LCH S - VN HA X HI CHU U

CH NGHA HU HIN I CHU U

V MT VI PH PHN I VI L THUYT QUAN H QUC T
Nghim Tun Hng
Vin Kinh t v Chnh tr Th gii

Ch

ngha hu hin i (CNHH)

c coi l mt bc chuyn mi trong

nghin cu khoa hc x hi. Mc d cch
tip cn ny bt ngun t cc ngnh ngh
thut mang tnh sng to nh vn hc, hi
ha, kin trc, v.v., nhng vi nhng ng
gp ca cc trit gia ngi Php nh Michel

QHQT truyn thng. Nhng, trc khi cc

hc gi hu hin i sau ny (phn ln cng
l ngi chu u) a nhng ph phn dnh
cho l thuyt QHQT ni chung, cc hc gi
chu u, c bit l ngi Php ni trn
a ra nn tng c s l lun cho CNHH
v nhng ph phn ca n.

Foucault, Jean-Francois Lyotard v Jacques

Ch ngha hu hin i l g?

Derrida, trong na cui th k XX, CNHH

CNHH ang ni ln nh mt l thuyt

c p dng rt nhiu trong nghin cu

khoa hc x hi v nhn vn ni chung, c
bit l trong trit hc v l lun vn hc.
Trong nghin cu quan h quc t (QHQT),
d mi ni trong khong hai thp nin tr li
y nhng CNHH cng c p dng kh
rng ri v nh gi l mt l thuyt mang
tnh ph phn, c bit ph phn cc i lun
thuyt 1 ca thi hin i v cc l thuyt
1

Trong nguyn bn ting Php, J.F. Lyotard thng

dng cm t grands rcits hoc metrcts, sau
c dch sang ting Anh l grand narratives
hoc metanarratives. T ny thng c dng
trong trit hc nh l nhng t tng thng tr x hi,
nhng hc thuyt chnh tr, khoa hc chnh thng
(c tha nhn v c hp thc ha bi ton x
hi). Nhng h thng ny nh nhng khung bao trm
v chi phi mi hot ng tinh thn ca mt hay
nhiu thi i khc nhau. Trong l lun vn hc,
metrcts thng c dch l i t s. Tuy

trong nghin cu khoa hc x hi v nhn

vn khong ba thp k tr li y, ch yu l
trong trit hc, ngn ng v vn hc.
CNHH c coi l s i lp ca nhng l
thuyt trit hc truyn thng. Di quan
im ny, CNHH l mt tro lu trit hc
mang tnh ph phn i vi nhng cu trc
v gi nh c bn ca trit hc chnh thng.
Chnh v th, CNHH c th c m t
nh mt hnh thc th gii quan (hay thm
ch l phn th gii quan) mi. Cc hc gi
c th gii quan ny thng hoi nghi v kh
nng l gii cc hin tng xy ra bng cch
nhin, ph hp vi tnh cht ca ngnh QHQT, bi
vit ny s s dng thut ng i lun thuyt hoc
i l thuyt.

53

Ch ngha hu hin i...

p dng cc m hnh l thuyt thng thng.

hu hin i v chnh t nhng tc phm ca

Cng c th ni, CNHH ph nhn chn l

ng, s phn bit gia CNHH v ch ngha

khch quan i vi nhng gi tr v lun

hu cu trc gn nh b xa b.

im ca trit hc thi k hin i, v d nh

nhn loi phi c mt ht nhn hoc c s
hay c tnh no phn bit gia con
ngi vi ng vt hay lun im cho rng
mt dng chnh ph ny c chng minh l
tt hn so vi dng khc.

ca

Ch

ngha

khng bao gi s dng thut ng ny m

thch dng thut ng ch ngha hu cu
trc hn, thm ch c ngi dng thut ng
gii cu trc (Deconstruction) 2. V d,
David Campbell li cho rng trong nghin

C mt cu hi c t ra, l s tn
ti

C nhiu nh l thuyt hu hin i

hu

hin

cu QHQT khng tn ti CNHH m ch c

ch ngha hu cu trc. Theo hc gi ny,

(Postmodernism) hay Ch ngha hu cu

CNHH l mt phong tro ni ln t sau

trc (Poststructuralism)? y l cu hi m

Chin tranh th gii th Hai, din gii v m

i khi gy ra s tranh lun khng ch

t nhng s vt, hin tng vn ha ni ln

gia nhng ngi ng h v ch trch l

trong thi k Chin tranh Lnh trong nhng

thuyt ny m cn xut hin ngay gia

lnh vc nh vn hc, ngh thut, kin trc

nhng hc gi c coi l hu hin i.

