QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU

UN AAINH QUflN SIT GlUti CHUfl TRJNH V6l HA LAN

TRONG cudc NOI CHICN TRINH - N G U V I N T H I K V XVII

TS. Tran Nam Tien

Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hgi vd Nhan vdn TP. Ho Chi Minh
1. Vdo cuoi thi ky XVI, Hd Lan sd hiiu

chitc vd dieu hdnh tdt hem thi trien vgng ve

trong tay dpi ngii thuang nhdn hiing manh,

lgi nhudn tie nen mdu dich v&i phirang Ddng

ndng ddng, gidu kinh nghifm di bien bae

se rdt l&n "

nliat the gidi. Den dau the ky XVII, Ha Lan

Trudc nhu cau khai thdc phuang Ddng

da xay dyng cbo minh dugc mdt ham dpi

Clia gidi thuang nhan, Nhd nudc Cdng hda

"gdm 15.000 thuyen vd 15 vgn ngu&i phuc

Hd Lan da de ra gidi phdp thdng nhat cac

vu. Id cdc thuyen chien duge trang bi vd

cdng ty hifn cd cua cdc thanh phd vdo mpt

ddng vitng chdi, luc lugrng hdi qudn Hd Lan

cdng ty duy nhat. Tren ca sd dd, ngdy 20-3-

khdng ngirng l&n mgnh trong su ghen ti cua

1602, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan (Verenigde

cdc nu&c khde"

Uu the vugt trdi ve phuang

Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC)^ dugc

tien van chuyen nay Id nhan td quan trpng

thanh lap d thii dd Amsterdam. Day dugc

giiip Hd Lan gidnh phan thdng trong cdc

xem Id mgt trong nhiing cdng ty da qudc gia

cudc thuang chien, khdm phd vd chinh pbuc

dau tien tren the gidi. Ngoai chire nang

ddt dai ciing nhu cudp bdc thudc dia. Trong

thuomg mai, Nhd nudc Hd Lan cdn cho Cdng

qud trinh md rdng dnh hudmg, tim kiem thj

ty ddc quyen budn bdn vdi phuang Ddng,

trudng, ngudi Hd Lan ciing da hudmg tam

duge phep thay mat Nhd nudc Ha Lan ky kit

nhin ve phuang Ddng. Nam 1695, dpi

hifp udc, tuyen bd chiln tranh, diic tiln va

thuyen ddu tien cua Hd Lan gdm 4 chiec vdi

thanh lap thudc dia. Ngay sau khi thanh lap,

240 thuy thii da khdi hdnh di phuang Ddng.

Tru6c hieu umg cua chuyin di diu tien nay, chi trong
vong 7 nam (1595-1601), da co 15 doan voi ting
dieh de ra nhung da gdp phan "ciing cd niem cong 65 t^u buon Ha Lan di phuong Dong (Hoang
Anh Tuan, Tu lieu cdc cdng ty Dong An Hd Lan v
tin mdnh liet cua gi&i thuang nhdn Hd Lan Anh vi Ke Chg Ddng Ngodi thi ky XVII. Nxb. H
Noi, 2010, tr. 22-23).
lite do: cdc chuyen di ve sau neu dugc td
Cong ty gom c6 6 phong la Amsterdam, Zeeland,
' F. Ia. Polianxki, Lich sir kinh te cdc nudc. Tap 2 - Delfi, Rotterdam, Hoom va Enkhuizen. Thoi gian tin
Thdi ky chu nghia tu bdn, Truong HQu Quynh djch, tai cua Cong ty la 21 nam, sau do sg dugc nha nuorc
Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Noi, 1978, tr. 91.
Ha Lan can nhic gia han:
'
Chuyen di tuy khdng dat dugc nhirng muc
X

Miht minlL quan

SJU. ..

65

gidi lanh dao cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan

ludi thuomg mai Ndi A cd vai trd quan trpng.

da xay dyng hdn mdt chien luge kinh doanh

quylt dinh sy thanb cdng ciia Cdng ty Ddng

lau ddi d phuomg Ddng. Mue tieu xuyen sudt

An Hd Lan. Chinh vien Toan quyen Cornells

f

cua Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan Id tien hdnh

f

'

xay dyng mdt bf thdng cdc thuang diem

f

van der Lijn da pbdi thira nhan: "He thdng

Ihuang mgi Ngi A Id linh hdn cita Cdng ty

Uen hodn, mdt mang ludi thuang mai Ndi A

[Ddng An Hd Lan] nen edn duge bdo ve

trdi ddi tir Nam Phi den tan viing Vien Ddng

nghiem nggt, bdi neu linh hdn bi huy hogi Ihi

xa xdi, trong dd phan ldn cdc thuomg diem

thi xdc tdt yiu se bi tan rira"^ Trong he

tap trung d dia ban chau A ngdy nay. Tir ndm

tbong cdc thuomg diem, cdc thuomg diem d

1619, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan ddt try sd d

An Dp vd Nhat Bdn cd vai trd rat quan trpng,

chau A tai Batavia (tiic Jakarta

thudc

quylt djnh sy thanb bai ciia mang ludi

Indonesia ngdy nay). Nam 1623, Cdng ty

thuomg mai Ndi A. Trong qud trinh xay dyng

chilm ludn cdc ddo Java, Sumatra va lap ra

mang ludi thuomg mai Ndi A, cdc thuomg

Dutch East Indies hay Netherlands East

nhan Hd Lan cung da chii y gay dyng quan

Indies (xii Ddng An Hd Lan). Den nam

he mau dich vdi Dai Viet.

