(Operations of Sets)

(Union of Sets)

 A B A B
A
B
:
:

AB
AB
A B
A

A B

 : A = {1,2,3,4,5}, B = {1,3,4,6,8}, C = {2,3,5,7,9}, :

(a) AB
(b) AC
= {1,2,3,4,5}{1,3,4,6,8}
= {1,2,3,4,5}{2,3,5,7,9}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,8}
= {1,2,3,4,5,7,9}
A
.2
.5

.1
.3
.4

A
.4

.6
.8

.1

AB
(c)

.4 .1
.6
.8

(d)

.7
.9

BA
= {1,3,4,6,8}{1,2,3,4,5}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,8}

C
.3

AC

BC
= {1,3,4,6,8}{2,3,5,7,9}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
B

.2
.3
.5

.2 .5
.9
.7

BC

A
.2
.5

.1
.3
.4

B
.6
.8

BA
AB = BA

 : A = {1,2,3,4,5}, B = {1,3,4,6,8}, C = {2,3,5,7,9}, :

(f)

AA
= {1,2,3,4,5}{1,2,3,4,5}
= {1,2,3,4,5}
=A
A
.3

.2
.5

(g)

BB
= {1,3,4,6,8}{1,3,4,6,8}
= {1,3,4,6,8}
=B
B

.1

.6

.4

.3
.8

AA

.1
.4

BB

AA = A

BB = B

 : , AB, :
(a) A = {a,b,c,d}
B = {b,d,e,f,g}

(b) A = {1,2,3,4,5}
B = {3,1,2,5,4}

AB
= {a,b,c,d}{b,d,e,f,g}
= {a,b,c,d,e,f,g}
A
.a
.c

.b
.d

AB

.f

.e
.g

AB
= {1,2,3,4,5}{3,1,2,5,4}
= {1,2,3,4,5}
=A
A B
.3 .2 .1
=B
.4
.5

AB

A = B AB= A = B

 : , AB, :
(c) A = {1,3,5,7}
B = {2,4,6}

(d) A = {2,3,5}
B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

AB
= {1,3,5,7}{2,4,6}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
A
.1

.3

.5

.7

AB
= {2,3,5}{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
=B
B
.4

.4

.2

.1

.6

.6

A
.2

.7

.3
.5

AB

AB
AB A=
BB
:

 : A = {1,2,3,4,5}, B = {1,3,6,7,8}, C = {2,3,5,7,9}, :

(a) (AB)C
A
B
.1
.6
.4
= ({1,2,3,4,5}{1,3,6,7,8}){2,3,5,7,9}
.8
.3
.7
.5.2
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}{2,3,5,7,9}
.9
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
C
(AB)C
(b) A(BC)
= {1,2,3,4,5}({1,3,6,7,8}{2,3,5,7,9})
A
B
.1
.6
= {1,2,3,4,5}{1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9}
.4
.8
.3
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
.7
.5.2
.9
(c) ABC
C
= {1,2,3,4,5}{1,3,6,7,8}{2,3,5,7,9}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

A(BC)
A

ABC = (AB)C = A(BC)

:

.1

.4
.3
.5.2

.6
.8

.7

.9

ABC


(Intersection of Sets)

 A B A B
A B

:
:

AB
AB
A B
A

AB

 : A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {a, c, d, f, i}, C = {b, c, f, g, h},

:
(a) AB
(b) AB
= {a, b, c, d, e}{a, c, d, f, i}
= {a, b, c, d, e}{a, c, d, f, i}
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, i}
= {a, c, d}
A
.b
.e

.a
.c
.d

A
.b

.f
.i

.e

AB

B
.f
.i

AB
(c)

BA
= {a, c, d, f, i}{a, b, c, d, e}
= {a, c, d}

AB = BA

A
.b

.a
.c
.d

.e

.a
.c
.d

BA

B
.f
.i

 : , AB, :
(a) A = {a,b,c,d}
B = {b,d,e,f,g}

(b) A = {1,2,3,4,5}
B = {3,1,2,5,4}

AB
= {a,b,c,d}{b,d,e,f,g}
= {b,d}
A
.a
.c

.b
.d

AB

.f

.e
.g

AB
= {1,2,3,4,5}{3,1,2,5,4}
= {1,2,3,4,5}
=A
A B
.3 .2 .1
=B
.4
.5

AB

A = B AB= A = B

 : , AB, :
(c) A = {1,3,5,7}
B = {2,4,6}

(d) A = {2,3,5}
B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

AB
= {1,3,5,7}{2,4,6}
={}
A
.1

.3

.5

.7

AB
= {2,3,5}{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
= {2,3,5}
=A
B
.4

.4

.2

.1

.6

.6

A
.2

.7

.3
.5

AB

AB
AB AB= A
:

 :
:

A
.3
.1
.2 .4

A= ?

