CHNH TR - AN NINH CHU U

NH GI BC U TC NG CA
CUC KHNG HONG TI CHNH V SUY THOI KINH T TON CU
N H THNG AN SINH X HI CC NC BC U
PGS. TS. inh Cng Tun
Vin Nghin cu Chu u
t vn
Mc d xy dng h thng an sinh x
hi (ASXH) theo nhng cch thc chung
nht, nhng khng phi cc quc gia EU u
thc hin m hnh ging nhau v ASXH.
Mi nc, mi khu vc thc hin chnh sch
ASXH da trn nhng iu kin kinh t v
cc vn x hi ang tn ti ca chnh bn
thn h. Trong h thng ASXH cc nc
EU, cc nc Bc u i theo mt m hnh
ring, trong im c trng c bn ca h
thng ASXH Bc u l kt hp thu cao v
h thng phc li ho phng thc hin
mc tiu tng trng nhanh v hn ch tht
nghip. Tuy nhin, trong thi gian gn y,
h thng ASXH Bc u gp phi nhiu
thch thc, c bit trong bi cnh khng
hong kinh t ton cu lan rng k t nm
2008.
1. Nhng thch thc ca h thng an
sinh x hi Bc u hin nay
Mc d c th gii nh gi cao v
nhng thnh cng trong vic m bo ASXH
ton din cho ngi dn, xy dng nn mt
x hi bnh ng, on kt v hnh phc,

nhng h thng ASXH ca cc nc Bc u

trc khi xy ra khng hong n cng EU v
khng hong kinh t ton cu nm 2008 n
nay gp phi nhng thch thc khng
nh. C th l:
Th nht: Chi ph cho h thng ASXH
Bc u l khng nh, trong khi t l ngi
dn tham gia th trng lao ng ngy cng
thu hp khin cn i thu chi cho qu ASXH
khu vc ny gp nhiu kh khn. Tnh
trong GDP, chi ph ASXH cc nc Bc
u cao nht khu vc chu u (chim 26,9%
GDP nm 2004), v mc thu nh vo
ngi lao ng cng cao nht khu vc chu
u (46,9% GDP nm 2004). Thu l cng c
to nn h thng ASXH ton din Bc u,
bi da vo ngun thu t thu, nh nc c
th cn i c thu chi ngn sch v cc
nc Bc u khng b lm vo tnh trng
thm ht ngn sch cao nh nhiu nc EU
khc. Vo nm 2004, cc nc Bc u
hng thng d ngn sch 4,1% GDP nh
cn i c thu (t thu) v chi ca chnh
ph cho cc mc tiu pht trin trong c
ASXH.

Bng 1: Cn i thu chi ngn sch ca cc nc EU nm 2004 (% GDP)

Nc

Thu

an Mch
Phn Lan
Thy in
Na Uy
Nhm Anglo-saxon
Nhm a trung hi
Nhm lc a
Nhm Bc u
OECD

48,8
44,2
44,0
50,4
32,0
36,3
40,6
46,9
35,9

Tng doanh
thu ca chnh
ph
58,9
52,5
57,9
58,3
38,0
43,8
47,6
56,9
43,9

Tng chi tiu

ca chnh
ph
56,3
50,7
46,4
57,3
38,1
46,9
49,7
52,7
45,1

Cn i
ngn sch

Chi tiu
ASXH

1,7
1,9
11,4
1,4
0,1
-3,5
-2,1
4,1
-3,6

29,2
24,8
23,9
29,8
17,4
22,4
25,7
26,9
20,8

Ngun: Neil Brooks and Thaddeus Hwong (2006), The Social benefits and economic
costs of taxation, Canadian Centre for Policy alternatives.
Nhng bin php ci cch thu thi gian
gn y h dn mc thu p dng cho cc
nc Bc u v vo nm 2008 mc thu
trung bnh ca cc nc Bc u u gim
mnh (xem bng 1). iu ny ng ngha
vi ngun thu ngn sch t thu gim dn,
trong khi ASXH nhng nm gn y lin tc
tng cao do nhng l do nhn khu hc v
th trng lao ng, c bit cao trong lnh
vc chm sc ngi gi, m au v bo v
sc khe do xu hng pht trin nhn khu
hc bi s lng ngi gi Bc u khng
ngng gia tng. Tui tc ca lc lng lao
ng ang l mi e da n s n nh v
bn vng ca m hnh nh nc phc li
Bc u bi m hnh ny ch yu da vo
vic nh thu thu nhp ca th h ang lm
vic b p ASXH cho th h ngi gi,
tr em v nhng ngi m au bnh tt. Mc
d t l ngi c vic lm khu vc Bc u
hin nay cao hn so vi cc nc EU khc

