NHI/V\ VU D A N TOC TRONG cACH MRNG TUT SRN PHAP 1789

Nguyen Tuan Anh

Dai hgc Supham Hui

C-ach mang tu san Phap ndm 1789 la

cudc each mang tu san dien binh va trift dc

Thir hai: Dan tdc la toan bd nban dan ciia

qudc gia dd.

nbat trong cac cudc each mang tu san thai

Kbi ban ve khdi niem dan tdc gan lien

can dai. Cudc each mang da lat dd nen thdng

vdi sy ra ddi ciia cbii nghTa tu bdn d phuong

tri chuyen che cua vua Louis XVI, thdng

Tay, Stalin lan dau tien neu ra djnh nghTa

nhat thj trudng dan tdc, thiet lap nen cdng

day dil ve dan tdc: "Ddn tgc Id mot khdi

hoa tu san. BCMI canh dd, each mang Phdp

cdng ddng ngu&i dn dinh Ihdnh lap Irong

nam 1789 da chdng lai sir can thiep ciia lien

lich sir, dua Iren ea sa cgng ddng ve liidng

minh phong kicn chau Au, diimg dau la nudc

ndi, ve ldnh thd. ve sinh hogt kinh le vd ve

Anh tu ban, qua dd chirng td rang: Trong

hinh thdnh tdm ly, bieu hien trong cgng ddng

cudc each mang tu san Phap 1789, nhiem vu

vdn hod"

dan tdc da dugc dat ra va giai quyet mdt cdch

triet de.

da neu ra nguyen ly ndi tieng ve hai khuynh

y

-y

\. Ly luan chung ve van de dan toe va

nhiem vu dan toe dat ra trong cuoc each

Trong khi pban tich xa bdi tu ban. Lenin

lieh sir trong vdn de ddn lgc. Xu hudng thir

F

nhdt the hien trong sir thire tinh cua y ihirc

y,

1. Ly lugn chung ve vdn de ddn tgc

Van de dan tdc la van de ve sy giai
phdng vd nhiing dieu kien phdt trien ty do
cua cac dan tdc. Vi vay, can phai cd each
xem xet van de dan tdc theo quan diem Ijch
sir, bdi ndi dung vd y nghTa cua van de nay
khdng gidng nhau trong nhiing thai dai khde
nhau. Dan tdc Id mdt pham trii Iieh sir, la sdn
pham ciia qud trinh phdt trien Idu ddi cua ljch
sir xa bdi loai ngudi. Hifn nay, khdi niem
7

trong van de dan tdc: "Trong qud trinh phdi

trien ciia chu nghia lu bdn, cd hai xu hudng

mang tu san phap 1789

\

hudmg khdch quan ciia chii nghTa tu ban

ddn lgc vd eiia phong trdo ddn tgc. Irong

cugc ddu Iranh chdng deh dp birc hoc ldi.
trong cugc ddu Iranh chdng deh dp hire ddn
tgc. trong viee thdnh lap cdc qudc gia ddn
lgc. Xu hu&ng thir hai the hien trong viec
phdt trien vd tdng cu&ng mdi quan he giita
cdc ddn tgc, trong viee xod bd nhirng hdng
rdo ngdn cdch cdc ddn tgc vd trong viec thiel
lap su thdng nhdt qudc ti ciia tu bdn, cua

dan tdc dugc hieu theo nhieu nghTa, trong dd

cd hai nghTa dugc dung phd bien nhat: Thir
f

nhdt: Dan tdc la mdt bd phdn cua qudc gia;

' Stalin (1962), Van di ddn toe vd thuoc dia, NXB S

that. Ha Npi, tr. 43.

QUtietn lui ddu

f

te^.