B=?

AB = ?

AB = ?

{1,2,3,4}

{3,4,5,6}

{1,2,3,4,5,6}

{3,4}

{1,2,3,4,5}

{1,2,3}

{1,2,3,4,5}

{1,2,3}

B
.5
.6

A .5
B
.1
.2
.3

.4

AB
.1 .2 .3
.4 .5

.1

{1,2,3,4,5} {1,2,3,4,5} {1,2,3,4,5} {1,2,3,4,5}

A
.2

.3
.4

B
.5

{1,2,3}

{4,5}

{1,2,3,4,5}

{}

 : A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {a, c, d, f, i}, C = {b, c, f, g, h},

:
A .a
B
(a) ABC
.d
.i
.e
= {a, b, c, d, e}{a, c, d, f, i}{b, c, f, g, h}
.c
.f
.b
= {c}
.g .h
C
(b) (AB)C
ABC
= ({a, b, c, d, e}{a, c, d, f, i}){b, c, f, g, h}
= {a, c, d}{b, c, f, g, h}
A .a
B
.d
.i
.e
= {c}
.c
.f
.b
(c) A(BC)
.g .h
C
= {a, b, c, d, e}({a, c, d, f, i}{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e}{c, f}
(AB)C
= {c}
A .a
B
.d

.e

ABC = (AB)C = A(BC)

.b

.c

.f
.h

.g

.i

A(BC)

 : A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {a, c, d, f, i},C = {b, c, f, g, h},

:
(d)

(AB)(AC)
= ({a, b, c, d, e}{a, c, d, f, i}) ({a, b, c, d, e}{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, c, d}{b, c}
A .a
B
.d
.i
.e
= {a, b, c, d}
.c
.f

.b

.h

.g

(e)

A(BC)
= {a, b, c, d, e}({a, c, d, f, i}){b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e}{a, b, c, d, f, g, h, i}
= {a, b, c, d}

(AB)(AC)
A
.e
.b

(AB)(AC) = A(BC)
:

.a
.d
.c

.i
.f
.h

.g

A(BC)

 : A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {a, c, d, f, i},C = {b, c, f, g, h},

:
(f)

(AB)(AC)
= ({a, b, c, d, e}{a, c, d, f, i})({a, b, c, d, e}{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, i}{a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}
A .a
.d
.e
= {a, b, c, d, e, f}
.c

B
.i

.f

.b

.h

.g

(g)

A(BC)
= {a, b, c, d, e}({a, c, d, f, i}{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e}{c, f}
= {a, b, c, d, e, f}

(AB)(AC)
A
.e
.b

(AB)(AC) = A(BC)
:

.a
.d
.c

.i
.f
.h

.g

A(BC)

 : A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {a, c, d, f, i}, C = {b, c, f, g, h},

: AA
(h)
AA = A
= {a, b, c, d, e}{a, b, c, d, e}
= {a, b, c, d, e}
BB = B
=A
MM = M
(i) AA
= {a, b, c, d, e}{a, b, c, d, e}
A = A
= {a, b, c, d, e}
AA = A
=A
B = B
BB = B
(j) A
= {a, b, c, d, e}{ }
M = M
MM = M
= {a, b, c, d, e}
=A
A =
(k) A
= {a, b, c, d, e}{ }
B =
={}
=
M =

 : A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7},

:
(a) AB
.1 B .3
.7
A .5
= {2, 4, 6}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
.2 .6
.4
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
= B ( )
AB
(b)

AB
= {2, 4, 6}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
= {2, 4, 6}
= A ( )
AB, AB B
=
AB, AB A
=

.1 B .3
.7

A
.2
.4

.5

.6

AB


(Difference of Sets)

 A B A
B A
B
:
:

A\B
AB
A B
A

A\B

A B A (
B
A B
A

A\B

A B

 : A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9}, C = {2, 4}, :

(a)

A\B
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 4}
A
.1

.4
.2

.3

.7

.5

.9

A\B
(c)

(b)

B\A
= {3, 5, 7, 9}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {7, 9}

A\B B\A

A
.1

A\C
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{2, 4}
= {1, 3, 5}

(d)

.2

.7
.9

C\A
= {2, 4}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
={ }
A .3
.1
C .5

.4

.4

A\C

.5

B\A

A .3
.1
C .5
.2

.4

.3

.2

C\A

CA,

C\A=

 : A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9}, C = {2, 4}, :

(a)

B\C
= {3, 5, 7, 9}\{2, 4}
= {3, 5, 7, 9}
= B
B

.5

.3
.7

.2

.9

.4

B\C
(c)

