KINH T - PHP LUT CHU U

BIN PHP T V THNG MI T GC KINH NGHIM

CA LIN MINH CHU U (EU)
Nguyn Qu Trng
NCS. Hc vin Khoa hc x hi

Lin minh Chu u (EU) gm 27 nc

thnh vin, vi t cch l mt tp hp cc
thnh vin ca T chc Thng mi Th gii
(WTO), c mt ch qun l nhp khu ch
yu da trn cc nguyn tc c bn ca T
chc ny, l nhng quy ch chung hay cc
bin php bo v quyn li ca cc nh sn
xut v ngi tiu dng trong Cng ng m
mt trong s l Quy ch v Cc bin php
t v ca EU, ban hnh ngy 28 thng 12 nm
1994, c hiu lc thi hnh t 1/1/1995, c
sa i v b sung ln 1 vo nm 1996, ln 2
vo nm 2000 (n cn c gi l Quy ch
s 3285/94/EC). Quy ch ny c thit lp
da trn nguyn tc ca t do nhp khu.
Tuy nhin, trc tc ng ca chnh sch t
do ho thng mi trong iu kin cnh
tranh bnh ng nhm bo v quyn li cho
cc thnh vin, Quy ch s cho php EU
trong nhng trng hp cn thit c th p
dng cc bin php t v khi c s gia tng
hng ha nhp khu, khng lng trc
c v gy ra hay e da gy ra nhng
thit hi nghim trng cho cc nh sn xut
trong Cng ng. Quy ch ny c p dng
i vi mi loi hng ho nhp khu (ngoi
tr cc sn phm dt may) c xut x t tt

c cc nc th ba - nhng nc khng nm
trong EU, ngoi tr mt s nc ang pht
trin nh Albanie, Cng ng Cc quc gia
c lp (SNG) v mt s nc chu nh:
Trung Quc, Mng C, Bc Triu Tin v
Vit Nam (vic nhp khu hng ho t
nhng nc ny s chu s iu chnh ca
mt quy ch khc - Quy ch s 519/94/EC).
Cc vn v cung cp thng tin, th tc
iu tra, p dng bin php t v thng
mi,.. l nhng ni dung quan trng c
cp trong Quy ch s 3285/94/EC ca Lin
minh Chu u.
1. Th tc cung cp thng tin v tham
vn
T v thng mi l bin php c p
dng nhm ngn chn hay khc phc s gia
tng t bin lng hng ho t quc gia ny
vo quc gia khc. Theo quy nh ti Quy
ch 3285/94/EC, khi nhn thy mc gia
tng t bin ca hng ha nhp khu n mc
bo ng c th gy thit hi cho ngnh sn
xut trong nc, cc thnh vin phi thng bo
ngay cho y ban Chu u c th p dng
bin php t v thng mi. Ni dung thng
bo phi nu v nh gi cc vn v lng

42

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No8 (143).2012

gia tng hng nhp khu, kh nng nguy c

thit hi c th xy ra do s gia tng ,.. Cc
bng chng hin nhin m cc nc thnh vin
a ra c xc nh trn c s cc tiu chun
(c quy nh trong iu kin p dng bin
php t v thng mi). Thng bo ny s
c y ban Chu u chuyn ti ton b cc
nc thnh vin trong Cng ng.

c cp... Bn cnh , cc thnh vin

ca Hi ng cng c th a ra cc bin
php t v d nh p dng. Kt qu cuc
tham vn l c s c th quyt nh p
dng iu tra hay khng. Trong trng hp
cn c vo h s, ti liu c y bng
chng cn thit phi tin hnh iu tra th y
ban Chu u s ra quyt nh iu tra v

Vn tham vn s c thc hin sau

vic. Vic ra quyt nh iu tra c thc

khi nhn c thng bo v tnh trng gia

hin trong vng 1 thng k t khi nhn c

tng hng ha ca cc nc thnh vin. Vic

thng bo t nc thnh vin. Vic iu tra

tham vn nhm mc ch c th tm ra gii

phi c cng b cng khai trn Cng bo.

