HRW Tunneling Successfully in India

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ADDRESSING EXPLOSIVE
ATTACK ON EMBANKMENT DAMS 20
OCEAN ENERGY UPDATE 30
IMPROVE KAPLAN CONTROL 40
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_______________
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #1
MARCH-APRIL 2012
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION
14 Challenges of Hydro Tunneling in India

By Claudio Vissa, Rakesh Mahajan, German
Vera Lazo, Kent Murphy and S.P. Bansal
The lessons learned with regard to
tunneling by developers of the 192 MW
Allain Duhangan project can prove valuable
for other developers working in this country.
®
ARTICLES
20 Addressing Explosive Attack on Embankment Dams

By Abass Braimah and Mohammad Rayhani
Failure of embankment dams as a result of explosive attack can have
serious ramifications for the people and environment downstream of
the structure. Understanding how explosives affect these dams can
help owners and operators develop mitigation strategies.
30 Ocean Energy Explored

By David Appleyard
Marine current, wave and tidal energy is set to boom. With full
commercial operations surely just around the corner, we explore
the power of the deep.
40 Developing a Family of Cam Curves

from a Single Index Test ●
By Lee H. Sheldon
A method is available that allows project owners to extrapolate
a single head index test cam curve into a family of cam curves for
a Kaplan turbine. This method provides accurate results while
reducing the need for additional index tests.
30
● Peer Reviewed
DEPARTMENTS
2 Viewpoint: 4 Briefings 48 Lessons Learned 60 Small Hydro

Reflections The Shallow Canals
on the Pace 46 Ideas in Action: 68 Calendar
of Change for Converting a 50 Tech Notes
Global Hydro Watermill into a 68 Index to
Hydroelectric Plant 54 New Hydro Advertisers
ADVISORY BOARD
H. Irfan Aker Ian M. Cook Chris Head Leonard B. Kassana Peter Thomas Mulvihill Raghunath Gopal
Dolsar Engineering ICCL, United Chris Head & Associates East African Tea Pioneer Generation, Ltd. (R.G.) Vartak
Limited, Turkey Kingdom United Kingdom Trade Association New Zealand AFCONS Infrastructure
Kenya Limited, India
Emmanuel Arturo Gil Liu Heng Carlos Alberto Knakiewicz Montri Suwanmontri, PhD Luis C. Vintimilla
Antwi-Darkwa Garcia International Network on Itaipu Binacional Dr. Montris & Associates Consulting Engineer
Volta River Authority Iberdrola Small Hydropower Brazil Thailand Ecuador
Ghana Generation (IN-SHP), People's
Spain Republic of China
Zhang Boting Roger Gill Zhang Jinsheng Dr. Terry Moss C.V.J. Varma James Yang, PhD
Chinese Society for Hydro Focus China Yangtze Eskom Generation Council of Power Utilities Vattenfall Research
Hydropower Engineering Pty. Ltd. Three Gorges Project South Africa and The Dams Society and Development AB
People's Republic of Australia People's Republic of India Sweden
China China
www.hydroworld.com March-April 2012 / HRW 1
Viewpoint
Reflections on the Pace of

Change for Global Hydro ®
Vol. 20, No. 2, March-April 2012
PennWell Global Energy Group

The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill,
A great deal can change in 20 years, with companies, governments and even whole Powermill Lane, Waltham Abbey,
Essex, EN9 1BN, UK
industries emerging or vanishing over that period. Take, for example, the internet. Telephone: +44 1992 656 600
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
As ubiquitous as they seem in today’s world, giant corporations such as Google and E-mail: hydroreview@pennwell.com
World Wide Web: http://www.hydroworld.com
Facebook didn’t exist two decades ago, nor even did e-mail in the way we under-
CHIEF EDITOR — David Appleyard
stand and rely upon it in today’s world. It’s perhaps hard to imagine life without these +44 1992 656659 davida@pennwell.com
technologies, so seamlessly are they integrated into our day-to-day existence and as CONSULTING EDITOR — Marla Barnes
+1 918 832 9353 marlab@pennwell.com
dependent are we upon them in managing the hectic pace of modern life. But, stripped
SENIOR EDITOR — Elizabeth Ingram
back to fundamentals, ultimately these wondrous technologies are simply ways to com- +1 816 214 5629 elizabethi@pennwell.com
municate ideas more effectively, a process that has been under development for many A SSOCIATE EDITOR — Bob Doucette
+1 918 861 9116 bdoucette@pennwell.com
thousands of years. PRODUCTION MANAGER — Daniel Greene
In the same way, it is also perhaps hard to imagine a time when hydropower was not +1 918 831 9401 danielg@pennwell.com
a major fi xture in the global energy supply portfolio. To think back to a time before PRESENTATION EDITOR — Kermit Mulkins
+1 918 831 9554 kermitm@pennwell.com
hydropower is to envisage a very different world indeed, a world beyond comprehen- CONTRIBUTING EDITOR — James L. Gordon, BSc
sion for most of the population – although, sadly, not all – when electricity was a new
SUBSCRIBER SERVICE
and rare commodity. Again, though, the process of harnessing the power of nature has P.O. Box 3264, Northbrook, IL 60065-3264, USA
been explored by humankind since our earliest origins; it is only the mechanisms that Customer Service: +1 847 559 7330
Fax: +1 847 291 4816
have changed and evolved over time. Email: hrw@omeda.com
Reflecting on this changing world, it is perhaps hard to believe that HRW – Hydro GROUP PUBLISHER , INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS — Ralph Boon
+44 1992 656667 ralphb@pennwell.com
Review Worldwide is now in its twentieth year of publication. Although today it too
SALES MANAGER: EUROPE, A SIA , A FRICA , OCEANIA — Tom Marler
is mirrored with an on-line presence at HydroWorld.com, such an anniversary also +44 1992 656608 tomm@pennwell.com
presents an opportunity to consider what else has changed since that fi rst edition of SALES DIRECTOR: A MERICAS — Howard Lutzk
+1 913 402 7119 howardl@pennwell.com
HRW was created.
REPRINTS — Kelly Blieden
One of our features in that earliest incarnation explored a number of the oppor- +1 866 879 9144 pennwellreprint@fosterprinting.com
tunities that exist in the hydro world, such as new development, small hydro, and CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS — PennWell Corp.
1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112, USA
rehabilitation and privatization, as well as the challenges that needed to be overcome. Telephone: +1 918 835 3161
Today, opportunities certainly still exist, in rehabilitation, emerging markets, pumped CHAIRMAN — Frank T. Lauinger
PRESIDENT/CEO — Robert F. Biolchini
storage and balancing and in new technologies found in marine and tidal stream devel- CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER /SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT — Mark C. Wilmoth
opments – see our feature starting on page 30 for more on this particular aspect of AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER — Emily Martha Martin
SR. VP, AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT & BOOK PUBLISHING — Gloria Adams
the modern hydro world. We also still see challenges to their realization, and in this PRODUCTION DIRECTOR — Charlie Cole
The views expressed by contributing authors are those of the individuals
edition, for example, we explore explosive impacts as a means to address potential concerned and do not necessarily reflect those of HRW or the publishers.
attacks on embankment dams on page 20, a tragic necessity in these troubled times. HRW (ISSN 1072-9542) is published six times in January, March, May,
July, September, and December by PennWell Global Energy Group, The
The fi rst edition also presented a feature on increasing the value of hydro through Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Es-
sex, EN9 1BN, UK; phone +44 1992 656 600. Printed in the U.K. Ca-
research and development. Today, we cover similar ground with a look at a method to nadian GST Registration Number 12681 3153 RT0001. Canada Post
International Publications Mail Product (Canadian Distribution) Publi-
cations Agreement No. 40029359. @Copyright 2011 by PennWell Corp.
improve the control of Kaplan turbines, vital in maximizing their value. (Registered in U.S. Patent Trademark Office). No part of this periodical
may be reproduced without the consent of the publisher. Authorization to
Perhaps most indicative of this changing world, the fi rst ever Viewpoint, by then- photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal
use of specific clients, is granted by HRW, ISSN 1072-9542, provided
publisher Leslie Eden, explored three fundamental qualities of hydropower: renew- that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA 508-750-8400. Prior to
ability, sustainability and a lack of carbon emissions. And, two decades on, these are photocopying items for educational classroom use, please contact Copy-
right Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA
the same fundamental qualities that continue to shine out to this day. Plus ça change. 508-750-8400. Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa, OK and additional
mailing offices. Annual subscription rate: US$44 per year. Single cop-
ies: US$20. Payments accepted in U.S. funds only. HRW is a subscriber
to Business News Americas news services and incorporates their copy in
its news columns. POSTMASTER: Send change of address, other circu-
lation information to HRW, PO Box 3264, Northbrook, IL 60065-3264.
“HRW” is a registered trademark of PennWell Corp. Return undeliver-
able Canadian addresses to P.O. Box 122, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 6S4.
Member: BPA International
Printed in the U.K.. GST NO. 12681 3153 RT0001