v m nhc. ng thi, Campbell cho rng

Thng thng, thut ng hu hin i v hu

trong khi thi k hu hin i gn vi nhng

cu trc c s dng m khng c s phn

dng thc, s vt, s vic ca cc ngnh vn

bit r rng v c th thay th cho nhau. Tt

ha, kinh t, chnh tr, x hi ca thi k

nhin, cng c s phn bit nht nh.

hin i v xut pht t nhng thay i trong

CNHH tp trung vo ph phn bn cht v

mi quan h khng gian-thi gian th ch

h qu ca thi k hin i cng nh pht

ngha hu cu trc l mt cch tip cn mang

trin nhng ph phn dnh cho nhng g

tnh din gii, phn tch kt qu v hm ca

c coi l hin i. Cn ch ngha hu cu

nhng s chuyn i .

trc quan tm nhiu hn n vai tr, chc

nng v bn cht ca ngn ng vi phng
php lun hu cu trc cng cu hi lm th
no cc ngha x hi c kin to thng
qua ngn ng. Trong tt c cc hc gi p
dng cc phng php hu cu trc chu
u, trit gia J.F. Lyotard cng khai v i tin
phong trong vic bn lun v CNHH, hn
na ng gp phn l thuyt ho khi nim

Tuy nhin, c l vic phn bit hu hin

i hay hu thc chng l khng cn thit.
L do mt phn bi chnh cc hc gi hu
hin i cng hu cu trc ni chung v cc
hc gi nghin cu l thuyt QHQT cng
2

Nhiu ngi nhm ln gia gii cu trc

(deconstruction) vi ph hy (destruction). C th coi
gii cu trc l mt phng php lun quan trng ca
ch ngha hu hin i.

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Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No9 (144).2012

khng my khi ch vic phn bit rch ri

kim v thch thc mi lin h gia quyn

hai khi nim ny, mt phn bi s lin quan

lc v tri thc, phn i mt i lun thuyt

cht ch v s tip thu gia chng. V th,

cng nhng sng to ca k nguyn khai

chng ti s thng nht s dng thut ng

sng cng nh coi s tht/chn l nh mt

Ch ngha hu hin i.

cu trc x hi tm thi b gii hn bi

T tng hu hin i chu u

Xt v tui i, CNHH cn kh non
tr nn nhng hc gi ting tm ca l thuyt
ny khng c qu nhiu; thm ch, nhiu
ngi cha bao gi t nhn mnh l hc gi
i theo trng phi hu hin i. Bn cnh
, s kh hiu ca CNHH khin nhiu
ngi ngi theo ui n. Tuy nhin, cc hc
gi hu hin i c in ch yu l nhng
ngi Php nghin cu, pht trin v cc
cng trnh ca h t nn mng cho
CNHH.

khng gian v thi gian. 3 Ph phn hu hin

i vi nhng m hnh l thuyt truyn
thng cng c cng c khi nhng quan
im truyn thng cho rng CNHH l s
hoi nghi i vi nhng i lun thuyt. c
bit, chng ta phi ch n nhng i lun
thuyt trong thi k hin i, nhng l
thuyt ln lin quan n bn cht ca mi s
vt s vic, tri thc v tin trnh lch s
to ra nhng dng chy a dng trong thi
k hin i, ng ch l Ch ngha Hin
thc (CNHT), Ch ngha T do (CNTD),
nhng l thuyt v cch tip cn khc. Nu

Th nht, CNHH ph phn nhng g

nh thi hin i c hiu l thi k hp

c coi l chn l hay s tht hin nhin,

thc ho cc i lun thuyt th thi k hu

cho rng vic b qua cc yu t nh, nhng

hin i s lm ph sn ca cc i lun

ci b n giu trong tin trnh pht trin ca

thuyt.