1641, ngudi Ha Lan ldm chu hodn todn eo

Ngay tir nam 1601, bai thuomg thuyen

biln Malacca ma trudc day do ngudi Bd Ddo

Ha Lan Id Leiden va Haarlem da den vimg

Nha kilm sodt. Do vay, Cdng ty Ddng An

biln Dang Trong, sau dd dd bd len dat Dang

Ha Lan eung lam chii ludn con dudng budn

Trong vd da cd mdt cudc dung dp vii trang

ban hd tieu qua eo bien Malacca.

vdi nhan dan dia phuomg. Cudc dung dp

Mang ludi thuang mai Ndi A dugc xay

khdng lam ngudi Ha Lan thay ddi y djnh

dung dam bdo chdc chan cbo cdc thuang

thilt lap quan bf thuomg mai vdi vuomg qudc

nhan Hd Lan xam nhap vdo phuang Ddng vd

Dang Trong cua chiia Nguyen. Tai Hdi An,

thilt lap mdt hf thdng budn bdn rdng ldm d

phdi dodn Ha Lan da dugc chiia Nguyen tiep

khu vyc nay. D i n giiia thi ky XVII, mang

ddn tir tl. Tuy nhien, do nghe tin ddn rang

quan dia phuang dang chuan bj tan cdng vao

*' Thirong diSm la nh&ng co so bu6n bdn cua cac nuoc

phirong Tay, la nai dat ciia hang, kho chiia hang h6a,
phong lam viec cua thuoTig nhan nudc ngodi, c6 khi
dirge xem nhu la mgt ca quan dai dien cua mgt cong
ty lom, Ilic nay la cac cong ty Dong An. Lien quan mat
thigt din hoat dgng cua cac thuang dilm nay la cong
ty Dong An. Vl nguyen tic, do la cong ty cua nhffng
tap doan tu ban doanh nghidp tu nhan, nhung ding
thai cung dirge sir hS trg rit 16n vl nhilu mat cua
chinh phu. Hoat dgng ciia cac cong ty Dong An se
thong qua hoat dgng cua cac thuang dilm dat tai cdc
nuac phuang Dong ma nuac do dat quan h? thong
thuang.

hg, ngudi Hd Lan da vdi va rdi Hdi An, ddt

pha vai ngdi nha cua dan ban dia khi chay

^ Dan theo Om Prakash, "European and Asian

Merchants in Asian Maritime Trade, 1500-1800:
Some Issues of Methodology and Evidence", in J. M.
Flores, (ed.), Revista de Cultura 13/14: The Asian
Seas 1500-1800, Local Societies, European
Expansion and the Portuguese, Macao, 1991, pp.131139.

NGHIEN Cifu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW Nl 1 (134).2011

66

thodt ra bien^ Ndm 1613, Gidm doe thuang

bdn. Cde tdu Hd Lan thudmg xuit phdt tir

diem Hirado (Nbat Ban) da cho thuyin chd

Hirado (Nhat Ban), qua Taiyuwan (cdng An

cdc thir ngd voi, Ien da, chd den Ddng Trong

Binh d Ddi Loan) tdi Dang Trong. Nhung

xin budn bdn, nbung kbdng dat ket qud. Cd

trong thdi dilm nay, cdc thuang nhan Ha

the ndi, nhung cudc tiep xiic ddu tien giira

Lan kbdng djch ndi cdc thuomg nhdn Nhat

ngudi Ha Lan vdi chiia Nguyen d Ddng

Bdn trong vifc tbu mua to, ngudn Igi chinh

Trong deu that bai vd pban nao dd de lai an

yeu cua bg. Do khdng xam nhap dugc thi

tugng kbdng tdt cbo quan be bai ben vc sau.

trudng to d Ddng Trong, thuang mai dinh

Cdc ndm 1617 den 1618, chiia Nguyen

Phiic Nguyen giri tbu cbo Cdng ty Ddng An
Ha Lan de ngbj bg tdi Dang Trong budn
bdn

Thdi diem nay, quan bf giiia Hd Lan

vd thj trudmg Trung Qudc dang cdng thdng vi

kbdng tiep can dugc luc dja Trung Qudc.
Trudc tinh the ndy, ngudi Hd Lan mudn tim
mdt khu vyc budn bdn ddng vai trd trung
gian giiia vimg bien Ddng Nam A vd Trung
Qudc. Dia diem ndy phai ddp iing duge nhu

ddn, ngudi Hd Lan hudmg tam nhin ra Dang

Ngodi. Llie ndy cung Id thdi diem chinh
quyen Mac phu d Nbat Bdn thi hdnh chinh
sdch Tda qudc (sakoku), do dd cdc thuong
nhdn Nbat pbdi tir bd mang ludi budn ban
vdi cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A. Nhan co hoi
ndy, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan da tim each
thay the ngudi Nhdt trong xuat khau to lua 6
Ddng Ngodi sang Nhdt Ban dk ddi liy bac,
ddng vd sau ndy Id vdng. Ci Vift Nam, day
ciing Id thai ky chinh quyin Le-Trjnh dang

cau tieu thy bdng hda ciia Hd Lan vd mua

tim cdcb md rdng quan hf vdi cdc nudc

dugc cdc loai hdng bda ciia Trung Qudc. Tuy

phuomg Tay nhdm thu mua vii khi phuc vu

nhien, viec trien khai quan hf vdi Dai Vift

cho cugc chien tranh vdi Dang Trong. Tren

dien ra khd cham. Mai den ndm 1633, vifc

CO sd dd, nam 1637, Cdng ty Ddng An Ha

budn bdn ciia ngudi Hd Lan vdi chiia

Lan da cir tdu Grol sang Dang Ngodi, gap

Nguyen d Dang Trong mdi duge bit diu.

chiia Trinh de thiet lap quan hf mau dicb va

Trong ndm nay, Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan da

bang giao. Day dugc xem Id mdt sy khdi diu

giri sir gia den Hdi An thdm dd thi trudmg vd

cbo qud trinh quan hf thdng trim giiia ngudi

giri qua bieu len Sai Vuomg. Ndm 1636, mdt

Hd Lan vd chinh quyin cua cdc chiia Trinh 6

A,

thuomg diem ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan

Dang Ngoai (1637-1700), trong dd mdt lien

dugc md d Hdi An.