Publications Mail Agreement No. 40029359
Chief Editor
2 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com
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Two projects move forward in Pakistan president Rupiah Banda in September 2011 after several years
A 15 day trial commission of the fi rst unit of the 96 MW Jinnah of delay. Construction is expected to be complete by 2015.
project began in January 2012, Jimah Energy Ventures reports. Alstom will supply two 60 MW Kaplan turbine-generator
The run-of-river plant, on the Indus River adjacent to Jinnah units, along with other equipment, including the main inlet
Barrage in Mianwali District, is part of the Water and Power valve and governing and excitation systems. Alstom is also
Development Authority’s plan to improve Pakistan’s hydroelec- responsible for supervising site installation and commissioning.
tric output. Overall completion of the project is expected by The contract for the project was awarded to Sinohydro on
mid-2012. WAPDA is implementing seven new hydro projects, a turnkey basis by Itezhi-Tehzi Power Corporation Ltd., a
including 4,500 MW Diamer-Bhasha, 84 MW Kurram-Tangi, joint-venture between Indian business group Tata and the state-
1,410 MW Tarbela 4th Extension, 7,100 MW Bunji, 4,320 MW owned Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Ltd (Zesco).
Dasu, and 740 MW Munda.
Hydropower accounts for about 32% of the country’s energy First of five turbines in operation at Uganda’s Bujagali
mix, with an average tariff of PKR1.54/kWh (US$0.017/kWh), Uganda’s prime minister has commissioned the fi rst part of the
or nearly six times less per unit than other forms electricity, 250 MW Bujagali plant, Bloomberg reports. As of February
according to Pakistani news sources. 2012, one of the facility’s five 50 MW turbines was activated,
In other news, Star Hydro Power Limited has been awarded according to Uganda Electricity Generation Company manag-
a US$60 loan by the International Finance Corporation for con- ing director Simon D’Ujanga.
struction of the 147 MW Patrind plant. Other investors include Construction of the project, on the Victoria Nile River, began
the Islamic Development Bank, Export-Import Bank of Korea in August 2007, although bids have been solicited as recently as
and Asian Development Bank. January 2012. The project is sponsored by Industrial Promotion
The $409 million run-of-river project, between the Kunhar Services Limited and SG Bujagali Holdings LTD and is
and Jhelum rivers near Muzaffarabad, will be the largest pri- expected to be complete in July.
vately fi nanced hydroelectric facility in the country when it is
completed in 2016, according to an IFC release. Suppliers named for 305 MW Reventazon facility
Costa Rica utility Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad has
Ukraine utility awards contract for work at Kremenchuk awarded contracts to Andritz Hydro Gmbh and Sistemas de
Ukranian utility OJSC UkrHydroEnergo has awarded a Potencia de Centroamerica for work on the 305.5 MW Reventazon
contract to JV Sitronics IT of Ukraine and Conim Group project. The contracts stipulate Andritz will provide turbines,
for the supply and installa- auxiliary generators, control systems and balance of plant, while
tion of three turbines at the Sistemas de Potencia will provide a main bridge crane.
686 MW K remenchu k faci l- The project is part of Costa Rica’s 2011-2014 national devel-
it y. T he 12-unit plant was opment plan, which says it should begin operations by 2016.
commissioned in 1959.
This work at the Kremenchuk First unit online at Chinese pumped-storage plant
(or Kremenchug) project is The Pushihe pumped-storage facility went online in February
worth nearly US$3.6 million. 2012, China’s National Energy Administration announces.
The 24 month project is part of The 686 MW Kremenchuk hydro plant The US$712 million project, in east Liaoning Kuandian
in the Ukraine is undergoing a reha-
an ongoing hydro project being Manchu Autonomous County, includes four Alstom 300 MW
bilitation that includes installing three
funded by the World Bank. new turbines. turbine-generator units and is expected to produce 1,860 GWh
of electricity annually. Only one generator is online, but sources
Sinohydro awards contract for Zambia’s Itezhi-Tezhi plant say the remaining three are expected to be operational by the
Alstom has won a contract worth US$26.25 million to provide end of the year. Construction of the project began in 2006.
turbines and generators for the 120 MW Itezhi-Tezhi project.
Chinese engineering fi rm Sinohydro Corp. Ltd. awarded the Landsvirkjun awards four contracts for Budarhals, Laxa
bid for the plant, on the Kafue River in central Zambia. Icelandic utility Landsvirkjun has awarded four contracts for
Work on the $250 million project was launched by Zambian work on the 80 MW Budarhals and 9 MW Laxa 2 projects.
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Three contracts were Brahmaputra (called Yarlung Tsangpo in China). The countries
awarded for the Budarhals have a doctrine of prior appropriation, which says the river’s
project. Istak will construct rights of fi rst appropriation belong to whoever utilizes it fi rst.
civil works, including two rock-
fi ll dams, a surface structure Work on Upper Kotmale in Sri Lanka nearing completion
powerhouse and a headrace Construction of Sri Lanka’s controversial Upper Kotmale plant
tunnel. The contract is worth is nearing completion, according to Sri Lankan news sources.
US$80.6 million. Voith Hydro The 150 MW project was fi rst proposed in 1968 but was
Gmbh & Co. will supply elec- stymied for decades due to concerns about its environmental
Work being performed at the 9 MW Laxa tromechanical material, as per impact. A favorable court ruling and a US$270 million loan
2 project on the Laxa River in Iceland
a bid notice from May 2008. from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) in
involves replacing a wooden penstock
that supplies water to the powerhouse. The monetary value of the 2006 allowed construction to begin.
award was not specified by the The project was “92% complete” in January 2012, says
notice. And Montavar Metalna Nova d.o.o. will provide gates Sri Lankan Power and Energy Minister Patali Champika
and penstocks. The notice did not include fi nancial terms. Ranawaka. When fi nished, it will be Sri Lanka’s largest hydro
At Laxa 2, APS Norway AS will replace a penstock. facility and should alleviate the country’s energy shortfall.
Ranawaka said he expected the fi rst of two 75 MW generat-
Cemig awards Brazil plant refurbishment contract ing units to be operating by the end of January, with the second
Companhia Energetica de Minas Gerais (Cemig) has awarded coming online by April.
a contract worth more than €60 million (US$79.4 million) to
a consortium led by Alstom Brazil for refurbishment of the Tratos wins contract for 6,800 MW Ethiopian project
1,710 MW Sao Simao plant. Cable manufacturer Tratos Cavi Spa has been awarded a multi-
Sao Simao, on the Paranaiba River between Goias and Minas million-dollar contract to supply low- and high-voltage cable for
Gerais states, is Cemig’s largest hydro facility. It began operat- the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.
ing in 1978 with six turbine-generating units. The 6,800 MW hydropower plant is on the Nile River in
The consortium, which includes electric and automation northwestern Ethiopia and is expected to be complete by 2017,
systems provider Orteng and construction company Camargo according to a Tratos release. When complete, it will be the larg-
Correa, will be responsible for refurbishing the generation and est hydro project in Africa and feature two powerhouses with a
transmission equipment. Alstom will refurbish the turbines, combined 15 turbines.
speed governors and generators; replace the excitation system; Tratos says it was awarded the contract by Salini Construttori
and supervise, commission and supply the transformers and Spa, which was named contractor for the US$4.76 billion
instrumentation. Orteng will be in charge of engineering, inte- project in April 2011.
gration and supply of auxiliary electrical equipment, as well as
supervision and commissioning. Camargo Correa will revamp Contracts awarded for Grand Inga rehab work
hydromechanical equipment, including erection. Alstom Hydro and Andritz Hydro have been awarded a
The rehab work is expected to be complete by 2018 and will joint contract worth about US$102.2 million for work at the
extend the life of the plant by at least 30 years, Alstom says. 1,424 MW Inga 2 project.
Cemig owns or has stakes in 103 companies and 15 consor- The companies will rehabilitate two turbine-generators at this
tiums. In the electric energy sector, it services 96% of the conces- plant as part of the Democratic Republic of Congo’s initiative to
sion area in Minas Gerais and has more than 7 million consum- develop a 40,000 MW Grand Inga facility on the Congo River.
ers in 774 municipalities. It is responsible for the operation of This work involves increasing capacity at both the 350 MW Inga
65 power plants with total installed capacity of 6,925 MW. 1 and Inga 2 projects, as well as building 4,300 MW Inga 3.
The contract says the work is to be completed in six months.
India’s NTPC eyeing 9,750 MW hydropower project
India’s NTPC power company has submitted a pre-feasibility Supplier for Song Bung 4 project in Vietnam
report for a 9,750 MW project on the Brahmaputra River in Alstom and its consortium partner, Hydrochina Huadong
Arunachal Pradesh. Engineering Corporation, have been awarded a contract worth
The Siang Upper facility would be the second largest in Asia about US$23.6 million by Electricity of Vietnam to provide
after China’s Three Gorges and would increase the state-owned electromechanical equipment and technical services for the
utility’s overall production by more than a quarter. 156 MW Song Bung 4 plant in Vietnam.
Sources say NTPC’s fi ling was partially prompted by reports Alstom says it will produce two 78 MW Francis turbine-
of Chinese plans to construct a hydro project upstream on the generators and related equipment for the project and be
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responsible for the equipment’s design, engineering, manufac- larger hydroelectric facilities, sources report.
turing, installation, commissioning and testing. The revised law has been signed by Mexican president Felipe
The units will be manufactured at Alstom’s plant in Tianjin, Calderon and amends portions of Mexico’s 2008 energy reform
China, and are expected to be placed into operation in 2014. law (LAERFTE). Under the original law, hydropower projects
with capacities greater than 30 MW were set apart from other
Activity at RusHydro facilities renewables given their larger environmental footprint.
The continued investigation of events leading to the deaths of The changed defi nition means facilities greater than 30 MW
75 people at Russia’s 6,400 MW Sayano-Shushenskaya plant will be considered renewable if they have reservoirs with less
led to a new round of charges for seven defendants in February than 50,000 m3 of water or that occupy less than 1 hectare of
2012, sources report. surface area.
An explosion at this plant in early August 2009 killed According to state utility Comision Federal de Electricidad,
75 people and destroyed three of the station’s 10 turbine-gener- hydroelectric power accounts for 12.8% of Mexico’s total pro-
ator units, according to plant owner RusHydro. duction, including 41 plants of 30 MW or less for a combined
A report released in October 2009 assigned blame for the fail- capacity of about 300 MW.
ure to several people. An investigation into the accident ordered
by then Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin was completed Haiti’s Peligre plant receives IDB grant
in March 2011 and resulted in charges against seven people for Alstom-Comelex has signed a three-year, US$48.4 million con-
safety breaches. tract with the government of Haiti to restore the 54 MW Peligre
The seven chief executives and officials were charged with plant, according to the Inter-American Development Bank.
violation of labor safety rules (Article 143, Pt. 2 of Russia’s Peligre’s operator, Electricite d’Haiti, received a $20 million
Criminal Code) in 2010, but those cases were only valid for two grant from IDB for the project in December 2011.
years given the country’s statute of limitations and included a IDB says the facility operates at a fraction of its potential,
maximum four-year prison sentence. The new charges could forcing Haiti to rely on thermal generators and imported fos-
carry up to seven years. sil fuels. Restoration of Peligre to its full 54 MW of capacity
“The defendants will face a new charge under Article 216 for includes overhauling three turbines and modernizing electro-
violation of safety rules in mining, construction and other types mechanical equipment and control systems.
of operations that entailed the death of two and more people EDH will also upgrade power transmission lines between
through negligence,” says investigation committee spokesman Peligre and Port-au-Prince using $32 million in IDB grants.
Vladimir Markin.
Meanwhile, restoration work on the plant continues. PLN report shows hydro growth potential in Indonesia
RusHydro launched the facility’s fi fth hydropower unit in State-owned utility PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara has identi-
December 2011. This is the fi rst unit to be put on line that is fied 96 potential hydroelectric sites in Indonesia, sources report.
not restored but instead entirely new. RusHydro says it plans to Of those locations, about 60% would be developed by PLN,
launch three new units annually (including replacements for the with the rest offered to independent power producers.
four refurbished units) until 2014, at which point the facility’s According to the Jakarta Post, the sites have a potential total
capacity will have increased from 2,600 MW to 6,400 MW. capacity of 12,800 MW, although data provided by the country’s
Also in December, the European Bank for Reconstruction Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry says Indonesia has an
and Development agreed to provide a long-term loan of overall hydro capacity of 75,670 MW. Currently, hydropower
RUB8 billion (US$256 million) to fund balance sheet optimiza- accounts for 5,705 MW.
tion of RusHydro’s subsidiary in Russia’s Far East region. The PLN report reflects Indonesia’s recent emphasis on
RusHydro is the world’s second-largest hydropower genera- hydroelectric power. In 2011, the country moved forward on
tor and has signed memorandums of understanding with several projects that include 1,030 MW Upper Cisokan, an 88 MW proj-
developers to expand that capacity even further. ect in Aceh province, 187 MW Jatluhur and 90 MW Karebbe.
The loan was agreed upon after maturities on local capital
markets shrank dramatically due to fi nancial turbulence, accord- Odebrecht to host HydroVision Brasil planning meeting
ing to an EBRD release. The funding will enable RusHydro to The HydroVision Brasil event, scheduled for Sept. 25-27,
go ahead with a planned restructuring of recently-acquired sub- 2012, at the Riocentro Convention Center in Rio de Janeiro,
sidiary OJSC Energy Systems of the Far East, the release said. confi rmed Odebrecht’s support as host of this year’s confer-
ence planning meeting.
Mexico revises law to include large hydro plants HydroVision Brasil 2012 will feature more than 60 presenta-
A modification to Mexico’s renewable energy law will broaden tions in multiple tracks of sessions that cover a number of topics
the country’s defi nition of “renewable” to include some of its related to the hydroelectric industry. Last year’s event attracted
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650 attendees from 34 countries and more than 20 companies The country’s state-owned power generator, Empresa
from an international field. Nicaraguense de Electricidad, says the project should extend
This year’s HydroVision Brasil will be co-located with the plant’s useful life by 25 years.
DistribuTECH Brasil, the South American version of North
America’s No. 1 electricity transmission and distribution show, Voith Hydro sees growth over past fiscal year
DistribuTECH. HydroVision Brasil, now in its second year, is Voith Hydro has expanded its sales by 6% during fiscal year
expanding on its success in providing a conference and interna- 2011, the international energy conglomerate announces. Voith
tional exhibition focused on developing the region’s hydroelec- Hydro, a joint effort between the Voith Group and Siemens,
tric power sector. supplies hydroelectric equipment, technology and services.
Odebrecht, a Brazil-based global diversified business that According to a release, the company’s core markets of South
includes energy infrastructure development and construction, America, NAFTA and China registered an 81% increase in
sponsored both events’ conference planning meetings in Rio orders to US$2.34 billion, while total orders-in-hand amounted
de Janeiro on March 13. Electric energy experts in generation, to nearly $4.3 billion.
transmission and distribution attended the meeting and planned Overall, the company saw an order intake of 20% to
the events’ conference sessions. $8.35 billion, exceeding Voith Hydro’s previous best year in
Odebrecht Energia, a subsidiary of Odebrecht, is help- 2007-08. Sales also increased by 8% to $7.3 billion, netting the
ing construct 70 hydroelectric plants that together provide a group more than $261 million in post-tax revenue.
capacity of 52,757 MW; 17 thermoelectric power plants with
a capacity of 3,500 MW; and two nuclear plants with a capac- Amaila Falls project in Guyana getting back on track
ity of 1,938 MW. In addition, Odebrecht Energia has installed Construction of Guyana’s 165 MW Amaila Falls plant could
6,297 km of transmission lines. begin soon, state news agency Gina reported in January.
PennWell also recently announced that LIGHT, the utility The project, on the Kuribrong River in west central Guyana,
that serves Rio de Janeiro, confi rmed its support as a host utility has been hampered by delays in the construction of an 85 km-
of the events. long access road by contractor Synergy Holdings.
Guyana President Donald Ramotar and Sithe Global Chief
Alstom announces personnel changes Executive Officer Bruce Wrobel recently cancelled their
Jacques Hardelay joined Alstom Renewable Power as Alstom US$15.4 million contract with Synergy, sources say.
Hydro Europe President effective February 20. Hardelay will Sithe Global is the lead sponsor of the development program
report to Alstom’s renewable power president and executive vice and entered into an agreement with Guyana in July 2010 along-
president, Jerome Pecresse. side Guyana Power and Light, China Development Bank and
Hardelay joined Alstom Transport in 2002 as a La Rochelle China Railway First Group. Sithe solicited EPC bids for the
plant manager. He later became chief executive officer of the project in October 2008.
company’s manufacturing sites in Italy, then joined the Alstom Sithe-led Amaila Falls Hydro will operate both the plant and
Marine shipyards in 2005 as director of operations. a 270 km, 230 kV transmission line under a 20-year build-own-
After the sale of Alstom Marine to the Aker Yards Group operate-transfer contract once it is complete.
in 2006, he was appointed CEO of Aker Yards SA and, after a
takeover by Korea-based STX in 2008, was named CEO of the Yactreta expansion slowed by transmission dispute
newly-created STX France. A proposed addition to Paraguay’s 3,200 MW Yacyreta hydro-
In addition, Philippe Joubert, deputy CEO and president of power complex could be jeopardized should Argentina not
Alstom’s power businesses, resigned in February. consent to power sales by Paraguay to Uruguay via Argentine
Joubert was awarded the deputy CEO title in June 2011 after power lines.
Alstom CEO Patrick Kron called for a “major change” in the Yacryeta is a bi-national facility on the border between
company’s organization. Joubert had previously been respon- Paraguay and Argentina. The expansion, proposed by
sible for recovery and development in Alstom’s power sector. Argentina, calls for the construction of a new 270 MW plant on
A successor has not yet been named. the Ana Cua branch of the Parana River.
Mercedes Canese, Paraguay’s deputy minister of mines and
GeoConsult wins contract for Centroamerica project energy, said she expects Argentina to agree soon.
Honduras-based GeoConsult SA de C.V. has won a bid to
supervise construction of a bypass at 50 MW Centroamerica. Sweco wins contract to rehabilitate Stejaru-Bicaz plant
The US$426,830 contract, fi nanced by the Inter-American Swedish-based engineering fi rm Sweco has been awarded a
Development Bank, is part of Nicaragua’s $381 million National contract to help modernize one of Romania’s largest hydroelec-
Sustainable Electrification and Renewable Energy program. tric plants.
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The US$3.9 million contract stipulates that the company Argentina names contractors for diversion dam,
assist with rehabilitation of the 210 MW Stejaru-Bicaz hydro- canal projects
electric facility. Work includes the replacement of electro- Argentina’s government awarded contracts for rehabilitation
mechanical equipment for six turbine-generators and related work on the Los Molinos diversion dam and Rio Grande Canal
systems and replacement of hydromechanical equipment and in January.
penstocks. Electrical equipment, instrumentation, controls, and Bids for the project, in San Salvador de Jujuy in the Jujuy
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems will Province, were originally a package, but then split before being
also be upgraded. issued as separate tenders in August 2011.
Funding for the project comes in part from a $149.8 million A contract worth $121.6 million that was awarded to Benito
loan awarded by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Roggio e Hijos S.A. - Jose Cortellone Construcciones Civiles
Development in May 2011. Inc. calls for work on Los Molinos. The company will rehabili-
tate “civil, electrical and hydromechanical works to restore the
Turlough Hill refurbishments nearing completion operating capacity and ensure adequate conditions of stability,”
Refurbishment of the 292 MW Turlough Hill pumped-storage according to the award notice. Deadline for completion of the
plant is nearly complete, sources report. project is 24 months.
Voith Hydro Kraftwertkstechnik GmbH of Germany was The Rio Grande Canal contract, awarded to Green
selected in May 2009 to provide full overhauls of the facility’s S.A. - Casella S.A., is worth $91.7 million and envisages an
No. 1 and No. 3 units. The company also supplied replacement 11 km concrete-lined canal with a capacity of 10 m 3 per second.
governors for the hydro The rehabilitation work also includes the addition of a rein-
plant, at Glendalough in forced concrete side of gabions. Deadline for its completion is
County Wicklow, Ireland 14 months.
in 2007. The original solicitation was valued at US$76.2 million for
“Turlough Hill has work on both the dam and canal. The latest issuance divides
been in operation for the dam, valued at $105.79 million, from the canal, valued at
40 years and this is the $80.3 million, an increase totaling nearly $110 million.
fi rst major upgrade,”
said Andrew Doyle, a EDF awards contract for 546 MW La Bathie
The 292 MW Turlough Hill pumped-storage Fine Gael member of the Campenon Bernard Regions has been awarded a contract by
project is undergoing rehabilitation work that is
lower house of the Irish Electricite de France for civil engineering earthwork at France’s
nearly complete. Two units have undergone full
overhauls, and governors have been replaced. Parliament for Wicklow 546 MW La Bathie project.
and East Carlow. “It will The work calls for excavation, use of pumps to lower the water
secure the continuation of this operation for the next 40 years.” table, and reinforcing concrete construction at the 50 year-old
The plant, owned by the Electricity Supply Board, was com- La Bathie site.
missioned in 1974 after crews spent six years excavating the hold- Financial details were not specified in the award notice. Work
ing reservoir at the top of the hill. “The site is a fascinating feat of is expected to take 18 months.
engineering in a beautiful setting,” Doyle said. “It is remarkable
that its operation is as relevant today as it was in 1968.” Estonia names company for fish flow evaluation at
Voith Hydro previously refurbished a generator at the 82 dams
Turlough Hill plant in 2007. Consulting fi rm Eesti Veeprojekt has been awarded a con-
tract worth €498,538 (US$634,943) to inventory fish flows at
IDB approves $30 million loan for Latin America 82 dams in Estonia.
A $30 million loan to the Emerging Energy Latin America Fund The tender, issued in September 2011 by Estonia’s environ-
II from the Inter-American Development Bank will help boost mental information center, Keskkonnateabe Keskus, sought
clean technologies and renewable energies, IDB says. technical evaluation of 11 dams on rivers where salmon are pres-
The eventual size of the fund is targeted at $150 million ent and 71 dams on rivers where salmon are not present. The
and will be used to invest in renewable energy projects and the goal is to control the flow of water to improve fish migration,
utility companies that use them. It is a successor to a previous according to the contract.
$25.2 million CleanTech Fund, which had a similar focus and Work performed at these dams will include feasibility studies
was supported by the IDB Multilateral Investment Fund. and environmental assessments, preparation of tender docu-
The fund will be managed by Connecticut, USA-based ments, and supervision of construction contracts to improve
Emerging Energy and Environment LLC, which specializes in fish migration in accordance with requirements of the EU Water
clean energy investments and consulting. Framework Directive.
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© 2012 Emerson Electric Co. http://hrw.hotims.com RS #7
Project Construction
Challenges of Hydro Tunnelling in India