x hi ni chung l khng tha ng. Cc

hc gi hu hin i phn i quan im cho
rng nhng ci bn ngoi tn ti c lp
vi thc ca con ngi cng nh ngn ng
m chng ta s dng din gii t duy .
Chnh v th, CNHH cho rng cn phi loi
b s phn bit gia l thuyt v thc tin
nh truyn thng. CNHH cho rng tt c
nhng g c coi l chn l u da trn
cc i lun thuyt hay nhng th gii quan
m theo nhng gi tr hay chn l c
tha nhn hoc b bc b. CNHH tm

i vi F. Lyotard, cc tc phm ca
ng tp trung vo vai tr ca cc tiu t s
hay tiu l thuyt (narrative) trong nn vn
ha ca con ngi v c bit lm th no
vai tr b thay i khi chng ta b thi
hin i chuyn sang thi k hu hin i.
ng cho rng trit hc hin i hp thc
ha nhng chn l tc l nhng i hi

Amitav Acharya & Barry Buzan (eds) (2010): NonWestern International, Relations Theory, Perspectives
on and beyond Asia, Routledge, Abingdon, UK, pp. 910.

55

Ch ngha hu hin i...

khng da trn cc c s lgic v thc tin

thuyt khc. Hn na, cc i lun thuyt tn

m ch yu da trn nhng i lun thuyt

ti c lp nh cc l lun ring r v lun

(metanarrative) v tri thc v th gii vi

tranh lun, mu thun vi nhau. Khi chng

nhng cu chuyn ny vi khi nim tr chi

tranh lun, khng c ai ng ra lm trng ti

ngn ng ca Wittgenstein. ng cho rng

phn bit ng sai. CNHH cng phn i

trong thi k hu hin i, nhng i lun

quan im cho rng ch c mt th gii n

thuyt ny khng th hp thc ha nhng

nht m chng ta ang m t. Khi chng ta

i hi v chn l; ng thi, vi s sp

chia s nhng ngha vi nhau, nhng

ca nhng i lun thuyt ny, con ngi s

ngha ny nn c hiu l s tng tc v

pht trin mt tr chi ngn ng mi, tr

mt ngha hn l khm ph ra mt chn l

chi ny khng i hi mt chn l tuyt i

v cc qu trnh, hin tng th gii bn

m nh du s ra i ca mt th gii vi

ngoi. C nhiu nhng cu chuyn khc

nhng mi quan h lun bin i (gia con

nhau, c nhiu cun sch khc nhau cng

ngi vi con ngi v con ngi vi th

nh nhng cch m t, din gii ring bit.

gii).

Do , ngha xut pht t s tng tc gia

Th hai, cc hc gi hu hin i nghi

ng cc quan nim truyn thng v tin trnh
pht trin ca lch s khi cho rng lch s
khng pht trin theo ng thng. Cc hc
gi hu hin i cho rng th gii ny khng
c tc gi, Cha tri khng to ra th gii
trong 6 ngy bi ch l mt cu chuyn

c gi v cun sch hay vn bn. Tng t

nh vy, th gii cng c to ra t s
tng tc gia con ngi vi nhng hot
ng bn ngoi. T , c th ni ngha
hay s din gii v m t hoc gii trnh
ngn ng 5 (discourse) kin to nn th
gii v x hi.

ngn trong Kinh thnh 4; cch din gii ny

v th gii ch n vi chng ta qua nhng
trang vit ca cc trit gia hoc s gia.
Chng ta ch c th c v din gii th gii
hoc c v din gii nhng m t khc.
CNHH cho rng nhng i lun thuyt trn
c hp thc ha tri thc hay cc h
thng chnh tr nhng bn thn chng li
khng c hp thc ha bi nhng l
4

Jill Steans & Lloyd Pettiford (2005): Introduction to

International Relations: Perspectives and Themes (2nd
edtion), Pearson, UK, pp. 140.

T dng trong ting Php l le discours, dch sang

ting Anh l discourse. Theo cch chuyn ngha v
hiu thng thng, discourse hay le discoursn
gin ch l lun hoc lp lun hay cu chuyn v ai
hoc ci g. Theo ngha rng nht, discourse gn
vi ngn ng, t ng v vn bn. Nhng trong iu
kin hu hin i, discourse l din ngn hoc gii
trnh ngn ng. Gii trnh ngn ng bao gm c
nhng hot ng thc tin m kin to nn nhng ch
th hay cc ti m n m t, mang li ngha cho
nhng s vt hay ch th . V gii trnh ngn ng
ca ch ngha hu hin i, c hai tn tui ln lun
c nhc n l Foucault v Bakhtin. Hai hc gi
cng quan nim rng, gii trnh ngn ng l mt qu
trnh hnh ng to ngha v mt hin tng, mt
vt th hay rng hn v th gii.