Tir nam 1636 den 1637, moi nam cd hai

minh quan sy giiia hai ben ciing dugc hinh

thdnh.

tdu Ha Lan tdi Dang Trong de trao ddi, budn

2. Thang 3-1637, tau Ha Lan Grol din
Hoang Anh Tuin, sdd, tr. 25.
Dang Ngoai. Thuyin trudhg Kdrel Hartsinck
' Vi?n Sir hgc, Lich sir Viet Nam, tap IV: The kyXVIIJ , . :
"lu
XVIII, Nxb. Khoa hgc xS hgi, Ha Ngi, 2007, tr. 259. da d

>ieM itiinlt

qudn

iut...

67

dan duge va xin dugc budn bdn d Ddng

ngudi Hd Lan de ddnh Dang Trong. Trong

Ngoai. Muc tieu quan trpng Iiic ndy ciia cbiia

nam 1637, cbiia Trinb da giri cho Toan

Trinh Id tim cdcb thiet lap lien minh qudn sy

quyen Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan mdt biic tbu

vdi ngudi Hd Lan de tiln hdnh chiln tranh

de nhd ngudi Hd Lan giiip do chdng chua

thu phuc cbiia Nguyen d Dang Trong. Muc

Nguyen d Ddng Trong. Biic thu" cd doan:

tieu ndy dugc cbiia Trjnh cdng khai bdy td

vdi Korel Hartsinck trong budi gap mat. Sau
cudc gap ndy, chua Trjnh cbo phep ngudi Hd
Lan ddt mdt thuomg diem d Dang Ngodi^ De
the hien thifn chi cua minh, chua Trjnh da
nban Hartsinck lam con nudi, ban cbo mii do
ciia quan, lai ddt ten cbii Dang Ngodi Id
Heyung-tuong^ vd cbo phep ngudi Hd Lan
dugc ty do budn bdn d Dang Ngodi. Sy kifn

"(...)

Nguyen) da thiet lap mot chinh quyen tdeh

biet tgi bien gi&i phia nam eua Bdn qudc.
Chung dang dua vdo vi tri phdng thu virng
chdc eua ehung de chdng lgi trieu dinh (eiia
nhd Le tgi Thdng Long). Bdn qudc ehua ldm
gi ehung ed vi e nggi rdng ed mdt edi gi do
khdng dodn tru&c ed the xdy ra tren bien. Vi
f

"Budi tiep kien ciia vua Le Thdn Tdng ddnh

Quy qudc vuomg cd thien chi vdi Bdn qudc.

f

nay da dugc nhd nghien ciiu ngudi Phdp

George Dumoutier tudng thudt lai nhu sau:

Mgt sd ngu&i hung bgo (lire hg

Quy qudc vuomg cd the cho Bdn qudc 2 hoge

3 tdu, hoge 200 linh bdn gidi duge khdng,
X

cho ngudi Hd Lan da dien ra rdt thudn lgi,

nhu mgt bdng chung ve su tdt bung eiia Quy

hg nhdn dugc nhieu dn siing uu di ciia vi

qudc vuomg. Nhitng ngudi linh do ed the

hodng de vd tranh thii cdm tinh duge nhieu

giiip Bdn qudc bdn dgi bdc. Ngodi ra, xin

vi quan trong trieu do cdch irng xie ciia hg vd

hay cho Bdn qudc 50 thuyen chien vai binh

cd le nhieu hom Id do nhUng mdn qud bieu.

linh chgn lgc vd dgi bdc cd sire edng phd

Bdn thdn Hartsinck da du kheo lea de nhd

mgnh... Sau khi chien thdng, Bdn qudc se

vua nhdn minh ldm con nudi"

tdng cho binh linh ciia Quy qudc

Sau dd chiia Trinb lai tien them mdt

budc, ddt van de lien minh quan sy vdi

20.000 den 30.000 Igng bgc. Cdn ve phdn

Quy qudc vuong, bdn qudc se trao cho Quy
f

'

qudc vuomg Qudng Nam de tri

vl dja dilm Cong ty Dong An Hd Lan lap thuang
diem a Dang Ngoai, nhilu tai lieu cho la Pho Hien
(Hung Yen). Nhung hien nay van con co nhilu y kiln
khac nhau. Xem them D6 Thj Thuy Lan, "Vi su tin
tgi cua throng diim Hd Lan a Phd Hiin the kyXVII",
Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sir, sl 8 (368), 2008, tr. 6475.
' Hoang Anh TuSn, Sdd, tr. 27.
G. Dumoutier, Les comptoirs Hollandais de PhoHien ou Pho-Khach, pres de Hung-Yen (Tonkin) au
XVIf Steele, pp. 222.

vuong

vi..."

Thu viet bang chu Han nen nguai Ha Lan khong

dgc dugc. Hg nhcr mgt thong djch vien Nhat Ban 6
Nagasaki ten 1^ Meison chuyen sang tieng Ha Lan.
Meison gai ban djch cho nguai Ha Lan va giu nguyen
ban la thu.
'^ Iwao Seiichi, About the letter asking help from the
Duch Navy, sent by Annam to Wulan (Ha Lan),
TohoGaKu, sl 23, 1962, tr. 109-118. Xem thgm
Thuan H6a, Nhiing cuoc doi ddu giira nhd Nguyen &
nguai Hd Lan. Trong Nhiing vdn de lich sir vi triiu
dgi cuoi citng a Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hoa Sai Gon, TP.
H6 Chi Minh, 2002, tr. 16.

