CHNH TR - AN NINH CHU U

MT S BI HC RT RA T M HNH PHT TRIN BC U

PGS.TS. inh Cng Tun
Vin Nghin Cu Chu u

Nhn

chung, cc quc gia Bc u s

hu trong tay mnh mt m hnh pht trin
nht nh ph thuc vo hon cnh lch s,
vn ho v kinh t ca tng nc, nhng c
bn nc Bc u u c chung nhng
nguyn tc, mc tiu, tr ct chnh sch
trong thc hin m hnh pht trin ca mnh.
Chnh v vy hnh thnh nn mt m hnh
pht trin kiu Bc u Scandinavia c
nhng c trng ring so vi cc khu vc
khc chu u.
S pht trin ca m hnh Bc u cho
thy mt c im ni bt, l vai tr quan
trng ca nh nc v ca khu vc cng
cng. Ti cc nc Bc u, hng ho cng
cng dng nh nhiu hn cc loi hng ho
khc v cc dch v phc li cng cng
chim u th. Cng c nhng bng chng
thc t cho thy s pht trin ca khu vc t
nhn, nhng s pht trin ny c s kim
sot ca khu vc nh nc.

dch v x hi khc. X hi Bc u c
nh gi l nhng x hi giu c, thnh
vng, cng bng v dn ch. Tuy cn gp
mt s kh khn thch thc nht nh, nhng
x hi Bc u c nh gi l mt x hi
l tng v l mu hnh pht trin ca th
gii.
Qua nghin cu phn tch cng c th
phn loi m hnh Bc u thnh 2 nhm:
nhm Thu in v Phn Lan; nhm an
Mch v Na Uy. X hi phc li ca an
Mch v Na Uy mang tnh cht t do hn
trong khi m hnh phc li x hi ca Thu
in v Phn Lan mang tnh cht k lut v
nghip on hn. Tuy nhin, khng d dng
phn bit m hnh pht trin ca cc nc
trn. Mi nc c mt thnh cng, trn con
ng pht trin ca h, v tu chung li cc
nc u c nhng c im chung tng
ng ca c nhm Bc u.

Vic lm y l chin lc u tin

Nghin cu m hnh Bc u gi m

ch yu ca m hnh Bc u. Xoay quanh

mt s bi hc kinh nghim ni bt. Th

vn vic lm y l quyn li ca ph

nht, vo nhng thi im khng hong kinh

n, tr em, ngi v hu, ngi bnh tt,

t, chnh tr, x hi... c im ca cc chnh

nhng dch v chm sc sc kho v cc

sch x hi, mi quan h gia nh nc v

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No1 (136).2012

cc nhm kinh t - x hi ch cht trong x

cng l, gn kt, n nh, m bo an ninh v

hi ng vai tr rt quan trng, gip tm

vt cht v th lc, hnh phc cho con ngi

kim nhng gii php, li ra thot ra khi

v tng trng kinh t v.v...

tnh hnh khng hong .

Cc bi hc thc t v iu hnh qun l

Th hai, t kinh nghim Thu in,

x hi ca Bc u chng minh rng, s tng

Phn Lan trong thp k gn y c th thy

trng kinh t thc hin song hnh vi mt

cc h thng, th ch dn ch c th thch

s kin to v phc li x hi, vi phm vi

ng vi nhng thch thc mi ny sinh trong

v ch hng li ch ho phng khc

qu trnh pht trin (c bn trong v bn

nhau. Song, phn u tng trng kinh t v

ngoi).

nng cao hiu sut lao ng khng phi l

Hin nay, cc nh nc phc li Bc u

ni ring v chu u ni chung cng gp
phi nhng thch thc mi trong lch s nh
s chuyn i nhanh sang giai on x hi
hu cng nghip, gia tng ton cu ho,
chuyn i, thay i trong cu trc nhn
khu (t l sinh thp, xu hng gi ho nhn
khu tng, di c ni a, khu vc tng),
cc quan h x hi, xu hng tin ti ho
nhp chu u (EU) v ng li chnh tr
mi, hu chin tranh lnh ..., song c th
ni, cc nh nc phc li dn ch x hi
iu chnh chnh sch x hi kh tt, theo
hng duy tr tnh hp php, tnh chnh danh
ca h thng ny, ngay c khi nhng bin
i v thc tin mi ca nn kinh t ngy
cng gay gt hn.