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Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No9 (144).2012

Theo , J.F.Lyotard cho rng, hu hin

i l thi k ca s phn mnh v a
nguyn, ng vit: Trong x hi v vn ho
hin nay, tc trong x hi hu cng nghip
v vn ho hu hin i, vn hp thc ho
ca tri thc c t ra mt cch khc. i
t s mt i tnh ng tin ca n, bt k n
c xp vo phng cch nht th ho no:
t s t bin hoc t s gii phng. 6
CNHH cho rng nhng i lun thuyt vn
c cho l mang tnh gii phng thc t l
mang tnh p t. c bit, nhng gi tr t
do thc t li sinh ra nhng dng lng ci
mi, v d CNTD gii phng chng ta
khi ch phong kin nhng ch dn chng
ta n ch ngha t bn. Khoa hc hin i
b qua v gt ra ngoi l nhng dng tri
thc tin hin i. Ni hm khi nim i
lun thuyt loi b quan nim v ci
khc bi ci khc khng ph hp vi
dng thc y. Nhng ci b loi tr c th b
n p. Do , s tht hay chn l thc t
ch l chic mt n ca quyn lc. Michel
Foucault cho rng bn cht ca lch s, trong
ng cho rng, cc s gia ti to lch s l
mt cng vic ho huyn, nu khng mun
ni l s nh la cng chng mt cch u
tr v gii trnh ngn ng lch s l mt gii
trnh ngn ng hin ti, phc v cho hin ti,
to ra mt ngha no cho con ngi
hm nay, c mt hiu bit no , v nhng

du tch kho c li t nhng sinh hot

m nhn loi thu lm c t qu kh.
Th ba, cc hc gi hu hin i p
dng hai phng php lun l gii cu trc,
gii trnh ngn ng v truy nguyn trong cc
tc phm ca mnh tm kim nhng yu t
b n giu, nhn thc r qu trnh kin to
s vt, s vic hay ch th, ng thi tm ra
nhng yu t b lch s lng qun.
Hc gi Jacques Derrida l ngi khi
xng phng php gii cu trc/gii kin
to (Deconstruction), mt phn nhnh ca
hu hin i hoc cng c coi l mt l
thuyt c gng lm cho ci b n giu trong
vn bn (theo ngha hp) v trong cuc sng
ni chung (theo ngha rng) ni ln. Theo
Derrida, cc cu trc lun lun gi nh mt
trung tm ca ngha. Trung tm ny tr v
cu trc nhng bn thn n khng l i
tng cho bt k mt s phn tch cu trc
no. Chnh v th, khi c mi vn bn hay
tm hiu mt s vt, s vic, chng ta phi i
tm ci trung tm, ct li ca n. Vn bn s
ch l vn bn n thun nu ngi c
khng thy c quy lut b cc v quy tc
kt cu ca n. l c im ca gii cu
trc. Gii cu trc l lm sng t ci g
hm n, b che giu bn trong vn bn hay
cc s vic, tm kim nhng ci khng th
c nhn ra trong ln c hoc ln nghin
cu u tin xem xt li cc tin gi nh
v m ra nhng hng i mi.

Jean Franois Lyotard (2007): Hon cnh hu hin

i, Nxb Tri thc, H Ni, tr.151 - 152.

57

Ch ngha hu hin i...

T l lun v gii trnh ngn ng lch

nhng ci b lng qun. Nh Foucault ch

s, Foucault i su hn v khi nim gii

ra trong tc phm Nietzsche, Genealogy,

trnh ngn ng, gii thch rng phng

History, t tng ca ng v truy nguyn b

php ny khng phi ch c trng cho chc

nh hng mnh bi cc cng trnh nghin

nng ngn ng, m tt c nhng g con

cu m Nietzsche thc hin v ti s

ngi c th lm kin to ngha v th

pht trin ca o c thng qua quyn lc.