68

NGHIEN cau CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW Nl 1 (134).2011

Nhim thuylt pbuc ngudi Ha Lan, cbiia Trinh

Nicolaas Couckebaker Idm dai difn chinh

Trdng vd tbi tir Trinh Tac thudng xuyen giri

thire cua minh dk tien hdnh vifc tbdo luan

thdng thu va qud bilu tdi Todn quyin cua

vdi chiia Trinh cdc dilu kifn lien minh. Cupc

Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan la Antonio van

thdo luan thdi gian dau di vao cho be tac do

Diemen d Batavia (Indonesia) cung nhu cdc

chiia Trinh Trdng thing thimg tir chdi nhiing

vi gidm ddc thuomg mai ciia Cdng ty tai Dai

yeu ciu dugc xem Id "qua ddng" cua phia Ha

Loan vd Nhat Bdn. Ndm 1639, chiia Trinh cir

Lan vl cdc khodn bdi thudng vd ddc quyen

mdt sii bd sang thdm Batavia nhim tdng

trong thuang mai. Tuy nhien, phia Ha Lan

cudng quan bf bang giao vdi phia Hd Lan.

van tiep tuc the hifn mong mudn thiet lap

Sy himg manh ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan

lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi'^ Miia be nam

d phuong Ddng, ciing nhu quy md rdng ldn

1640, Todn quyen vd Hdi ddng Cdng ty

ciia tdng bdnh dinh Cdng ty d Batavia da tao

Ddng An ebo biet Batavia rat mong muon

an tugng manh cho sii dodn. Trong bdo cdo

lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi de chdng lai Dang

ve chuyen di giri cbo cbiia Trinh, sii dodn da

Trong. Tuy nhien, phia Ha Lan khdng nhan

de nghj chiia Trinb thdt chat bom niia quan hf

A

I -y

bang giao vdi Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan

Sau nhiing cudc thuomg thuyet lien tyc
tu giiia ndm 1637 cbo den ndm 1638 ve lien
minh quan sy, ndm 1639, ngudi Hd Lan
quyet dinh xay dyng lien minh vdi Dang

dugc sy phan hdi tir phia chiia Trinh. Nam

1641, Todn quyen lai giri thu cho chiia Trinh
thdng bdo se dua qudn sang lien ket vdi chiia
Trinh. Trudc sy nhift thdnh eua phia Hd Lan,
chiia Trinh thdng bdo ddng y thiet lap lien
minh vdi Hd Lan.

Ngodi. Phia Hd Lan ky vgng rang, thdng qua

3. Trong ndm 1641, chiia Trinh Trang

cdc mdi quan hf bang giao mat thiet, ehinh

giri thu cho Toan quyin Ha Lan d Indonesia

quyen Le-Trjnh se trao cho Cdng ty nhieu

yeu cau giiip 5 chien bam, 600 binb linh vu

ddc quyen budn bdn tai Dang Ngodi, ddng

trang diy du, vdi tram dai bdc, 200 phao

thdi hy vgng chiia Trinh se bdi thudng cho

binh

Chiia Trinh ciing thdng bdo cbo phia

ngudi Hd Lan nhiing tdn that md hg Nguyen

An Ha Lan van tilp tuc duy tri thuang dilm a Hoi

An.
Nhung sau d6 1 nam, phia Ha Lan da quylt djnh
il4
trudc dd Ndm 1640, phia Ha Lan da cir tir bo thuang dilm a Hgi An tren co sa tinh loan
nhffng nii ro c6 thi gap phai khi duy tri quan he chinh
thiic v6i ca Dang Ngoai lln Dang Trong. (Xem
'^ Hoang Anh TuSn, Sdd, tr. 27.
Hoang Anh Tuin, Sdd, tr. 27)
'* Truac khi quyet djnh lien minh v6i chiia Trjnh,
John Kleinen, Vi nhung ngudi bgn cH vd nhirng
nguai Ha Lan da co mgt khoang thai gian do dg trudc ngudi bgn gid mgo - Quan he ciia Hd Lan vdi Dan
dl nghj Clia chiia Trinh. Vi thuc te, ngu6i Hi Lan vin Trong thi ky XVII. Trong Su tir vd ring: Bon ihi ky
chu truang mgt chiln lugc lau dai tren bin dao D6ng quan he Hd Lan - Vi$t Nam, Nxb. Thi giai, Ha Noi,
Duong, do do hg vSn muon duy tri moi quan he hoa 2008, tr. 28.
hilu voi chiia Nguyin a Dang Trong. Do d6, tuy thilt
Dan theo Nguyin Phan Quang Truang Hiiu
IVPH t-t:v..f liiijrwt .>., ,.,i,,ihinrn
lap quan he vai Dang Ngoai nam 1637, Cong ty Dong Quynh
da gay ra cbo Cdng ty trong nhiing ndm

Mieu mink

qudn

iu...

69

Batavia, Ddng Ngodi se ddng y bdi thudmg

Thdng 5-1642, phia Ha Lan cir mdt ham

cho Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan nhiing khodn

dpi gdm 5 tdu (Kievit, Meerman, Wakende

that thodt ma chiia Nguyin da gay ra Cdng ty

Boei, Zeeuwsche Nacbtegaal vd Brack) ciing

trong thdi ky trudc dd neu Cdng ty giiip dd

222 thiiy tbu vd Iinh den Viet Nam. Chi huy

Dang Ngodi chinh phuc thdnh cdng Ddng

cua ham dpi nay la Thiiy su dd ddc Jan van

Trong'^ Ngdy 14-5-1641, Todn quyin Ha

Linga. Ngdy 31-5-1642, phia Ha Lan cap

Lan tai Batavia giri thu cho chua Trinh

vjnh Cambir (Quy Nhon), ddt ehdy 400 bode

Trdng, viet rdng hg da sdn sang cir tdu den de

500 ngdi nhd vd kho thdc vd bat giii 38

phdi hgp ddnh Dang Trong. Theo ke boach,

ngudi'^ Ngay lap tire, ngudi Ha Lan nhan ra

quan dpi chiia Trinb se ddng tai cira bien

rdng "chinh quyen Quinam (Dang Trong

Nhat Lf (Qudng Binh) de cbd ham dpi Hd

TG) da bdy binh bd tran tai cdc vimg ven

Lan den tham chien. Mdt lien minh quan sy

Dang Trong - Hd Lan timg budc dugc binb
thanb. Nham that chat lien minh vdi phia Hd
Lan, dau ndm 1642, chiia Trinh lai cir sii bd
sang Batavia hdi dam vdi phia Cdng ty Ddng
An Ha Lan. Mdt sy kifn xdy ra vdo thdng

bien trong the tran phdng tbii rdi"

"yrt

Do dd,

kbi linh Hd Lan tien vdo dat lien, bp da bi

quan dpi chua Nguyen bao gdm 150 quan
mai pbuc sdn tan cdng, thiet hai 23 ngudi
ciing vdi vien ehi huy Van Liesvelt. Khi Jan
Van Linga yeu eau chiia Trinh dem quan tan