With a great deal of tunnelling work under way at hydroelectric projects in India, the lessons
learned by developers of the 192 MW Allain Duhangan project can prove valuable for other
companies working in this country.
By Claudio Vissa,
Rakesh Mahajan,
A ccompanying the significant new hydro
development activity under way in India,
a great deal of tunnelling work is in process.
transiting flow through a 2.94 km-long headrace
tunnel. The intermediate basin has live storage
capacity of 220,000 m3 and provides peaking
German Vera Lazo, Kent Tunnelling to develop hydro projects in India can generation for a minimum of four hours per day
Murphy and S.P. Bansal be challenging for several reasons. One example during lean flow months.
is the potential to encounter structurally unsound The Duhangan intake, at an elevation of
rock due to the complexity of the region’s geol- 2,780 m, transits a nominal discharge of 7 m3/s
ogy. This case study of tunnelling work related through an underground desilting basin before
to development of the 192 MW Allain Duhangan entering a 4.34 km-long headrace tunnel. Flow
project illustrates some of the challenges faced and in the Duhangan tunnel is transported as open
lessons learned. channel subcritical flow over a distance of
3.12 km at a slope of 0.24 % before reaching a gravel
Background trap. Downstream of the trap, the headrace tunnel
The run-of-river Allain Duhangan project is on plunges toward the surge tank with a slope of 7.7%.
the Allain and Duhangan streams in mountainous Within the steep slope section, the flow regime
northern Himachal Pradesh. This project features changes from open channel to pressure flow when
a two-unit underground powerhouse operating at coming into contact with the surge tank’s approxi-
a gross head of 876 m. Water is supplied via the mate free surface water level, allowing formation
Allain Nallah and Duhangan Nallah diversions. of a hydraulic jump. Both tunnels meet at the
3
The project has a combined flow of 26 m /s. surge tank, whose invert is at elevation 2,680 m.
In 1993, a development concession was awarded Downstream of the surge tank, the total flow
to the Bhilwara Group. Site surveys and investiga- is discharged via a penstock shaft 1,500 m long
tions were carried out from 1995 to 2003, and fi nal and reducing in diameter from 3 m to 2.4 m. Near
design and site infrastructure preparations began the powerhouse, the penstock bifurcates into two
in 2004. Project owner Allain Duhangan Hydro penstocks for the Pelton units, each 35 m long. An
Power Limited hired RSW Inc. (now AECOM) 800 m-long tailrace tunnel discharges the water
and Indo Canadian Consultancy Services, a joint back into Allain stream.
venture company of LNJ Bhilwara group and
RSW Inc., to perform the detailed design and Hydraulic design
construction supervision of the project. Hydraulic aspects of the project include the design
The fi rst stage was commissioned in July 2010 of diversion and headworks for each stream. The
Claudio Vissa is vice using water from the Allain Nallah diversion, Allain barrage contains a spillway with two gates,
president of AECOM. Rakesh which represents about 70% of the combined flow. sluiceway with two gates and head regulator with
Mahajan is director at The Duhangan diversion and headrace tunnel four gates followed by four desanding basins.
Indo Canadian Consulting were incorporated in February 2012. Water from the desanders is collected in a pool
Services. German Vera Lazo before entering the 1.1 km-long section of Allain
is project manager and Kent Detailed description headrace tunnel that interconnects the barrage and
Murphy is chief geologist The Allain barrage, at an elevation of 2,750 m, intermediate reservoir. The barrage is designed to
3
for AECOM. S.P. Bansal diverts a nominal discharge of 19 m /s through a operate at a lower pond level of 2,746.3 m during
is heading civil works for desilting basin before entering a headrace tunnel. the monsoon. This is achieved by keeping both
construction of the 192 MW An intermediate storage basin, used during low spillway gates fully open to ensure safe flood pas-
Allain Duhangan project. flow periods, regulates the headwater level before sage. During the low-flow season, the barrage
excavation methodologies. For the zone of the underground

powerhouse, core drilling and an exploratory adit showed thick
bands of good-quality mica-rich gneiss and schist that dipped
gently north-east into the mountainside. Rock quality des-
ignations in the drill cores were in excess of 80, and Barton’s
tunnelling quality index “Q” values in the adit varied from
25 (good rock) to 60 (very good rock). Similar thick bands of
monoclinally dipping gneissic rock were exposed in cliffs along
both Allain and Duhangan valleys.
The underground powerhouse is about 150 m east of Allain
Nallah, where the vertical rock cover is also about 150 m. The
geometry of the powerhouse and transformer gallery caverns was
Tunneling work for the Allain Duhangan project was completed successfully after
based on precedent and confi rmed using a numerical model with
encountering several challenges, including unexpected rock conditions during
excavation of the Allain headrace tunnel. rock stress, strength and deformability data obtained from rock
mechanics testing in the adit. In-situ principal rock stresses deter-
water level will be controlled between 2,746.3 m and 2,752.5 m mined using the hydraulic fracture method varied from 2.4 to
3
to provide peaking storage of 85,000 m . 7.3 MPa, compared with a vertical stress of 4.8 MPa; unconfi ned
The intermediate reservoir provides 220,000 m 3 of storage compressive strengths of intact rock averaged 42 MPa, while the
between the minimum and maximum operating levels of 2,734 m rock deformation modulus determined from plate jack testing
and 2,748 m. The interconnecting Allain headrace tunnel is and other empirical relationships varied from 26 to 38 GPa.
drained daily during peaking operation in lean-flow season. Rock support for the powerhouse and transformer cavern roof
The Allain headrace tunnel beyond the reservoir up to the surge arches and walls consisted of grouted high-strength rockbolts
shaft is lined and remains under pressure at all times. placed in pre-determined patterns and reinforced shotcrete.
Water from Duhangan stream is diverted by a trench weir into Excavation and support work was completed without incident.
a bottom intake that leads to an underground desander. Gravel With the exception of overburden sections, all project tunnels
and sand flushing tunnels transport sediments back to the river. and shafts were designed to be excavated using conventional
The 4.3 km-long Duhangan headrace tunnel passes under drill and blast technology with shotcrete, rockbolts and, as
mountains, rising to about 1 km above the tunnel level. The needed, steel sets for temporary support. Steel sets and forepoles
initial 3.1 km length of tunnel between elevations 2,748 m and were planned for the overburden sections. Both the Allain and
2,734 m operates under free flow conditions and contributes Duhangan tunnels were designed with a 4 m-diameter, recum-
toward storage for peak power generation, while a downstream bent “D” excavation section. This section was increased to
length of about 400 m always remains under pressure flow. 4.5 m to facilitate equipment movement.
During transient flow conditions, the intermediate 800 m length In view of the high mica content of the bedrock, all hydrau-
of tunnel fluctuates between free and pressure flow. lic tunnels were to be concrete-lined. The exceptions were
Design of the surge shaft to handle hydraulic transients aris- the tailrace tunnel, which was fi nished with a shotcrete lining
ing from combined operation of the two differing-level headrace and concrete invert, and the upstream free-flow section of the
tunnels was an interesting problem. The surge shaft is at the Duhangan headrace tunnel, where only the invert and wall sec-
downstream end of the Duhangan headrace tunnel and adjacent tions in contact with the flow are concrete-lined. Steel liners were
to the downstream end of the Allain headrace tunnel. The Allain provided in areas where rock cover is insufficient to contain the
tunnel is connected to this surge shaft through a 3 m-diameter internal pressure and at intersections with construction adits to
horizontal tunnel that also acts as a restricted orifice during minimize seepage losses.
hydraulic transient conditions. The flow in Duhangan tunnel The permanent linings in both headrace tunnels are circular
is transformed from free flow to pressure flow, and a hydraulic in cross section with a minimum concrete thickness of 0.3 m.
model study indicated the possibility of trapped air bubbles trav- Because the internal pressure in both headrace tunnels is small
eling with the flow into the pressure shaft. To prevent this, the relative to the rock cover, external groundwater pressure gener-
area at the junction of the Duhangan headrace tunnel and surge ally governs the lining thickness.
shaft was enlarged by increasing tunnel height. Air bubbles are Excavation of the Allain headrace tunnel did not go as
trapped and exhausted to the atmosphere via a vent pipe. planned. Numerous zones of altered and sheared rock with
heavy seepage were encountered and several cave-ins, some
Geotechnical design extending to surface, were experienced, necessitating re-mining
With most of the project being underground, the fi rst technical of existing sections and some realignments. To combat the diffi-
concern was evaluating the geological conditions and planning cult ground conditions, the contractor was obliged to use closely
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spaced steel sets together with forepiles, The penstock design is based on the groundwater seepage or loose rock in the
pipe roofi ng and grouting. The site man- steel liner carrying all the external hydro- arch. The ceiling is suspended from rock
agement team worked with the contractor static load, assuming the encasing rock bolts, a concept originating in Canadian
to overcome these conditions. Steps taken to be saturated to the ground surface. powerhouse design. Powerhouse lighting
by site management included approval of Based on available rock parameters, it is is integrated in the ceiling design, and the
additional construction adits to access estimated that 85% of the internal hoop ceiling can be accessed for maintenance
the tunnel alignment, supply drilling stresses are transferred to the steel liner, of the lighting system and inspection and
equipment for setting forepoles, chemical with the remainder transferred to the rock. maintenance of the roof arch.
grouting materials and shotcrete equip- This load distribution is conservative. No The main gantry crane beams in the
ment. Grouting and shotcrete specialists contact or consolidation grouting was done powerhouse are supported on steel col-
were engaged to assist the contractor in along the inclined sections of the liner umns. The design allowed erection of
the use of this equipment. The Allain because the concrete backfi ll was certain the support beams and rails immediately
tunnel was completed in March 2010, to fi ll all the space. Also, designers wished after excavation of the powerhouse sub-
almost one year later than the original to avoid any possibility of leakage through structure. Thus, the crane could be put
schedule and at slightly higher cost. failure of grout hole plugs, as experienced in service for substructure concreting and
Excavation of the Duhangan tunnel on some other Indian projects. erection of the ceiling and lighting system.
and underground desanding chamber Another element of penstock opti-
was much less eventful. Rock conditions mization was the decision to reduce the Lessons learned
were generally good and support require- excavated shaft diameter by making Despite a lack of sophisticated support
ments nominal. full-penetration welds of all circumfer- tools (helicopters, satellite imagery) during
ential joints from the inside only, using a the feasibility stage of site investigations,
Pressure shaft backing plate. To facilitate preparation of the predictions of geological conditions
Excavation and steel lining of the the steel plates and welding procedures, a were generally accurate for the under-
3 m-diameter, 1,580 m-long inclined high-strength steel was used, Sumiten 610 ground power complex, pressure shaft and
pressure shaft (penstock) between the manufactured by Sumitomo Corporation Duhangan headrace tunnel. With regard
surge shaft and powerhouse was one of of Japan. Steel plate thickness varies from to the poor conditions encountered along
the most challenging elements of the 16 mm at the top of the shaft to 65 mm at much of the Allain tunnel alignment,
project. The decision to locate the pres- the bottom. more investigation of this area might have
sure conduit underground and line it with The bifurcation piece is designed to revealed the real state of affairs and helped
steel was made to minimize consequences resist an internal pressure of 100 MPa in construction planning.
to villages and infrastructure along the and, after erection, the piece is also sub- While many aspects of the project may
valley bottom if there was a failure of a jected to hydrostatic and waterhammer be considered conventional practice, the
surface conduit. stress testing on site. Inspection manholes design contains innovative features that
The geometry of the pressure conduit, are provided at each of the two horizontal saved costs and will ensure long-term
with three sections inclined at 52 degrees steps in the pressure shaft. operating efficiency. These include:
linked by horizontal sections, was deter- Penstock steel erection, with all weld- — Hydraulic design of the Duhangan
mined on the basis of the height limita- ing of circumferential joints done from tunnel using free flow as well as pressure
tions of Alimak raise climbing equipment within the ferrules using a backing plate, flow condition;
and the availability of intermediate was followed with concrete backfi ll placed — Locating the powerhouse and pres-
access points. It is noteworthy that the a short distance behind the welding sure shaft underground;
567 m-long middle section of inclined operations. No leaks were detected dur- — Steel lining the entire pressure shaft;
shaft is among the longest ever attempted ing initial fi lling, and the penstock has — Establishing a storage reservoir on
using Alimak equipment. operated satisfactorily. the Allain circuit rather than near the
During excavation of the upper limb of surge shaft, which added to project safety;
the pressure shaft, weathered rock condi- Plant design — Design of intermediate reservoir
tion was encountered about 100 m below The design of the underground complex walls (cantilever rather than gravity wall);
the valve house level. Excavation using a is largely conventional but does present — Hydraulic model testing of the
raise climber had to be abandoned, and some interesting features. surge shaft at the junction of the Allain
the balance of the inclined shaft excava- Although the cavern excavations were and Duhangan tunnels; and
tion was done from the top using a winch essentially dry, a lightweight modular — Using the Allain and Duhangan
and by providing steel rib supports with steel ceiling is provided in the powerhouse tunnels to provide water storage for
backfi ll concrete. to protect equipment and personnel from peaking generation. ■
______________
Dam Safety
How Explosives Affect Embankment Dams

Failure of embankment dams as a result of explosive attack can have serious ramifications
for the people and environment downstream of the structure. Understanding how explosives
affect these dams can help owners and operators develop mitigation strategies.
Attacks on dams
By Abass Braimah and
Mohammad Rayhani
D ams are considered critical infrastructure
under International Humanitarian Law
because of the massive effect a breach or failure
A literature review reveals only a few attempts
by terrorists or violent protestors to attack dam
could have on the population and environment. For infrastructure. One dam targeted by terrorists is
example, the failure of South Fork Dam in 1889 Chingaza in Colombia, which supplies water to the
caused more than 2,200 deaths in Johnstown, Pa., city of Bogota. The dam is gravel fi ll with a con-
1
USA. A similar failure could cause greater casual- crete face and impounds a reservoir with a capac-
ties and economic losses because of the many cit- ity of 223 million cubic meters. The Revolutionary
ies in the flood plains of dams. Were Aswan Dam Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) have attacked
in Egypt to fail, it would cause fatality to a large several dams and aqueducts. In January 2002,
percentage of Egypt’s population while sweeping FARC detonated an explosive device in a gate
many structures into the Mediterranean Sea. valve inside a tunnel in Chingaza Dam in an
The most common causes of dam failure are attempt to breach the structure and disrupt water
design errors, geological instability, extreme inflow, supply to Bogota and flood the city of Villavicencio
sub-standard materials/techniques and poor main- downstream of the dam. However, the attack was
tenance. However, an increase in global terrorism not successful and the dam was not breached.
has imposed another potential cause of failure. The In July 2011, the Indian Army intercepted a ter-
destruction of dams has the potential to cause cata- rorist threat to Bhakra Nangal Dam in Himachal
strophic floods and put strain on electrical power Pradesh, India, a concrete gravity structure that
supplies, which in turn could have adverse effects holds the distinction of being the world’s high-
on many national critical infrastructure sectors. est straight gravity dam. The dam, on the Satluj
Thus, terrorists and other groups seeking to cause River, impounds water for a 1,325 MW hydro-
mass casualties or economic disruption or attract electric project. Reports indicated two terrorist
media attention could target dams. groups were planning strikes during the monsoon,
The effects of explosives on dams are not well- when the water level behind the dam is at its high-
understood, and most dam owners/engineers lack est, to cause maximum damage to downstream
the expertise to estimate the vulnerability of dam structures and people. Luckily, no such attack was
infrastructure to such attacks. Knowledge of these carried out.
effects will undoubtedly lead to implementation of With regard to embankment dams, the below
mitigation strategies aimed at limiting damage to case studies present information on two attacks
dam infrastructure and its consequential effects and the accompanying damage.
Abass Braimah, PhD, on downstream communities and the electrical
P.Eng., is a professor of power system. Although little test data is avail- Sorpe Dam
infrastructure protection able to aid the dam owner/designer in identifying Sorpe Dam in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany,
and international security vulnerabilities and establishing the amount of was constructed from 1922 to 1935. It is an earth-
and Mohammad Rayhani, explosives that can compromise the many critical fi ll embankment with a watertight concrete core
PhD, P.Eng., is a professor of dam infrastructure systems, data from attacks wall. The dam crest is 700 m long, and the height
geotechnical engineering on dams during confl icts or wars are available. above the valley floor is 60 m, with a maximum
in the Department of Investigations into these attacks provide insight water depth of 57 m. The dam is 10 m wide at the
Civil and Environmental into the robustness of dams to attacks with various crest and 307 m wide at the base, with 1:2.25 and
Engineering at Carleton amounts of explosives at a number of locations on 1:2.50 slopes of the upstream and downstream
University in Ontario, Canada. the dam structure. faces, respectively.2
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Proud Member of NHA http://hrw.hotims.com RS #10
NATURE DELIVERS THE FUEL — HCMS DELIVERS THE SERVICE.
TNT in five locations in the walls of the