gii. Foucault chng minh rng, nhng

Foucault cng m t truy nguyn nh mt

hin thc khch quan, nhng i tng

phng php iu tra c bit vi nhng

nghin cu khoa hc ca ch ngha hin i,

nhn t m chng ta c xu hng cm thy

nh nhng nim v bn ng, quc gia,

khng c s hin din ca lch s. 7 Nhng

ngn ng, tr tu, gii tnh, ti phm, nhng

nhn t ny rt a dng trong cuc sng hng

nh chun t nhin, v.v, thc cht l nhng

ngy. Truy nguyn khng hn l tm kim

cu trc c th ca lch s, hay sn phm

ngun gc v cng khng phi l cu trc

ca lch s, khng thuc v i tng ca

ca s pht trin theo ng thng m l

gii trnh ngn ng nhn loi. ng ch n

phng php ch ra s a dng, i khi l

ci gi l khoa hc hin tng tm ngha

i lp m din t nhng du vt ca tc

thng qua gii trnh ngn ng, t nghin

ng m quyn lc t vo s tht/chn

cu nhng phng php l thuyt ca qu

l. Vi t cch l mt phng php lun

trnh to ngha bi s tng tc gia con

quan trng, truy nguyn g cu trc ca

ngi v gii trnh ngn ng i vi s vt.

nhng g c coi l s tht/chn l, cho

Vi gii trnh ngn ng ca Foucault hay tr

rng s tht c phi by mt cch ngu

chi ngn ng (language game) (J. F.

nhin, c chng bi s thc thi quyn

Lyotard khai trin thm), CNHH bc

lc hay tnh ton li ch. Do , tt c s tht

hn sang mt ng r khc trong qu trnh

hay chn l u ng nghi ng. Ch ra tnh

quan st v to ngha, mt qu trnh hon

khng ng tin ca s tht/chn l, l thuyt

ton loi tr khi nim ci biu t v ci

ca Foucault ph nhn hon ton tnh ng

c biu t ca ch ngha hin i tp

nht v quy lut ca lch s, nhn mnh tnh

trung xy dng mt cch din t ngha

cht bin i v phi quy lut ca s tht/chn

mi v th gii v v tr.

l cng nh phn i quan im cho rng

Bn cnh , bi nghi ng cc i lun

lch s pht trin theo ng thng.

thuyt v cch hiu chung v tin trnh pht

trin ca lch s nn cc hc gi hu hin i
s

dng

phng

php

truy

nguyn

(genealogy) tm nhng yu t khc bit v

Michel Foucault (1980). Language, CounterMemory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 139.

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Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No9 (144).2012

Nhng ph phn chung i vi l

thuyt QHQT
Trong nhng nm 1960 v 1970, trong
khi nhng ngnh khoa hc x hi khc
chp nhn nhng thch thc v nghin cu
v CNHH th ngnh nghin cu QHQT vn
tt li pha sau. Ch trong khong 20-30 nm
tr li y, nhiu hc gi QHQT s dng
nhng cch tip cn c m t l hu hin
i hoc hu cu trc. Tuy nhin, phi
n khi tc phm The Geopolitics of
Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical
Theory of International Relations ca
Richard Ashley c cng b th CNHH
mi bt u c nhn nhn mt cch thn
trng trong nghin cu QHQT. 8 Tip thu v
p dng t tng ca cc trit gia ngi
Php trnh by trn, cc hc gi hu
hin i nh R. Ashley, R. Walker hay D.
Campbell tp trung nhiu vo nghin cu l
thuyt v ph phn, nghi ng nhng lun
im cng gi nh ca cc l thuyt x hi
v chnh tr t u th k trc c mc
nhn l ng v cho n nay vn khng h b

Th nht, CNHH coi cc l thuyt

QHQT l i tng phn tch v cc l
thuyt cng thc tin QHQT ni chung u
c kin to thng qua gii trnh ngn ng
ng thi ph phn vic cc hc gi ca mi
trng phi l thuyt ch p dng mt l
thuyt duy nht hiu v phn tch QHQT.
Hiu gii trnh ngn ng nh mt biu hin
c th ha hn l cu trc ngn ng s a
chng ta vt qua quan nim cho rng gii
trnh ngn ng ch l ci c nhng ch th
QHQT s dng. Chng ta cn xem xt
nhng gii trnh ngn ng kin to bi cnh
QHQT (bi cnh m t cc l thuyt
QHQT bt u c nhng nh gi, phn
ng). Nhng thc tin bao gm cc hot
ng vn ha, kinh t, chnh tr, x hi to
ra mt ch th no , v d nh cc hot
ng thc tin kin to nn nh nc hay
bt c mt ch th phi quc gia no khc.
Vic phn tch v xc nh li s xut hin
cng vai tr ca cc l thuyt bt ngun t
vic coi CNHH nh mt cch tip cn
c s dng ph phn hn l mt l

cc l thuyt QHQT ng i nghi vn;

thuyt t bn thn n mang tnh ph phn.

ng thi s dng cc phng php lun hu

CNHH cho rng vic cc hc gi ca

cu trc khai thc nhiu vn thc tin.

mi trng phi l thuyt ch p dng mt l

Ni cch khc, CNHH a ra cch nhn

thuyt duy nht hiu v phn tch QHQT

khc cng mt s lun im ph phn cc l

gp nhiu vn trong khong hn 20

thuyt QHQT.

nm tr li y, nht l sau khi bc tng

Berlin sp . Bi ly xung t Trung
ng chng minh cho quan im ny.