(bng 1), nhng do tng tui th, cng thm

t l sinh thp dn khu vc ny ang
dn n tnh trng gi ha dn s v s thiu
ht ngun nhn lc tr cho th trng lao
ng trong tng lai. iu ny t ra thch
thc i vi vic m rng ASXH trong
nhiu lnh vc nh an sinh thu nhp (tin
lng hu), chm sc sc khe cho ngi
gi. N cng dn n tnh trng lc lng
dn s tham gia th trng lao ng ngy
cng t hn, khin nng sut lao ng suy
gim v t ra nhng thch thc v ngun
thu ti chnh cho h thng ASXH.
Th hai: Chnh sch ASXH ang t ra
nhng thch thc cho th trng lao ng
khu vc Bc u. c trng c bn ca h
thng ASXH Bc u l m bo y vic
lm cho ngi lao ng v trn thc t s
tham gia ca dn chng Bc u trn th
trng lao ng t t l cao nht so vi cc

nh gi bc u tc ng...
nc EU khc. S tham gia y ca
ngi dn Bc u trn th trng lao ng
gp phn tch cc thc y cc hot ng
kinh t, mt khc to c s nh nc nh
thu thu nhp phc v mc tiu ti chnh ca
h thng ASXH. Tuy nhin, tnh trng lm
vic bn thi gian hay cn gi l lm vic
na ngy (part-time) khu vc Bc u ngy
cng ph bin v t l cao hn cc nc
EU khc. Nhng ngi lm vic bn thi
gian ch yu l ph n, ngi gi v ngi
m au bnh tt. Nhng l do khin m hnh
lm vic bn thi gian cc nc Bc u c
rt nhiu, trong c nhng l do thuc v
gii ch v nhng l do thuc v h thng
ASXH v chnh sch gia nh ca cc nh
nc phc li Bc u. Theo quy nh ca
EU, s gi lm vic ti a trong tun l 48

5
gi (2003/88/EC), nhng Phn Lan, Thy
in v Na Uy, s gi lm vic ti a theo
lut php ch l 40 gi, thm ch cn gim
mnh mt s ngnh ngh. Ngoi nhng l
do ngi lao ng a ra nh ngh m, chm
sc tr em, l do gia nh, i hc c
hng ASXH t chnh ph, lm vic na
ngy cn tim n nhng nguyn nhn thiu
vic lm v nguyn nhn b p buc khng
t nguyn t pha ngi lao ng. Theo bo
co ca OECD (2010), lm vic na ngy c
ngha l ngi lao ng khng c kh nng
tm kim mt vic lm y , v vy t l
tht nghip tim n khu vc Bc u l rt
cao. Thng k ca EU v OECD cho thy,
vo nm 2010 s ngi lm vic na ngy
khng t nguyn Thy in v Phn Lan
cao hn nhiu so vi khu vc EU-15.

Bng 2: T l vic lm na ngy khng t nguyn trong tng s vic lm bn thi

gian cc nc Bc u so vi EU15
Lm vic na ngy khng t
nguyn
Thng k ca EU (15-74 tui)
2000
2010
Thng k ca OECD (15-74 tui)
2000
2010

an
Mch

Phn
Lan

Na Uy

Thy
in

EU15

13,7
14,8

34,8
26,1

11,1
16,9

23,3
26,1

16,3
25,2

11,0
10,6

34,2
27,0

6,1
5,8

24,5
21,8

12,8
20,2

Ngun: OECD.Stat.http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?datasetCode=IMVPT_I
hnh thnh nn mt th trng lao khng t nguyn c nh gi l tht
ng tch cc, chi ph ASXH Bc u ngy nghip mt phn, n y t l tht nghip
cng m rng cho lc lng lao ng lm ca cc nc Bc u cao hn rt nhiu so
na ngy nhm hn ch tht nghip. Tnh vi t l tht nghip chnh thc c cng
trng thiu vic lm v lm vic na ngy b.