57

dai song kinh te ndi chung, eua chinh tri, cua

khoa hge... Xu hu&ng thu nhdt chiim uu thi
trong lue chit nghia tu bdn m&i bdt ddu phdt
trien, xu hu&ng thir hai Id ddc trung eua chu
nghia tu bdn da gid cdi vd sdp chuyen thdnh
mdt xd hgi xd hdi chu nghia"'^
Pham vi bdi viet nay ebu yeu de cap tdi
nhiing bieu bien trong xu hudmg tbii nbat,
kbi chil nghTa tu ban (CNTB) mdi bdt dau
phdt trien.
2. Nhiem vu ddn toe dgt ra trong cugc
Cdch mgng tie sdn Phdp 1789
0 nudc Phap, nen quan chu, vuomg
quyen Id dinh ciia lau ddi phong kien vd
chuyen cbe. Nba vua cd quyen quyet djnh
mpi cdng vifc ddi ndi vd ddi ngoai cua qudc
gia. Vua chi dinh va bai chirc cdc bd trudmg
vd cdc quan cbiic, ban bd vd bai bd phdp
luat, trimg phat vd dn xd. Bd mdy quan lieu
cdng kenh, phirc tap ciia nen quan chii
chuyen cbe ndm chat mpi sinh boat xa bdi vd
duy tri cd mdt bf thdng phdp luat, quy tdc,
tap qudn phong kien tich luy bang the ky.
Ca edu hdnh chinh cua nu&c Phdp hodn
todn khdng ddng nhdt. Ca nudc dugc chia ra
thanb rit nhilu tinh, tinh lai chia thdnh
nhiing don vi banh cbinh nhd bom vd mang
ban cbit khde nhau: khu tu phdp, khu hdnh
chinh... Cdc dom vi hanh cbinh dy khdng ddp
ling nhung dilu kifn kinh tl dia phuang, ma
dugc ddt ra do nhiing nguyen nhdn khd ngau
nhien: phin ldn nguyen la nhiing lanh dia
phong kiln ddc lap, sap nhap vdo vuomg
^ V.I. Lenin (1974), Vi quyin ddn toe tu quyit, NXB
Tiln bo, Matxcova, tr. 20.

trieu Phdp d nhiing thdi ky khde nhau.

Nhiing tinh ay duy tri Idu ddi tinh chat bift
lap pbong kiln cd xua ciia minh. Cd tinh nhu
Phrdngsocdngte, cd quyen bdnh va the che
bdnh cbinh rieng ciia minh, tbam chi cdn
"dugc coi nhu ngoai bang" Cd nhirng linh
khde nhu Anddt dugc xem nhu "nudc ngoai
thyc sy". cd the che vd quyen hanh rieng.
Viee cai tri & cdc tinh ciing khdng Ihdng
nhdt. Mac dii da cd sy thdng nhat dat nudc
ve ehinb trj, nhung tinh trang pban cat ve
kinb te cua dat nudc chua bi tbii tieu hoan
todn da kim ham sy phdt trien ciia cdng
thuomg nghifp. Mdi tinh cd mdt che dp bdnh
f

chinh vd tu phdp rieng, thue khod, he thdng

do ludng ciing khde nhau. Dac biet, che dp
thue quan ndi dja rat nhieu tang.
Vao the ky XVIII, Phdp cd mdt nen
ngoai thuomg manh. Nudc Phap xuat khau
lua mi, len, gia sue, rugu vang, cac bang xa
xi sang cdc nudc chau Au, phuomg Ddng va
cdc thudc dia d chau My. Nbung chinh cbe
dp thue quan trong nudc da ngdn can budc
tien cua thuomg nghiep, ndi thuomg chiu
nhieu sy rdng bude. Nha nudc, cdc lanh chiia
phong kien, gidm muc, tu vifn deu ddt cdc
tram tbu thue van chuyen. "O trong nude cd
den 50.000 linh kiem sodt cdc hdng rdo thue
quan. Ngudi ta ndi rdng, van chuyen lita mi
tir Trung Qudc sang Phdp cdn it tdn kem han
la van chuyen tir mien Nam len mien Bdc
nude Phdp "^

^ Ephimlp (1963), Thi giai can dgi, NXB Sir that, Ha

Npi, tr. 67.