Collin Galster (2010): Daring to Deconstruct: The

Rise of Postmodern in Theory, Havard International
Review, Winter 2010, pp. 32.

Chng ta chng kin s m rng dn ch

khu vc nh quan im ca Francis

59

Ch ngha hu hin i...

Fukuyama v h thng dn ch ton cu,

nh ngoi giao l h lm th no coi trng

nhng nhiu ngi li cho rng nhng s

mt vi l thuyt QHQT trong khi gt nhng

pht trin thiu nh hng nh vy ng b

l thuyt khc ra bn ngoi? 10

nghi ng. Trong khi , xung t Trung

ng gia Israel vi th gii rp cng
hnh ng can thip qun s ca cc nc
phng Ty vo Iraq hay Afghanistan r
rng ng nh nhng g Samuel Huntington
d bo; Nhng nhng ranh gii t gy
trong l lun ca Huntington li khng gii
thch c nhng xung t bn trong th
gii Hi gio cng nh tham vng b quyn
khu vc ca mt s nc Hi gio vn
khin ngi ta lin tng n thuyt cn
bng quyn lc. Bn cnh , cc t chc
quc t v khu vc pht trin da trn nn
tng l lun ca CNTD nhng cha thnh
cng nh mong i. 9 Danh sch nhng l
thuyt kh dng rt di nhng khng c mt
l thuyt mang tnh tng hp. Ti sao? V
th gii ny qu phc tp. Mi l thuyt c
th gii thch ng n nhiu hin tng
nhng ch c khun kh. T do t duy kiu
hu hin i mi c th nh gi th gii y
khi ch trng p dng cng nhiu l
thuyt c th cng tt. Nu nhn vo mt s
kin hay hnh ng c th c bit no , l
thuyt ca Fukuyama, Huntington hay
CNHT, CNTD u ng. Nhng khng l
thuyt no cho chng ta ci nhn tha mn v
y v th gii ny. CNHH t ra cu
hi i vi c nhng hc gi trong QHQT v

Collin Galster (2010): bi dn, pp. 34-35.

Tip theo, ph phn v ng gp mnh

nht ca CNHH c dnh cho CNHT
trong QHQT. T tinh thn ph phn dnh
cho cc i lun thuyt v coi cc l thuyt
l i tng phn tch, cc hc gi hu
hin i coi CNHT trong QHQT l i
tng ph phn c bit. Khi nhng d bo
mang tnh cu trc ca cc nh hin thc
khng th hin c nhiu thi k hu
Chin tranh Lnh th nhiu hc gi kt
hp v chnh sa l thuyt ban u ca
CNHT v bin n thnh CNHT mi cng
nhiu bin th khc. Tuy nhin, i vi cc
hc gi hu hin i, nhng n lc ca cc
nh hin thc v c bn l khng hon thin
bi h s dng chung c s l lun vn y
ry vn . Ni cch khc, h cho rng th
gii ny c chng minh l khng d on
nh cht no. CNHH cho rng nu chng
ta gii cu trc nhng lun im c bn ca
CNHT, chng ta s thy rng CNHT c rt
nhiu vn .
Cc hc gi hu hin i nghi ng quan
im nh nc l ch th n nht vi bn
sc v li ch thng nht bi mt nh nc
c cu trc bi nhiu dng thc ch th
di nh nc khc nhau, v d nh cc t
10

David Campbell (2007): Poststructuralism, trong

sch ca Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, Steve Smith (eds)
(2007), International Relations Theories Discipline
and Diversity, Oxford University Press, pp. 218.