spillway structure and inspection gallery.
On several occasions, Serbian Forces
threatened to destroy the dam using these
explosives and closed the spillway gate,
power tunnels and outlets and main-
tained the water level as high as possible
so that maximum damage would result.4,5
In 1992, a United Nations Protection
Force took control of the dam and lowered
the water level to the design elevation. On
January 28, 1993, Serbian Forces retook
the dam and detonated the explosives in
an attempt to destroy Peruca Dam and
flood the villages and hydroelectric power
station downstream.4
But the effects of the detonations were
This dry model embankment dam was built to help further understanding of the effects of explosives on em-
bankment dams. not sufficient to breach the dam or lead
to overtopping and subsequent erosion
Sorpe Dam was attacked during 5,500 kg “Tallboy” bombs, which also and failure of the structure. The explo-
Operation Chastise (Dambusters Raid) of did not breach the dam. After the war, the sions did leave two large craters at the
WWII. The air attack was carried out on dam was repaired and the craters fi lled. abutments. The elevation of the rim of
May 17, 1943, by a squadron of the Royal However, in the 1950s serious leakage the crater was only 300 mm from the
Air Force using the Upkeep (bouncing) problems were discovered and more reme- water level in the reservoir. The inspec-
Bomb developed for that purpose. This dial work was authorized. In 1958, when tion gallery was also heavily damaged at
bomb was 1.5 m long and 1.3 m in diam- the dam was partially drained for repairs, the abutments and completely destroyed
eter and was fi lled with 3,600 kg of RDX an unexploded Tallboy was found buried at the deepest section in the middle of the
explosive.3 Sorpe Dam suffered two hits in the embankment dam and removed. dam. A total settlement of about 1.55 m of
on its crest that resulted in craters about Sorpe Dam was repaired and put back into the crest was recorded about ten months
12 m deep. The dam structure, however, service and remains in operation today. after the explosion.
did not fail. Shortly after the Dambusters The explosives did not breach the dam
Raid, the water level in Sorpe Reservoir Peruca Dam because the three entrances of the inspec-
was lowered as a precautionary measure. Peruca Dam is on the Cetina River in the tion gallery were left open, thus venting
The attacks on Sorpe Dam were Republic of Croatia. It is a 425 m-long the confi ned gas pressure from the
repeated several times in 1944 by the and 60 m-high rockfi ll dam with a con- explosion. Also, the reservoir was about
4
Allied Forces. On October 16, 1944, vex upstream axis. Peruca Dam was 5 m lower than the level at which Serbian
an attack on Sorpe Dam resulted in constructed between 1955 and 1960.5 Forces intended to detonate the explo-
11 direct hits. Although 12 m-deep and During the Balkan wars, the area sives. But for the actions of the protection
25 to 30 m-diameter craters were formed, around the dam was occupied by the force, the dam would have been breached,
the embankment dam was not breached. Yugoslav Army and later by Serbian causing about 12,000 deaths and about
The second wave of attacks used Forces, who planted 20 to 30 tons of 60,000 displaced people. The population
would have been without electricity, and
FIGURE 1 Model Cross-Section all farming lands in the low-lying valley
would have been flooded.5
2m Drilling Hole Explosive
Rehabilitation of Peruca Dam began
3:1 2.5:1 immediately after the attack. The craters
2m Ground Level at the abutments were fi lled and the bot-
tom outlet was opened to begin lowering
13 m the head pond. This relieved the damaged
dam from the hydrostatic pressure and
The model dam built to test the effect of an embankment on crater size was 33 m long and 2 m wide
at the crest and 13 m wide at the base. Explosives were placed on the crest of the dam and on the seepage. The rehabilitation continued
ground surface without embankments and the crater sized measured.
for about three years. By April 1996, the
__________________________
FIGURE 2 Crater Profiles and accompanying overtopping and ero-

sion. The crater dimensions depend on
Distance from Crater Center (in meters)
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 the amount of explosive, location of the
explosive charge relative to the body of
the embankment (buried in the embank-
ment, placed on the surface, or elevated
above the surface), soil type, and moisture
content of the soil. Crater formation on
-1
the crest of an embankment dam can lead
to instantaneous overtopping depending
Crater Depth (in meters)
on available freeboard, and the accompa-
Experiment on Natural Flat Ground
nying erosion and scour can cause seri-
Experiment on Dam Crest
ous damage to the structure. Crater and
ConWep on Dry Sand cavity formation on the downstream face
ConWep on Concrete -2 of an embankment dam due to surface-
Comparison of crater profiles from 100 kg ANFO explosive obtained experimentally and those from placed or buried explosive charges can
the ConWep program indicate ConWep overestimates both crater diameter and depth.
lead to piping and eventual failure. In
conflict situations where military-type
head pond was filled to the design level to structures in their paths. The dimen- weapons can be used, standoff artillery
and the hydroelectric station was put back sions of explosive craters depend on the with the capability of burrowing into the
into regular operation. depth of burial or height of burst of the body of the embankment and detonating
explosive relative to the ground surface. can cause much more severe cratering
Explosive impacts Crater size decreases with an increase in and damage to the dam.
The damage sustained by a dam and height of the burst and increases with an The size of explosive crater has been
related infrastructure during an attack increase in the depth of burial. the subject of research studies, 8 and the
with an explosive device depends on the When the explosive charge is buried U.S. Army developed a software pro-
type of dam, the type of explosive device or close to the ground surface, the blast/ gram — Conventional Weapons Effect
and amount of charge used, and its place- shock waves from the explosion travel Program (ConWep) — for determining
ment on or relative to the infrastructure. through the earth mass and increase crater properties given charge mass and
When an explosive device is detonated, a pore water pressure. This can lead to depth of burial. However, ConWep deals
short-lived fireball is formed, followed by instability of embankment dams through with cratering on flat ground surfaces and
a blast wave that travels omnidirectionally decrease in effective pressure, piping and is not applicable to embankments, where
from the center of detonation. Depending liquefaction of the dam material. Buried the slopes will have a marked effect on
on the center of detonation relative to explosives are confined by the soil mass, crater size.
the ground surface, a crater is formed, and the detonation energy is immediately A preliminary research effort to
accompanied by ground shock/vibrations. imparted into the soil, causing fracture of investigate the effect of an embankment
If the explosive device is in a container, the rock and displacement of soil. on crater size was carried out on a dry
a portion of the energy is expended in For underwater explosions, the over- embankment shaped from native soil.9
fragmenting the container and projecting pressure can be up to two orders of The model dam was constructed by dig-
the fragments at high velocities. The blast magnitude higher than that in air for ging the sandy native soil of the test site
6
wave also has a propensity to break up the same scaled distance. Therefore, away from ground level, leaving the native
frangible structures in its path and throw underwater contact charges can impart undisturbed topsoil to form the crest of
them at high velocities. greater loads to a target surface. On the the dam, while the slopes were shaped by
The fireball from an explosion can other hand, due to the confining effect of excavation. The model dam, which rep-
ignite proximate flammable materials, the water, particle motion will be reduced resents a one-fifth scale of a 10 m-high
while the ground shock/vibrations are of so that underwater crater formation is less embankment dam with 3:1 upstream
consequence for buried infrastructure effective than that by contact charges at slope and 2.5:1 downstream slope, was
systems. The blast wave exerts high- ground/air interfaces.7 33 m long and 2 m wide at the crest and
peak and short-duration pressures on 13 m wide at the base (see Figure 1).
structures in its path that can lead to Mode of failure ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel
failure, whereas the high-velocity frag- The primary explosion-induced mode of Oil) was used as the surface explosive
ments impart high-impulse impact loads failure of embankment dams is cratering charge (the charge placed on the crest
essential.
121 Years of Excellence
MarelliMotori
®
1891-2012
www.marellimotori.com
of the dam). Also, the same amount of typical embankment construction, fur- charges up to 1,000 kg. All model tests
ANFO was detonated on the ground sur- ther tests on a properly constructed dam showed that any leakage, no matter how
face without embankments (infi nite flat with, possibly, a head of water is required insignificant, represents primary danger
ground) and the crater sizes measured. to investigate the impact of explosives because it leads, without fail, to a dam
The average crater diameter on the on behavior of embankment dams. Sieve break. The exception to this observation
dam crest was typically larger than that of analysis of the native sandy soil of the is if the leakage is stopped and the pri-
the craters formed with equal masses of test site of the model embankment dam mary damage repaired immediately.
explosive on the infi nite flat ground. The performed in accordance with ASTM
presence of the dam slope reduced the D42210 indicates that the soil particles are Effect of explosive shock
confi ning effects, thus a larger amount mainly sand and gravel. The fi ne portion on pore water pressure
of ejecta was discharged toward the of the soil was less than 5% fi ne (passing Explosion-induced ground motion can
upstream and downstream faces of the the 0.075 mm sieve). The soil can mainly cause increase in pore pressure that may
dam. The craters on the crest were ellip- be classified as poorly graded sand in take hours or days (depending on the soil
11
tical in shape, with the long axis across USCS classification system. properties) to dissipate. The increased
the dam crest and the short axis along the Another physical model test was per- pore pressure leads to a reduction in the
centerline. The depth of crater, however, formed on an earthfi ll dam with a height effective stress of the soil and reduced
was similar for both the crater on infi nite of 3 m and a 2 m-wide crest to investigate shear strength.12,13 This reduced strength
12
flat ground and crater on the embank- the crater size. The fi ll material was can adversely affect the stability and
ment dam. Comparison of the typical nonbinding sands with grain size rang- safety of embankment dams and slopes.
crater profi les resulting from the experi- ing from 0.02 to 2 mm. Blasts of one or A number of embankment dam failures
ment with those predicted by ConWep more 200 gram charges (mostly TNT) have been reported due to adjacent blast-
showed that ConWep overestimates both were set off on the model dam, which ing activities, including slope failure of
9
crater diameter and depth (see Figure 2). was erected in the open. A crater with the Calaveras Dam in California.13 This and
Due to the fact that the dam material natural slope of 36 degrees was found for other examples indicate that blasting in or
used in this study was uncompacted, all models tested. The laws of similitude near embankment dams can significantly
native sandy soil that did not represent a were used to scale the explosive effect for increase residual (excess) pore-water
pressure and reduce stability.
Ground motions caused by explosives
produce localized peak accelerations
that can be several orders of magnitude
greater than earthquake accelerations.
___________
When a buried charge is detonated, the
rapid release of energy generates a com-
pression wave that radiates away from
the explosion and produces tensile hoop
strains accompanied by intense radial
compressive strains in the surrounding
soil. The detonation pressure of com-
mercial explosives ranges from 105 to
108 kPa, depending on the distance from
the center of detonation. A shock wave
propagating from the center of detonation
typically has one sharp peak of accelera-
tion with duration of a few milliseconds
for rock and tens of milliseconds for soil.14
The ground motion frequency from
blasting in most soils ranges from 6 to
9 Hz, but in loose saturated sands, silts
and soft clays it can be as low as 2 Hz.13
For a deeply buried charge, most
______________
of the blast energy in the surrounding
material is in the form of a compressional
𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰇸𰇼𰇺𰇽𰇮𰇻𰇶𰈍
𰀃𰇽𰇼𰀃𰇽𰇾𰇼𰇶𰇵𰇰𰇼𰇲𰇿𰈀𰇰𰈁𰀃𰀃𰀃
𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰇱𰇶𰇲𰇾𰇮𰇰𰇹𰇶𰈅𰇳𰇿𰇸𰇶𰈃
𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰀃𰈄𰇶𰇹𰇶𰇻𰇲𰇾𰇼𰇰

stress wave. When this wave reaches amplitude and lower frequencies. A bur- response is associated with the passage
an interface such as the water table or ied explosion creates significantly greater of blast-induced stress waves through the
ground surface, it is reflected into a ten- ground vibration, and therefore higher soil. After passage of the stress waves,
sion wave. Even though the blast wave excess pore water pressure, than surface a residual increase in pore-water pres-
is a few milliseconds in duration, it can or near-surface explosions. Explosions in sure occurs in which the fluid phase
produce oscillatory ground motions last- saturated soils generally produce higher responds elastically, while the response
ing several seconds at locations several peak particle velocity and hence higher of soil particles is in plastic range. This
hundred meters away from the center of excess pore water pressure than those in residual increase in pore water pressure is
detonation. Blast-induced ground motion partially saturated soils. important for dam safety. Dissipation of
is affected by many factors, including soil The blast-induced pore water pres- the pore-water pressure may take hours
type, charge weight and depth of burial. sure response in saturated soils can be to days after the blast, depending on the
An increase in the amount of explosive explained through transient, residual soil hydraulic conductivity and thickness.
charge leads to higher ground shock and dissipation stages. The transient Extensive data are available on blast-
ing and on the performance of certain
structures subjected to blast vibrations.
Visit our new website However, only limited information is avail-
able on the performance of embankment
www.lignum-vitae-bearings.com dams and other hydraulic structures sub-
jected to blast loading. Most of the work
See who’s using lignum vitae bearings on the effects of blast-induced pore water
Past, Present and Future! pressure increases on embankment dams

has been from proximate explosions. Few
have looked at the effects of explosion on
From the Army Corps of Engineers either the crest of the dam or the upstream
(Copy from a RFQ from the Corps)
or downstream slopes of the embankment.
Lock and Dam 15 has had contin- Researchers have studied blast-
Appleton Plant- Edisons First ual issues with Hydro Turbine bear-
ings made of Thordon. The life of induced liquefaction where a complete
the first bearing lasted 6 years, sec- loss of shear strength occurs as a conse-
ond lasted 2. The original hydro tur- quence of reduced effective stress from
bine bearings made of Lignum increased residual pore-water pressure.
Vitae, lasted from 1934 to 2001.
The Lignum Vitae bearing design Experimental laboratory and field studies
Ford Plant- Powers the Industrial
Age with Lignum-Vitae kept the hydro turbine in service for of shock waves revealed that liquefaction
sixty-seven years! Modern composite did not occur in saturated sands with
metal bearing materials such as dry densities greater than 1.60 g/cm3.15
Thoradon, Ryertex, Mycarta, Phe-
nolics are unacceptable materials In addition, liquefaction did not occur in
due to their inability to match the any saturated soil subjected to peak par-
Mechanicvlle Hydroelectric- characteristics of Lignum Vitae. ticle velocities less than 7 cm/s.16 Blast-
Oldest in Continuous Operation
induced residual pore water pressures
Call us for your next bearing order 804-337-7169 occurred where the peak particle velocity
Possibly the last bearing decision you will ever make! exceeded 5 cm/s.17
A shear or compression strain of less
than 0.01% is generally considered small
r Bearin
gs enough to preclude generation of residual
Blocks fo Ship!
Re a dy to pore water pressures because the strains
Consider only Genuine are in the elastic range.18 A shear strain of
Lignum-Vitae and go to 0.01% corresponds to a peak transverse

particle velocity of about 1 to 3 cm/s for
www.lignum-vitae.com cohesionless soils having shear wave veloc-
Lignum-Vitae
Phone: 804-337-7169 ities of 100 to 300 m/s, typical of saturated
soils. For blasting with a single charge of
2487 Judes Ferry Rd. 100 kg, the residual pore water pressures
Hydro-Bearing Division Powhatan, VA 23139 could occur out to about 50 to 100 m.12 ■
Notes
1
Johnson, W.F., “History of the Johnstown Flood,” 1889, www.jaha.
org/FloodMuseum/history.html.
2
Matich, F., “The Dams Raid: Breaking the Great Dams of Western
Germany,” Talk to the Royal Canadian Military Institute, 2005.
3
“Operation Chastise: The Dams Raid,” Commonwealth War Graves
Commission, Berkshire, UK, 2005, www.cwgc.org/admin/fi
________________ les/
The%20Dams%20Raid.pdf.
________________
4
Nonveiller, E., J. Rupcic, and Z. Sever, “War Damages and Recon-
struction of Peruca Dam,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, Volume 125, No. 4, April 1999, pages 280-288.
5
Vajic, N., “Protection of Dams in Armed Confl icts: The Peruca Case,”
Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers, Volume 43, No. 3, 1994,
pages 108-114.
6
Braimah, A., and E. Contestabile, “Historical Review: Bombings of
Dams,” Canadian Dam Association Bulletin, Volume 20, No. 1. 2009,
pages 12-21.
7
Long, W. and Y. Ho, “Blasting Engineering,” Metallurgical Industry
Publishing House, 1996.
8
Ambrosini, R. D. et al., “Size of Craters Produced by Explosive
Charges on or Above the Ground Surface,” Shock Waves, Volume Induction heating is energizing
12, 2002. pages 69-78. the electrotechnical industry.
9
Li, Y., E. Contestabile, A. Braimah, and D. Wilson, “Preliminary
Vulnerability of an Embankment Dam due to Explosions,” CERL
Here’s how.
Report 2007-01 (CF), 2007.
10
“Standard Test Method for Particle Size Analysis of Soils,” ASTM
Induction heating is fast, accurate, controllable
D 422, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., USA, 2008.
and repeatable—features that make it ideal for
11
“Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
many heating applications in the electrotechnical
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System),” ASTM D 2487, industry.
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., USA, 2008. But what really makes induction perfect for
12
Charlie, W. A. et al., “Pore Water Pressure Increases in Soil and Rock electrotechnical applications is its suitability for
from Underground Chemical and Nuclear Explosions,” Engineering customized solutions. For answers to your speci-
Geology, Volume 43, No. 4, 1996, pages 225-236. fic heating challenges. And your specific budgets,
13
Bretz, T. E., “Soil Liquefaction Resulting from Blast Induced process parameters and quality goals.
Spherical Stress Waves,” WL-TR-89-100, Weapons Laboratory,
For instance, over the past decades we’ve de-
vised thousands of solutions to braze parts in
US Air Force Systems Command, 1990.
14
motors, generators and transformers. But more
Stagg, K.G., and O.C. Zienkiewicz, “Rock Mechanics in Engineering
and more customers are discovering the benefits
Practice,” John Wiley and Sons, London, 1968.
of induction for pre- and post-heating. We’ve even
15
Lyakhov, G.M. “Shock Waves in the Ground and the Dilatency
helped remove and replace shrink-fitted parts on
of Water Saturated Sand,” Zhurnal Prikladnoy Mekhaniki i oil rigs and in power stations.
Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Volume 1, 1961, pages 38-46. Of course, the fact that we are the world’s no. 1
16
Puchkov, S.V., “Correlation between the Velocity of Seismic induction heating company for the electrotechnical
Oscillations of Particles and the Liquefaction Phenomenon of Water- sector helps us develop solutions. As does our 50-
saturated Sand,” in Issue No. 6, Problems of Engineering Seismology, plus years of experience. And since we’re present
translated by Consultants Bureau, New York, N.Y., USA, 1962. in the Americas, Asia and Europe, your solution is
17
Long, J.H., E.R. Ries, and A.P. Michalopoulos, “Potential for
probably closer than you think.
So contact us today to learn more about us—
Liquefaction due to Construction Blasting,” Proceedings of the
and how our solutions can help your business. Visit
International Conferemce on Recent Advances in Geotechnical
our website for the address of the EFD Induction
Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, Mo., USA, 1981.
18
office nearest you.
Dobry, R. et al., “Prediction of Pore Water Pressure Buildup and
Liquefaction of Sands during Earthquakes by Cycle Strain Method,” Putting the smarter heat to smarter use
Building Science Series 138, National Bureau of Standards, 1982.
www.efd-induction.com
www.hydroworld.com
Marine Power
Ocean Energy Explored

