdn, chiem khodng
41% tdng sd gdm sir thd dugc chuyen chd
den day^' Hoat ddng xuat khau gdm sir vira

Tir cudi the ky X\'l. DN.\ bai dao la

muc lieu chien lugc md VOC budng den khi
dua tdu thuyen sang phuang Ddng. Bdng
nhung uu the vugt trdi \c tau thuyin, hai
quan, viec ddnh bai the lire ciia ngudi Bo
Dao Nba, Tay Ban Nha \ a Anh, tbiet lap cac
thuong diem, phdo dai d cdc vj tri thuang
mai chien lugc d bdn ddo Ma Lai. quin dao
Sumatra, Celebes, Moluccas de ddc quyen
kicMii sodt ngudn hdng huong lieu gia vj, hao

*' * Hoang Anh Tuan: Cong ly Dung An Hd Lan a

Ddng Ngodi (1637- 1700): Tu lieu vd nhung vdn de
nghien cim, Tap chi Nghien ciru Ljch sir, so 3-2005,
tr.35-36.
" Hoang Anh Tuan: "Gum sir Ddng Ngodi xudt khdu
ra Dong Nam A the ky XVII: Tu lieu vd nhdn thirc",
Dong Nam A: truyen lhdng vd hoi nhdp, Nxb. The
giai. Ha Npi, 2007, tr.l64.
'' Hoang Anh Tuan: "Cong ty Dong An Hd Lan a
Ddng Ngodi (1637- 1700): Tu lieu vd nhirng vdn de
nghien cihi", sdd, tr.35-36.

hang da giiip Ha Lan trd thdnh mdt thi lire

thuang mai himg manh d day. Ddc quyin
thuong mai d quan ddo da mang lai ngudn
thu nhap khdng Id cho VOC. Chi tfnh rieng

" Hoang Anh Tun: "Gdm su Ddng Ngodi xuat khdu

ra Dong Nam A thi ky XVII: Tu lieu vd nhdn thiec',
sdd, tr. 159.

^de

itieju eua qua.

65

Irinh...

80 ndm dau boat ddng budn bdn d Indonesia

(1613-1693), tong sd lgi nhuan md VOC thu
duge len den 44 trieu guilders (trung binh
600.000 guilders mdi ndm)"
Mac dil ngay tir dau VOC muon ban chl
vd trdnh dinh lfu den viec tranh chip lanh
thd, hudng den muc dich duy nhit la gidnh
ddc quyen thuong mai, nbung do tinh chat
canh tranh quyet liet ciia mdt dja bdn thuang
mai chien lugc da budc VOC phdi sir dung
vii lire de loai bd cdc ddi thu canh tranh,
ciing nhu bdo ddm cho sir tdn tai lau ddi ciia
de che thuang mai. Qud trinh dd da khien
VOC tir mdt the luc thuong mai dan trd
thanh mdt the lire kiem sodt lanh thd d quan
ddo Indonesia.
Tir giiia the ky XVII, Cdng ty da bdt
dau tim cdcb md rdng viing dnh hudng d
quan ddo bdng cdch td chiic nhiing tran tien
cdng quyet djnh nhdm vdo nhirng nhd nudc
ddc lap (chinh phuc tieu qudc Palembang,
Macassar). Bude sang the ky XVIII, Cdng ty
da md rdng khu vuc kiem sodt tir bd bien Ian
sau vdo ndi dja Java sau khi chinh phuc tieu
qudc Sumatra, Bantam. VOC can thiep ndi
tinh chfnh trj ciia cdc tieu qudc Hdi gido, dua
cdc tbI lire len ngai vang nhdm khdng che,
budc phdi thira nhan su cai tri hodc bdo hd
ciia Cdng ty. Ben canh dd, do gap nhieu khd
khdn trong viec duy tri ddc quyen mua ban
huong lieu, gia vj ciing nhu thdch thiic to ldn
tir sir thay ddi nhu ciu, thj hieu ciia thj

^' Fischer, F.C, Amsterdam's Export trade in the

Seventeenth Century, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff,
1958, p.23: din theo Pham Van Kien, sdd, tr. 86.

trudng chau Au ddi vdi mat hang nay, VOC

da phdi tim cdch kiem sodt true tiep lanh thd
Java va chuyen dan tir thu doan mua re bdn
ddt don thuan sang chfnh sdch khai thdc ndng
nghiep de cd them hang hda budn bdn. Cde
todn quyen cua VOC da chuyen sang tap
trung chii ylu vdo nhiing trdch nhiem cua
Cdng ty vdi tu cdch Id mdt the lire ve lanh
thd d quin ddo Indonesia. VOC da day manh
viec cai trj true tiep vd dua vdo hdng ngii quy
tdc dja phuang de dp dung triet de cdc bien
phdp "ddng gdp thdt thudng' va "giao nop
bdt bugc" a nhiing viing md nd kiem sodt^
Nhin chung, VOC chi la mdt the lire
canh tranh thuang mai d DNA luc dja, trong
khi d khu vuc hdi ddo, nd da dan chuyen tir
canh tranh thuang mai sang xam chiem vd
cai trj lanh thd. Song, cho den cudi the ky
XVIII, viec chinh phuc, kiem sodt true tiep
lanh thd Indonesia ciia VOC chu yeu phuc
vu cho muc dfch phdt trien thuang mai. Viec
xam chiem lanh thd cd dien ra nhung chua
phdi Id muc tieu chfnh vd chi d mdt sd vimg
thude cdc ddo nhu Java, Banda, Moluccas,
Sumatra... Che dp cai trj true tiep ciia VOC
chi dp dung d quy md hep, d nhung noi cd vj
trf chien lugc va "ve ea bdn chi mdi dirng lgi
a hinh thiec nd dich thugc dia bdng thuang
mat