11-1641 da khien cbo ngudi Ha Lan cdng

cdng qudn chua Nguyen, Trinh Trang ndi

them Cling ran trong thdi do ddi vdi chiia

rang dng da phdi quan di nhung pbdi hdi

Nguyen d Dang Trong. Ngdy 26-11-1641,

binh vi ngudi Ha Lan khdng xuat hien. Cbiia

hai chiec tdu Gulden Buijs vd Maria de

Trinb yeu cdu Cdng ty phdi ham dpi sang

Medicis tren dudng tir Dai Loan ve Batavia

Dang Ngodi vdo miia xuan nam tdi de cimg

bj ddm d bd bien Dang Trong. Tat cd nhiing

vdi dpi Dang Ngodi di ddnh Dang Trong.

ngudi Ha Lan song sdt (82 ngudi) deu bi bdt

Nhung dieu ndy ed ve nhu Id mdt sy lira ddi

giam tai Hdi An vd hang hda thi bi cbinh

mang tinh ngoai giao ciia chua Trjnh nham

quyin Ddng Trong tich thu. Cdc cudc thuang

che day su khdng sdn Idng lien ket lyc lugng

thuylt dl thd cdc con tin Ha Lan diu that

bai'

(1427-1858), quyin 2, tap 1, Nxb. Giao due, 1976, tr.

149.
" John Kleinen, Bai da din, tr. 29.
'* Li Tana, Xir Ddng Trong - Lich sir kinh ti - xa hoi
Viet Nam thi ky 17 vd 18, Ban djch ciia Nguyen Nghj,
Nxb, TreTP. Hi Chi Minh, 1999, tr. 230. CCing thai
dilm nay, mgt doan tau Ha Lan do Jacob van Liesvelt
chi huy cung din khu vuc biln Da Ning (Tourane)

bit dan thuang va doi trao doi tu binh voi chinh

quyen Dang Trong. Tuy nhien cugc thuang thao that
bai do phfa Dang Trong khong d6ng y.
" Thuan H6a, Nhiing cuoc doi ddu giUa nhd Nguyen
& nguai Hd Lan. Trong Nhirng vdn de lich sir vi triiu
dgi cuoi citng a Viet Nam, Sdd, tr. 245.
^ Xem Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, De Oost-Indische
Compagnie en Quinam: de betrekkingen der
Nederlanders met Annam in de XVIIe eeuw, H. J.
Paris, Amsterdam, 1929.

NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW Nl 1 (134).2011

70

ehiing hodng loan bd chay. Trong tinh thi

chdng Nguyen
Thang 3-1643, phia Ha Lan lai giri den
mdt ham dpi gdm 5 tau chiln (Kievit,
Wakende

Boei,

Zeeuwsche

Nacbtegaal,

cip bdch, doi phuang ddnh ty phdng lira dit

ehdy cbiic tdu tien phong do cbinh Baeck chi
huy, gidi vay cho bam dpi trong tieng sung
,

^ "yt

_,

Wijdcncs va Zandvoort) ciing 290 quan do

ren vang Ian lira khdi mil trdi

Johannes Lamotius cbi buy, den cira sdng

Nam thuc luc tiin bien thi trdn ddnh nay lai

Thai Binh chd hdi quan vdi chua Trjnh de

xdy ra d gan edng Eo (tire Thuan An, Phu

tan cdng "nbung ngirdi Dang Trong xau

Vang, Thira Thien

xa"" Nbung khi den nai, bp nban thay rang

Thanb Khdi: "Cw(5c chien ndy qua that Id

quan dpi ciia chua Trinh chua san sang cbo

mgt ten hga. Tdu De Wijdeness (tdu hoa lieu)

sy hgp tdc. Sy chain tre mdt cdcb khd bieu

bi tidu diet, Thiiy su do ddc Pieter Baeck hi

ciia chiia Trjnh Trdng lai khien cho ke boach

giet, hai tdu khde phdi ma du&ng mdu thdo

hgp binh mdt Ian niia bj dd vd. Phia Hd Lan

da khdi hanh ve lai Batavia, chi de lai chiec
tau Wakende Boei de giiip chiia Trinh. Sau
dd, hai chiec tdu Keivit va Zeeuwsche
Nacbtegaal cung quay lai vi nhd miia gid
bac, kbdng the ve Batavia

Theo Dgi

Hue ngay nay). Theo Le

'yc

chgy "

Theo cdc tu lifu Ha Lan, trong cuoc

ddi dau ndy cd 7 chien thuyen ciia Dang

Trong bj phd hiiy, 700 den 800 Iinh bj giet.
Sir trieu Nguyen da ghi lai tran danh
quan ndy nhu sau: "Bdy gid gidc O Lan ddu
thuyen ngodi bien, cirirj) bdc ldi hudn. Qudn

Tiep dd, vdo thdng 7-1643, phia Ha Lan

tudn bien bdo tin. Chua (Ngu>en Pbiic Lan)

van kien nhdn pbdi den mdt ham dpi khde do

dang bdn ke hogch ddnh dep. The lu (sau

Pieter Baeck chi buy de phdi hgp vdi chua

ndy Id chiia Nguyen Phiic Tan) lite thi mat

Trjnh ddnh chiia Nguyen. Vira den Ddng

bdo v&i Chu&ng ca Tdn Thdt Trung udc dua

Trong, ciing vdi 3 chiec tau cdn luu lai d

Ihity qudn ra ddnh. Trung Idy e& ehua bdm

y

Dang Ngoai, lyc lugng Ha Lan ky nay cd 3

menh, ngdn nggi ehua quyet. The tir ddc sudi

tau Wijdenes, Waterhond vd Vos chd theo

chien thuyen cua minh tien thdng ra. Trung

200 linh, trong khi di ngang qua viing bien

Cil Lao Cham (Hdi An), ngdy 7-7-1643, bam
dpi Ha Lan da dung dp quan dpi cua cbiia
Nguyen. Dodn chien thuyen quan Nguyen do
Nguyen Phiic Tan chi huy lap tiic td chirc
vdy danh dpi tau do Baeck dan dau, khien
^' Thuan Hoa, sdd, tr. 247.
^^ Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, sdd, tr. 29.
" Hoang Anh TuSn, sdd, tr. 29.