(b)

B
C
B

B\C =

A\A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
={ }
A
.1

.2
.3

.5
.4

A\A

B
.5

.3
.7

.9

B
C
C

C\B =

C
.2

.4

C\B
(b)

C\B
= {2, 4}\{3, 5, 7, 9}
= {2, 4}
= C

B\B
= {3, 5, 7, 9}\{3, 5, 7, 9}
={ }
B
.7
.3

.5
.9

B\B

 : A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9}, C = {2, 4}, :

(e)

A\
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{ }
= {1,2, 3, 4, 5}
= A
A
.1

.2
.3

.5
.4

A\

(f)

B\
= {3, 5, 7, 9}\{ }
= {3, 5, 7, 9}
= B
B
.7
.3

.5
.9

B\

 : A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {a, c, d, f, i},C = {b, c, f, g, h},

:
(a) (A\B)\C
= ({a, b, c, d, e}\{a, c, d, f, i})\{b, c, f, g, h}
A .a
B
= {b, e}\{b, c, f, g, h}
.d
.i
.e
.c
= {e}
.f
.b
.h

.g

(f)

A\(B\C)
= {a, b, c, d, e}\({a, c, d, f, i}\{b, c, f, g, h})
= {a, b, c, d, e}\{a, d, i}
= {b, c, e}

(A\B)\C
A
.e
.b

(A\B)\C A\(B\C)

.a
.d
.c

.i
.f
.h

.g

A\(B\C)
:


(Universal Sets)

:
:

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

A = {1, 2, 3, 11}
B = {2, 4, 6}
C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
D = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
E = {5}

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

A, B, C, D E
:

.7

.9 .1 A
E
.3
.11
.5
.12

D .10
.2 B.4
.6

.8


(Complement of Sets)

 A
A
A
:
:
:

A
A

A
A A

 :
A
A A
A = \ A
: B = \ B
C = \ C
D = \ D
M = \ M
..

 : = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(a)

A
= \ A

.1
.5

.3

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

.9

= {6, 7, 8, 9}
(b)

B
= \ B

.6

.4

.7

.8 C

.1
.5

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}\{3, 5, 7, 9}
= {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}

A .2

.9

A .2
.3
.7

.4
.8 C

.6

 : = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(c)

(AB)
= \ (AB)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}{3, 5, 7, 9})

.5

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
= {6, 8}
(d)

(AB)
= \ (AB)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}{3, 5, 7, 9})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {3, 5}
= {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}

.1

.3
.7

.4
.8 C

(AB)
.1
.5

.9

A .2

.9

A .2
.3
.7

.4
.8 C

(A B)

.6

.6

 : = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(e)

(A\C)
= \ (A\C)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\{3, 4, 7, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 2, 5}
= {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}

.1
.5

.3
.7

.6

.4
.8 C

(A\C)

.1
.5

(f)

.9

A .2

.9

A .2
.3
.7

.6

.4
.8 C

(A B C)
(A B C)
= \ (A B C)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {3, 5, 7, 9}) {3, 4, 7, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}
= {6}

 : = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(g)

A .2

.1
.5

.3

.9

.7

.6

.4
.8 C

(ABC)
(ABC)
= \ (ABC)
= \ ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}{3, 5, 7, 9}){3, 4, 7, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {3}
= {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

.1

A .2

.5
.3

(h)
= \

.9

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
={}
=

.7

.4
.8 C

.6

 : = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {3, 4, 7, 8},
:
(i)

= \

.1
.5

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ { }
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
=

=
=

.9

A .2
.3

.4

.7

.8 C

.6

 : = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(j) A
= \ A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {6, 7, 8, 9}
(k) (A)
= \ (A)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ { 6, 7, 8, 9}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
=A
(l)

[(A)]
= \ [(A)]
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
= {6, 7, 8, 9}
= A

(A) = A
[(A)] = A
{ [(A)]} = A

..

 : = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}, :
(a) (AB)
= \ (AB)
= \ ({1, 2, 4, 5}{1, 2, 4, 6, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8}
= {3, 7}
(b)

(AB)
AB
= (\ A) (\ B)
= ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 5})
({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 6, 8})
= {3, 6, 7, 8} {3, 5, 7}
= {3, 7}

= AB

 : = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}, :
(c) (AB)
= \ (AB)
= \ ({1, 2, 4, 5}{1, 2, 4, 6, 8})
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4}
= {3, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(d)

(A B)
AB
= (\ A) (\ B)
= ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 5})
({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} \ {1, 2, 4, 6, 8})
= {3, 6, 7, 8} {3, 5, 7}
= {3, 5, 6, 7, 8}

= A B