Marine current, wave and tidal energy is set to boom. Not only is interest and investment
in the range of technologies growing, the engineering disciplines and testing facilities that
support them are becoming more mature. With full commercial operations surely just around the
corner, we explore the power of the deep.
By David Appleyard A declaration by the UK government that the

South West of the country is to be designated
the fi rst Marine Energy Park suggests that, while
between Falmouth Harbour Commissioners and
owners of the UK’s seabed The Crown Estate
to create a wave energy “nursery” test site in
ocean energy technologies are largely in early Falmouth Bay on the south coast of Cornwall.
development if not infancy, their place in the This FabTest site has also been issued a five year
future global energy mix is all but assured. license by the Marine Management Organisation,
According to a statement from the UK’s allowing the mooring of marine energy converter
Department of Energy and Climate Change, devices. Although not electrically connected,
the South West Marine Energy Park will stretch FabTest will enable up to three device developers to
from Bristol through to Cornwall and as far as investigate structural integrity, response behavior,
the Isles of Scilly, creating a collaborative part- mooring and umbilical behavior, subsea compo-
nership between national and local government, nents, monitoring systems and deployment proce-
Local Enterprise Partnerships, the universities of dures in moderate sea conditions before deploying
Plymouth and Exeter, and industry. The aim of their devices in more energetic offshore conditions.
the partnership will be to speed the progress of “FabTest will provide an opportunity to boost
marine power development. our already world-class research in marine renew-
Choosing this region makes sense, as it is already able energy, including assessing the impact of the
home to many successful marine/tidal developers technologies on the marine habitat and the devel-
and developments. For instance, Cornwall is the opment of improved engineering solutions, pre-
location of Wave Hub, a grid-connected offshore diction and modelling techniques,” says Dr. Lars
facility for testing wave energy technologies. It Johanning, senior lecturer in renewable energy at
holds a 25 year lease of 8 km 2 of sea bed about the University of Exeter, which will manage the
16 km off the north coast of Cornwall and provides center. “FabTest complements the growing marine
shared offshore infrastructure for the demonstra- energy assets and expertise we have in the South
tion of arrays of wave energy devices. The 12 ton West region. It has been designed as a stepping
hub is linked to the UK’s electricity transmission stone to Wave Hub and will help device developers
grid via a 25 km cable operating and is permitted on the critical path to commercialization.”
for up to 20 MW of capacity across its four berths, FabTest has also been welcomed by Plymouth
which are available to lease. University, which is building wave and tidal tank
Deployed in the summer and autumn of 2010, testing facilities that will be unique in the UK
Wave Hub can be upgraded to about 50 MW once when they open, scheduled for this year.
components for operating the cable at 33 kV have And in May 2011, plans for an offshore renew-
been developed, its backers claim. ables innovation center were released by UK
Commenting on the move to enhance the Business Secretary Vince Cable. The Offshore
region’s role in marine development, Claire Renewable Energy Catapult, announced in
Gibson, Wave Hub’s general manager, said, “Wave February 2012, will focus on the development of
Hub is a cornerstone of the new Marine Energy offshore wind, wave and tidal technologies through
Park, and we look forward to playing our role its headquarters in Glasgow and operational center
David Appleyard is chief in accelerating the commercial development of in Northumberland.
editor of HRW-Hydro marine renewables.” Commenting on the creation of the South West
Review Worldwide. The move followed a late 2011 agreement marine energy zone, energy minister Greg Barker
HOBAS GRP Pipe Systems improve your output:
Minimal friction and pressure loss

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Contact:
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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #19 ____________
west marine energy industry, creating world-leading research

and demonstration facilities. Other areas, such as in the
Pentland Firth and Orkneys, location of the European Marine
Energy Centre (EMEC), are also working on developing a
marine energy park based on regional strengths and activities.
An international resource
It is not only British companies that are benefitting from the
UK’s drive toward dominance in the marine energy sector.
For instance, Ocean Energy Limited, an Irish company,
is working with Wave Hub to deploy its technology later this
A 500 kW tidal turbine manufactured by Irish firm OpenHydro began operating in year. Cork-based Ocean Energy, in collaboration with partner
Brittany, France, in August 2011. Based on successful testing of this unit, two 16
Dresser-Rand, expects to deploy a full scale device by the end
m-diameter units are to be installed off the coast of Paimpol-Brehat in the sum-
mer of 2012. of this year, having tested a quarter scale prototype of its OE
Buoy in Galway Bay for three years. Wave Hub will match fund
said, “This is a real milestone for the marine industry and for some of Ocean Energy’s deployment costs up to £1 million
the South West region in securing its place in renewables his- ($1.6 million), after a competition last year for device develop-
tory. The South West can build on its existing unique mix of ers able to deploy in 2012. This includes the cost of securing
renewable energy resource and home-grown academic, techni- a marine license and installation of moorings and deployment.
cal and industrial expertise. Marine power has huge potential in Ocean Energy, whose OE Buoy uses the oscillating water
the UK not just in contributing to a greener electricity supply column principle to generate power by forcing air though a tur-
and cutting emissions, but in supporting thousands of jobs in bine, says it will consider fabricating its 1.5 MW device locally.
a sector worth a possible £15 billion to the economy to 2050.” Dresser-Rand developed and patented the HydroAir turbine —
Of the eight full-scale wave and tidal energy devices installed a variable radius turbine that uses a combination of stainless
worldwide, seven are in the UK. And in the past seven years, steel, aluminium and reinforced composites to resist corrosion.
£100 million (US$159.4 million) has been invested in the south Similarly, USA-based Ocean Power Technologies has signed
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a commitment agreement to deploy its Keith Anderson, chief executive of phase of about 10 MW, the Costa Head
PowerBuoy device at Wave Hub. ScottishPower Renewables, said, “This site is located in water depths of 60–75 m
More recently, in late December 2011, is a major milestone in the development about 5 km north of Orkney.
a 1 MW tidal turbine was installed off of tidal power technology in Scotland and The AWS-III converter is a floating
the Orkneys by Hammerfest Strom AS, for the tidal power industry across the device with a capacity of 2.5 MW. The
a company partly owned by Iberdrola, world. We anticipate using this turbine as AWS-III technology consists of an array
Andritz Hydro and Statoil New Energy. part of our project in Islay, which remains of flexible membrane absorbers that use
In March 2012, Andritz increased its the only consented tidal array project in wave action to compress air, which is then
stake in Hammerfest Strom to 55.4% Scotland. Beyond this, we have ambi- forced through a turbine. A 1:9 scale model
from 33.3%. tions to use this turbine as part of even was tested in Loch Ness in 2010. Full
The device, an HS1000 that has a larger scale projects in the Pentland Firth, scale component testing will commence
30 m rotor diameter, is to be part of one which we are currently investigating.” in 2012 with the support of the Scottish
of the world’s fi rst tidal power arrays in Meanwhile, in January 2012 Alstom Enterprise-administered WATERS fund,
the Sound of Islay, under development by and SSE Renewables signed a joint ven- with a full scale prototype planned for
Scottish Power. With machines due to be ture agreement to develop the Costa Head deployment at EMEC in 2014.
installed during 2013 to 2015, the com- Wave Project of up to 200 MW north of SSE Renewables received exclusive
pany’s goal to develop this 10 MW tidal mainland Orkney. The companies say development rights to the Costa Head
array received planning consent from the they will work to obtain the necessary per- site from the Crown Estate in 2010 and
Scottish government in March 2011, and mits and intend to populate the site with with partners is currently developing
a prototype device has been operating in AWS-III wave energy converters, under half of the 1.6 GW of wave and tidal sites
Norway for more than six years. development by AWS Ocean Energy Ltd., leased by The Crown Estate as part of a
The device underwent a test period to in which Alstom acquired a 40% equity commercial leasing program for marine
confi rm its performance and reliability, in share in June 2011. AWS is also backed by energy projects.
preparation for larger scale deployment. Shell Technology Ventures Fund 1 and With its venture into the marine
It is expected that the machine will be the Scottish Investment Bank. energy sector, Alstom joins an illustri-
fully operational as HRW goes to press. With the plans envisaging an initial ous group. Just this February, German
for dam projects and mass concrete
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fi nancing for the project, MCT and RWE

npower renewables are targeting 2014-
2015 for the start of commissioning.
MCT is also working with Minas
Basin Pulp & Power to deploy a SeaGen
tidal system into the FORCE facility in
Canada’s Bay of Fundy. In addition,
MCT has an approval for a lease from
The Crown Estate to deploy a 100 MW
tidal farm off Brough Ness, on the south-
ernmost tip of the Orkney Islands.
The news followed a recent report
A Pelamis project undertaken by E.ON has been grid connected at the European Marine Energy Centre for more
than a year and was joined by a second unit delivered to the site in November 2011. prepared by environmental consultancy
Royal Haskoning that fi nds the machine
giant Siemens acquired a majority stake Northern Ireland, producing more than in Strangford Lough has had no major
in Marine Current Turbines Ltd., a 3 GWh to date. impact on the Lough’s marine life.
UK-based company that develops tidal Further projects are at the planning Commenting on the fi ndings, David
stream turbines. This latest development stage, including 8 MW Kyle Rhea off Erwin, chairman of the SeaGen Scientific
followed a November 2011 move in which Scotland’s Isle of Skye and 10 MW Group and Stakeholder Liaison Group,
Siemens increased its stake in the com- Anglesey Skerries in Wales, under devel- said, “This is the most comprehensive
pany to 45%, having initially acquired a opment with project partner RWE npower study of the environmental impact of
stake in February 2010. renewables. The scheme consists of up marine energy devices undertaken any-
In November 2008, MCT imple- to nine turbines in an area between the where in the world. I was always confident
mented a commercial scale demonstra- Skerries group of rocks and islands and that SeaGen could operate without any
tion project with its 1.2 MW twin rotor Carmel Head about 1 m off the Anglesey significant impact, and I’m delighted that
SeaGen device in Strangford Lough in coast. Subject to securing planning and the results of five years’ painstaking work
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looking to secure access to the EMEC observing that potential obstacles fall into others. There is also scope for supplying
testing facilities. For example, Dutch off- three categories: bureaucratic, fi nancial physical components of marine devices to
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tion berth at the Fall of Warness test site marine renewables, the longer-term ben- Tim Yeo MP, chair of the committee,
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tidal energy converter, BlueTEC, which is wave and tidal industry in the UK are waves when it comes to marine renewable
based on vertical axis turbine technology. significant. An overly cautious approach energy. We are extremely well-placed to
And in October 2011, Japan’s Kawasaki may allow other countries to steal the lead the world in wave and tidal tech-
Heavy Industries Ltd. announced it UK’s lead. There is increasing interest in nologies, which could potentially bring
is launching an ocean tidal generation
system, having been selected by the
New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization as general
contractor for a demonstration project off
the coast of Okinawa. Kawasaki will work
with Okinawa Electric Power Co. and
Okinawa New Energy Development Co.,
with an eye to full-scale testing at EMEC.
Performance:
Cementing the UK’s
leadership position
In February 2012, a report by the UK’s
Energy and Climate Change Select
Committee determined the UK could
become a leading exporter of wave and
tidal power equipment and expertise,
the first time,
but only if the government adopts a more
visionary approach to developing marine
renewables. According to the report,
wave and tidal stream energy have the
every time.
potential to supply 20% of the country’s
current electricity demand and in a more
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and jobs, as well an abundant supply of electricity generation system. In particu- supply chain management expertise to
reliable low-carbon electricity. A more lar, we welcome the committee’s recogni- enhance OPT’s PowerBuoy technology.
visionary approach from the DECC tion that any failure to help the industry “OPT’s engineering and innovation
could help to boost confidence and drive live up to its promise could lead to other efforts for the utility market are focused on
the pace of development.” countries stealing the UK’s current global improving power conversion efficiency,
The UK’s Renewable Energy Assoc- lead. Certainty is the watchword for reliability, manufacturability and lower-
iation welcomed the thrust of the report securing the investment marine energy ing the costs of marine operations and
but questioned the logic of its targets for will require to become a major power maintenance,” said Charles F. Dunleavy,
cost reduction and deployment. REA source. We don’t yet have that certainty, chief executive officer. “We will be roll-
said that while cost reduction is critical, and the committee’s call for long-term ing out the PB150 PowerBuoy product,
setting overly stringent targets (which clarity on government support for marine our latest utility market offering, over the
fail to account for the volatility of fossil energy is timely.” next few years and will also leverage this
energy prices) is not helpful as it is hard experience for the next generation of the
to foresee at this early stage how the range Utility engagement PowerBuoy, our 500 kW device that is
of innovative devices in the pipeline will The potential opportunities for large- currently under development.”
develop. And, they add, while deploy- scale generation are indicated by a It is intended to be the fi rst of a 10 buoy
ment targets help drive ambition, this is September 2011 deal between New wave power station with a peak generating
a trait with which the industry is already Jersey, USA-based OPT, leaseholders of capacity of 1.5 MW based on modular,
brimming over — what it needs is better one of the Wave Hub bays, and Lockheed ocean-going buoys. This latest Lockheed
access to fi nance, they argue. Martin. The two say they intend to col- deal followed an August announcement
Meanwhile, RenewableUK’s Director laborate on utility-scale PowerBuoy of an autonomous PowerBuoy designed
of Policy Dr. Gordon Edge said, “The deployments for an Oregon wave power and manufactured under the U.S. Navy’s
committee’s report contains important project at Reedsport. Littoral Expeditionary Autonomous
recommendations that, if implemented, Under the terms of the alliance, PowerBuoy (LEAP) program for coastal
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S E R V I N G M E D I U M TO H E AV Y I N D U ST R I A L MOTO R A N D P O W E R G E N E R AT I O N I N D U ST R I E S
LEAP PowerBuoy structure, incorporat- Paimpol-Brehat tidal farm project was conjunction with SSE Renewables, was
ing a unique power take-off and on-board initiated by EDF in 2004, and work awarded license rights by The Crown
energy storage system, is significantly began in 2008. Estate to develop a major 200 MW tidal
smaller and more compact than the Also in January 2011, Irish energy farm in the Pentland Firth, off the north-
company’s utility PowerBuoy and was group Bord Gais Energy committed up to ern coast of Scotland.
deployed in August 2011 by a U.S. Coast €2 million ($2.7 million) to OpenHydro Another example of utility engagement
Guard vessel about 33 km off the coast of as part of its plans for Ireland’s fi rst tidal comes from E.ON, whose Pelamis project
New Jersey. energy farm, and the company now has has been grid connected at EMEC for a
In May of that year, OPT announced a project portfolio spanning the USA, year and more. The E.ON machine was
the commencement of ocean trials of the Canada, France, Scotland and the UK’s installed in October 2010, and since then
fi rst of its new generation utility scale Channel Islands with utility partners Pelamis has implemented a progressive
PowerBuoy device, the 150 kW PB150, including EDF, NovaScotia Power and testing program in increasingly energetic
built about 53 km from Invergordon, off SSE Renewables. In 2010, OpenHydro, in sea conditions.
Scotland’s northeast coast.
OPT says it is involved in other
planned projects in North America,
Australia, Japan and Europe that would
use the PB150, and the company has two
PowerBuoys operating in separate oceans,
a grid-connected 40 kW PowerBuoy in
Hawaii and the one in Scotland.
Another utility power project cur-
rently under development comes from
Irish technology fi rm OpenHydro, which
in August 2011 deployed its fi rst 500
kW tidal turbine in Brittany, France,
in conjunction with French utility
Electricite de France, following assembly
of the machine at DCNS’ shipyard in
Brest. DCNS acquired an 8% stake in
OpenHydro in January 2011 for €14 mil-
lion ($18.6 million), following up with a
further 3% acquisition in the November.
With a three-month testing period
completed late last year, the fi rst two
16 m-diameter tidal turbines are due
for installation off the coast of Paimpol-
Brehat this summer and the last two by
the end of 2013.
James Ives, chief executive of
OpenHydro, said, “We are delighted
to be working with EDF on what is set
to be the world’s fi rst large-scale, grid-
connected tidal energy farm and France’s
fi rst offshore tidal installation. EDF’s ________________
vision to develop this exciting project
places France and EDF at the forefront
of this new form of renewable energy
generation.”
The site will see the 2 MW array
deployed on the seabed at a depth of
35 m. The €40 million ($53.3 million)
More recently, in November 2011, Estate lease for a 10 MW project off the evident why marine and tidal current
this machine was joined by a second P2 south west of Shetland. According to a renewables are attracting significant
delivered to EMEC under a supply con- spokesperson, Pelamis is working with investment. But alongside the steadily
tract with ScottishPower Renewables. utility Energias de Portugal with a view growing engagement from the engineer-
Constructed at the Pelamis headquarters to executing long-term ambitions to re- ing majors and utility groups, there are
in Leith, Edinburgh, this device will enter a site of the coast of Portugal, site of others. For example, EMEC will collabo-
operate in tandem as a two-machine wave early testing of three P1 devices that were rate with its marine energy counterparts
farm with the E.ON device. Information decommissioned in 2008. from the Ocean University of China in
gathered from the trials will be used to Shandong Province under a partnership
support the development of commercial- Outlook for marine tidal announced in December 2011. Based in
scale projects currently under develop- According to Siemens, the worldwide the eastern coastal city of Qingdao, the
ment by ScottishPower Renewables and potential for power generated by tidal university has reached a deal that will see
E.ON off the coast of Orkney. plants is about 800 TWh annually, 25% EMEC staff assist to develop a wave test
Both devices are rated at 750 kW. more than the total power demand of center in Shandong.
Deployment of the second machine Germany and equivalent to 3-4% of cur- Amanda Pound, marine renewable
at EMEC followed an agreement with rent global power consumption. Coastal services manager for A&P Falmouth,
The Crown Estate to develop a 10 MW regions with strong tidal currents like explains that with its nexus of natural
wave farm at a site 1-10 km off the west those in the UK, Canada, France and East resources, government engagement
coast of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides near Asia offer major potential for utilization and industry — with its long history of
the Island of Bernera. Construction is of this technology, they add. Meanwhile, maritime achievement — the UK offers a
planned for 2015. ocean power is emerging, with strong unique proposition for the marine energy
In addition to its activities with growth rates driven by global climate sector. However, Pound also argues that
E.ON and Scottish Power, in May change commitments. Through to 2020, for the UK to maintain its global lead it
2011 Aegir Wave Power, a joint venture the company anticipates double-digit must continue to develop its nurturing
between Swedish utility Vattenfall AB growth rates for the ocean power market. position and foster a close alliance between
and Pelamis, secured a similar Crown Given such a vast resource base, it is industry, academia and government. ■
𰀤𰁏𰁏𰀃𰀮𰁘𰁈𰁑𰁝𰀃𰁓𰁕𰁒𰁍𰁈𰁆𰁗𰁖𰀃𰁋𰁄𰁙𰁈𰀃𰁒𰁑𰁈𰀃𰁊𰁒𰁄𰁏𰀝𰀃
𰀶𰁘𰁆𰁆𰁈𰁖𰁖𰁉𰁘𰁏𰀃𰁄𰁑𰁇𰀃𰁖𰁄𰁗𰁌𰁖𰁉𰁌𰁈𰁇𰀃𰁆𰁘𰁖𰁗𰁒𰁐𰁈𰁕𰁖𰀑
!!