'

'

bdt ddc dl ciing ddc sudt chien thuyen theo

di, den cua bien thi thuyin Thi tu dd ra
ngodi khai Trung lay c& vdy lgi, nhirng The
Ton Chau Quan, Nguyin Phiic Tdn vd trdn hdi
chiin ljch sir ndm 1644, Tap chi Xua & Nay, sl 304,
2008, tr. 12-13.
" Le Thanh Khoi, Le Viet Nam. Les Editions de
Minuit, Paris, 1955, tr. 248. Theo Qudng Nam qua
cdc thai dgi, C6 hoc tung thu, quyin I, 1974, tr. 144
cho ring 'ngudi Hd Lan qud mdt tinh thdn din noi tu
phd tdu D'''! n'^-'i Ti:/;!j"

Mieu niluh qudn su'..

71

tir khdng quay lgi. Trung ben giuc

y

binh

thuyen tien theo. Chien thuyen tru&c vd sau

ludt nhanh nhu bay. Gidc trdng thdy cd sg.
X

'

nhdm thdng phia ddng md chgy, bd rai lgi

mdt chien thuyen l&n. The lir ddc qudn vdy
ban. Tudng gidc the cimg phdng lira tu ddt
chet. The lir ben thu qudn ve"^ ^ Dien bien
tren dugc sir gia Le Quy Ddn xdc dinh xay ra
nam Quy Miii (1643) va tdm lugc: "Con thir
hai (Phuc Lan) Id Phuc Tdn dem thiiy qudn
ddnh phd dugc mudi chiec Idu cua gidc O
Lan a cira Eo. Phuc Lan khen Id dimg, ben
f

Jan van Elserack da cd gdng chdng che vdi

cbiia Trinh Trdng rang Cdng ty Ddng An Ha

Lan da thyc sy chien thdng

Cd the ndi,

cudc chien giira thiiy quan chua Nguyen vdi

tdu chien Ha Lan trong nam 1643 la cudc
dung dp ddu tien ciia quan Dai Vict vdi tau
thuyen den tir phuong Tay vdi nhumg ky
nang va phuang tien ky thuat virgl trdi. Phan
thang thudc ve quan dpi chiia Nguyen la mpi
sy tat yeu, qua dd danh gia dung ihuc krc
quan sy ciia Dang Trong luc bay gid.
4. That bai trong nhirng lan hanh quan

y'7

CO y dung ldm con ndi nghiep "

den Viet Nam da khien cho phia Ha Lan nan

Ket thiic tran ddnh, bam dpi Ha Lan bj

chi. Trong kbi dd, cbiia Trjnh van mong

coi nhu Id that bai vi bp kbdng cd dii siing

mudn tiep tyc duy tri lien minh. Ve that bai

than cdng tren tdu md lai cdn ddnh gid thdp

vdo miia be ndm 1643, trong tbu giri Toan

phia ke tbii. Hai chiec tdu cdn lai thdo chay

quyen Ha Lan va Hdi ddng Ddng An. chiia

ve phia bdc vd budng neo d vjnh Bac Bd,

Trjnh da than phien ve viec dpi tau ciia Cdng

khdng nghl den viec dirng lai de hgp quan

ty kbdng hdi quan diing diem hen la cua

vdi quan ddi cbiia Trjnh dang ddng d cira

sdng Nhat Le, ddng thdi chi trich sy "nhiit

bien Nhat Le. Trong kbi dd, lyc lugng cbiia

nhat" ciia dpi quan Ha Lan: "Tdi cir ludng

Trinh d day cd kboang 100.000 quan va

Todn quyen giiip dd tdi lau chien vd hinh .sT

nhieu thuyen chien. Trong ddi quan ciia chiia

nhirng chd mdi md chdng ihdy den. ha chiec

Trjnh liic nay cd sy tbam gia cua vua Le

Idu luu lgi Ddng Ngodi tir mita xudn. Idi dd

Than Tdng. Sau khi khdng the hdi quan vdi

chu edp ddy du cho thuy thu vd binh si de hg

phia Ha Lan, chiia Trinh da cho nit quan ve.

ed the ciing tdi tien vdo Poutsin [cira sdng

Phia Ha Lan hit siic bit man vdi bdnh ddng

Nhdt Le]. Tdi coi trgng hg vi nghi rdng hg Id

ciia cbiia Trjnh. Tuy nhien, de trdnh mat mat,

nhirng chien binh kien cudng. Vdy nhirng hg

vj phu trdch thuomg dilm Ha Lan d Hirado,

chdng giiip tdi, ciing chdng cd lay mot chiit

diing khi ndo de chien ddu v&i ke thii [ehi

^^ Qu6c sii quan trilu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thuc luc tiin ngu&i Ddng Trong]. Khi tdi ra lenh cho hg
bien, ban dich Vien Sii hoc, Nxb. Sii hgc, 1962, tr. xdng len de bdn phd qudn dich, hg lir chdi vd
73-74.
^' Le Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc, ban djch Vien Sir
hoc, Nxb. van hoa - Thong tin, Ha Ngi, 2007, tr. 6528
Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, sdd, tr. 33.
66.