Hnh 1: T l tht nghip thc t Bc u nm 2008 (%)

Ngun: Anita Haataja, Meria Kauhanen and Jouko Natti (2011), Underemployment and
part-time work in the Nordic Countries, Kela Research Department, Working Papers 31.
Ghi ch: unemployment: tht nghip; Partial unempl: tht nghip mt phn; Total
unempl: tng tht nghip.
C ch li ch cho tht nghip v cc c c nh gi l khu vc c s pht trin
ch ASXH khc cho ngi lm vic na ngun nhn lc t trnh cao trn th gii,
ngy cc nc Bc u ang tip tc c tuy nhin y cng l mt sc p i vi mt
ci cch nhm khuyn khch ngi dn tham b phn ngi dn khng c trnh gio
gia th trng lao ng. Tuy nhin, cc hnh dc cao, khin h c nguy c ri vo tnh
thc lm vic na ngy Bc u cho thy trng b gt ra ngoi l x hi. Phn Lan l
nc ang gp vn ln v vic th h
nhng vn nghim trng ca th trng
thanh nin ang ri vo tnh trng bn l
lao ng Bc u hin nay v trong tng lai.
ha do khng t c trnh gio dc
Th ba: Do s gn kt cht ch gia cao. cc nc khc nh Thy in, Na
gio dc v vic lm, cc nc Bc u ang Uy, nhng ngi c trnh gio dc thp
phi i mt vi nhng thch thc v gio nht cng l nhng ngi b ri vo tnh
dc. m bo dn chng tham gia y trng bn l ha. Nhng s liu thng k
vo th trng lao ng, gio dc l yu t ca OECD nm 2007 cho thy cc nc
quan trng gip ngi dn trnh c Bc u nhng ngi t trnh gio dc
tnh trng b gt ra ngoi l x hi v thot i hc tr ln c c hi kim vic lm tt
ngho. Trong nhiu thp k qua, Bc u hn nhng ngi c trnh gio dc thp

nh gi bc u tc ng...
hn. Nhng ngi c trnh gio dc i
hc tham gia vo th trng lao ng mt
cch n nh v khng phi i mt vi tnh
trng tht nghip nh nhng ngi thuc
nhm ngi khc. Vi nhng ngi b lit k
vo danh sch bn l ha, nhng ri ro v
ngho kh ti chnh (thu nhp ch bng 60%
thu nhp trung bnh ca c nc), phi chu
nhng bt bnh ng v gio dc v chm
sc sc khe, to p lc gia tng chi ph
ASXH cho chnh ph ngy cng ln.
2. Bc u nh gi tc ng ca
cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu n h
thng ASXH cc nc Bc u

7
Cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu c
nhng nh hng mnh n cc nn kinh t
Bc u khin khu vc ny chu ri ro trong
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. L nhng nn kinh
t m ca, c quy m nh, cc nc Bc u
c hng li mnh m t tng trng
thng mi v u t ton cu, do vy trong
bi cnh thng mi v u t quc t gim
cha tng c trong ba nm qua, cc nn kinh
t Bc u chu nhiu tc ng nng n. Tc
tng trng GDP ca khu vc Bc u
gim t 2,9% nm 2007 xung 0,4% nm
2008, mc -4,4% nm 2009 v phc hi
mc 1,7% nm 2010 v 2,5% vo nm 2011.