php hu hiu gip cc nc trong Cng

Cc bn quan tm c th gi n y ban

ng gii quyt bi ton v t v thng

kin ng gp cng nh cc thng tin c lin

mi. Tham vn c th do y ban xng

quan n cuc iu tra. Vic iu tra c

hoc theo yu cu ca bt k thnh vin no

thc hin vi s hp tc gia y ban v cc

a ra. Vic tham vn phi c thc hin

nc thnh vin.

trong iu kin: 1. Trong thi hn 8 ngy

Khi quyt nh tin hnh iu tra, y ban

ngay sau khi nhn c thng bo; 2. Phi

phi nghin cu, xem xt v kim tra li tt c

c din ra trc khi tin hnh p dng cc

nhng thng tin nhn c lin quan n v

bin php t v di s iu hnh ca mt

vic vi s tr gip t nguyn ca cc t chc

Hi ng Tham vn. Hi ng Tham vn l

thnh vin. Ni dung cc thng tin lin quan

c quan bao gm i din ca cc nc

n vic iu tra (tr nhng thng tin c coi

thnh vin, do mt y vin ca y ban lm

l b mt) u c cung cp cho cc nc

Ch tch Hi ng. Hi ng ny c triu

thnh vin v i din ca quc gia nhp khu.

tp theo lnh ca Ch tch Hi ng. Ch

Cng cn lu rng, vic cung cp thng tin

tch Hi ng c ngha v phi thng bo

v s gia tng loi hng ha ang c iu tra

n cc nc thnh vin mi thng tin c

trn th trng ca quc gia c xem l mt

lin quan trong thi hn sm nht. Ni dung

ngha v ca cc nc thnh vin theo yu cu

ca cc cuc tham vn bao gm nhiu vn

ca y ban. Cn c vo vic thm tra, kim

nh: iu kin v cch thc gia tng hng

chng cc thng tin c cung cp, nu xt

nhp khu; tnh hnh kinh t thng mi c

thy cc thng tin khng c cung cp

lin quan n loi sn phm nhp khu ang

trong thi hn xc nh ca cuc iu tra

43

Bin php t v thng mi...

hoc nhng thng tin c cung cp sai lch,

chn s xy ra i vi ngnh sn xut trong

gi di lm cn tr qu trnh iu tra, y ban

nc trong tng lai gn do s gia tng

c th khng xem xt nhng thng tin v

lng hng ho nhp khu. Vn e da

a ra quyt nh da trn nhng d liu c

gy ra thit hi nghim trng cng c quy

sn c coi l c c s gip cho vic

nh ti iu 4.1(b) ca Hip nh v T v

iu tra hiu qu.

thng mi (Hip nh SA), theo e da

2. Th tc iu tra p dng bin

php t v
iu tra l mt th tc bt buc phi c
trc khi p dng bt k bin php t v
no. Mt cuc iu tra ca y ban c thit
lp trn nhng c s ch yu tip nhn v x
l thng tin lin quan. Thng tin v s gia
tng t bin ca mt loi hng nhp khu
gy ra hay e da gy ra nhng thit hi
nghim trng cho cc nh sn xut trong
Cng ng. Nhp khu hng ho t bin
c hiu l vic nhp khu hng ho vi
khi lng, s lng hoc tr gi gia tng
mt cch tuyt i hoc tng i so vi
khi lng, s lng hoc tr gi ca hng
ho tng t hoc hng ho cnh tranh trc
tip c sn xut trong nc. Hng ho
tng t c hiu l hng ho ging ht
nhau hoc ging nhau v chc nng, cng
dng, ch s cht lng, tnh nng k thut v
cc thuc tnh c bn khc. e da gy ra
thit hi nghim trng cho ngnh sn xut
trong nc c hiu l kh nng chc chn,