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58

Trong ITnh vyc cdng nghifp, trudc khi

each mang nd ra, da dat dugc nhiing thdnh
tyu Idn. Tuy nhien nen cdng nghiep non tre
ciia Phap vap pbdi nhirng trd ngai ldn. Che
dp pbudng bdi ngudn thu nbap quan trpng
cua chl dp chuyen che vdi nhirng quy djnh
ngat ngheo vc sd lugng, mau bang bod, gid
ca, thi trudng... da kim bam viec ty do kinb
doanh \a cai tien ky thuat, can trd viec md
rpng va phat trien ciia cdng nghiep. Sy dp
birc, bdc lot tan khde ciia cbe dp pbong kien
lam cudc sdng ciia ndng dan bet sire khdn
khd, san xuat ndng nghiep giam sut, sire mua
thap lam thi trudng trong nudc bj tbu hep lai,
hdng rao thue quan ddi vdi hang bod luu
thdng... da kim ham sy phdt trien ciia cdng
nghiep Phap.
Nhu vay, che dp hdnh cbinh phiic tap,
bii lau, vd ly vd sy cdcb bift giiia cdc viing la
nhumg trd ngai ldm cho sy phdt trien cdng
thuomg nghiep tu bdn chii nghTa liic dd ciing
nhu ddi vdi sy binh thanb dan tdc tu san d
Phap. Tinh hinh dd ddt ra cho cudc Cdcb
mang tu sdn Phdp nam 1789 (ve khia canh
nhiem vu dan tdc) la "phai tieu diet, virt bd,
phd vd" mpi xieng xich ciia xd hdi cii, thdng
nbat lanh thd, thdng nhat thj trudmg dan tdc,
tao dieu kifn cho CNTB phdt trien. Ngoai ra,
vifc thyc hien nhifm vy dan tdc trong cdch
mang tu san Phdp cdn the hifn d cudc dau
tranh chdng lai sy tan cdng ciia lien minh
/

phong kien chau Au vd nudc Anh tu sdn de

bdo vf nhirng thanh qua cua cudc each m.ang
dien ra trong tien trinh cdch mang.
IL Viec giai quyet nhiem vu dan toe
trong Cach mang tu san Phap nam 1789

y. Tlwng nhdt ldnh thd, liinh thdnh thi

tru&ng ddn tgc
Ngdy 14-7-1789, Cdch mang biing nd va
thing lgi d Paris, phdi dai tu sdn Lap hien len
nim cbinh quyen. Ngdy 26-8-1789, Qudc hoi
Lap hiln thdng qua ban "Tuyen ngdn nhdn
quyin vd ddn quyen " mdt cuang ITnh tuyen
bd nhirng nguyen tic co ban ciia xd bdi mdi.
Tuyen ngdn da vach rd nhirng quyen tu
nhien bat di bat dich va tbicng lieng ciia con
ngudi vd ciia cdng dan. Trong the ky ma che
dp phong kien chuyen cbc cdn thdng tri khap
luc dia chau Au dudi nhirng hinh thirc da
man vd tan bao nbat. ban TuNcn ngdn tao
bao ay ciia giai cap tu san each mang. tuyen
bd quyen binb ddng ve phdp Iy cua moi
ngudi, quyen ty do ca nhan va quyen chdng
dp biic cd mdt y nghTa tien bd. Tu\cn ngdn
da thuc day manh me quan chiing nhan dan
diing len ddu tranh ty giai phdng khdi sy ap
birc ciia cbe dp phong kien. dua Cach mang
phat trien theo con dudng di len.
Trong thdng 8-1789. Qudc hdi Lap hien
da thdng qua nhieu dao luat cd y nghTa tien
bd. Qudc bdi da xod bd che dp dang cap bat
binh dang, bai bd thanh phan quy tdc the tap
va mpi tudc vj gdn vao dd. Dac biet, de to
chirc lai dat nudc tren ca sd nin dan chii tu
sdn, Qudc hgi Lap hien xod bd nhirng dac
quyen cii cua cdc tinh, phd buy toan bd su
phan chia cu cua nudc Phdp cd tir thdi Trung
cd.
Tiep theo, ngdy 15-1-1790, Qudc hoi
Lap hien ban hanh dao luat mdi vl td chiic
hanh cbinh ciia nudc Phdp. Ca nudc chia lam

QUiieuL Oil iLdn

ttki...

