HM LI, LM.

HM BN LI, BN LM
V NGUYN L BIN
Thc hin: Phan nh Trung
I. nh ngha:
1. Hm li, lm:
Hm s f c gi l li trn on [; ] R nu vi mi x, y [; ] v vi mi a, b 0 tha
a + b = 1 th:
f (ax + by) af (x) + bf (y)
Ngc li, f c gi l lm trn on [; ] R nu vi mi x, y [; ] v vi mi a, b 0 tha
a + b = 1 th:
f (ax + by) af (x) + bf (y)
Ch : Ta tha nhn kt qu sau:
Nu hm f kh vi hai ln trn [; ] th f li trn [; ] khi f 00 0, x [; ]. Ngc li, f lm trn
[; ] khi f 00 0, x [; ]
2. Hm bn li, bn lm:
Hm s f c gi l bn li, bn lm trn [; ] R nu tn ti hng s [; ] duy nht sao cho
f li trn [; ] v lm trn [; ] hoc ngc li.

II. Tnh cht:

1. Nu f l hm li trn [; ] th ta c: min f = min{f (); f ()}
2. Nu f lm trn [; ] th ta c: max f = max{f (); f ()}
3. Nu f l mt hm lm trn on [; ] th khi vi mi x, y, z R tha mn ng thi
x z y v x + y z th
f (x) + f (y) f (z) f (x + y z)
Chng minh: t t = x z, d thy 0 t x y t = k(x y), k [0; 1]. Ta c:
f (x) + f (y) f (z) f (x + y z) = f (x) + f (y) f (x t) f (y + t)
= f (x) + f (y) f (x k(x y)) f (y + k(x y))
= f (x) + f (y) f ((1 k)x + ky) f (kx + (1 k)y)
f (x) + f (y) (1 k)f (x) kf (y) kf (x) (1 k)f (y) = 0 (Q.E.D)
4. Nu f li trn trn on [; ] th khi vi mi x, y, z R tha mn ng thi x z y
v x + y z th
f (x) + f (y) f (z) f (x + y z)
P
5. Nu f lm trn [; ] th vi dy s xn [; ] tha ni=1 xi + (n 1) th khi :
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (xn ) (n 1)f (a) f (x1 + x2 + ... + xn (n 1))
Chng minh: Ta chng minh bng qui np theo n
Vi n = 1, hin nhin ng.
Gi s tnh cht 5 ng ti n. Ta xt khi n + 1.
Khng gim tnh tng qut, gi s xn+1 = max{x1 ; x2 ; ...; xn+1 }. S dng gi thit qui np ta ch cn
chng minh:
f (x1 + x2 + ... + xn (n 1)) + f (xn+1 ) f () + f (x1 + x2 + ... + xn+1 n)

Do xn+1 = max{x1 , x2 , ..., xn+1 } v xi [; ] nn:

f () + f (x1 + x2 + ... + xn+1 n) f (x1 + x2 + ... + xn+1 n + xn+1 ) + f (xn+1 )
= f (x1 + x2 + ... + xn (n 1)) + f (xn+1 )
Nh vy, khng nh ng vi n + 1. Ta c pcm.
6. Nu f li trn [; ] th vi dy s xn [; ] tha

Pn

i=1 xi

+ (n 1) th khi :

f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (xn ) (n 1)f (a) f (x1 + x2 + ... + xn (n 1))

7. (BDT tip tuyn)
Nu f lm trn [; ] th vi mi x, x0 [; ] ta c :
f (x) f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) + f (x0 )
Nu f li trn [; ] th vi mi x, x0 [; ] ta c :
f (x) f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) + f (x0 )
c bit, khi f (x) = ax + b, a 6= 0 th th f l mt on thng nn:
min{f (); f ()} f (x) max{f (); f ()}

nh l 1: Cho (xn ) l dy cc s thc tha:

i) (xn ) l dy khng gim.
ii) xn [; ]
iii) x1 + x2 + ... + xn = k = const
iv) f l hm trn [; ] tha f li trn [; ] v lm trn[; ].
t F = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (xn ). Khi :
+ min F x1 = x2 = ... = xk1 = a; xk+1 = ... = xn [; ]
+ max F x1 = x2 = ... = xk1 [; ]; xk+1 = ... = xn = b
nh l 2: Cho (xn ) l dy cc s thc tha:
i) (xn ) l dy khng gim.
ii) xn [; ]
iii) x1 + x2 + ... + xn = k = const
iv) f l hm trn [; ] tha f lm trn [; ] v li trn[; ].
t F = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (xn ). Khi :
+ max F x1 = x2 = ... = xk1 = a; xk+1 = ... = xn [; ]
+ min F x1 = x2 = ... = xk1 [; ]; xk+1 = ... = xn = b
nh l 3: Cho (xn ) l dy cc s thc tha:
i) (xn ) l dy khng gim.
ii) xn R
iii) x1 + x2 + ... + xn = k = const
iv) f l hm trn [; ] tha f li trn (; ] v lm trn[; +).
t F = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (xn ). Khi :
+ min F x1 x2 = x3 = ...xn
+ max F x1 = x2 = ... = xn1 xn
nh l 4: Cho (xn ) l dy cc s thc tha:
i) (xn ) l dy khng gim.

ii) xn R
iii) x1 + x2 + ... + xn = k = const
iv) f l hm trn [; ] tha f lm trn (; ] v li trn[; +).
t F = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (xn ). Khi :
+ max F x1 x2 = x3 = ...xn
+ min F x1 = x2 = ... = xn1 xn

III. Cc v d:
V d 1: (IMO Shorlist 1993, Viet Nam) Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc khng m tha a+b+c+d = 1.
CMR:
1
176
abc + abd + acd + bcd
+
abcd
27
27
Li gii:
1
Gi s a = min{a, b, c, d} a . BDT cn chng minh vit li di dng:
4


1
176
bcd a + bcd
(1)
bc + cd + bd
27
27
Xem VT ca (1) nh mt hm s theo a. Ta xt cc trng hp: Trng hp 1: bc+cd+bd
Khi :
V T(1) = bcd
Trng hp 2: bc + cd + bd

(b + c + d)3
(a + b + c + d)3
1

=
27
27
27

176
bcd < 0. Khi :
27
V T(1) bcd

Trng hp 3: bc + cd + bd

176
bcd = 0.
27

1
27

176
bcd > 0. Khi :
27
V T(1)

bc + cd + bd 17
bcd
4
27

S dng BDT Schur, ta c:

bc + cd + bd 17
13
17
13(b + c + d)2
17
1
bcd
(bc + cd + bd) +

+
=
4
27
324
576
324.3
576
27
Php chng minh hon tt.
Lu : Ty theo bi ton ra cn la i lng thay i ph hp sao cho thun li trong vic
cng ph bi ton. i vi bi ton ny, ta c th c nh c, d th do a + b + c + d = 1 nn a + b cng
c nh, lc ny kho st V T(1) theo ab ta cng thu dc pcm.
V d 2: (Vasile Cirtoaje) Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc khng m a, b, c, d tha a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1.
CMR:
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)(1 d) abcd
Li gii:
1
Gi s a = min{a, b, c, d} a . Ta vit BDT cn chng minh di dng:
2
[(1 b)(1 c)(1 d) + bcd]a (1 b)(1 c)(1 d) 0

(1)

Xem VT ca (1) nh mt hm theo a. Ta c hai trng hp:

Trng hp 1: (1 b)(1 c)(1 d) + bcd = 0, hin nhin ng.
Trng hp 2: (1 b)(1 c)(1 d) + bcd > 0. Khi :
[(1 b)(1 c)(1 d) + bcd]a (1 b)(1 c)(1 d)

p = b + c + d
t q = bc + cd + db

r = bcd

bcd (1 b)(1 c)(1 d)

2

. Khi , ta cn CM:

2r + p q 1
0
2
Ch l lc ny p2 2q =

3
nn ta cn CM:
4
4r

1
(p 1)2
4

5
1
3
Theo AM-GM: p 3 3 r T y ch vic kho st hm g(r) = 4r 9 r2 + 6 r , r l c pcm.
4
8
V d 3: (Crux Mathemmaticorum) Cho a, b, c l cc s khng m. CMR:
r
r
r
48a
48b
48c
1+
+ 1+
+ 1+
15
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii:
t x =

2b
2c
2a
;y =
;z =
. Khi , ta c:
b+c
c+a
a+b
xy + yz + zx + xyz = 4

V ta cn CM:

1 + 24x +

1 + 24y + 1 + 24z 15

(1)

Khng gim tnh tng qut, gi s: x = max{x, y, z} x 1. Xem VT ca (1) nh mt hm f theo x.