! " !

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Turbine Control
Method to Develop a Family of

Cam Curves from a Single Index Test
A method is available that allows hydro project owners to extrapolate a single head index test
cam curve into a family of cam curves for a Kaplan turbine. This method provides accurate
results while reducing the need for additional index tests.
Editor’s note: Kaplan turbines were designed in Deciding to develop the method
By Lee H. Sheldon the 1910s by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan to An index test is a relative efficiency test that serves
provide a turbine technology that could more effi - two purposes. First, the relative efficiency profi le
ciently generate power at low-head sites. Kaplans of the turbine-generator can be derived. A relative
are propeller-type turbines with adjustable blades curve provides information on the power at real
that allow for efficient power production over head best efficiency and the decrease in real efficiency at
ranges from as low as 2 m to as high as 70 m. other power levels. In other words, it reveals how to
Although the method discussed in this article run the unit for optimum generation, longest ser-
was developed in the USA, it is applicable world- vice life and minimum mortality to downstream
wide. In fact, Kaplan turbines are installed in migrating fish. Second, for Kaplan turbines it can
a variety of countries, including Argentina, provide the cam curve to program into the gover-
Austria, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Germany, nor for unit control. Because an index test is per-
Honduras, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Panama, formed on a constant head basis, both the resulting
Poland, Russia, South Korea, Sweden, Turkey, relative efficiency profi le and cam curve are valid
Uganda, Ukraine, the USA and Zambia. only for the constant head used for the test.
As the head changes, the profi le of the cam
O ne of the basic purposes for performing index

testing on a Kaplan turbine is to derive the
cam curve, or blade angle to wicket gate relation,
curve also changes. This is due to the fact that
changes in head or wicket gate opening result in a
change in the velocity vector of the fluid entering
to program into the governor for turbine control. the wheel case. The blade angle needs to change to
However, cam profi les change as head changes. match the angle of the entering fluid. Specifically,
This means either index tests need to be per- as the head increases or the wicket gates open, the
formed at various heads or the cam profi le from an blade angle should go steeper to maintain opti-
Lee Sheldon, P.E., a index test of a single head needs to be extrapolated mum efficiency.
consulting engineer, to other heads. The commonly used methods for This variation with head usually necessitates
worked on the Tennessee extrapolating this data involve a shift or transla- performing several index tests over the head range
Valley Authority’s Hydro tion along the wicket gate or horizontal axis based of the unit to obtain the most accurate cam curves.
Modernization Program on comparison with model test data. However, the Due to the expense associated with index testing
for a year, analyzing index results are known to have a significant degree of (US$10,000 to $50,000), project owners often opt
test data and writing index uncertainty, often resulting in a loss of efficiency to extrapolate a cam curve derived from a single
test reports. The method of a couple of percent. index test into a family of cam curves covering the
discussed in this article was The Tennessee Valley Authority in the USA full head range. This extrapolation generally is
developed by TVA engineers developed a graphical extrapolation method using done by comparison with the cam curves derived
who are now retired. a homologous model hill curve. This method from a prior homologous model test. Specifically,
involves extrapolating the single head index test the whole family of model cam curves is shifted
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with cam curve by both translation and rotation, while horizontally along the wicket gate axis until the
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have model cam curve corresponding to the head of
relevant expertise. These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for hill curve. This results in a more accurate family the index test most closely matches the cam curve
technical accuracy, usefulness,
and overall importance within the of cam curves and reduces the need for additional from the index test.
hydroelectric industry.
index tests, saving time and money. This method of extrapolation has a significant
The 80th Meeting and 24th Congress of International Commission

on Large Dams will be held in Kyoto, Japan.
Organizing Committee, ICOLD 2012 Kyoto
Toranomon-Yatsuka Bldg. 8F, 1-1-11, Atago,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0002, JAPAN
E-mail: contact@icold2012kyoto.org
http://icold2012kyoto.org/index.html
FIGURE 1 Kaplan Efficiency Profiles This new method of cam curve extrap-
olation involves cross plotting the model
91% 19.75 Low W-K
hill curves so that their shape relation-
22.0 Low W-K
90% 24.0 Low W-K

ships may be retained in the extrapola-
26.0 Low W-K tion. In addition, differences in losses are
89%
28.0 Low W-K graphically accounted for while the actual
Efficiency
Tangent Curve
from Calibrated
points of tangency from the index test
Index Text
88%
remain unaltered.
Test Points
Test Points
87% Test Points

Specific example
Test Points The below example of this method uses
86% Test Points the results of an index test performed on
130,000 140,000 150,000 160,000 170,000 180,000 190,000 200,000
Unit 5 at TVA’s 160 MW Pickwick plant.
Turbine Output (Horsepower)
This unit is rated at 48,000 hp at 43 ft of
These typical Kaplan turbine fixed blade efficiency profiles include a constructed tangent curve to determine optimum blade
to wicket gate cam curve points. net head and has a synchronous speed of
81.8 rpm. Figure 2 shows the cam curve
degree of uncertainty. It does not account instrumentation. Further, it usually does derived at a gross head of 49 ft.
for differences in the shapes of the model not account for differences in head loss Figure 3 is the first graph to be pre-
and prototype cam curves. When the between the model and prototype. It may pared in using this method. This data
shapes differ, the extrapolation shift usu- not even differentiate between net and comes from the homologous model hill
ally is accomplished by matching points gross heads. curve. One of the net heads plotted is
of peak efficiency. It also does not account Beginning in 1992, TVA undertook equal to the gross head of the index test.
for differences between the model a Hydro Modernization program. The The other net heads selected are arbitrary
laboratory and prototype powerhouse goal of the program, to be completed but span the head range of the cam curves
in 2018, is to increase capacity and effi- to be extrapolated.
FIGURE 2 Optimum Cam Curve ciency at most of TVA’s 31 hydro plants, Development of the next four figures
100% which have a total capacity of more than is shown as a sequential series of graph
Prototype Blade Servomotor Stroke
90% 5,400 MW. As of July 2011, this program overlays depicting the individual stages of
80% had increased capacity by 564 MW and development. For Figure 4A, the curves
70% efficiency by 5%. of Figure 3 are directly cross plotted
60% As part of this program, TVA person- with their data points: model gate open-
50% nel performed index tests on all Kaplan ing, model blade angle and prototype net
40% turbines before and after their individual head. Therefore, no scale conversions are
30% runner replacements. To provide the required. More heads could have been
20% most accurate family of cam curves at the plotted on Figure 3 to give more data
10%
lowest cost, TVA developed a graphical points for the cross plot. However, three
0%
40% 60% 80% 100% cam curve extrapolation procedure. points are usually sufficient to define each
Prototype Wicket Gate different shape of the curves.
Servomotor Stroke
Basics of the method For the second stage, shown in Figure
The optimum cam curve for Unit 5 at TVA’s Pickwick
plant, post-modernization, was calculated for 49 feet First, the index test data is reduced in the 4B, the data from the optimum cam
of gross head.
conventional manner, wherein the rela- curve (see Figure 2) derived from a tan-
tive efficiency profiles of a series of fixed gent curve are plotted. However, to do so,
FIGURE 3 Model Hill Curve Data
blade angles are plotted and a tangent up to three conversions may be necessary.
100%
curve is drawn connecting the peaks. First, index tests on Kaplan turbines usu-
Model Blade Angle
61 Foot Net Head

90%
49 Foot Net Head
80% 40 Foot Net Head The corresponding wicket gate opening ally are performed on a gross head basis.
70% for each point of tangency to a fixed blade Also, the instrumentation to measure and
60%
50%
angle is then determined by interpolation. input head data into the governor, to be
40% Head used is the constant gross head as used with the cam data, usually is on a
30% measured by the powerhouse instrumen- gross head basis. Therefore, the net heads
40% 60% 80% 100%
Model Wicket Gate Opening tation. Figure 1 shows relative efficiency for the individual points of tangency used
Model data for Unit 5 at TVA’s Pickwick plant was derived profiles and a tangent curve from a U.S. to make up the cam curve must be deter-
from the homologous model hill curve.
Army Corps of Engineers unit. mined. In fact, this is an opportunity to
_______________________________________
FIGURE 4A Cross Plots of Model Data FIGURE 4B Adding Optimum Cam Curve Data
100% 100%
100% 100%
Model Wicket Gate Opening

90% 90%
90% 90%
Model Blade Angle

Model Blade Angle
80% 80%
80% 80%
70% 70% 70% 70%
60% 60%
60% 60%
50% 50%
50% 50%
40% 40%
40% 40%
35 45 55 65 35 45 55 65
Prototype Net Head (Feet) Prototype Net Head (Feet)
The first step in the method is to cross plot the data from Figure 3. To Figure 4A, data from Figure 2 is added.
account for all the differences in head determination that may stroke in percent to the model blade angle in percent. In this
exist between the model and prototype. example, these two were considered to have the same numerical
In this example, the velocity head of the fluid exiting the values of percent, so no conversion was required.
draft tube in the model was not charged as a loss to the turbine Next, vertical lines equal to the other gross heads, to which
as it is in the prototype. Therefore, its individual values were the cam curve is to be extrapolated, are constructed (see Figure
determined from the model flow values, stepped up to prototype 4C). These may be selected arbitrarily, but here they were chosen
flow values. to have a 6 ft separation for the family of cam curves. Starting
Then, the computed velocity heads were subtracted from the where the net and gross heads are about equal, these lines are
prototype constant gross head of 49 ft to determine the individ- drawn parallel and with the same bent shape as the 49 ft gross
ual prototype net heads, in order to plot the cam curve or points head line. There is a subtle aid to accurately constructing these
of tangency in Figure 4B. As a starting point, at low flows, the other lines. In Kaplan turbines at the steeper blade angles, the
net and gross heads are essentially equal. Then, of course, this vent area between the blades tends to control, or throttle, the
line bends to the left because the net heads become progressively flow. That is, the blade opening acts like an orifice and the flow
less than the constant gross head as the flow rate increases, with rate tends to be a function of the square root of the head. Thus,
increasing blade angle. for example, along the line for the model blade angle of 90%
The second step is to convert the prototype wicket gate ser- from the 49 ft to the 55 ft gross head, the difference between net
vomotor stroke to the equivalent model gate opening in percent. and gross heads is 5.9% greater [100(55/49)1/2] for the 55 ft than
This was done through the use of a wicket gate calibration curve. for the 49 ft gross head.
Such calibrations of the prototype wicket gates are a normal part The final procedure to complete this graph originally
of a turbine erection procedure and also are usually done as part involved use of a French curve. Turbine engineers have for
of turbine rehabilitation. years used a Ship’s Curve #48 in graphically portraying turbine
The third step is to convert the prototype blade servomotor performance profiles. The same thing may be done today with
the graphical capabilities of electronic spreadsheets. However, it
FIGURE 4C Adding Gross Heads is easier to describe assuming use of a French curve.
100% Noting that, for instance, the 40% model blade angle is clos-
100% est to the single 0% prototype blade servo stroke cam curve
90%
90% point, the French curve is positioned to match the correspond-
Model Blade Angle
80% ing three diamond-shaped points. Then, the French curve

80%
is slid downward until it is aligned with the single index test
70% 70%
cam curve data point, and a line with the same curved shape
60% is drawn through this point. Where this line intersects the
60%
50% other gross head lines are their extrapolated cam curve points
50% for a 0% prototype blade servo stroke. This same procedure
40%
is repeated for all other prototype 49 ft gross head cam curve
40%
35 45 55 65 points, as shown in Figure 4D.
Prototype Net Head (Feet)
The electronic spreadsheet is basically to determine a polyno-
Gross heads of 43, 55 and 61 feet, to which the cam curve is to be extrapolated, are added.
mial trendline for each model blade angle. Next, the difference
FIGURE 4D Adding Prototype Blade Servomotor Strokes FIGURE 5 Family of Cam Curves
100%
100%
100% 90%
90% 80%
Blade Servomotor Stroke