83 quan, cd difn tich gan bdng nhau, gidng

nhau ve mat bdnh ehinb. Qudn dugc chia
thanb khu, tdng, xa. To chiic hdnh cbinh nay
thil tieu sy phan cdt phong kien cii, vdi
nhiing tan tich cd xua trong co cau kinb tl
cbinh tri nhu thue quan ndi dja, tod dn lanh
cbiia, thue dja phuomg, hf thdng do ludng...,
bao dam sy thdng nhat qudc gia va sy ddng
nhat hdnh cbinh.
Trong ITnh vyc phdp cbe cdng thuomg
nghiep, de bao vf quyen lgi kinh te ciia giai
cap tu sdn, thdng 2-1791, Qudc hdi Lap hien
bai bd phudng bdi phong kien vd cdc ddc
quyen ciia nd. Do dd nhiing hang rdo can trd
sy phdt trien ciia mau dich vd kinh doanh san
/

xuat da bien mat, tao dieu kien thudn Igi cbo

sy phdt trien cdng thuang nghiep.
Tat cd cdc dao luat ndi tren dugc dua
vdo ndi dung bdn Hien phdp dau tien cua nhd
nudc tu sdn, dugc thdng qua thdng 9-1791 va
cd bifu lyc tir thdng 10-1791. Mac dii cdn cd
nhiing ban che, nhumg Hien phdp 1791 cd
mdt gid tri tien bd vi tuyen bd nguyen tdc
chil quyen ciia qudc dan vd xdc lap nen thdng
trj ciia giai cip tu sdn dudi binb thire Quan
chil Lap biln. Tuy nhien, trong thdi gian ndm
quyin, phdi Lap biln da Idm quin ehiing
nhan dan thit vpng vi quyin lgi ciia bg
khdng dugc gidi quylt, sd phdn eiia dat nudc
dang bi de doa bdi sy tin cdng ciia phong
kiln chau Au. Dilu nay da lam cbo tu tudng
ddi bai bd nin Quan chu ngdy edng cd nhieu
ngudi hudng img.
Ngdy 10-8-1792, quin chiing nhan dan
khdi nghTa tiln din Cung difn Tuylori, bit

59
giam nhd vua vd hoang hau, nen quan chii bi
sup dd. Qudc bdi Lap phdp trieu tap mdt
Qudc bdi mdi tuyen cir theo phd thdng dau
phieu, gpi la Qudc udc, trong dd phai
Girdngdanh chiem da sd. Nhung kbi da nam
dugc cbinh quyen, phdi Girdngdanh tim mpi
cdch de kim ham Cdch mang, trd thdnh mdt
lyc lugng bdo thu. Trudc nhirng khd khan ve
ddi ndi va ddi ngoai, bp td ra bat lyc va
kbiep nhugc. Cudi ciing cupc khdi nghTa
ngay 31-5 va 2-6-1793 da lat dd nen thdng trj
ciia phdi Girdngdanh vd dua phai Giacdbanh
len ndm ehinh quyen, thiet lap sy thdng tri
cua quan chiing vd ciia tu sdn vira va nhd.
Phdi Giacdbanh len nam quyen vao liic
nudc cdng boa dang trai qua chang dudng
nguy hiem nhat do ndi phdn vd ngoai xam.
De Idi cudn dugc da sd quan chiing nhan dan
lao ddng trong nudc ve phia minh, phdi
f

'

Giacdbanh thay trudc bet can pbdi giai quyet

cdc yeu cau ciia quan chiing, phdi xay dyng
ban Hien phdp dan chu nhdm ddt mdt co sd
chinh tri chung cbo cd nudc.
Ngdy 24-6-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh
thdng qua Hien phdp. Day la ban Hien phap
tu sdn dan chu nbat trong thdi can dai. Tham
nhuin nhiing tu tudng ciia Riitxd vd nhiing
nguyfn vpng chdn chinh ddi quyen ty do
chinh tri rdng rai, nhu cdc nhd dan chu tu san
Ilic bay gid quan nifm, Hien phdp 1793 ddnh
diu mdt budc tiln vT dai so vdi Hien phdp
1791. Hiln phdp 1793 khang dinh cdc quyen
ty do dan chu cua cdng dan, thu tieu hoan
toan eac dac quyen phong kien, khdng dinh
Phdp la mpt nude cdng hod thdng nhat kbdng
the phan chia.