4z
D thy f ng bin nn f t gi tr nh nht khi x = 1. Lc ny, ta c y + z + 2yz = 4 y =
1 + 2z
v ta cn tm GTNN ca
r
p

4z
1 + 24y + 1 + 24z = 1 + 24.
+ 1 + 24z
1 + 2z
r

4z
Thc hin kho st hm g(z) = 1 + 24.
+ 1 + 24z vi z [0; 1] ta d dng thy g(z) 10
1 + 2z
T suy ra:
p

1 + 24x + 1 + 24y + 1 + 24z 15 (Q.E.D)

V d 4: Cho cc s a, b, c khng m. CMR:





4a
4b
4c
+1
+1
+ 1 25
b+c
c+a
a+b
Li gii:
t x =

2a
2b
2c
,y =
,z =
. Khi :
b+c
c+a
a+b
xy + yz + zx + xyz = 4

V ta cn CM:
(1 + 2x)(1 + 2y)(1 + 2z) 25

Nu ta xem VT ca BDT ny nh mt hm theo z th r rng y l mt hm bc nht v ng bin.

Theo . GTNN ca hm ny t c khi z = 0. Lc ny xy = 4 v ta cn ch ra:
(1 + 2x)(1 + 2y) 25 x + y 8
iu ny l hin nhin theo AM-GM. Bi ton c chng minh.
V d 5: (USA MO 2000) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. CMR:

a+b+c
3
abc max{( a b)2 ; ( b c)2 ; ( c a)2 }
3
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c. Khi , ta cn CM:

3
a + b + c 3 abc 3( c a)2 0

(1)

Xem VT ca (1) l mt hm theo b. Ta tnh c

3
ca
f (b) =
>0
3 5
3 b
00

Do f l hm lm. Nh vy GTLN ca f t c khi b = a hoc b = c. Ta xt khi a = b. Khi

ta cn CM:

3
a + 2c + 3 ca2 6 ca
iu ny l ng theo AM-GM.
Nu m rng BDT trn ta tm c chn di ca i lng TBC-TBN l

min1i<jn {( ai aj )2 }.
2

y chnh l bi ton BDT trong k thi MOSP 2000:

Cho a1 , a2 , ..., an l cc s khng m. CMR:
v
u n
n
uY

1X
1

n
min {( ai aj )2 }
ai t
ai
n
2 1i<jn
i=1

i=1

V d 6: Cho a, b, c 0 c tng bng 1. CMR:

r
r
r
1a
1b
1c
2
+
+
1+
1+a
1+b
1+c
3
Li gii: Gi s a b c. Xt hm s:
r
f (x) =
Ta tnh c:

1x
, x [0; 1]
1+x

1 2x
s

1x 3
4
(x + 1)
1+x




1
1
00
Ta thy f i du khi qua x = 1/2 nn f lm trn 0;
v li trn
; 1 . Do theo nh l 2,
2
2
VT t cc i khi:
(
(
a = 0, b = c
a=b=0

a+b+c=1
c=1
f 00 (x) =

Gii cc h ny ta d dng suy ra pcm.

Tng qut ha bi ton v d 6, ta thu c bi ton ca tp ch Crux Mathemmaticorum:

Cho x1 , x2 , ..., xn (n 2) l cc s khng m c tng bng 1. CMR:
r
r
r
2
1 x1
1 x2
1 xn
+
+ ... +
n2+
1 + x1
1 + x2
1 + xn
3
V d 7: (VMEO 2005) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng cho trc v x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha
mn ax + by + cz = xyz. Tm GTNN ca:
P =x+y+z
Li gii:
B : Vi cc s thc dng a, b, c cho trc. Khi tn ti duy nht d > 0 sao cho:
1
1
1
2
+
+
=
a+d b+d c+d
d
Chng minh b : Vit biu thc trn li thnh:
a
b
c
+
+
=1
a+d b+d c+d
Xem y l mt hm f theo d. D thy f lin tc v f nghch bin. Mt khc limd0 f (d) = 3 v
limd+ f (d) = 0 nn tn ti duy nht s d > 0 tha mn ng thc trn. B c chng minh.
r
Quay li bi ton. t x =

bc
m, y =
a

ca
n, z =
b

ab
p. Khi ta c:
c

m + n + p = mnp
iu ny gi cho ta chn A, B, C l ba gc ca mt tam gic nhn sao cho: m = tan A, n = tan B, p =
tan C. By gi, ta cn tm GTNN ca:
r
r
r
bc
ca
ca
tan A +
tan B +
tan C
P =
a
b
b
 