Bng 3: Tc ng ca khng hong kinh t ton cu ti tng trng GDP, tht

nghip, ngn sch cc nc Bc u
Nc

2007
2008
2009
2010
2011*
Tng trng GDP (%)
an Mch
3,4
1,7
-0,9
-5,1
1,2
1,1
Phn Lan
4,4
4,8
1,2
-7,8
1,5
2,4
Na Uy
2,3
2,7
1,8
-1,5
0,7
1,4
Thy in
4,5
2,7
-0,5
-4,4
2,3
4,0
Bc u
3,7
2,9
0,4
-4,4
1,7
2,5
EU
3,2
2,8
0,7
-4,2
0,8
Tht nghip (%)
an Mch
3,8
2,8
1,8
3,5
5,2
6,2
Phn Lan
7,7
6,9
6,4
8,2
10,0
7,8
Na Uy
3,5
2,5
2,6
3,2
3,7
3,3
Thy in
7,1
6,1
6,2
8,3
9,7
7,5
Bc u
5,5
4,6
4,3
6,0
7,3
6,2
EU
8,5
7,4
7,2
9,3
10,5
Ngn sch chnh ph (%)
an Mch
5,0
4,4
3,4
-3,0
-5,8
Phn Lan
4,0
5,2
4,5
-2,2
-4,0
Na Uy
18,5
17,7
18,8
9,7
9,3
Thy in
2,2
3,4
3,1
-1,6
-3,0
Bc u
7,5
7,8
7,6
0,9
-0,5
EU
-1,4
-0,6
-2,0
-7,3
-8,1
Ngun: Bc u Council of Ministers (2011), Global Pressure Bc u Solutions v (*):
Bc u Outlook 2012 Danske Bank.

2006

T l tht nghip cc nc Bc u

thm ht ngn sch nm 2009 l -3% GDP

trong nhng nm khng hong kinh t ton

v nm 2010 l -5,8% GDP i vi an

cu cng tng mnh, t mc 4,3% nm 2008

Mch, v -2,2% GDP v -4% GDP i vi

ln mc 6% nm 2009, 7,3% nm 2010 v

Phn Lan. Cc ngnh cng nghip ti chnh

6,2% nm 2011 1. Theo bo co ca Tng

cng chu sc p rt ln t th trng M v

cc Thng k an Mch, nm 2010 c 164,5

chnh sch tin t ca khu vc Bc u (c

nghn ngi an Mch lm vo tnh trng

bit l an Mch v Phn Lan l thnh vin

tht nghip. Ngy cng nhiu ngi phi ri

ca Khu vc ng Euro) buc phi tun th

khi th trng lao ng do khng c vic

nghim ngt cc ch tiu gi cho s n

lm. Ring qu I nm 2012, an Mch mt

nh ca ng euro. Lm pht cng gia tng

9.000 vic lm, trong 4.000 vic lm

cc nc vng Scandinavia do nhng yu

khu vc cng cng v 5.000 vic lm ti khu

km hot ng kinh doanh trong nc.

vc t nhn 2, khin th trng lao ng chu

p lc gh gm. Ti Thy in, t l tht
nghip tng mnh, t mc 6,2% nm 2008
ln mc 8,3% nm 2009, 9,7% nm 2010 v
7,5% nm 2011. Phn Lan l nc c t l
tht nghip cao nht khu vc Bc u, mc
8,2% nm 2009 so vi mc 6,4% nm 2008,
tng ln mc 10% vo nm 2010.

N cng ca cc nc Hy Lp, Ty Ban

Nha, B o Nha... nhanh chng lan rng ra
ton EU v nh hng n cc nc Bc u.
Mc d khng phi chu nhng tc ng ca
cuc khng hong n cng khu vc EU,
nhng n cng ca cc nc Bc u cng
tng nhanh trong giai on 2009-2011. Vo
nm 2009, n cng ca Phn Lan chim

Khng hong kinh t ton cu v n

43,5% GDP, nm 2010 tng ln 48,4%

cng EU cng tc ng tiu cc n ngun

GDP v nm 2011 l 48,6% GDP. N cng

thu ngn sch ca chnh ph v n cng ca

ca an Mch cng tng t mc 42,9% GDP

cc nc Bc u. T mt khu vc lun c

nm 2010 ln mc 46,5% GDP nm 2011 3.

thng d ngn sch ln trong EU, mc

Nhn chung, n cng ca cc nc Bc u

7,6% GDP vo nm 2008, cc nc Bc u

thp hn nhiu so vi cc nc EU khc,

phi chu mc thm ht ngn sch 0,9%

khng mc ng bo ng, nhng cng

GDP vo nm 2009 v -0,5% GDP vo nm

gy ra nhng kh khn kinh t nht nh cho

2010. Nc c thm ht ngn sch ln nht

cc nc Bc u.

Bc u l an Mch v Phn Lan, vi mc

Nordic Council of Ministers (2011), Global Pressure

Nordic Solutions.