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60

Kit ciu hdnh cbinh mdi ay ciing nhiing

dao luat, nhiing ban Hien phdp dugc ban
hanh trong tien trinb cdch mang Phdp dd tbii
tieu mpi vet tich eua sy phan cdch vd bift lap
pbong kien, do dd gdp phan dua qud trinb
binh thanb dan tdc tu sdn Phdp den cho hodn
thien. "Chinh vi nhirng le do md cho den nay
han 200 ndm sau cdch mgng. su phdn chia
hdnh chinh dy vdn tdn tgi"
2. Dau tranh chdng ngogi xdm, bdo v^
dpc lap dan tpc
Sau khi ngyc Baxti thdt thu, bpn quy tdc,
tang IQ" pban ddng da trdn khdi nudc Phdp,
cdu cuu sy giiip da ciia the lyc phong kien
chau Au. Sau khi bd trdn khdng thdnh, nhd
Vua ddt tat cd hy vpng vao sy can thifp ciia
nudc ngodi de nhanh chdng tien edng chdng
"bpn siic sinh ndi loan" Dau nam 1790, y
dinh can thiep vii trang chdng nudc Phdp bat
dau hinh thdnh. Yeu cdu chdng lai "sy lay
lan ciia cdch mang" lam dju di mdi bat bod
giiia cdc nudc qudn chii. Cdc chinh phu phdn
ddng vd chuyen che da cdng khai len tieng
de doa nudc Phdp. Ngdy 27-8-1791, Ao
hodng Ledpdn 11 va vua Phd Vinhem II ky
/

ban tuyen bd ciing hdnh ddng de bdo vf vua

Phdp. Thdng 2-1792, hai nudc ky ket Hifp
udc Lien minh quan sy chdng Phdp, mdi de
doa can thifp vii trang cua cdc nudc phong
kien chau Au chdng lai cdch mang Phdp den
gin.

ngudi hilu chiln, da khdng giau giem viec

dng ta dang ndn ndng mudn khai chien vdi
cdcb mang Phdp. Nudc Ao trd thanh trung
tdm can thifp phdn each mang ciia chdu Au.
Dc gidnh the chii ddng, ngay 20-4-1792.
Qudc bdi Lap phdp tuyen chien vdi Ao.
Nudc Phdp tuyen chien trudc, nhung dieu do
tuyet ddi khdng lam thay ddi viec nudc Phap
da tien hdnh mdt eupc chien tranh chinh
nghTa vd ty ve. Lenin da viet: "Todn the
y

nhdn ddn, ddc biet Id qudn chiing, nghia Id

nhirng giai cdp bi dp buc da ditng len vdi
long nhiet tinh edeh mgng vd b& ben, tdt cd
deu nhdn xet ddy Id euge chien tranh ehinh
nghTa, tu ve vd sir that ehinh nd la nhir the.
Nu&c Phdp cdch mgng dd tu ve chdng lgi
chdu Au phdn ddng vd qudn chii"^ Nhung
quan Phdp do cdc tudng td quy tdc chi huy
khdng mudn thdng trdn, cd y riit lui tao thuan
Igi cbo quan Ao tien sau \ ao trong nudc. Lo
ngai trudc nhirng that bai d bien gidi, cam
phan trudc sy phan bdi cua bgn tudng td va
7

sT quan, quan chiing nhan dan da ndi day dau

tranh chdng nha Vua vd budc Qudc hdi Lap
phdp phdi thdng qua sic Ifnh tuyen bo "TI
qudc lam nguy" vdo ngay 11-7-1792. Tit ca
nhimg ngudi dan dng cd thi cim vu khi deu
pbdi tdng qudn.
Trudc khi the cdch mang ciia quan
chimg,

ngdy

25-7-1792,

cdng

tudc

Brunsviek, tu Ifnh quan dpi can thifp nhan

Thdng 3-1792, hoang de Ledpdn II chet.

danh vua Ao va Phd da cdng bd bdn tuyen

Hodng de mdi cua Ao, Phrdngxoa I la mdt

ngdn, bgc lg mgt cdch rd rft nhiing am muu

A. Manfrit (1963), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789', NXB

* Tran Van Trj (1989), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789,Su that H" ^'
NXB Giao dye, H^ Noi, tr. 49.

QfUuMJtn lUi lidn t&e....

