. , ℎ.

( ℎ ), ,

PROBABLE ERROR = 0.6745

It is know from experience that any long sequence of independent observations of a

Variable ‘x’ shows up fluctuating deviation from average. The probability of occurrence of these

Deviation is expressed by Normal Distribution.

̅
( ) = exp − ⎯⎯⎯ (1)
√

Where ( ) is the Probability that the observation lies in an interval

around ‘x’.

̅ is the mean(average), is the Standard deviation.

In my Laser beam parameters Experiment,

The Laser beam Intensity distribution function is given by

( )= exp −2 ⎯⎯⎯ (a)

( ) ( )

Where w(z) is the spot size at a point of ‘z’ along the Z-axis and it is given by

w(z) = 1+ ⎯⎯⎯ (b)

At point z=0, We can get w(0) =

The Intensity distribution function is given by

( )= exp −2 ⎯⎯⎯ (c)

For our convenience, =

( )= exp − ⎯⎯⎯ (d)

 . , ℎ. ( ℎ ), ,

The normalized Intensity distribution function is given by,

( )= exp − ⎯⎯⎯ (e) here =

√ √

In this case, Mean ̅ = 0.

SOLUTION:
( ) = exp − ⎯⎯⎯ (2)

Where ( ) is Intensity (Probability) that the Observation lies in an interval

Around ‘r’.

It is similar to the EQ (1)

For solving Purpose,

Some function ∅( ) = ∫ ( )

1 2
= ∫0 exp − 12
√2

For simplification, = ,
√

∅( ) = ∫ √ exp −
√

= √
∫0 √2 exp − 12 2

1
∅( ) = ⎯ (3)
2 √2

Where errors function

√
=
√
∫0 √2 exp − 12 2

1 2
Again take ∅( ) = ∫0 exp − 12
2

1 1 2
= ∫
2 −
exp − 12
2
 . , ℎ. ( ℎ ), ,

∅( ) = ( ) ⎯⎯⎯ (4)

Where ( )= ∫ exp − ⎯⎯⎯ (5)

√

Laser beam Power ( ) = ∫ ∫ ( , )

=∫ exp − ∫ exp −
√ √

√
= ∫ exp − −∫ exp −
√ √ √
√

=
√

√ √
= √2 − ∫ √ exp [− ]
√ √

( ) = − ⎯⎯⎯ (6)
√

( ) = − ∅( ) ⎯⎯⎯ (7)

But ∅( ) = ( )[ (4)]

( )= ∫ exp −
√

Where ( ) = ∫ ( ) is the Intensity (Probability) that observation

lies in an interval [− , ] .

If, full width at Half-maximum takes place in the interval [− , ].

( )= ∫ ( ) =

( )
From EQ ∅( ) = ( )= =

( )
From EQ ( ) = − ∅( ) = − =
 . , ℎ. ( ℎ ), ,

( )
From EQ ( ) = −
√

= −
√

=
√

=
√

Applying function on both sides

=
√

=
√

From ( )= √ + + + ⋯…………………

= 0.477

∴ = 0.477
√

= 0.477 × 1.414 = 0.674478

= .

Replace eP in the place of ′ ′

= .
: We got the above expression by considering the
case FWHM which contains 50% beam intensity. Hence we have to
consider the points between which the intensity drops from 75% to25%
in the power curve in the calculation of SPOT SIZE of laser beam using
KNIFE_EDGE experiment .(spot size w(z) = 2w0=4 )