mc tiu duy nht ng li nh nc

phc li Bc u v chu u ni chung.
ng li chnh tr v vic kin to nh
nc phc li cng chnh l nhm thc hin
mc tiu bnh ng ho cc c hi sng
cn ca mi ngi dn, m bo cng bng
x hi, gn kt x hi v n nh x hi. Cc
c im ny gn cht vi tng trng kinh
t v ng thi pht trin kinh t, mi trng
u t v cc u tin la chn chnh tr, h t
tng, cc li ch v nhng gi tr c
cao trong x hi. Vic chn la v thc hin
loi chnh sch nh nc phc li x hi no
ph thuc vo kiu loi chnh ph, h t
tng chnh tr v nhng nguyn vng, mong
mun ca c tri tham gia bu c (V d, v
vic p ng nhu cu, v iu nh nc cn
v phi c trch nhim thc hin, v ph

C trong lch s v hin ti, nh nc

thuc vo bi cnh chnh tr vn ho (cc cu

phc li Bc u c th m t l a chc

trc chun mc, k vng, gi tr x hi...)

nng. Vic nh gi thnh tu, mc thnh

cng nh mc pht trin kinh t v kh

cng ca m hnh c xem xt v cn phi

nng vn dng nhng c s l lun v tri

tnh n nhng gi tr c bit, cc mc tiu,

thc nn tng, tin cn thit cho tng

nhim v chnh tr x hi nh cng bng,

trng kinh t v hiu qu.

Mt s bi hc...
Th ba, nh nc phc li nhm phc

dn c c vic lm y v bn vng

v nhiu chc nng, thng bt u i t cc

c m rng v bnh ng, chuyn hng

mc tiu, phm vi hp sang m rng bao

t m hnh ngi kim sng chnh l nam

qut v ton din. Ban u, mc tiu quan

gii sang m hnh c nam v n cng kim

trng nht m cc nc ny thng tnh n

sng, cng chia s trch nhim gia nh v

l cn nhc v hi ho x hi v h tr ch

iu ny tr thnh chun mc chnh sch

li ch. V d, thc hin xa i gim

cng cng theo phng thc qun l (ngun

ngho, h tr cc nhu cu, dch v ti thiu

cu lao ng) theo t tng trng phi

c bn l mt mc tiu quan trng trong

Keyn. An sinh x hi c m rng v nng

chng trnh x hi. Theo thi gian, mt s

cp, xt c v mc ch li ch ho

chng trnh c pht trin m rng nhm

phng v phm vi bao ph ti ton b dn c

m bo phng nga nhng ri ro, bin c

hu ht cc loi hnh bo him x hi.

trong i sng c nhn, do b mt thu nhp,

nhm mc tiu ti phn b thu nhp theo chu
trnh sng ca mi cng dn, ti phn b
ngun lc trong v gia cc nhm x hi,
cung cp, m bo an ninh c bn cho tt c
mi cng dn. Theo ngha ny, c th ni
nh nc phc li Bc u c coi l cng
c n nh x hi hu hiu, nhm phng
nga nhng bt n x hi, nhng phn khng
bt ng v hn ch nn ngho i lan rng
trong x hi. Vic kt hp gia cu trc qun
tr dn ch, pht trin nn kinh t t bn th

cp v m, thm ch mt s ch
bo him tht nghip c th to ra hiu ng
ngc, nh c th to ra cc khuyn khch
cho c nhn t b th trng lao ng, song
quan im chnh l vn tht nghip khng
cn c coi l vn ca c nhn m l
quan tm ca c x hi. V vy, th trng
lao ng c pht trin tr thnh yu t
chnh ca nn kinh t tin t, trong khi , h
thng an sinh x hi tr thnh cc thit ch
c bn ca nh nc phc li hin i.