gy ra thit hi nghim trng l thit hi phi

mang tnh nghim trng r rng v chc chn
s xy ra, ph hp vi cc iu kin p
dng bin php t v. Vic xc nh nguy c
thit hi nghim trng phi c cn c thc t
ch khng phi l phng on, vin dn hay
c kh nng xa. SA a ra ba iu kin p
dng bin php t v thng mi: 1) Hng
ho nhp khu c s gia tng tuyt i hoc
tng i so vi sn xut ni a; 2) Thit
hi ng k ca ngnh sn xut sn phm
tng t hoc cnh tranh trc tip ca nc
nhp khu; 3) C mi quan h nhn qu
gia vic hng ho nhp khu c s gia tng
v thit hi. Thut ng cc nh sn xut
trong Cng ng c hiu l ton b
nhng nh sn xut cc sn phm tng t
hay cnh tranh trc tip ang hot ng trn
lnh th ca EU hoc tp hp nhng nh sn
xut m u ra ca sn phm tng t hay s
trc tip cnh tranh ca h chim phn ln
trong tng sn xut loi sn phm ca
Cng ng.

r rng v chng minh c v s thit hi

Ni dung cuc iu tra: Trong khun

nghim trng gy ra cho ngnh sn xut

kh ca cuc iu tra, y ban s phi tp

trong nc. y l quy nh mang tnh

trung xem xt, iu tra vo cc vn nh:

cnh bo hay d on tc ng xu chc

khi lng hng ho nhp khu (tng v mt

44

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No8 (143).2012

tuyt i hay tng i), gi c ca hng ho

Trong thi hn ny, y ban phi trnh

nhp khu (liu c thp hn so vi gi ca

mt bo co ln Hi ng Tham vn v

sn phm tng t trong Cng ng hay

nhng kt qu iu tra thu thp c cng

khng?), cc yu t nh hng n cc nh

vi cc kin ngh gii php p dng.

sn xut trong Cng ng v khi lng sn

Cn c vo kt qu iu tra, y ban

xut, hng ho tn kho, ca Cng ng,

Chu u s ra mt trong hai quyt nh quan

Nu r l do iu tra v nhng thng tin tm

trng: Mt l: Quyt nh chm dt iu tra

tt v v vic. doanh thu hng bn, th phn,

nu nhn thy khng cn thit phi p dng

li nhun, hiu qu s dng vn, nhn

bt k bin php t v no i vi s gia

lcv mt s nhn t khc ngoi yu t gia

tng hng nhp khu (trong vng 1 thng sau

tng hng nhp khu nhng c th gy ra hay

khi gi thng bo ln Hi ng Tham vn).

e do gy ra thit hi cho Cng ng.

y ban s a ra mt bn tng trnh nhng

Trong qu trnh iu tra, y ban cn

kt lun s b ca cuc iu tra v mt bn

thc hin mt s cng vic c th v nh

tm tt cc l do dn n kt lun chm dt

gi mc , tnh cht ca s gia tng hng

iu tra; Hai l: Nhn thy vic p dng cc

ha v nguy c (thc t) gy thit hi ca s

bin php t v l cn thit, y ban s phi

gia tng i vi ngnh sn xut ni a;

a ra nhng kin ngh yu cu Hi ng

y ban c th cn phi cn c vo mt s

Tham vn quyt nh p dng bin php t

yu t khc nh: kh nng xut khu ca cc

v ph hp. Cc kin ngh ny ca y ban

nc xut khu ch yu trong hin ti v

u phi c cng b trn Cng bo cng

tng lai vo Cng ng (V d, v iu

vi l do p dng v thi hn p dng.

tra, xc minh v kin p dng bin php t

Cng cn lu rng, trong mt s

v thng mi v s gia tng nhp khu ru

trng hp c th p dng bin php t v

t nc ngoi ca cc nh sn xut ru

tm thi (trc hoc trong khi tin hnh iu

Cng ng Chu u ln y ban Chu u

tra). Vic p dng cc bin php t v tm

vo thng 10/1999) . Thi hn iu tra ko

thi ch c tin hnh khi: 1. Trong nhng

di khng qu 9 thng k t ngy y ban ra

trng hp khn cp khi mi s chm tr u

quyt nh tin hnh iu tra. Trong trng

c th dn n thit hi kh c th khc phc;

hp cn thit, thi hn ny c th c gia

2. Khi y ban xc nh mt cch s b

hn mt ln khng qu 2 thng tip theo.