Nordic Outloojk 2012, Danske Bank.

Nordic Outlook 2012, sd.

Hnh 2. N cng cc nc Bc u v khu vc ng Euro (% GDP)

Ngun: Peter Birch Sorensen (2011), Long term fiscal sustainability: a Danish and
Nordic Successs Story? Nykredit Capital Markets Day, Copenhagen.
Cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu c gia ca ngi dn trn th trng lao ng
nhng tc ng tiu cc n h thng ASXH gim, mc lng cho ngi lao ng b h
Bc u trn nhiu phng din. Cuc khng
hong tc ng n th trng lao ng, sc
khe, thu nhp, nh , vic lm, khin ngi
dn phi chu nhiu tn thng khi nn kinh
t lm vo suy thoi, ng thi dn n chi
tiu cho ASXH trong khng hong gp nhiu
thch thc hn nhm m bo s n nh x
hi. Vi chc nng em li li ch ASXH
cho tt c mi ngi, t tr em, cha m,
ngi gi, ngi mt vic lm, chm sc sc
khe vt cht v tinh thn, cc nh nc
phc li Bc u gp gnh nng rt ln v
kinh ph v ngun lc bi hai l do sau: Th
nht, t l tht nghip gia tng trong thi k
khng hong 2008-2012 dn n cc ngun
qu m bo ASXH v chi tiu nh nc
cho bo tr x hi tng ln nhanh chng;
Th hai, do tng trng kinh t thp, s tham

thp, dn n tnh trng nh nc khng

c kh nng thu thu t ngi lao ng b
p cho vic m rng chi tiu ASXH. Trong
khng hong, hu ht cc nc chu u
trong c c cc nc Bc u u phi
tung ra cc gi ti chnh kch cu phn
ng vi khng hong, dn n thm ht ngn
sch nh nc v thu hp cc qu ASXH.
Nu khng hong c khc phc sm v
nn kinh t tng trng tr li, chnh ph cc
nc chu u s khng lm vo khng
hong n nng n. So vi cc nn kinh t EU
khc, cc nc vng Bc u chu nhng tc
ng khng qu nng n t khng hong,
ngn sch b thu hp, n cng tng nhanh
nhng c hai ch s ny u khng n mc
nguy him. Tng trng kinh t nhanh chng
phc hi, tuy nhin cuc khng hong kinh

10

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No9 (144).2012

t ton cu vn em li nhiu kh khn cho

cc nc Bc u bi chi tiu v li ch ca
ngi dn b ct gim nhanh chng. Ti an
Mch, trong hai nm 2008-2009, s ngi b
mt vic lm ln ti 93.000 ngi v tip
tc mc 78.000 ngi vo nm 2010.
Thng d ngn sch cng cng gim mnh
t 59,8 t DKK nm 2008 xung mc thm
ht 47 t DKK nm 2009, 80,1 t DKK vo
nm 2010 v 78,7 t DKK nm 2011 4. S
st gim ngun thu ngn sch n mc thm
ht khin ngi tht nghip v nhng
nhm ngi ang c hng ASXH an
Mch b ct gim rt ln ngun ASXH, c
th l ngi tht nghip ch c hng tr
cp tht nghip trong vng 2 nm thay v 4
nm nh trc y k t 1/7/2010. Cc
khon tr cp cho gia nh v tr em cng
gim rt mnh ti an Mch do nhng kh
khn kinh t trong nc. Vo nm 2009, an
Mch phi chi tiu 539 t kroner (95,7 t
USD), chim 33% GDP cho cc dch v
ASXH v sc khe khc phc nhng kh
khn v vic lm, tht nghip, sc khe cho
ngi dn trong thi k khng hong. Ti
Phn Lan, nhng kh khn kinh t tc
ng nng n vo ngi lao ng, khin nhu
cu ASXH tng cao c v kinh ph v dch
v. m bo s n nh x hi, chnh ph
Phn Lan phi tng chi tiu ASXH ln
mc 29% GDP vo nm 2009 thay v mc
25,4-26,3% nm 2006-2008 5. Mc tng ny