 
. Ta c : f (x) = 2 tan x.(tan2 x + 1) > 0, x 0,
nn f lm
Xt hm f (x) = tan x, x 0;
2
2
 
trn 0;
. Ta chn d l s thc dng sao cho:
2
1
1
1
2
+
+
=
a+d b+d c+d
d
S tn ti ca d hon ton c khng nh theo b . p dng BDT tip tuyn, ta c:
s
s
s
!"
#
!
a(b
+
d)(c
+
d)
a(b
+
d)(c
+
d)
a(b + d)(c + d)
0
f (A) f arctan
A arctan
+ f arctan
bc(a + d)
bc(a + d)
bc(a + d)
s
"
# s
a(b + d)(c + d) + bc(a + d)
a(b + d)(c + d)
a(b + d)(c + d)
tan A
A arctan
+
bc(a + d)
bc(a + d)
bc(a + d)
s
"
# r
r
bc
2abc + (ab + bc + ca)d + ad2
a(b + d)(c + d)
(b + d)(c + d)

tan A
A arctan
+
a
bc(a + d)
a+d
abc(a + d)
Ch rng v
1
1
1
2
+
+
=
a+d b+d c+d
d
nn ta c ngay
d3 = 2abc + (ab + bc + ca)d

Suy ra:
r

s
# r
"
bc
d2
a(b + d)(c + d)
(b + d)(c + d)
+
tan A
A arctan
a
bc(a + d)
a+d
abc

Tng t, ta cng c:
r

s
"
# r
ca
b(a + d)(c + d)
(a + d)(c + d)
d2
B arctan
+
tan B
b
ac(b
+
d)
b+d
abc

s
"
# r
ab
c(a + d)(b + d)
(a + d)(b + d)
d2
C arctan
+
tan C
c
ab(c + d)
c+d
abc

Ch rng:
s
s
s
r
a(b + d)(c + d)
b(c + d)(a + d)
c(a + d)(b + d)
(a + d)(b + d)(c + d)
+
+
=
bc(a + d)
ca(b + d)
ab(c + d)
abc
nn:
s
A + B + C arctan
Do :

a(b + d)(c + d)
arctan
bc(a + d)
r

(a + d)(b + d)
+
c+d

b(c + d)(a + d)
+ arctan
ca(b + d)

(b + d)(c + d)
+
a+d

c(a + d)(b + d)
=0
ab(c + d)

(c + d)(a + d)
b+d

Vy:
r
min P =

(b + d)(c + d)
+
a+d

(c + d)(a + d)
+
b+d

(a + d)(b + d)
c+d

Kt thc bi vit, ti xin ngh mt s bi tp t luyn:

1. Cho a, b, c, d [0; 1]. CMR:
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)(1 d) + a + b + c + d 1
2. (THTT 2002) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc c tng bnh phng bng 2. Tm GTLN ca
P = 3(a + b + c) 22abc
3. Cho a, b, c, d 0 tha a + b + c + d = 4. CMR:
16 + 2abcd 3(ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd)
4. (Viet Nam TST 2001, Trn Nam Dng) Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha 21ab + 2bc + 8ca 12. Tm
GTNN ca:
1 2 3
P = + +
a b
c
5. (IMO 1984) Cho x, y, z 0 tha x + y + z = 1. CMR:
0 xy + yz + zx 2xyz

7
27

6. Cho x, y, z > 0 tha x + y + z = 1. Tm GTLN ca

F =

x2

x
y
z
+ 2
+ 2
+1 y +1 z +1

7. (VMEO 2004) Cho tam gic nhn ABC. Tm GTNN ca:

P = tan A + 2 tan B + 5 tan C

8. Cho x, y, z, t 0 tha x + y + z + t = 4. CMR:

(1 + x)(1 + 3y)(1 + 3z)(1 + 3t) 125 + 131xyzt

Ti liu tham kho:

[1]. Bt ng thc- V Quc B Cn.
[2]. K thut nh gi trn bin - Phm Quc Thng.
[3]. Nguyn l bin - Cao nh Huy.
[4]. www.diendantoanhoc.net