25

^* "Dong gop thSt thuang" la hinh thirc c6ng nap san

phim ma cac vung dual sir kilm soat trirc tigp ciia
Cong ty phai thirc hien, con "giao nop bat buoc" la
nhung san phim ma nguai nong dan buoc phai trlng
va ban theo gia cl djnh cho Cong ty.
^ TrSn Khanh: "Vdn di xdc dinh thai diim thiit lap
chil nghTa thirc ddn phuang Tdy a Dong Nam A ", Tap
chi Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, so 5-2009, tr.31.

66

NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N09 (132).20l 1

1

Cd the ndi, so vdi boat ddng ciia nhirng

mat de duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai cung

ke di lien pbong xdm iiliap DNA (Bo Ddo

nhu mau thuan ben trong sir phdt trien ciia

Nha, Tdy Ban Nha), vdi hoat dgng cua cde

nen kinh te Ha Lan da khien nudc ndy danh

Cdng ty Ddng An, ldn sdng thir hai (md diu

mat uu the tren thj trudng the gidi. Chi quen

Id Ha Lan, Anh) "vo" vdo khu vyc vdi nhiing

tfnh todn ve kinh tl vd lanh thd cd td chirc
ban, quy cii ban. CJ DNA, VOC da no lire dc
thiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin thuang mai,
tim mpi cdch de ngdn kbdng cbo nhirng
thuang nhan khde, dii ngudi Au bay ngudi
A, budn bdn nhirng mat hang bdn chay nhit.
Dd Id nhdn td chi phdi todn bd boat ddng cua
Ha Lan d DNA. Thuang thuyin ciia VOC di
vl phuang Ddng diu Id cdc chiln thuyin.
Nhirng dpi thuyen ndy diu dugc trang bj vii
khf de ddm bdo ddc quyin thuang mai ciia

diing phuang phdp lam gidu trong viec buon

bdn, giai cap tu sdn I Id Lan khdng he nghT
den vice phdt trien nen sdn xudt cdng nghiep.
Bi kjch ciia Hd Lan the hien d cho, ngay
trong thdi dai ciia chu nghTa tu bdn cong
nghiep, d mgt miic do nhit djnh, nd van la
mdt "nudc cdng hda thuang nghiep" Vi the,
Marx da viet: "Ljch sir suy sup ciia Hd Lan,
ve phuang dien la mgt qudc gia thuang
nghiep giir dia vi thdng tri, chinh Id lich sir
cita sir le thugc cita tu bdn thuang nghiep
vdo tu bdn cdng nghiep'"'^

Cdng ty. Qua gin hai thi ky boat ddng, Ha

Lan da gianh dugc ddc quyin thugng mai
hodn todn d khu vuc hdi ddo, cdn d khu vuc
luc dja, hp chi gianh dugc ddc quyin mdt sd
sdn pham cua dja phuang. Thuc tien hoat
ddng cua VOC trong gin hai thi ky d DNA
Cling da chiing td nd Id mdt cdng cu xam
nhap hieu qud ciia Hd Lan md phuang thiic
boat ddng Id sir ket hgp giira thuang mai,
quan sir vd chfnh trj. Mac khde, dii sir khdi
dau Id tim kiem lgi fch thuang mai nhung
vdi nhieu ddc quyen dugc trao, cdc bien phdp
de thiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin thuang mai
da biln VOC tir mdt thi lire canh tranh
thuang mai din trd thdnh mdt thi luc xam
chiem vd cai tri lanh thd khi budc sang thi
ky XVIII d Indonesia.

Ci DNA, Ha Lan da din phdi ehju

nhudng budc trudc mdt ddi thii qud ldn. Ho
da bi ngudi Anh loai din nhu chfnh hp da
lam trudc dd doi vdi Bd Ddo Nha. Moi budc
tien kien nhan cua ngudi Anh chirng kiln sir
ra di tdt yeu cua ngudi Ha Lan vl thi luc
thuang mai vd lanh thd. Trong tuong quan
lire lugng giira cdc nudc thuc dan, nhd vao
sir mau thuan nay sinh giii:a Anh vd Phdp d
cudi thi ky XVIII, Hd Lan chi cdn tru virng
dugc d Indonesia - vdn la muc tieu chiln
lugc tir diu khi hudng sang Vien Ddng.
VOC bi giai thi ndm 1799, chfnh phii Ha
Lan trd ng nin, ndm liy tit cd thudc dia va
thay thi VOC tilp tuc chfnh sach cai tri d
Indonesia./.

Vdo cudi thi ky XVIII, nhirng nhan td

khdch quan vd chu quan md VOC phdi ddi

26

Cac Mac: Tu bdn (Ban phi thong do Giulien

Boocsat soan), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1973,
tr. 614.