90%
Model Blade Angle

70%
80%
80% 60%
70% 70% 50%
40%
60%
60%
30% 61 Feet Gross Head
20%
40% 10%
43 Feet Gross Head
40% 0%
35 45 55 65 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Prototype Net Head (Feet) Wicket Gate Servomotor Stroke
Prototype blade servomotor strokes of 0%, 17.89%, 30.9%, 39.03%, 78.05% and 100% The resulting graph offers a family of post-modernization optimum and extrapolated cam
are constructed to match the shapes in Figure 4A. curves over the operating range of gross heads for Unit 5 at TVA’s Pickwick plant.
at the known points on the index test head opening in percent back to the prototype model hill curve. It also accounts for dif-
line is determined between the closest blade servo stroke in percent. ferences in head measurement between a
model and prototype blade angles. Then model and prototype, resulting in a more
this difference is applied to adjust the indi- Conclusion accurate family of cam curves and reduc-
vidual trendlines up or down accordingly. TVA has developed a method to graphi- ing the need for additional index tests.
Lastly, these extrapolated cam curve cally extrapolate a single gross head
points, along with the cam curve points Kaplan cam curve into a family of dif- Reference
from the 49 ft head index test, are plot- ferent head cam curves. This method Sheldon, Lee H., “Pickwick Hydro Plant
ted in Figure 5. The only scale conver- uses both translation and rotation while Generating Units 5 & 6 Index Tests,”
sion needed is to convert the model gate retaining the shape relationships of the TVA, Chattanooga, Tenn., USA, 1996. ■
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______________ RS #31
Ideas in Action
Converting a Watermill
into a Hydroelectric Plant
A mill owner converted the facility’s old The turbine was used to power the saw via system was not able to provide continu-
electromechanical equipment into a 6 kW a transmission shaft for nearly 30 years, ous regeneration, only cyclic feedback. In
hydropower plant. The owner installed a before an electric motor took on this task. addition, because of its modular design,
Mitsubishi FR-A741 inverter drive with In 1960, as part of a general overhaul, that system would have required a lot of
power regeneration capability to convert the Francis turbine acquired a new func- space for installation. Without an inverter,
the electricity produced by the Francis tion. Coupled to a direct current generator, the speed range of the turbine with good
turbine into the frequency required by it began to produce electricity for private efficiency is small.
the main transmission grid. At the same consumption, with a capacity of 2 kW. One important point was the fact that
time, variable-speed operation of the Werner Duerr owns the facility and the FR-A741 frequency inverter is par-
turbine is increasing the efficiency of lives with his family in the mill house. ticularly suitable for continuous feed-in
electricity generation at this facility. Since Because of the increased capacity that operation, because the turbine is oper-
the conversion, the plant has provided a would be available through an upgrade, ated primarily in the lower third of its
reliable supply of power for the owner’s Duerr decided to modernize the plant. output range and the control technology
consumption, as well as about 12 MWh of For such an investment to make economic of the apparatus best compensates here
electricity annually that is fed to the grid. sense, the plant would also need to supply for the comparatively poor efficiency.
power to the public network. Under the Trials performed by Duerr and Eisemann
The situation German Renewable Energy Act (EEG), Elektrotechnik of Bamberg using other
During the 18th century, a water mill regeneratively produced power from new products showed that these can only feed
was built in the hamlet of Durrnhof in plants with a capacity up to 500 kW brings braking torque back for a short time and
Bavaria, Germany. The structure was a price of €0.1267 (US$0.18) per kWh for are therefore not designed to meet the
used as a flour mill by a monastic order. a period of 20 years. Duerr calculated that requirements of power regeneration.
In the early 1930s, the current owner the retrofit will pay for itself after six years. The FR-A741 frequency inverter com-
converted the facility into a sawmill, The decision to opt for inverter tech- bines drive technology and a regenerative
replacing the waterwheel with a Francis nology from Mitsubishi Electric was made unit in a single casing. No additional com-
turbine. The storage pond, with an area after an exhaustive selection process. ponents are required. The braking energy
of about 1 hectare, and the turbine intake This included testing another inverter of the motor produced in regenerative
also date from the time of the conversion. with a regenerative unit. However, this operation is fed into the grid with a low
level of loss, also generating considerably
less heat than a braking resistor. In addi-
tion to lower energy costs, the installation
space requirement is reduced, as no addi-
tional cooling units are required. The inte-
grated AC reactor and the absence of an
external braking unit eliminate up to 60%
of the wiring, and up to 40% less space is
required for installation in the switchgear
cabinet, depending on the output capacity.
The inverter is available in an output
range of 5.5 to 55 kW and is rated for
three-phase operation at input voltages
of 323 to 528 V (at 50 or 60 Hz). The
FR-A740 series is equipped with a pro-
grammable logic controller and advanced
functions for speed, torque and position
This series FR-A741 frequency inverter with power regeneration increases the efficiency of the water turbine at
this small plant and converts the power to the frequency of the main transmission grid. adjustment. The frequency inverter
boasts all the performance features of a efficiency, whereas frequent acceleration delivers an adequate amount of energy,
high-end drive, such as operating time and braking reduces efficiency. meaning the installation can be operated
monitoring, network capability, long-life For this reason, Duerr manufactured much more efficiently. The feed capac-
components and simple operation and and installed a sensor to continuously ity in full load operation, especially in
maintenance. The full output capacity is record the water level ahead of the tur- the winter months (January to March),
available without restrictions up to a clock bine inlet and transmits the data to an is now 6 kW — in the partial and low
frequency of 14.5 kHz. Alpha XL micro controller supplied by load range during the rest of the year it is
Mitsubishi Electric. Depending on the about 2 kW.
Installing the frequency inverter water level, the sensor sets the frequency Thanks to this conversion, operation
The central module of the plant, which was of the inverter with the aid of a rotary of the old water turbine is now profitable
converted by Eisemann Elektrotechnik, encoder and also adjusts the position once again. Duerr’s small hydro plant
is a FR-A741 inverter from Mitsubishi of the turbine blades by means of a DC generates up to 18 MWh of environmen-
Electric. This inverter converts the energy motor, thus adjusting the supply of water tally friendly power a year. The family
produced by an asynchronous generator to the turbine. This adjustment main- uses about a third of the power produced,
to the main grid frequency of 50 Hz. As tains the storage pond at a constant level with the greater part feeding into the main
a generator, the motor has a capacity of and guarantees uniform operation of the grid. About 60% of this annual output fed
7.5 kW at 1,430 rpm and is connected to plant. If the water level is high, the inflow into the grid is generated during the win-
the Francis turbine via a belt drive. opens. The flow rate and speed of the ter months. A four-quadrant meter for
The problem many small hydro plants turbine increase and thereby also the feed the excess infeed measures the amount of
have is the variation in available water capacity via the inverter. energy fed into the supply network.
supply over time. In partial load operation Another advantage of the frequency Conversion of the plant cost about
in particular, this often prevents optimum inverter is its efficiency compensation. €5,000 (US$7,100) and is expected to
operation because the efficiency of the Due to its design, a Francis turbine has have a six-year payback period.
turbine and generator — and thus the elec- a relatively limited speed range in which — By Daniel Lehmann, M.Sc., Mar-
trical power output — depends heavily on it operates with good efficiency. The con- keting Operations Division, Factory Auto-
the flow rate and speed. As in the case of trol technology of the frequency inverter mation, Mitsubishi Electric Europe B.V.,
a car, a constant speed delivers optimum expands the range in which the turbine and Werner Duerr, plant owner
____________________
Lessons Learned
The Shallow Canals

George was the assistant resident engineer was identified using hand-excavated test doubled, and expensive rock excavation
on a river diversion project. Six canals pits and probing with steel rods. was needed for the deeper canals. The
were to be excavated between seven ponds That evening, George spoke with the contractor was pleased because the addi-
to divert two watersheds into the headwa- resident engineer, at the powerhouse, tional work was undertaken at the same
ters of a new hydroelectric development. via short-wave radio, the only form of unit prices as quoted for the much smaller
One of George’s fi rst tasks was to review communication in the remote area. contract quantity. The project owner was
survey work required to set out the cut Unfortunately, the resident engineer had disappointed, to say the least, because
stakes and canal grade boards for the an electrical background, having recently some cost savings realized at the power-
contractor. The fi rst three canals would arrived on site to complete and commis- house disappeared into the extra canal
divert the North-West River waters into sion the plant, and he could not under- work. However, during the redesign, it
the Fourth River watershed, where there stand George’s point. became apparent that with the lower
was a dam and spillway, and the last three The next day, George drove to the canals downstream of the Fourth River,
canals would divert this combined flow powerhouse with the drawings. However, more flood water could be captured,
into the watershed for the powerhouse. the resident engineer insisted George increasing the energy produced and off-
To avoid excavating rock, the canals were must be wrong because the drawings were setting, to some extent, the higher cost.
designed to be wide and shallow. all properly signed and sealed by the chief
George met Manuel, the chief surveyor, design engineers at their head office. The Lessons learned
at the site of the third canal, and he asked resident engineer was emphatic that con- There are several. First, the resident
Manuel how the survey work on the third struction continue, following the design. engineer should have allowed George to
canal was coming. Manuel replied that it George suggested telephoning or writing at least communicate his concerns to the
was fi ne because the data was identical to to the chief civil engineer, to no avail — a head office. Errors can occur, and any
that for the fi rst two canals. This reply junior engineer should not question work organization where errors discovered
puzzled George because the invert level approved by the chief engineers. by junior engineers are not taken into
at the canal entrance should have been George returned to the site, discussed account will suffer the consequences,
different for each of the six canals. Upon the problem with the construction con- and repair costs may affect its profitabil-
further questioning, Manuel informed tractor and reached an agreement to ity. Fortunately, in this case, the client
George that all six canals had an entrance discontinue the surveys for excavation was understanding and did not insist
invert level of 750.12 meters. But George quantity payments and base progress that the consultant bear the cost of the
knew this level should at least drop by the payments on the theoretical quantity in extra work.
energy loss in each canal. the contract document, instead of the Second, recognizing that more atten-
George went to the site office to access actual excavated volume. tion to detail is required during the
the plan and profi le drawings for each About two months later, the chief drawing approval process, the consul-
canal. The sections were identical, as civil engineer arrived on site to inspect tant revised the process by adding more
was the profi le elevation. It was apparent the completed work with George, the internal reviews by experts in hydraulics,
that the draftsman had copied and pasted resident engineer and the contractor. The geotechnical and structural engineer-
the same design onto each drawing, and group started at the fi rst canal, and all ing within the civil department before
the design engineers had not noticed the proceeded well until they arrived at the approval by the chief civil engineer.
error. The project general layout drawing third canal, where George casually men- Similar revisions were made in the
showed a plan for the six canals but no tioned the constant canal invert levels. mechanical and electrical departments.
profi le. There was no topographical data Upon seeing the drawings, the chief civil Third, the consultant realized the
for the remote area, so the plans were engineer immediately realized the error drawings were not clear, with no general
based on a mosaic traced from aerial pho- and suggested the group return to the profi le showing all the canals. Drawing
tos, with the pond water levels obtained powerhouse to redesign the canal system. standards were improved, and the project
using surveys the previous year. The area This was done, and the contractor spent general design criteria were added to the
was generally undulating, with small low the next three months re-excavating the general layout drawings.
hills between ponds. The canals wandered five lower canals. — By James L. Gordon, B.Sc., hydro-
around to avoid excavating rock, which Canal excavation quantity more than power consultant
HYDROVISION RUSSIA
CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION
5 – 7 MARCH 2013
EXPOCENTRE, MOSCOW, RUSSIA
Co-located with:
WHERE THE
INDUSTRY
CONNECTS
A DATE FOR YOUR DIARY