rng c nhng bng chng r rng chng t

s gia tng hng nhp khu gy ra hay e

do gy ra nhng thit hi nghim trng. Khi

Chin tranh Thp: M cng thng ch EU tr

a, Thi bo Kinh t Vit Nam, s ra ngy
20/3/2002; (vneconomy.com.vn).

mt bin php t v khn cp s c ban

45

Bin php t v thng mi...

hnh . V d, EU tuyn b p dng bin

y ban Chu u ra quyt nh p dng

php t v tm thi di hnh thc tng thu

bin php t v khi hi cc iu kin: Th

nhp khu i vi cc sn phm thp nhp

nht: Phi c s gia tng thc s ca mt

khu vo Cng ng Chu u k t

loi hng ho nhp khu vo Cng ng;

3/4/2002. L do chnh l gii cho hnh

Th hai: Trong hon cnh gia tng hng

ng ny c y ban Chu u a ra l:

nhp khu nh vy gy ra hay e da gy

EU l mt trong s cc khu vc nhp khu

ra thit hi nghim trng cho cc nh sn

nhiu thp nht trn th gii. Nm 2011, EU

xut trong Cng ng. Bin php t v c

nhp khu khong 26,6 triu tn thp v

p dng di cc hnh thc sau:

cc sn phm thp) . Thi gian p dng bin

php t v tm thi ny khng c vt qu
200 ngy. Vic p dng bin php t v tm
thi ch c php tin hnh di hnh thc
tng thu nhp khu so vi mc hin hnh v
trong chng mc m cc bin php t v

- Thay i thi hn hiu lc ca cc hp

ng nhp khu (thng l rt ngn thi hn
hiu lc ca cc hp ng ny);
- Tin hnh cp giy php nhp khu
theo th tc v trong gii hn nht nh;

c th ngn nga hay khc phc cc thit hi

- p dng hn ngch nhp khu.

c. Trong thi gian p dng bin php t

Trong trng hp p dng hn ngch

v tm thi, y ban vn phi tip tc tin

nhp khu, trc ht y ban cn phi duy tr

hnh cng vic iu tra. Trong qu trnh iu

trong chng mc tt nht c th khi lng

tra, nu nhn thy khng tn ti thc s thit

trao i thng mi thng thng ( l khi

hi hay nguy c gy ra thit hi th cc bin

lng trao i din ra trong 3 nm gn nht

php t v tm thi s b bi b, mc tng

tr trng hp ngoi l), phi tip tc thc

thu nhp khu np s c hon tr li

hin cc hp ng c k kt trc khi

ngay sau cho ngi np thu theo quy nh

p dng hn ngch ng thi cng phi tnh

ca Lut Thu quan hin hnh ca Cng ng

n nhng tc ng nguy hi c th xy ra khi

v Quy ch s 2913/92/Hi ng B trng

thc hin bin php hn ch s lng i vi

Chu u.

nhp khu. Khi p dng hn ngch nhp

3. p dng bin php t v thng

mi

khu nh l mt bin php t v, y ban

phi m bo c rng s lng hng ho
nhp khu khng b gim xung thp hn
mc nhp khu trung bnh ca 3 nm tiu

Lin minh Chu u (EU) s nh thu t 14,9-26%

i vi thp nhp khu, Theo tin Cho bui sng,
ngy 26/3/2002; (www.vneconomy.com.vn).

biu ngay trc theo nh s liu thng k

ang c. Lng hng ho nhp khu c th
cho php mc thp hn ch khi y ban a

46

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No8 (143).2012

ra c nhng gii trnh r rng l mt mc

khng vt qu 3% vi iu kin l tng s

hn ch nhp khu thp nh vy l cn thit

th phn nhp khu t cc nc thnh vin

ngn chn hay khc phc nhng tn tht

WTO ang pht trin, khng vt qu 9%

nghim trng. Tuy nhin, cng cn lu

tng kim ngch nhp khu ca hng ho lin

trng hp hn ngch c phn b gia cc

quan vo Cng ng.