trng c iu tit v xy dng cc thit ch

Xt ngha rng nht, vic iu hnh

phc li tng i ton din gip quc gia

kinh t v m tr thnh mt phn khng

thch ng v p ng nhng nhu cu x hi

tch ri ca cng tc qun tr x hi. Bc

ang thay i mt cch kh thnh cng

u, s ha nhp h thng song hnh vi ho

Bc u.

nhp x hi, da trn cc quan im lun

Kinh nghim ca Bc u trong sut mt

thuyt x hi hc cu trc - chc nng cng

th k qua cho thy, s tham gia th trng

nh nhng quan im l lun nh hng ch

lao ng ngy cng cao v tng ln vn c

th - quyn cng dn. V vy, ri ro ca cng

th cng ng hnh vi s m rng h thng

dn khi b mt vic, ri vo tnh trng bn l

an sinh x hi. T thp k 1960 n nay, t l

v tch bit x hi c tch cc khc phc.

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No1 (136).2012

cp v m, trch nhim ca chnh

1930, mt phn ca thp k 1990). Mt phm

ph l phi to ra cc iu kin doanh

tr x hi nh cc b ni tr gn nh

nghip c th pht trin v gn cht vi trch

bin mt khi i sng x hi. nh hng

nhim chung ca mi cng dn, ngi c

tch cc ca h thng gio dc l nh hng

nng lc/kh nng cn phi lm vic hoc

pht trin cc k nng, trnh cao. tui

phi t c trnh hc vn c tham

v gii tnh ca thnh phn lc lng lao

gia lao ng y trn th trng lao ng.

ng thay i nhanh chng trong sut th

Mc d h thng an sinh x hi cung

k qua.

cp cc ch li ch khc nhau (tr em,

Ngy cng c nhiu ch li ch ho

ngi gi..), song chun mc ni tri Bc

phng cho thai sn, ngh chm sc con ci

u v Ty u ni chung l thanh nin, trung

cng nh s pht trin cc h thng dch v

nin, c nam v n, cn phi l ngi tch

chm sc tr em to ra mi trng thn

cc trn th trng lao ng c thu nhp

thin ni lm vic, thn thin cho gia

c lp. S chp thun chun mc x hi ny

nh, thn thin cho ph n, to iu kin

c duy tr v cng c, khng ch th

thun li cho ph n tham gia lao ng

hin thun tu kha cnh thu nhp tin t,

Bc u trong sut nhng nm 1980-1990.

m cn nhng c im x hi nh v th,

Yu t quan trng khc l s huy ng chnh

c quyn, quyn lc c ph bin cng

tr ca ph n din ra kh nhanh. Ph n

ng, tu theo vic c nhn c lm vic

tham gia nhiu vo cc ng chnh tr, cng

hoc khng lm vic. Cc c ch gim st x

on, c ting ni quan trng cc lnh vc

hi cng ng Bc u tng i gn kt

ra quyt nh nh Quc hi, Chnh ph v b

v bnh ng, ni s khc bit gia nh nc

my Nh nc.

v x hi c khong cch Blurred ln, s

Lnh vc quan trng thay i t duy

bt tun th qui nh c th dn n mt

v ci cch nh nc phc li Bc u l

danh d hoc b loi tr khi nhm x hi

cc chnh sch vic lm. Tnh trng tht

ni tri vv. iu ny cho thy, kha cnh ca

nghip v thiu vic lm, vn khng lm

lgc o c ca nh nc phc li hin i

vic, lun c t r trn bn ngh s v

c ngha rt quan trng.

thu ht s quan tm chnh tr rt ln trong x

Bc u, t l dn c tham gia lao

hi.

ng cc khu vc hin i ca nn kinh t

Th t, to ra vic lm lun l trng tm

(ngoi nng nghip v cc cng vic ni tr

u tin ca h thng lut php, chnh sch

khng c tnh cng) tng ln trong sut

phc li l c im ca nh nc phc li,

th k 20 (tr hai giai on ngn l thp k

c s gn b cht ch thit ch phc li vi

Mt s bi hc...
vic lm. Cc nh nc Bc u u th hin

ph qut v mc phc li chung trong x

l cc x hi c da trn c s, nn tng

hi.

to ra s lng vic lm ln v nh nc
phc li ch cao. V vy, chnh sch th
trng lao ng tch cc v tip cn cng
vic l hn tng ca chnh sch phc li
k t Chin tranh th gii th Hai.