NGHIEN Cifu CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N11 (134).2011

72

cho tdu chgy l&i chgy lui ngodi viing nu&c

sdu, cdch qud xa b& bien. Bai le do ddm
ngu&i Ddng Trong dirng cudi, het sire khinh
bl hg "'

Sau dd, chiia Trjnh tiep tuc keu gpi

sy hgp tac ciia phia Hd Lan: "De nghi Todn

nhiing mat mdt tir cudc chien. Day ciing la

quan dilm cua Karel Hartsinck khi bdo cao
vdi Ban Gidm ddc d Amsterdam rdng "cdi
f

qudc gia Ddng Ngodi hgi bgc dy neu co

quyen cir mgt hgm dgi cimg v&i 5.000 qudn

chien thdng Ddng Trong di chdng nira ciing

den dc cimg tdi lien ddnh Ddng Trong cho

khdng giir l&i hira v&i Cdng ty, vi the Cdng ty

den khi gidnh duge thdng lgi cudi citng.

nen bd ke hogch chinh phuc Ddng Trong. de

Nhung Todn quyen nen cdn nhde cir di

cho chinh ngu&i Ddng Ngadi tu ldm "

nhirng chien binh dimg cdm. dirng dua

Ngay sau khi phia Ha Lan quyet djnh

thuang nhdn sang b&i neu Todn quyen cd

cham dut lien minh quan sy vdi Ddng Ngoai,

giri den 20 tdu ciing khdng ldm gi dugc qudn

quan hf giiia thuang diem Ha Lan tai day

Ddng Trong bai chiing & edeh xa ddt liin. Vi

vdi chinh quyen Le-Trinb ngay cang xau di.

vdy. Todn quyen nen cir qudn dgi sang chien

Pban Idm cdc ddc quyen budn ban phia trieu

ddu tren bd "

dinh trao cbo phia Cdng t>' trudc da> bi bai

Mac dil phia Ddng Ngodi mudn tilp tyc

lien minh, ngudi Hd Lan van quylt dinh
doan tuyft vifc lien minh quan sy vdi cbiia
Trinh chdng lai Ddng Trong'" Nhiing biia
X

bd. Trudc sy viec ndy. cbiia Trjnh Trdng lai

giri thu cho Todn quyen Ha Lan d Batavia
yeu cdu: 1. Neu thyc bung giup Trjnh thi
phdi giiip du 200 chien ham vd 4 van linh; 2.
Neu khdng, thi tir nay Iui tdi budn bdn xin ciir

ben ve ddc quyen kinh te cua cbiia Trinh liic

theo If cu: 25.000 lang bac thul, 40.000 lang

ndy khdng cdn khien ngudi Hd Lan quan tdm

bac ddt trudc de mua to cbo Cbiia. Khdng

vi theo hp cbiia Trjnh khdng bao gid cd the

thyc hifn mdt trong hai dilu tren thi xin

den bii dugc cbo Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan

dimg den Dang Ngoai budn bdn niia^^ Bilt

29

VOC 1149, Gelranslateerden hrieif van den

Toncquinsen coninq aen den gouvemeur generael,
1643, fos. 683-685 (Ban djch ciia Hoang Anh TuSn).
30
Nt.
Mac dil khong c6n lien minh v6i Dang Ngoai,
nhung phia Ha Lan van dan phuang duy tri tinh trang
chien tranh vai Dang Trong. Nam 1644, phia Ha Lan
da phai mgt ham dgi sang danh pha hb biln Dang
Trong nhung khong thu dugc ket qua. Ngay ca sau
khi da ky ket hoa uac vdi chua Nguyen vao nam
1651, quan he Ha Lan - Dang Trong vin tin tai trong
khong khi thii han. Trong thai gian nay, phia Ha Lan
chi thj cho cac tau cua Cong ty buon ban qua khu vuc
bien Dong tan cong va bit giff cac thuang thuyin
ngoai quoc den buon ban vai xii Dang Trong (Xem
Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, Sdd, tr. 74-103).

khd Idng can thifp quan sy vao Viet Nam,

Todn quyin Ha Lan d Batavia ddnh ehju nop
thul vd dat tiln mua to cua Chua. Thai do
lanh nhat cua chiia Trjnh vdi ngudi Ha Lan
cdn tao dieu kifn cho quan lai nhiing nhieu
thuomg diem, ep ngudi Ha Lan nop bac dl
ddi liy to lua voi gia cao, ddng thdi gay kho
de cho cdng vifc lam an cua thuang dilm.
^^ Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, Sdd, tr. 100.
Nguyen Phan Quang Truang Hffu Quynh
Nguylr

Mihi niltilt

qudit

lu!...

12>

Sau thdi ky ddng bang trong quan bf (1644-

can tim kiem nhiing dong minh de cd the

1651), quan hf giiia Dang Ngoai vdi Cdng ty

giiip hg md rdng dnh hudmg, phdt trien viec

Ddng An Hd Lan phdt trien trd lai, nhung

budn bdn, trong dd mdt pban ciing do nhiing

ciing trdi qua nhieu giai doan thdng tram

xung dot trudc dd giiia hp vdi Dang Trong.

khde nhau cho den khi thyc sy cham dirt vdo

Hom the, vife lien minh vdi Dang Ngodi cdn

ndm 1700.

Id CO hdi de ngudi Hd Lan can thiep vao

5. Nbin chung, sy hifn difn ciia thuomg

r

diem Ha Lan d Ddng Ngoai ciing nhu nhieu

viing dit ndy tdt bom bao gid bet. Dd chinh la

nhiing co sd dk lien minh quan sy giira Dang
Ngoai vd Ha Lan dugc binb thanh. Tuy

thuomg nhan ngoai qudc khde da gdp pban

nhien, lien minh ndy ngay tir khi hinh thanb

ddng ke vdo nhiing chuyen bien kinh te xa

da cbo thay day Id mdt lien minh khdng ben

hpi Ddng Ngoai the ky XVII. Mac dii gidi

viing. Vd sau mdt thdi gian, lien minh nay da

ban chil yeu vdo boat ddng mau dich ddi bac
lay to lua vd cung cap vii khi cho phu Chiia
X

tan ra md khdng dem lai mdt ket qua nao.