khin thm ht ngn sch ca Phn Lan nm

2009 mc -2,2% GDP so vi mc thng d
4,5% GDP ca nm 2008 v mc 5,2% GDP
ca nm 2007, tip tc mc thm ht nng
n hn vo nm 2010 l -4% GDP 6. Ti
Thy in, t l tht nghip tng rt cao
to p lc cho ngun thu t thu ca chnh
ph. Vo nm 2007, tng doanh thu t thu
ca chnh ph Thy in l 40 t SEK, nm
2008 gim cn 10 t SEK, nm 2009 gim
cn 15 t SEK v nm 2010 gim cn 10 t
SEK 7. Trong khi , tht nghip tip tc tng
v nhng chi tiu ASXH cho ngi gi,
ngi m cng tip tc tng cao v to p
lc rt ln cho h thng ASXH Thy in.
Trong khng hong, cc nc Bc u
n lc tm kim cc gii php bo v
nn kinh t ca h. Hng lot cc chin lc
ci cch c ra bao gm cc chng
trnh tht lng buc bng ct gim cc c
ch ASXH, tm kim cc th trng xut
khu mi nh th trng cc nc BRIC,
gim ph thuc vo th trng EU v Bc
M, thc hin chnh sch tin t cho vay vi
chi ph r. Nhng thng u nm 2012, xut
khu ca an Mch phc hi mc
ngang bng vi thi im trc khng hong
2008. Theo y ban Thng k an Mch
(thng 2 nm 2012), thng d thng mi
ca t nc ny t 14,3 t USD vo nm
2011. Hn na, 5 ngn hng ln nht ca

Nordic Social Statistical Committee, 2010, Social

Protection in the Nordic Countries.

Nordic Social Statistical Committee, sd.

Nordic Council of Ministers (2011), Global

Pressure Nordic Solutions.
Nordic Social Statistical Committee, sd.

nh gi bc u tc ng...
an Mch vt qua cc t kim tra
nghim ngt ca ngn hng EU p ng
cc nhu cu huy ng vn cho ngn hng,
m bo an ton hot ng trong bi cnh
khng hong n cng lan rng EU. Tuy
nhin, cc ngn hng nh ca an Mch vn
gp nhiu kh khn trong khng hong.
kch thch kinh t tng trng tr li, an
Mch cng tung ra mt gi kch cu khim
tn tr gi 10 t kroner (khong 2 t USD) 8
trong nm 2012-2013 h tr u t c s
h tng, y t v gio dc, khuyn khch u
t vo cc ngnh cng ngh xanh. Ti Phn
Lan, chnh ph thc hin rt nhiu chnh
sch tin t v kinh t khc phc khng
hong ti chnh, n nh kinh t. Cc bin
php c chnh ph Phn Lan s dng
trong thi gian qua l thc hin gi kch cu
kinh t, iu tit mnh m ngnh ti chnh v
ngn hng. Cn ti Thy in, chnh ph
thc hin nhng chnh sch h tr rt ln
cho doanh nghip va v nh to vic lm
cho ngi lao ng. Theo s liu thng k
Thy in, t nc ny vo nm 2009 c
70.000 doanh nghip va v nh, chim 90%
trong tng s doanh nghip Thy in, thu
ht ti 60% vic lm c nc. Doanh nghip
va v nh ng gp ti 55% tng trng
kinh t ca c nc v 65% trong tng u
t x hi 9. V vy, khuyn khch cc doanh
nghip va v nh Thy in pht trin

Mu Xuequan (2012), Nordic states weather EU

economic crisis, mull reforms to secure future growth,
Xinhua, 27/2.

Mu Xuequan (2012), sd.