nc xut khu. Vic phn b ny s c

Cc bin php t v ch c p dng

tho thun vi cc nc cung cp c li ch

trong thi hn cn thit ngn chn hay

ch yu trong vic xut khu cc sn phm

khc phc nhng tn hi nghim trng v to

lin quan vo Cng ng. Nu khng p

iu kin iu chnh cc ngnh sn xut

dng c phng php ny, hn ngch s

trong Cng ng. Thi hn ny v nguyn

c phn b cho cc nc cung cp c li

tc l khng c vt qu 4 nm, k c thi

ch ch yu theo th phn ca h tnh theo

gian p dng bin php t v tm thi. Tuy

tng gi tr hay s lng sn phm c

nhin, thi gian ny c th c ko di

nhp khu t cc nc ny trong mt thi

thm nu y ban xc nh rng s ko di

gian i din trc v c tnh n bt c

thi hn p dng ny l cn thit ngn

mt yu t c bit no hoc c th nh

nga hay sa cha cc tn hi nghim trng

hng n vic lu thng cc sn phm ny.

v c chng c rng cc nh sn xut trong

Mt vn cn c lu , l cn c vo

Cng ng ang tin hnh nhng iu chnh.

cc iu kin v sau khi xem xt cn nhc cc

Cc bin php s dng trong thi gian gia

gii php p dng bin php t v, y ban

hn thm cng phi tun theo nhng iu

Chu u c th cho php khng p dng hoc

kin v th tc ging nh bin php trc

hn ch p dng cc bin php t v ti mt

. Trong trng hp thi hn p dng mt

hay nhiu khu vc trong Cng ng (Vic p

bin php t v vt qu 1 nm nhm to

dng bin php t v mt s khu vc s

iu kin cho s iu chnh, y ban phi tin

em li hiu qu hn l p dng cho ton

hnh tng bc ni lng bin php ny trong

Cng ng). Trong trng hp ny, cc bin

khong thi gian p dng, bao gm c thi

php c p dng s phi l cc bin php

gian gia hn thm. Tng thi gian p dng 1

tm thi v phi gim thiu nguy c gy ri

bin php t v, k c thi gian p dng bin

lon cho hot ng ca th trng ni a.

php t v tm thi, bao gm c thi gian p

Cc bin php t v s khng c p

dng ban u v thi gian gia hn thm trong

dng chng li hng ho c xut x t mt

mi trng hp, khng c vt qu 8

nc ang pht trin l thnh vin ca WTO

nm. Trng hp thi hn p dng bin php

nu th phn hng ho c lin quan c

t v vt qu 3 nm, y ban phi tin hnh

nhp khu vo Cng ng t nc ny

cc bui tham vn, chm nht l vo gia

47

Bin php t v thng mi...

khong thi gian p dng bin php t v

nhau, nhiu hng ro thu quan v phi thu

ny nhm xem xt hiu qu ca vic p dng

quan nh cc quy nh, quy ch, tiu chun

bin php ny, xem xt xem liu c nn y

cng nh cc yu cu ca th trng ny v

nhanh tc t do ha hay khng v xc

cht lng, v sinh thc phm, an ton v

nh xem c cn thit tip tc duy tr bin

mi trng Trn thc t, trong qu trnh

php ny hay khng. Cn c vo kt qu ca

p dng t khi EU phi vin dn n iu

cc bui tham vn, y ban s xem xt v

XIX - GATT, Hip nh v Cc bin php t

vic b sung, tip tc duy tr hay hy b cc

v ni chung v Quy ch v Cc bin php

bin php ny.