61

cua bgn xam lugc nudc ngoai. Ban tuyen bd

ndi rd quan ddi lien minh ed nhifm vu:
"Chdm diet su hdn logn ben trong nudc
Phdp, khdi phuc chinh quyen hgp phdp, trd
lgi an ninh vd tu do cho nhd vua vd trirng tri
nhirng ngudi ldm logn" Tuyen ngdn cdn
\

nay, tuy dang nim trong tay 70 khau dai bdc

vd nhilu binh linh, da nop thdnh cho ke thii
md khdng khdng cy. Quan Phd tiln ve
Vecdoong, can cii eudi eiing de bdo vf Paris.
Ngdy 2-9-1792, thdnh Vecdoong thit tbu,
con dudng vdo Paris bj md toang.

canh bdo rang, neu xdy ra mdt sy xiie pham

nao den nhd Vua vd Hodng gia, dii Id nhd
nhdt di niia, thi nhdt dinh Paris se bi trimg
phat bang quan sy va se hodn todn bi dap do.
Nba Vua vd bgn can thifp dy tinh nhiing
ldi de doa ay se lam cho nban dan Phdp
khiep sg, nhung ehiing da ldm. Ban Tuyen
ngdn da kich ddng Idng cam phan cua nhan
dan, lam cho cudc khdi nghTa vdn khdng the
trdnh khdi eang nhanh chdng bimg nd.
Cudc khdi nghTa ngay 10-8-1792 ciia
quin chiing nhan dan da gidnh duge thdng
lgi. Nen qudn chu syp dd, vua Lui XVI vd
hodng hau bi bit, cde dai than eii cua nhd
Vua bj cdch ehiic, phdi Girdngdanh len nim
chinh quyen.
Sy sup do cua nen quan ehii va sy phdt
triln ciia cdch mang Phdp Idm the lyc phong
kiln pban ddng chau Au tiic gian dien eudng.
Ngdy 19-8-1792, ban 80 van quan Ao - Phd
do cdng tude Brunsviek chi huy, vugt bien
7

gidi, xam nhap lanh thd Phdp. De chdng lai

nhung lye lugng can thifp, ngudi Phdp dua
ra 3 dao binh cua Duymurie, Kellerman vd
Budn, gdm 82.000 quan. Tuy nhien, trong
hang ngii cdc tudng td cd nhieu ngudi theo
phdi quan chu nen sdn sang phdn bdi Td
qudc. Ngay 20-8-1792, Brunsviek bao vay
Ldngvi. Ngay 23-8, vien chi huy cu dilm

Nudc Phdp dang dirng trudc mdt nguy

CO nghiem trpng. Lien qudn Ao Phd dang
tiln vdo nudc Phdp. Nudc Anh trieu bdi dai
sii d Paris ve vd giri mdt cdng ham cho Phdp
vdi y sdn sang gia nhap qudn dpi lien minh
pbong kiln. Tay Ban Nba tien banh nhieu
boat ddng qudn sy d bien gidi Pyrene. Tat ca
chau Au phdn cdcb mang da lien minh chdng
nudc Phdp cua cdch mang. O Paris va cdc
thdnh phd khde, bpn bdo hodng vd bpn phdn
cdch mang du cdc loai ciing ngdc dau day
chdng ddi.
Trudc nhiing gid phut quyet djnh ay.
Cdng xa Cach mang da trd thdnh linh bdn
eua edng cudc bdo vf Td qudc. Hp ra ldi keu
gpi nhdn dan diing day cam vii khi tieu diet
quan thii. Nhiing doan quan tinh nguyen
dugc thanh lap va di ra mat tran.
Ngay 20-9-1792, quan dpi Phdp va Phd
doi difn nhau tren nhiimg ngpn ddi d Vanmy.
Quan Phd dan thdnh dpi ngii ehinh te xdng
thing vdo nhiing vi tri cua qudn Phdp. Theo
tiing hd "Td qudc mudn ndm", nhiing ngudi
yeu nude Phdp xdng vdo chdn ddnh quan
thil. Cudc tin cdng bi diy liii. Quan Pho pbdi
nit lui. Nudc Phdp cdch mang da chien thdng
lien minh phan cdch mang chau Au tran dau
tien. Nudc Phdp da dugc ciim thodt nhd tam
Idng ai qudc nhift thdnh cua hang trifu ngudi

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dan va nhd sy lanh dao kien quyet cua Cdng

xa Cdch mang va phdi Giacdbanh.

trdn vao lanh thd Phdp. Dd Id mdt tronj

nhiing Iy do gidi thich vi sao vdo ngdy 2-61793, phdi Girdngdanh bi qudn chung nhar
dan vd giai cap tu sdn each mang lat dd.