Lien minh quan sy Dang Trong - Ha

nhdm tranh thu ddc quyen budn bdn, sy bifn

Lan that bai do nhieu nguyen nhan. Trudc

dien vd boat ddng eua ngudi Hd Lan d Dang

tien, trong qud trinh lien minh vdi cbiia

Ngodi the ky XVII da dnh hudmg sau sdc den

Trinb, phia Ha Lan khdng tim hieu ky ve

sy phdt trien ehung ciia lich sir Vift Nam.

thyc lyc Dang Trong vd ddnh gid thap tiem

Dac bift vl mat qudn sy, sy binh thanh lien

lyc hdi quan ciia chiia Nguyin d Dang

minh qudn sy giura cbiia Trinh vd ngudi Ha

Trong. Dilu ndy dan den thai dp chii quan

Lan (1637-1643) da cho thiy mdt bude phdt

eiia ngudi Hd Lan. Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan

triln quan trgng trong lich sir Vift Nam ndi

da phe phdn rit ndng ne cdc chi huy cdc ham

chung va lich sir quan sy ndi rieng.

dpi eua minh vi tdi kbdng sdn sdng iing phd

Nam 1627, cudc chiln tranh Trinh -

vdi cdc cupc tin cdng eua ddi phuang. Trong

Nguyen nd ra. Sau mdt thdi gian, chiia Trinh

cd hai lin doi diu vdi quan chiia Nguyen,

da nhan ra ring hg khdng the ddnh bai chiia

ngudi Hd Lan ludn bj dat vao the bi ddng va

Nguyen cbi bing sue lyc ciia minh. Do dd,

ludn thit thi khi chiln tran nd ra. Ben canh

nhu ciu tim kilm mdt ddng minh de ciing cd

dd, nguyen nhdn quan trpng nhit khien lien

siic manh cbo Dang Ngoai ludn dugc chiia

minh quan sy giiia chua Trinh vd ngudi Ha

Trinh quan tam. Va trong qua trinh tilp xiie

Lan khdng cd hifu qud, dd chinh Id thdi dp

vdi ngudi phuang Tay, chiia Trinh da chgn

thilu tinh hgp tdc cua phia chiia Trinh. Trong

Ha Lan - mdt qudc gia phuang Tay dang cd

tit ca nhiing lin xuit quan eiia phia Hd Lan

uu thi ban cd. Tir phia Ha Lan, trong qud

diu khdng dugc sy ho trg tu phia chiia Trinh.

trinh tilp can vao Viln Ddng, hg ciing rit

74

NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW Nl 1 (134).2011

Thit vgng vl thdi do lung chirng cua chiia

2. Charles B. Maybon, Nhitng ngudi

Trjnh, Batavia quylt dinh buy bd lien minh

chdu Au & nu&c An Nam, ban dich Nguyen

quan sy vdi Ddng Ngoai. Sau cudc xung dpt

Thira Hy, Nxb. TbI gidi. Ha Ndi, 2006.

vdi Dang Trong, uy tin ciia Cdng ty Ddng

An Ha Lan tai Vien Ddng cd pban suy gidm.
Cudc xung dot vdi Ha Lan trong nhirng
nam 1640 cung da phan dnh mdt budc ngoat
trong sire manh quan sy ciia chua Nguyen d
Dang Trong. Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan, vdi
mdt lyc lugng hdi thuyen khd manh, trang bj
vu kbi tdi tan vdo thdi bay gid, da ehinb
pbuc dugc Batavia (Indonesia) nbung kbdng
the chien thdng dugc quan ddi Ddng Trong.
Dieu nay chirng td qudn ddi chiia Nguyen,
ddc biet Id lyc lugng hdi quan Iiic nay khd
manh. Theo Dgi Nam thuc lue lien
^

bien. quan ddi trieu Nguyen duge chuan bi

khd ebu ddo vi hg da nhan dugc mat bdo tir
mdt nhdm trinh sat ddc biet gpi Id tuan hai.
Ngoai ra, trieu Nguyen cdn cd nhiing thdp
canh dpc theo bd bien. Dieu ddng chii y
cbinh la tinh chu ddng tan cdng ciia cbiia
Nguyen ddi vdi ddi phuomg. Trong cdc cudc
chien, chiia Nguyen cd thdi dp cuong quyet
ddi vdi ngudi Hd Lan, ludn sdn sdng cho mdt
cudc chien vd ludn d vj tri chu ddng. Biet
duomg ddu vd chien thdng vdi mdt ham ddi
thien chien, cd kinh nghifm, tirng bd chii
viing bien nhu Ha Lan, cho thdy lye lugng
hdi quan ciia chiia Nguyen thudc loai manh,
cd kha ndng bdo vf dugc viing bien thudc
chii quyen cua minh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

3. Hodng Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver:

Dutch- Vietnamese

Leiden; Boston, 2007.

4. Hodng Anb Tuan, Tu lieu cdc cdng ly
Ddng An Hd Lan vd Anh ve Ke Chg Ddng
Ngodi thi ky XVII, Nxb. Ha Ndi, 2010.
5. Le Thdnh Khdi, Le Viet Nam. Les
Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1955.
6. Li Tana, Xir Ddng Trong
f

Lieh su

kinh te - xd hgi Viet Nam the ky 17 vd 18,

ban dich cua Nguyen Nghj. Nxb. Tre, TP.
Hd Cbi Minh, 1999.
7 Nguyen Phan Quang - Truang Hiru
Quynh - Nguyen Cdnh Minh, Lich sir Viet
Nam (I-127-1858). quyen 2, tap 1. Nxb. Giao
due. 1976.
8. Nhieu tdc gid, Su tu vd rdng: Bdn the
ky quan he Hd Lan - Viet .\am, Nxb. The
gidi. Ha Ndi, 2008.
9. Qudc sir qudn trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam
Ihuc lue tien bien, ban dicb Vifn Sir hpc,
Nxb. Sir hpc, 1962.
10. Vifn Sir hgc, Lich sir Viet Nam, tap
IV: TbI ky XVII-XVIII, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa
hdi. Ha Ndi, 2007.
Wilhelm Jozef Maria Buch, De OoslIndische

1. Charles
B.
Msiyhon, Histoire
moderne du pays d'Annam (1592-1820),
Libraire Plon, Paris, 1919.

1637-1700,

Relations,

Compagnie

en

Quinam: de

betrekkingen der Nederlanders met Annam

in de XVIIe eeuw, H. J. Paris, Amsterdam,
1929.