Trc khi ct cnh v kinh t v cng

nghip, cc x hi Bc u tng i bnh
ng v trong sut 100 nm pht trin, kt
hp gia kin to nh nc phc li v pht
trin kinh t thnh cng nht, cc x hi ny

Vo thp k 1990, mt cch tip cn

th hin tinh thn khng chp thun vi

cng vic v hot ng mi c iu

tnh trng bt bnh ng x hi, ngho i

chnh, vi vic tht cht tiu ch v ngi c

hn hu ht cc nc pht trin nht.

th hng ch li ch, gim dn thi gian

Trong na u th k 20, phm vi lp qui

v mc h tr. V d, bn nc Bc u

hoch x hi bao gm thit lp v pht trin

p dng cc iu kin cht ch hn v

an sinh x hi, h thng y t v gio dc l

vic hng ch bo him tht nghip:

kt qu r rng ca qu trnh chnh tr dn

Na Uy, tiu ch v bo him y t cho ngi

ch nhm cn bng yu cu pht trin tng

tn tt; Phn Lan v Thu in - iu kin

trng kinh t v cng bng x hi Bc

hng bo him m au c tht cht hn

u.

v.v...

Lch s Bc u cho thy, phc li x

Tuy nhin, so vi nhiu nc chu u,

hi c th mang tnh cht tch cc v tiu

c th khng nh, cc nh nc phc li

cc. V truyn thng, v nhng l do tn gio

Bc u vn th hin nhng nt khc bit v

v vn ho khc nhau, cc nc Bc u k

khng theo hng hi t vi m hnh tn - t

tha nhng di sn rt mnh m v tinh thn,

do v bo tr x hi, hoc theo hng tip

ng x o c trong cng vic v l

cn th trng t do v gii iu tit v thc

ngun lc ni ti rt ln cho s pht trin v

hin phc li ti thiu vn c coi l nn

tng thc hin cc chnh sch to vic lm
tch cc nhng nm gn y.
Th nm, bn cnh s c o ca m
hnh Bc u, khng th khng cp n s

tn ti ca nh nc phc li cng nh m
bo nng sut lao ng cao.
Tt c cc nc Bc u u bt u
pht trin cc nh nc phc li t t, bt
u t nhng chng trnh vi qui m, gii
hn chng mc, da trn thm nh mc thu

pht trin nng lc ca chnh ph v cc th

nhp, hoc chng trnh hn ch cho mt s

ch trong thc y phc li v hm tch

nhm i tng nht nh. S la chn cc

cc i vi vic thc hin cc chnh sch

gii php th ch ban u c tc dng hiu

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No1 (136).2012

qu l m rng v pht trin tip theo. V d,

v c nh hnh bi vn ho, truyn thng,

cc chng trnh u tin da trn nguyn

pht trin kinh t, cng ngh, cu trc x hi

tc thm nh kinh t, s d dng chuyn

v quan h x hi. D nhin, cn rt thn

sang chng trnh ph qut hn l nhng

trng khi bn lun v con ng ng n,

chng trnh lc u ch nhm cho nhm dn

cn nhc v tnh hp l ca cc chnh sch x

c tham gia tch cc vo th trng lao ng

hi ca cc chnh ph. Nhng quan tm, gi

(V d, chng trnh cho cng nhn doanh

tr u tin ct li, quan nim v cng bng,

nghip).

cng l x hi, on kt x hi, n nh v

Th su, cc mc tiu gio dc ph

thng, cung cp dch v y t ph qut l c
bit quan trng, v c u tin cao nhm

bnh ng ho cc c hi c sng t t ca
mi cng dn l ni tri v u tin cao ca
x hi.