60

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No9 (144).2012

chc, cc phong tro, c nhn, v.v. v trong

nhng cch l lun v hot ng thc tin

mi tiu ch th li c nhng tnh ton v

mang tnh truyn thng trong QHQT. 13

li ch ring cho mnh. CNHH t ra nghi

CNHT vn ch tp trung vo ch th nh

vn vi lun im cho rng nh nc l ch

nc, nay nhng ch th khc, c th l

th hu hnh. Benedict Anderson cho rng

nhng dng di c v t nn ni ln, r rng l

cc quc gia khng phi l nhng thc th

vt ra ngoi l lun ca CNHT. Ngoi ra,

thc m ch l nhng cng ng nhn

trong khi CNHT ch tp trung vo cuc chi

thc [] Chnh s sng to ca h thng

quyn lc ca cc cng quc th CNHH

giao thng hin i, s p t khung gi

cn nghin cu vn an ninh ca cc nc

chung, nhng sng to ca truyn thng v

ang pht trin, cho rng vn an ninh

s tp trung ho quyn lc ca nh nc

cc nc ang pht trin gn cht vi gii

khin con ngi bt u tng tng rng

trnh ngn ng v an ninh. V d, xung t

bn thn h l mt phn ca mt cng

Darfur c th c m t di nhng gc

ng.

11

i vi cc hc gi hu hin i,

nhn lch s khc nhau da vo v tr ca

ngoi vic l sn phm ca nhn thc, cc

ngi hay nhm sc tc cung cp thng tin

dng thc nh nc cha bao gi hon thin

v cuc xung t . CNHH li dnh s

m vn lin tc c xy dng vi nhng

ch cho nhng cu chuyn lch s t tt c

chnh sch i ngoi v i ni hay nhng g

cc ch th, thm ch t nhng ngi khng

n gin c gi l qu trnh kin to nh

th hay khng c kh nng a ra bng

nc (statecraft)

12

vi s nhn mnh vo

kin to.
CNHH cng tp trung nghin cu
nhng vn vn khng c coi l mi
quan tm truyn thng ca CNHT. David
Campbell cng mt s hc gi khc nh
Soguk v Whitehall cho rng, bng cch di
chuyn qua bin gii v trnh b bt, ngi

chng cng c cho gii trnh ngn ng

ca h. Lc ny, cch tip cn hu hin i
c coi l mang tnh ci m v sn sng
lng nghe cng i thoi vi tt c cc ch
th vn l i din cho nhng quan im c
bn gii quyt xung t hoc cho s iu
phi gia nhng nhm ang phi i mt vi
cc thch thc an ninh.
Ngoi ra, R. Walker tm hiu cch

di c v ngi t nn c nh hng n

thc m cc hc gi hin thc t ra nghi vn

11

Jill Steans & Lloyd Pettiford (2005), bi dn,

pp. 144-145.
12
Thng thng, statecraft ch nhng chnh sch v
hot ng do nh nc tin hnh nhm theo ui cc
mc tiu trn trng quc t. Quan im nhn mnh
nh ngha ny l nh nc l thc th c cu
trc hon chnh hay c xc nh trc khi tham gia
vo trng quc t.

ri tr li c to ra thng qua vic c

13

Nevzad Soguk and Geoffrey Whitehall (1999),

Wandering Grounds: Transversality, Identity,
Territoriality, and Movement, Millennium, Vol. 28,
No. 3, pp. 675.

61

Ch ngha hu hin i...

nhng tc phm ca Machiavelli; v Walker

khc nhau t cu trc nn QHQT m

kt lun rng CNHT tn thnh vi cch

khng ti gin ha QHQT. 15

kin gii hp v phi lch s, t quyn lc

Kt lun

ln trn o c, v bn v s cn thit ca
bo lc. Tng t, khi coi v chnh ph l
lun im trung tm ca CNHT, Ashley
chng minh rng vic coi trng thi v chnh
ph l t nhin khng phi l mt vn
ca quan st thc tin m l mt phn ca
chin lc nh hng cho cch hiu ca
chng ta v nhng s kin m h v a dng
trong chnh tr quc t thng qua nhng cp
i lp nh ch quyn v v chnh ph, bn
trong v bn ngoi, ch quan v khch quan,
thc t v m h, nam v n, v.v. iu c
ngha l vic vn ha thc tin mang li
hai gii php kh thi trong ch c chn
mt, v d nh ch quyn hay v chnh ph.
Chn v chnh ph dn n vic chnh tr th

Tm li, d ra i tng i mun,

cha li qu nhiu du n, nhng
CNHH mang li nhn thc lun mang
tnh ph phn v phng php lun hu cu
trc v bn cht ca th gii ni chung v
QHQT ni ring. Da trn nn tng t tng
hu hin i ca M. Foucault, J. Derrida v
J.F. Lyotard, cc hc gi hu hin i trong
QHQT cho rng lch s pht trin khng
theo logic m chng ta v ang t duy;
ph phn cc i lun thuyt ca thi k hin
i, c bit l ph phn CNHT rt gn
qu ng QHQT; ng thi mi bc u
tm cch hng n phng thc l gii bao
qut cho nghin cu QHQT.

gii c chia thnh nhng vng ch quyn

Vic CNHH nghin cu cc vn

v cc khu vc v chnh ph trong ch

phi truyn thng trong QHQT cng c

quyn vt tri so vi v chnh ph.

