Paper 1: Uses adequate pair of DC test signals for detection of Tx non-idealities

Envelope detector used is a Class- B Biased NMOS Dynamic Range

Compressor
The polarity of the power levels on using two test signals for each estimation
of imbalance parameter is used as a fluctuation of power level test which is
detected by a comparator instead of a multi-bit ADC
DC offset compensation I/Q Gain mismatch compensation I/Q Phase
Mismatch Compensation
DC offset Compensation:

The polarity of

P1P2

is detected by an envelope detector and is used as a

test for finding optimum

C I using binary search algorithm. The

magnitudes of each output are then compared using sample-and-hold based

comparator.
Similar process is repeated for Q path!
No requirement for the detector to be linear as only polarity is used as a
condition. The non-linear property automatically compresses the dynamic
range of the signal essentially taking the place of variable gain circuit.

Paper 2: No training sequence

Adaptive LMS compensation independent of the statistic of the transmitted

data

Separate treatment of the three existing errors:

(i)

Quadrature Error

''

The envelope of

o' ( t )

is squared to obtain

E Q2 ( t )

Mean is obtained after multiplication with signum function i.e we

normalize the complex signal.
(ii)

Residual Carrier
After obtaining

' x'

and

' y '

Ec 2 ( t ) , we multiply by

to obtain residual errors

and

sign(x ( t ) )

and

respectively as

sign( y ( t ))

(iii)

Gain Imbalance Error

''

Improved Technique:
An adaptive setting of the reference squared envelope level using
simple LMS
Solution converges in about 2000 iterations for each error
Non-linearities in the ED will be taken into account

Paper 3: A complete offline technique for compensation

LMS Algorithm is used for compensation

Adaptation of Gain and Phase Imbalance

Adaptation is complete when all 4 phases give the same output

ve

from

the ED.
Error Signals are difference between test signal outputs in pairs:

Paper 4:

Compensates both frequency and non-frequency dependent compensation

parameters
Uses recursive algorithms to estimate the impairments from the
instantaneous power if the transmitted signal
Estimation and compensation are performed in the regular operation mode
Convergence Analysis is covered
Further convergence Analysis yet to be understood !