11
trong giai on khng hong gip t
nc ny khc phc c nhng hu qu
kinh t - x hi, gp phn gii quyt ASXH
cho ngi lao ng. Thy in hy vng, cc
doanh nghip ny c th gip nn kinh t
thot khi suy thoi v nng cao kh nng t
v, nu xy ra mt cuc khng hong trong
nm 2012. Na Uy tng u t mt na
ngun ti chnh t Qu Xut khu du m
vo EU, nay Ngn hng Trung ng nc
ny cho bit s ngng u t v hn ch cc
giao dch ti chnh vi khu vc ny.
Nhn chung, Bc u, phc li x hi
va l gnh nng, va l ngun lc, bi l
ngun chi c bn cho pht trin c s h
tng, gio dc, tr cp tht nghip v to sc
cnh tranh cho nn kinh t. Nhng khng
hong n cng chu u ang lm chm li
s tng trng kinh t Bc u, cng vi s
gi ha dn s khin ngn sch chi cho phc
li x hi ngy cng tng, to p lc cho nn
kinh t. Cc nc Bc u ang thc thi
nhiu bin php gii quyt bi ton gnh
nng phc li x hi v thch thc tng
trng kinh t. Phn Lan tng tui ngh hu
tng ngun cung lao ng, u t vo nn
kinh t xanh v ci thin hiu qu khu vc
cng. Ti Thy in, tui ngh hu b y
li n 63 tui v thi gian ng gp vo
qu hu bng c ko di thm. Ngy nay,
Thy in l nc s mt trn th gii trong
lnh vc to cng n vic lm cho ngi cao
tui. Khu vc Nh nc Thy in cng
phi chu mt s bin php tht lng buc
bng qua nhng lut l nghim ngt hn v

12

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No9 (144).2012

ngn sch. an Mch tin hnh ci cch ch

phc li, tng thu v u t pht trin
ngun nng lng thay th.
Vic khng tham gia khu vc Eurozone
lm gim nguy c ly lan khng hong
cho an Mch, Na Uy v Thy in. Hin
nay, ba nc ny c xem l "thin ng
an ton" i vi cc nh u t tri phiu
chnh ph chu u, nu so snh gi tr tri
phiu khng cao nhng n nh Bc u
vi s lng tri phiu "d bay hi" cc th
trng Nam u. Trong khi cc quc gia
chu u ang phi u tranh ct gim ngn
sch v tnh trng tng trng chm th phc
hi tng trng kinh t ca cc nc Bc u
cho thy nhng u im ca m hnh Bc
u trong khng hong. H thng ASXH ton
din Bc u thi gian qua l mt trong
nhng nhn t gip khu vc ny khc phc
c nhng kh khn ca nhng t khng
hong kinh t nng n.
TI LIU THAM KHO
A. TING ANH
1. Anita Haataja, Meria Kauhanen and
Jouko Natti (2011), Underemployment and
part-time work in the Bc u Countries,
Kela Research Department, Working Papers
31.
2. Asisp (2010), Annual National
Report 2010, Denmark
3. Breidahl, Karen Nielsen (2008).
Labour market integration policies in the
Bc u Welfare States: Has the policy
changed and what are the driving forces

behind? Paper presented at XV. NOPSA

Conference, Troms, 6-9. Aug. 2008.
4. Brekke, K. A. and Kverndokk, S.
(2009), Health inequality in Bc u welfare
states - more inequality or the wrong
measures?, Hero skrifter nr. 4. Oslo: Hero.
5. Christensen, Anna Meier (2009). The
effect of institutions on the unemployment
gap between immigrants and natives in 11
European countries. Aalborg: Department of
Economics,
Politics
&
Public
Administration.
B. TING VIT
6. DVT (2012), 10 nc c thu thu
nhp cao nht th gii, http://vef.vn/201205-13-10-nuoc-co-thue-thu-nhap-cao-nhatthe-gioi
7. Bi Xun D (2012), ASXH: m hnh
nh nc x hi hay nh nc phc li? B
Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi.
8. Bo Mi (2011), iu chnh d ton
thu chi nm 2011 ca Bo him x hi Vit
Nam, http://www.baomoi.com/Dieu-chinhdu-toan-thu-chi-nam-2011-cua-Bao-hiemxa-hoi-Viet-Nam/47/7611124.epi
9. inh Cng Tun (2008), H thng
ASXH ca EU v bi hc kinh nghim cho
Vit Nam, NXB Khoa hc x hi, H Ni.
10. inh Cng Tun (2011), M hnh
pht trin Bc u, NXH T in Bch khoa,
H Ni
11. Linh Hng (2012), Kinh t ton
cu vn trong tnh trng ti t,
http://www.toquoc.gov.vn/Sites/vivn/details/4/kinh-te-the-gioi/109704/kinh-tetoan-cau-van-trong-tinh-trang-toi-te.aspx