pht trin kinh t v hng thnh quc gia lin

Mt kha cnh ch cht ca h thng an

tc trong nhiu nm. Trch nhim ca nh

sinh x hi chnh l cn phi t chc v to

nc v khu vc cng i vi m bo sc

ra nhng khuyn khch mi ngi u

kho dn c c khng nh t rt sm

phi lm vic v y l nhim v rt quan

nhm to ra ca ci, ti sn v sc mnh

trng ca mi chnh ph. Mt hiu qu ni

quc gia. Trng tm nhn mnh u tin l

bt ca h thng bo him tht nghip l n

thc hin gio dc bt buc v c tnh ph

c th to ra nhng iu kin thc y qu

qut, iu ny khng ch l tin cn thit

trnh ti cu trc cc ngnh cng nghip,

thc y pht trin kinh t, m cn c

kinh doanh... m bo an ninh kinh t c th

c x hi nhn nhn l rt quan trng mi

gip gim bt s chng c, i khng ca

dn c c th thng hiu mi vn bn, gio l

cng nhn v ngi lao ng i vi nhng

Kinh thnh v nhn thc lut php. Ngi

thay i. Cc ch li ch phc li bt

dn t trnh gio dc ph thng ph cp

buc ca chnh ph, v bao ph cho mi

v gio dc chuyn nghip, trnh cao l

ngi lao ng/cng nhn khng ph thuc

cng c thc hin cng nghip ho, hin

vo iu kin lm vic c bit hoc c

i ho nn kinh t v pht trin kinh t

im ca ni lm vic, thi gian ca doanh

nhanh ngay t u th k XX.

nghip... c th s c li cho mc linh

Cc mc tiu an sinh x hi v nh nc

hot, di ng lao ng, tc ng n thay i

phc li c th nhm nhiu mc ch nh

cu trc kinh t v tng trng. Cc ch

m bo ngun tr cp cho tht nghip, tui

bo him tht nghip quc gia u cn th

gi, m au... Cc chnh sch an sinh x hi

hin tnh cht thn thin vi lao ng-vic

cng th hin cc u tin chnh tr - x hi,

lm.

Mt s bi hc...
Kinh nghim Bc u cho thy, khng

trong th trng lao ng. Chnh mu hnh

c mi lin h trc tip gia phm vi, qui m

mi ny c th to ra s thay i trong h

nh nc phc li, mc ngha v thu, t

thng hu tr v lm cho h thng ny minh

l vic lm, nng sut lao ng v tng

bch hn, khng ph thuc vo nhng nm

trng kinh t. V d ca Thu in, v

lm vic tt nht, hoc nhng nm cui c

Phn Lan vo thp k 1990 cho thy nh

thu nhp, v vy iu cng bng hn l cn

nc phc li dn ch ton din c kh

tnh ton mc hu tr da trn mc ng gp

nng thc hin nhng iu chnh trong

ca tt c cc nm lm vic ca ngi lao

qu trnh xy dng chnh sch kch thch

ng.

tng trng kinh t mi khi gp suy thoi

_______________________________

hoc bt ng. Cc nh nc phc li pht

trin, vi cc ch an sinh x hi thng
thi c th vt qua c khng hong d
dng hn hoc vi chi ph x hi t tn km
hn (v kha cnh ngho i, bt bnh ng).
An sinh x hi c coi l cng c gim
sc rt quan trng. Cc th ch dn ch c
th p ng tt i vi cc thch thc kinh t
x hi.
Th by, bi hc khc l, trong giai
on ton cu ho cn thit phi tng cng
cng c h thng an sinh x hi quc gia, v
nhim v ny ngy cng tr nn cp thit
hn trc. V d, trong th gii ngy cng
ton cu ho mnh, s thay i nhanh trn
th trng lao ng, mc di ng lao

Ti liu tham kho

1. Esping Andersen

G, 1990, Three

world of capitalism, Princeton. Princeton

University Press.
2. Esping Andersen G (ed), 1996,
Welfare states in transition: National global
economies. London: Sage publication.
3.

Esping-Andersen,

1999,

Social

foundations of Post-industrial economies,

Oxford University Press.
4. Dally, 2000, The Gender division of
welfare, Cambrige University Press.
5. Titmuss R A, 1974, Social policy,
London: Allen and Unwin
6.

Stephen,

J.

D,

1995,

The

ng cao, ch vic lm linh hot hn, tnh

Scandinavian welfare states: Achievements,

trng ngi lao ng "nhy vic" nhiu hn

crisis and prospects, UNRISD.