14

Nhn chung, CNHT b ph phn l qu

hp v ti gin QHQT qu mc. CNHH
cho rng CNHT l l thuyt thin v, to ra
nhng lun im hp v mt chiu v mc
ch thc y li ch ca cc ch th c
quyn lc. CNHH khng hn l ph hy
m n gin l ch ra nhng vn ca
CNHT. Cc hc gi hu hin i mun c s
a dng v tri thc, gc nhn v nhn thc

thm cho quan im nghin cu nhng ci b

gt ra ngoi l hay b b qua trong hot ng
nghin cu truyn thng, gp phn lm a
dng ha v b sung cho nhng cch tip cn
c. hiu cch phn tch mang tnh cht
hu hin i v QHQT, ngi c phi sn
sng c mt cch ngh khc v bn cht ca
th gii v QHQT, mt vic tng i kh
chu v i ngc vi quan nim thng
thng v cuc sng, x hi. i vi nhng
15

14

David Campbell (2007): bi dn, pp. 218-219.

Robert J. Walker (1993), Inside/Outsite:

International Relations as Political Theory,
Cambridge University Press, NY.

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Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No9 (144).2012

ai hi lng vi quan im hay gi nh

ca mnh, tm hiu CNHH s li i hi t
duy theo mt li hon ton khc. 16
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
1. Jean-Franois Lyotard (2007): Hon
cnh hu hin i (bn dch ca Ngn
Xuyn), Nxb Tri thc, H Ni.
2. Trn Quang Thi (2009): J.F.
Lyotard vi thc ti lun v tri thc lun,
Tp ch Trit hc, s 2 (213), H Ni.
Ting Anh
3. Amitav Acharya & Barry Buzan
(eds) (2010): Non-Western International,
Relations Theory, Perspectives on and
beyond Asia, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
4. Richard
Ashley
(1987):
The
Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a
Critical Social Theory of International
Politics, Alternatives, Vol.12, No. 4.
5. Richard Ashley (1988): Untying the
Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the
Anarchy Problematique, Millennium, Vol.
17, No. 2.
6. Scott Burchill (ed) (2005): Theories
of
International
Relations,
Palgrave
MacMillan, N.Y.
7. David Campbell (1998): National
Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and
Justice in Bosnia, Minneapolis.

16

Jenny Edkins (2007): Poststructuralism, trong cun

sch Martin Griffiths (ed) (2007), International
Relations for the Twenty-first Century: An
Introduction, Routledge, N.Y., pp. 88-89.

8. Mark Duffield (2008): Development,

security and unending war: governing the
world of peoples, Polity, Cambridge.
9. Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, Steve
Smith (eds) (2007): International Relations
Theories Discipline and Diversity, Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
10.
Collin Galster (2010): Daring
to Deconstruct: The Rise of Postmodern in
Theory, Havard International Review,
Winter 2010.
11.
Martin Griffiths (ed) (2007):
International Relations for the Twenty-first
Century: An Introduction, Routledge, N.Y.
12.
Martin Griffiths, Steven C.
Roach & M.Scott Solomon (2009): Fifty Key
Thinkers in International Relations (2nd
edtion), Routledge, N.Y.
13.
Joshua S. Goldstein (2005):
International Relations (6th edition),
Longman, N.Y.
14.
Iain McLean & Alistair
McMillan (2003): The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Politics, Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
15.
Jill Steans & Lloyd Pettiford
(2005): Introduction to International
Relations: Perspectives and Themes (2nd
edtion), Pearson, UK.
16.
Terry Teriff, Stuart Croft,
Lucy James & Patrick Morgan (2001):
Security Studies Today, Polity, Cambridge.
17.
Robert J. Walker (1993):
Inside/Outsite: International Relations as
Political Theory, Cambridge University
Press, N.Y.