Tir cudi ndm 1792, vifc xir tri nhd Vua

nhu the ndo trd thdnh van de ehinh trong
nhiing cudc tranh luan tai Quoc udc. Phdi
Girdngdanh tim mgi cdch dl lin trdnh vin de
nay. Nhumg ngudi ta da tim thiy cdc bdng
chiing ve sy ddng muu eua nhd Vua vdi ke
thil ciia nudc Phdp nen quan chiing nban dan
vd phdi Giacdbanh yeu edu dua Vua ra xet
xir de trimg trj vi tdi phan qudc. Ngdy 21-11793. vua Lui XVI bi chat dau vd sau dd
khdng lau, hoang hau Mari Angtoannet eung
ehju chung sd pban.
Tir thdng 3-1793, nudc Phdp lam vdo
mdt cudc khimg hodng nghiem trgng vl
chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi. Sy phdt triln cua
cdch mang ldm cbo thi lyc phong kiln phan
ddng chdu Au hodng sg. Cdc nude Anh, Tay
Ban Nha, Hd Lan da liy vifc xii tir Lui XVI
lam cd gia nhap vao lien minh phdn cdcb
mang chdng Phap. Nude Phdp cdng hod bi
phong tod vd cd lap, phdi mdt minh chdng lai
f

Phdi Giacdbanh len nam chinh quyin

trong llie van mfnh cua nudc cdng hoa lam
f

vdo cdnh nguy khdn nhat. Quan dpi cua bpn

xam lugc tir ba phia Bdc, Ddng vd Ddng
Nam dang tien vdo nudc Phdp. Ndm dao
quan nudc ngodi dang ddn ep cdc todn quan
Phdp mft mdi, trang bj kem, mat tinh than do
hdnh ddng phan bdi cua tudng Duymurie.
Mayenxa that thu, Valenxien bj bd ngo.
Paris lai bj uy hiep. Ham ddi Anb tiep vien
cbo bgn phien loan vd phong tod cdc hai
cdng cua Phdp. Cdc cudc bao ddng phdn each
mang lan nhanh tir noi ndy sang noi khac.
Din giiia thdng 6, bao ddng da nd ra d 60
f

trong sd 83 quan. Chinh quyen cua Qudc udc

Giacdbanh chi cdn nam dugc Paris dang doi
kem vd mdt phin nhd lanh thd. Sd menh chl
dp cdng hoa nhu "ngan can treo tren sgi tdc"
De ciim thodt nudc cdng boa non tre. trong
1793. phai

tdt cd chdu Au phdn ddng. Trong tinh hinh

thdng 6 va thdng 7 nam

dd, pbdi Girdngdanh dang nim quyin td ra

Giacdbanh da thi hdnh nhilu cbinh sdch tiln

bat lyc trong vifc td chiic qudc phdng. Ddng

bd, ddp limg yeu ciu cua quin cbiirig nhan

le pbdi ddng vien todn dan chdng ke tbii, hp

dan nhu: van dk rudng dit, tbu tieu cdc dac

lai tiep tuc xiic tien cudc diu tranh be pbdi

quyen phong kiln, ban banh gid tdi da cac

chdng nhiing ngudi Giacdbanh vd van theo

mat hang thilt ylu, ban hanh Hiln phdp dan

dudi chinh sdch phdn dan chu, lam nga trude

chil... Nhd vay, phdi Giacdbanh da dugc

nhiing nhu ciu vd yeu sdch ciia nhan dan. CJ

quan chung nhan dan tich eye ung hg. Ddng

trong nudc, thang 3-1793, bao ddng phan

thdi chinh quyin Giacdbanh tdng cudng trin

vimg Tay Bic, Nodcmdngdi, Bratanha. CJ

dp bpn phan dgng vd td chirc qudc phdng dl

bao vf Td qudc.

ngoai mat tran, quan dpi cdch mang tilp tuc

Ngay 23-8-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh

each mang nd ra d Vangde, va tir dd lan ra

that bai, quan ddng minh vugt qua bien gidi

t h d n g CI^'il .'SSlf" Jis:;.:?;: r.T.rs'' rjo"",? "--""^ r^'-rig

QUdem ixu tidn

lae....