t v ca EU ni ring (tr trng hp cn

Khng mt bin php mi no c p

dng li cho vic nhp khu mt sn phm
b p dng bin php t v ny trong khong
thi gian m bin php t v c p

thit) nhm gii quyt bi ton v vic p

dng bin php t v thng mi mt cch
hiu qu.
_______________________________

dng trc y. Thi gian ny khng th nh

hn 2 nm. Tuy nhin c th p dng li 1
bin php t v i vi vic nhp khu mt
sn phm trong khong thi gian l 180 ngy
hoc t hn nu t nht l mt nm tri qua
k t khi bin php t v c p dng
cho vic nhp khu sn phm v bin php
t v ny cha c p dng hn 2 ln cho
cng mt sn phm trong vng 5 nm ngay
trc khi p dng bin php ny.
Trong cc bin php p dng t v
thng mi, EU thng s dng bin php
hn ngch, rt t khi s dng n bin php
thu quan (khi phi p dng bin php t v
theo quy nh ti iu XIX- GATT 1994).

Ti liu tham kho

1. Alan O. Sykes, The WTO Agreement
on Safeguards: A Commentary (Oxford
Commentaries on International Law); Hip
nh WTO v cc bin php t v (Bnh lun
ca i hc Oxford v Lut Quc t);
Oxford

University

Press,

USA

(23/10/2006).
2. Raj Bhala (2001), Lut Thng mi
quc t: Nhng vn l lun v thc tin
(ti bn ln hai), Bn dch ca Hi ng
Thng mi Hoa K - Vit Nam, NXB T
php (2004).
3.

Sheela

Rai.

Recognition

and

Nh c mt quy ch nhp khu kh cht ch

Regulation of Safeguard Measures Under

nn vic qun l hng nhp khu ca EU

GATT/WTO (Cng nhn v Quy ch ca

tng i tt. Hng ho ca nhiu nc

bin php t v theo GATT/WTO), Routledge

v ang pht trin nhp khu vo EU b rng

Research in International Economic Law-

buc bi nhiu hip nh thng mi khc

Taylor & Francis Group, xut bn 14/7/2011.

48

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No8 (143).2012

4. Lee Yong-Shik, Safeguard Measures:

9. Hong Vn Thn. Chnh sch thng

Why are They Not Applied Consistently with

mi trong iu kin hi nhp. i hc Kinh

the Rules? (Bin php t v: Ti sao cc

t quc dn, NXB Chnh tr quc gia, 2001.

bin php t v thng mi li khng c tnh

ng dng cao?) Vin Pht trin Lut php

10. Bi Th Bch Lin. Hng ro phi

ca Trung Quc, Tp ch Thng mi th

thu quan v yu cu ca Hip nh Thng

gii, Vol.36, trang 641-673, thng 8 nm

mi Vit Nam Hoa K, Tp ch Nghin cu

2002.

Lp php, s 8/2003.

5. Yong shik Lee, Safeguard Measures

in World Trade: The Legal Analysis (Bin

11. M iu chnh chnh sch kinh t,

php t v trong thng mi th gii: Phn

Trung tm KHXH & Nhn vn Quc gia

tch php l). Aspen Publishers, ti bn ln 2

Trung tm Nghin cu Bc M, NXB Khoa

thng 5 nm 2005.

hc x hi, 2003.

6. Tania Voon, Eliminating Trade

Remedies from the WTO: Lessons from

11. Gio trnh Quan h kinh t quc t,

Regional Trade Agreements. (Xa b cc

Trng i hc Lut H Ni, NXB Cng an

bin php khc phc thng mi trong

Nhn dn, 2001.

WTO: Bi hc t cc hip nh thng mi

khu vc (RTA)) Georgetown Law Faculty

12. Phm Minh, Php lut kinh doanh

Publications and Other Works. 2010. Paper

theo Hip nh thng mi Vit Nam - Hoa

226.

K, NXB Thng k, 2001.

http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpu

13. www.safeguard.net

b/226/

14. www.wto.org

7. Outline of the US Economy (Phc

tho nn kinh t M - Th Ho dch). NXB

15. www.nciec.gov.vn

Chnh tr Quc gia, 2003.

16. vietnamese.vietnam.usembassy.gov

8. Trn Thanh Hi. Hi p v WTO.

U ban quc gia v hp tc kinh t quc t.

17. www.taichinhdientu.vn

NXB Chnh tr quc gia 2002.

20. www.trungtamwto.vn