63

toan qudc. Dieu I eua sic Ifnh tuyen bd: "Tir

f

Tuldng, quan Phd - Ao bi ddnh bai d Anddt.

gid phut ndy cho den khi ndo ke thii bi dudi Tren lanh thd nudc Phdp, quan tbii da bj quet
sach. Cuoi eiing, ngay 26-6-1794, trong tran
ra khdi ldnh thd cua nu&c Cgng hod, tdt cd
nhirng ngu&i Phdp deu bi trung dung thudng Pholoruyt, qudn ddi cdcb mang Phdp da hodn
xuyen " Sac Ifnh quy dinh rd nhifm vu ciia todn ddnh bai quan dpi lien minh. Cudc chien
fi

tit cd nbung ngudi Phdp, edn ddc than bay

da lap gia dinh, ddn dng hay ddn bd, tham cbi
cd tre em vd ngudi gid. Cudc ddng vien ehua
timg cd ciia todn dan nay ehi ed the thyc hifn
trong mdt cudc chien tranh chinh nghTa.
7

dau chdng ngoai xdm bdo vf ddc lap dan tdc,

bdo vf thdnh qud cdcb mang da ket thuc
thdng lgi. Nhifm vu dan tdc dugc gidi quyet
trift de.
3. Ket luan

Cudc ddng vien nay da ed vii tinh than yeu

nudc ciia dai da sd nhan dan. Vi the, Sdc
lenh Tdng ddng vien duge nhan dan Phdp,
dac bift Id ndng dan hudng ung nhift lift.
Mudi bdn dao quan dugc thdnh lap trong
thdi gian ngdn nhdt vd len dudng ra mat tran
vdi tinh than chien ddu rat cao.

Dai cdcb mang Phdp ndm 1789 da de lai

cbo nudc Phdp mdt di sdn tbieng lieng dd la
sy thdng nhat qudc gia vdi y thiic "dan tdc Id
mdt vd khdng the phdn chia" Sy thdng nhat
dd vira la hf qua, vira Id nen tdng ciia tbiet
cbe xa hdi tu sdn, tren dd binh thanb nhirng

Ci trong nudc, eae nganh cdng nghifp

nguyen ly ca bdn ve nhd nudc, phdp luat,

deu hudng ve phyc vy qudc phdng. Cde nhd

kinh te vd xa hdi. Y thiic thdng nhat dan tdc

khoa hoc ndi tieng nhu Beetdlie, Lazora

dd da tao nen siic manh cho nude Phdp trong

Cdend da tich eye tham gia nghien euu cdc

cudc dau tranh bdo ve ddc lap dan tdc. Cdcb

nguyen ly, chien thuat mdi vd td chirc hf

mang da xod bd quy tdc the tdc vd sy ngdn

thdng phdng thu bdo vf cdch mang. Chinh

cdch phong kien ddi vdi lanh thd vd sy giao

f

nhd su no lye eua toan dan tde, quan Phdp da

luu kinh te. Van de dan tdc dugc gidi quyet

gianh duge thing lgi dau tien d Ddng Bdc

mdt cdch trift de, qudc gia dan tdc dugc

vao thdng 9 vd thdng 10 ndm 1793, ldm thay

thdng nhat da tao dieu kifn cho sy phdt trien

ddi han cue difn chien tranh. Quan Ao bj tan

manh me eua phuomg thirc sdn xuat tu bdn

ra, quan Anh vd eae vuomg qudc Diie phdi

chil nghTa liic bay gid, cua khoa bpc ky thuat,

riit Iui. Chua thing lgi hodn toan, song nude

Phdp bit diu thodt khdi cugc khung hodng
quan sy. Cudi ndm 1793, quan Phdp chuyen
f

sang tan cdng, quan Anh bi ddnh dudi khdi

gdp phan tao nen nen vdn hod tinh than vd

vat chat cao trong lich sir nude Phdp vd trong
lieh sir van minh nhan loai.

A. Manfra (1963), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789, NXB

S\rthat,HaN9i,tr.253.