The HydroVision Russia conference and exhibition, alongside its sister event Russia For further information on how you
Power returns to Moscow on 5 – 7 March 2013. can participate in HydroVision Russia,
please visit the event website,
In a little over three years HydroVision Russia has become one of the leading meeting www.hydrovision-russia.com
places for Russian and international hydro power practitioners. Actively supported or contact your local PennWell
by RusHydro, Russia’s biggest hydro-generating company and the second biggest in representative:
the world in terms of installed capacity, HydroVision Russia is the place to connect with
the industry. International
Amanda Kevan
A vital component of Russia’s electric sector, hydroelectric power represents some Sales Manager
20 percent of the country’s power generation. As a result, there exists opportunities T: +44 (0) 1992 656 645
for new development and an urgent need to improve the reliability and efficiency of F: +44 (0) 1992 656 700
existing plants. amandak@pennwell.com
HydroVision Russia addresses these issues by bringing together professionals from Russia and CIS
the Russian and International hydroelectric power industry to share ideas, understand Natalia Gaisenok
problems and develop practical solutions to industry challenges now and in the future. T: +7 499 271 93 39
Over three days, the dual language conference programme will bring together industry F: +7 499 271 93 39
professionals from Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Iran, Norway, Romania, nataliag@pennwell.com
Russia, Slovenia, Switzerland, and the United States to share information and expertise
on a wide range of topics.
With an even bigger exhibition floor than before, HydroVision Russia represents a
unique opportunity to interact with leading service and product suppliers in Russia and
throughout the world.
So join us at HydroVision Russia 2013, the hydro power event where the industry connects.
www.hydrovision-russia.com
Owned and produced by: General Sponsor: Supported by: Presented by:
Tech Notes
1,060 mile-long ultrahigh-voltage direct rural regions in recent years.
For more technical news, check out the
Technology and Equipment tab at current transmission system. E.ON Climate & Renewables was
The link will connect hydropower awarded the title Green Energy Generator
from northeast India to the region of of the Year for “aggressively pursuing
Agra in central India and will represent, low or zero-emission energy production.”
according to ABB, a new benchmark in E.ON is a global corporation with interests
Hydroelectricity growing HVDC technology. in many renewable energy sources, includ-
worldwide, study indicates Northeast India has abundant hydro- ing a number of hydro projects in Europe.
A recent report published by the power resources scattered over a large Southern Company claimed Power
Worldwatch Institute indicates hydro- area, with load centers often thousands of Company of the Years honors for demon-
power consumption increased more than miles away. The country plans to create strating “strategic forethought, technical
5% between 2009 and 2010. regional pooling points to collect electric- know-how and a determination never
The study found hydroelectricity ity from several hydropower stations and to let the customer down,” according to
accounted for a 3,427 TWh — or 16.1% transport it via “power superhighways” to Platts’ web site. Southern Company, one
— of global electrical consumption by the major urban load centers. of the largest power suppliers in the USA,
end of 2010. The UHVDC link will operate at serves more than 4.4 million customers
China led the world in hydropower 800 kV and have a converter capacity and operates more than 30 hydro plants
production, producing 721 TWh in of 8,000 MW. When at full operating in Alabama and Georgia. The company
2010 and having an installed capacity of capacity, it will have the means to supply was also a sponsor for the 2010 Hydro
213 GW. In all, hydroelectricity accounts electricity to 90 million people, according Research Foundation’s Hydro Fellows
for about 17% of China’s domestic elec- to ABB. Program in 2010.
tricity usage, and the country is planning ABB is executing the $1.1 billion project And retired Xcel Energy president
to add 140 GW of hydropower by 2015. in conjunction with Indian utility Bharat and CEO Richard C. Kelly was one
China’s hydropower boom is one reason Heavy Electricals Limited. Commissioning of three who received Platts’ Lifetime
the Asia-Pacific region generated roughly is expected to take place in 2015. Achievement Award. Kelly retired in
32% of the world’s hydropower in 2010. August 2010 after 43 years with Xcel and
Meanwhile, Africa produces the least Annual Platts Global Energy predecessor companies in the USA.
hydropower but has perhaps the greatest Awards honor hydro industry For a full list of winners, visit the Platts
potential for increased production. The Several members from hydroelectric- Global Energy Awards website at ____
http://
continent produced 3% of the world’s related industries received honors from the geaweb.platts.com/Home.aspx.
power in 2010. 13th annual Platts Global Energy Awards
The report shows that four coun- held this month in New York City. Malaysia utility completes IHA
tries — Albania, Bhutan, Lesotho and The awards — created to “honor and sustainability protocol training
Paraguay — generate all their electricity recognize those who have transcended The International Hydropower Association
from hydropower, while 15 countries the status quo in the name of leadership, completed the fi rst training session for its
generate at least 90% from hydropower. innovation and performance” — were Hydropower Sustainability Assessment
Iceland, New Zealand and Norway pro- given in 19 categories. Protocol in November, educating
duce the most hydropower per capita. Of interest to the hydropower indus- employees of Malaysia utility Sarawak
Small hydropower facilities, which try are the awards given to Petrobras, Energy Berhad in using the hydro devel-
the report defi ned as plants that generate E.ON Climate & Renewables, Southern opment tool.
100 kWh or less, accounted for roughly Company, and Richard Kelly, former “Sarawak Energy is the fi rst of the
60 GW (6%) worldwide. But, the study chief executive officer of Xcel Energy. IHA Sustainability Partners to receive
notes it is a sector that has grown quickly Petrobas walked away with Energy training on the protocol, representing a
over the past decade. Producer of the Year honors in the key milestone in the development of the
“Vision & Leadership” category and an protocol as a tool to guide sustainability
ABB to install UHVDC Energy Producer of the Year award for in the sector,” IHA Program Director
system in India “Operational Excellence.” The Brazil- Cameron Ironside says. “The protocol
Engineering conglomerate ABB has based energy conglomerate has expanded provides a common language around
been awarded an order worth more its portfolio to include small hydroelec- which issues of sustainability can be dis-
than US$900 million to deliver a tric plants in small urban centers and cussed and understood, and such training
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with multiple stakeholders contributes in pdf form for $65 ($80 non-members) strength of 800 kN/m 2 in areas less
significantly to the process.” and printed form for $80 ($100 non- than 100 mm deep and concrete with a
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Assessment Protocol offers a consistent, detail?doc_no=ieee%7C807_2011;product_
___________________________ Fapco began the repairs in late 2009
globally applicable method of assessing id=1814806.
________ and completed them in May 2011.
performance in about 20 vital topics of
the sustainability of hydropower facili- Water jet removes damaged Book available on
ties, depending on the stage of the assess- spillway concrete at Simon Bolivar hydropower in Nepal
ment. The topics cover the four principal Corporacion Electrica Nacional, owner Review by David Appleyard, chief editor
pillars of sustainability: social, economic, and operator of the 10,300 MW Simon The Independent Power Producers
environmental, and technical. Bolivar (Guri) project in Venezuela, used Association in Nepal announces avail-
In October 2011, an IHA panel con- a Conjet robot to perform spillway repairs ability of a book, Hydropower Nepal.
ducted the fi rst sustainability assessment to the dam. “Celebrating 100 years of hydroelec-
of a hydroelectric project, Australia’s The Simon Bolivar project, on the tricity in Nepal” is the byline to this
95.8 MW Trevallyn project, using the Caroni River in Bolivar State, began beautifully photographed and presented
Hydropower Sustainability Assessment operating in 1978. Two powerhouses book. Packed with information, this is a
Protocol. contain a total of 20 turbines with annual handsome reference work that would look
In addition to Sarawak Energy generating capacity of 47,000 GWh. The good on any bookshelf.
employees, participants in the training dam features steel gates on top of the con- Though clearly aimed at the layman,
included representatives of the Sarawak crete section that control overflow down the depth of research author Khadga
State Planning Unit, Sarawak Natural three spillway channels. Together, these Bahadur Bisht has included nonetheless
Resources and Environment Board, and channels have a combined flow capacity makes this a superb catalogue of every-
3
Sarawak Ministry of Public Utilities. of 27,000 m /sec. thing from the early history of Nepal to
“The knowledge gained will help us After being in operation for more than the flora and fauna and the 1911 origins
apply the highest levels of international 30 years and being exposed to sunlight of hydroelectricity in Nepal and its subse-
sustainability best practice to all our and the force of the fast-flowing water, quent development.
hydropower projects,” Sarawak Energy the surfaces on parts of the spillway were As well as an overview of the hydrology
spokesman Haniza Hamid said. eroded, with loosening of the concrete. of Nepal, the book includes comprehen-
Sarawak Energy, which is building Repairs were required to one spillway sive profi les of the country’s major river
the 2,400 MW Bakun hydro project in channel, with partial repairs needed on systems. There is also a detailed look at
the state, is planning several other hydro another. Corporacion Electrica Nacional policy development and fi nancing his-
projects including 944 MW Murum, awarded a contract for the spillway reno- tory and chapters on the major power
1,000 MW Baram, 300 MW Metjawah, vation to Fapco C.A. of Puerto Ordaz, plants of Nepal, the transmission and
and 150 MW Limbang. Bolivar, Venezuela. distribution system, and corporate social
Use of pneumatic breakers would responsibility in hydropower.
IEEE releases standard on unique leave fractures and micro-cracking in The fi nal chapter is titled “Towards
identification in hydro facilities the undamaged concrete left in place, so a New Hydropower Century” and takes
IEEE announces availability of a new Fapco proposed using a high-pressure us on a journey into the second century
standard — the Recommended Practice water jet to selectively remove only the of Nepalese hydropower and a future of
for Unique Identification in Hydroelectric weakened and damaged sections of the 25 GW of hydro in the next 20 years.
Facilities. spillway. This also would leave a rough In authoring this book, Bisht, one of
This 47-page standard is intended to surface for bonding of the fresh concrete. the founder members of IPPAN, suc-
provide a unique identification system for Fapco worked with Swedish company cessfully delivers a celebratory view of
hydro facilities. It segregates and incorpo- Conjet AB, which recommended a Conjet both current and future hydro in Nepal,
rates plant, unit, system and component Robot 364 operating on a platform fab- and — together with useful annex mate-
identifiers as a minimum. ricated by Fapco. The robot operated at rial including a river inventory and the
The Hydroelectric Power Subcom- water pressures up to 1,200 bar to remove 2001 hydro power policy document —
mittee of the Energy Development and weakened and damaged concrete to depths this book potentially holds real business
Power Generation Committee of the ranging from 20 mm to 150 mm. Concrete value, too. Above all, it left me thinking
IEEE Power Engineering Society devel- removal was up to 60 m2 per day. that it might be nice to pack a bag and
oped the standard. Once damaged concrete was removed, seek out for myself some of Nepal’s white
— The standard can be purchased Fapco spray-applied mortar with a gold, its water.
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New Hydro
of 2.5 MW and are to be arranged in named Chile-based Renewable Energy
For more ocean/tidal/stream news, see
the Hydro Project Activity tab at “farms” of up to several hundred MW of Development Enterprises as its local
total rating. Each AWS-III will be con- development partner. The agreement is
nected to a central offshore substation set to last five years.
via a high-voltage umbilical link. Alstom
says this will be the world’s largest ocean Advances at Voith Hydro’s Mutriku
Alstom, SSE Renewables plan power facility when completed. wave energy project in Spain
200 MW wave farm in Scotland Voith Hydro Wavegen received an
Energy conglomerate Alstom and Australian wave power developer award from the Scottish Council for
marine developer SSE Renewables are Carnegie eyes new opportunities Development and Industry in January for
teaming up to develop a 200 MW ocean Ocean power developer Carnegie Wave its wave power plant in Mutriku, Spain.
power project off the coast of Orkney Energy Limited announced its applica- The 16-turbine, 300 kW facility is housed
in Scotland. tion for a foreshore license for an offshore within the breakwater of the northern
The two companies will work together demonstration project near County Spanish port.
to obtain necessary permits and intend Clare, Ireland, in December 2011. The project was named SCDI’s
to populate the site with AWS-III wave The 5 MW facility would feature Outstanding International Achievement
energy converters, a technology under the company’s Cylindrical Energy in Green Energy.
development by AWS Ocean Energy Ltd. Transfer Oscillating technology, which According to SCDI’s web site, the
Alstom acquired a 40% share of AWS in has already been used in several ocean award is given to organizations and busi-
June 2011. power projects — including one near nesses that are “demonstrating leader-
An Alstom release says the companies Fremantle, Australia, that came online ship, refocusing their resources and ener-
will carry out detailed site surveys and in February 2008. gies and investing to grow and develop in
an environmental impact assessment After fi rst consulting with the international markets.”
before installing an initial phase of about Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, In related news, Voith Hydro Wavegen
10 MW. Carnegie’s Irish subsidiary CETO has turned over the Mutriku plant to Ente
To date, only a 1:9 scale model of the Wave Energy Ireland (CWE Ireland) Vasco de la Energia.
AWS-III units has been tested, although has submitted formal applications to the The facility will provide a capacity of
Alstom says full-scale tests will begin Department of Environment, Heritage 300 kW for the Basque Energy Board
in 2012 with support from the Scottish and Local Government for a foreshore in northern Spain. The plant employs
Enterprise WATERS (Wave and Tidal license covering an area between Freagh Voith Hydro’s OWC (oscillating water
Energy: Research, Development and Point and Spanish Point off County Clare. column) technology. The wave power
Demonstration Support) fund. A full- Additionally, in December 2011 the plant was designed with a 25 year opera-
scale prototype is planned for deployment Australia-based company announced it tional life and will provide electricity for
at the European Marine Energy Centre in has completed a site assessment study for 250 homes.
Orkney in 2014. CETO projects along the Chilean coast Matthew Seed, chief executive offi-
Typical AWS-III units have a capacity in South America. Carnegie cer of Voith Hydro Wavegen, says the
experience gained from completing the
Mutriku project will be invaluable as the
company continues to improve its wave
power technologies.
Crown Estate encouraging

ocean energy with nine contracts
The Crown Estate has awarded nine con-
tracts for the development of renewable
energy sources, including wave and tidal
energy sites.
The EU is targeting a 20% increase in
renewable energies by 2020, prompting
A 200 MW wave farm equipped with AWS-III wave energy converters is being developed off the coast of Or-
kney, Scotland, by Alstom and SSE RRenewables. the Crown Estate to launch the Further
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #38 _________
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and Renewable Energy Sources
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Main features:
Synchronous Hydrogenerators
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Asynchronous Hydrogenerators Vertical or Horizontal
from 30 kW to 1,500 kW, 250 - 1,500 rpm Hundreds of Installations
Services Worldwide Generator Exporter
Servicing and Refurbishments of HPP Reliability, long-life, high value for endusers
Scottish Leasing (Saltire Prize projects) was developed by Tidal Hydraulic to attract interest from BAE Systems,
and Demonstration Leases Round that Generators Ltd. Rolls-Royce and Weir after receiving
offers organizations opportunities to The contract is worth US$1.97 mil- £45 million (US$70 million) in funding
license seabed areas within the UK’s lion and also includes the installation of from venture capital groups since it was
Renewable Energy Zone. a subsea cable, an onshore control room started in 1998.
The Crown Estate owns the majority and substation, and electrical infrastruc- The response to ideas about acquiring
of the seabed within a 12 nautical mile ture to connect with the local distribu- Pelamis will be a useful test of corporate
limit of UK territorial waters, and the tion network. interest in wave power machines, which
estate has already made available areas employ a range of mechanisms to extract
for the development of offshore tidal Tidal Today Awards energy from the oceans and convert it
power projects. winners announced into electricity.
The Crown Estate’s most recent Winners of the 2011 Tidal Today Awards While the technology is considered one
licensees and their lots are: were announced at the International of the most promising areas of renewable
— DP Marine Energy Limited (tidal Tidal Energy Summit that took place in energy, the costs of producing Pelamis’s
site at Isle of Islay); November 2011 in London. hardware are five to 10 times higher than
— Glaxo Operations UK Limited The awards, in their second year, are they need to be before the machines can
(tidal site at Esk Estuary); designed to “recognize and to reflect the rival conventional forms of power, such as
— Pelamis Wave Power Limited (wave hard work, talent and potential in bringing gas turbines.
site at Isle of Lewis); to fruition real products and real advances Other companies to be canvassed
— Sea Generation (Wales) Limited in tidal energy,” according to a release. about their potential interest in acquiring
(tidal site at Skerries); A panel comprised of judges from the Pelamis, which is thought to be worth
— AWS Ocean Energy Limited (wave European Marine Energy Centre, Black between $47 million and $78 million,
site at Burghead); & Veatch and The Carbon Trust selected include Siemens of Germany, Caterpillar
— Minesto UK Limited (tidal site at the fi nalists before industry peers selected of the U.S., ABB of Switzerland and
Strangford Lough); the winners in each category. Alstom of France.
— Argyll Tidal Limited (tidal site at The 2011 Tidal Today Award winners All could, at least in theory, afford
Mull of Kintyre); are: the outlays of perhaps $15.6 million to
— Nova Innovation Limited (tidal site — Tidal Energy Technology $31.2 million that might be needed in the
at Bluemull Sound); and Innovation: Minesto; next few years to bring Pelamis’ technol-
— Oceanflow Development Limited — Tidal Energy Competitiveness: ogy to fruition.
(tidal site at Sanda Sound). Tidal Generation Limited (Rolls Royce); Per Hornung Pedersen, Pelamis’ chief
The contracts are only for use — Newcomer of the Year: executive, says: “We have reached the
of the sites and award no money to Scotrenewables Tidal Power; stage where it makes most sense to look
the recipients. — Tidal Energy Technology Supplier: for fi nancial support from a large engi-
Bauer; neering company rather than [to] seek
Converteam named to install — Tidal Energy Engineering Firm: further investment from venture capital
prototype stream power project Mojo Maritime LTD; groups.”
Wales-based Tidal Energy Ltd. has — Most Effective Tidal Energy
awarded a contract to Converteam Ltd. Project: Voith, Bauer, UoE and Mojo Report endorses Marine Current
to build a 1.2 MW prototype tidal stream Maritime LTD; and Turbines’ SeaGen tidal turbine
power project off the Pembrokeshire — Tidal Energy Lifetime Achievement Marine Current Turbines’ SeaGen
coastline in Wales. Award: Martin Wright. tidal turbine operating in Northern
Tidal Energy took bids in March 2011 Irish waters has been given the green
for installation of the DeltaStream device UK wave energy pioneer light based on its environmental
at the Ramsey Sound project. seeks financing impact. According to a report by envi-
The DeltaStream unit includes three Three of Britain’s biggest engineering ronmental consulting company Royal
horizontal-axis turbines on a single groups are being sounded out in an effort Haskoning, in collaboration with an
30 m-wide triangular frame. The frame to fi nd a solution to the conundrum of independent Science Group — which
is to provide a low center of gravity that how to fi nance a supplier in the fledgling includes representatives from Northern
allows the unit to sit on the seabed with wave energy sector, the FT reports. Ireland Environment Agency, Queen’s
no positive anchoring or seabed drill- The company up for sale is Pelamis University Belfast, the Sea Mammal
ing. The base technology previously Wave Power of Edinburgh, which hopes Research Unit and others — the SeaGen
______________________________
____________
__________
tidal turbine has no major impact on marine life. power turbine farms in the English Channel.
The 1.2 MW turbine has been operating in Northern Ireland’s DCNS says that the area between the Cotentin Peninsula
Strangford Lough since 2008 but appears to have had no sig- and Alderney has one of the greatest tidal currents in the world
nificant effect on the local environment. The Environmental and is capable of being used to generate several gigawatts
Monitoring Programme found no changes in the numbers of worth of power.
seals or porpoises, which appear to have continued swimming Recently, DCNS assembled the turbine and subsea base of a
past the device without any concern — although the report 2-MW unit for OpenHydro Group Ltd. off France’s northern
indicates they do tend to avoid the device. Nor did the assess- Brittany coast.
ment fi nd any significant change to the speed or direction of
flow of the tides within Strangford Narrows.
Learn the latest ocean
“This is the most comprehensive study of the environ-
mental impact of marine energy devices undertaken anywhere energy developments at
in the world,” reports David Erwin, chair of the SeaGen HydroVision International
Scientific Group. A seven-session Ocean/Tidal/Stream Power track is one of many
According to Frank Fortune, technical director at Royal valuable educational options available to attendees of the
HydroVision International event, being held July 17-20 in Louisville,
Haskoning, the fi ndings indicate SeaGen will be able to Ky., USA.
continue to operate with no significant impacts on the local
marine environment. The seven panel presentation sessions in this track feature industry
experts speaking on:
“Marine Current Turbines has proven that the power of
-- Research and Development: Moving Forward
the seas can be harnessed in harmony with marine life,” said -- Deployed Projects: Experiences from Across the Globe
Northern Ireland’s Environment Minister, Alex Attwood. -- The Tradeoffs between Cost, Survivability and Efficiency
-- Resource Assessment
-- The U.S. Permitting Process: How It has Evolved
DCNS, Alderney Renewable Energy sign -- User Conflicts and Stakeholder Involvement
agreement for ocean power turbine farms -- Jumping the ESA/MMPA Hurdles
French naval technologies provider DCNS and British tidal
For more information or to register for the event,
current company Alderney Renewable Energy signed a memo- visit www.hydroevent.com.
randum of understanding in February 2012 to develop ocean
______________________________
19-21 APRIL 2012, PRAGATI MAIDAN, NEW DELHI, INDIA http://hrw.hotims.com RS #43
SWITCHING ON INDIA’S POWER

EARLY BIRD DISCOUNT – REGISTER TODAY
Take advantage of the Early Bird Discount by registering as a delegate networking and business opportunities for attendees and visitors alike,
for POWER-GEN India & Central Asia, Renewable Energy World India or plus the chance to see first hand the latest equipment and pioneering
HydroVision India 2012 conference and exhibition as this three-way event technologies by leading companies from the Indian and international
returns to New Delhi, India at Pragati Maidan from 19-21 April 2012 all energy sectors.
under one roof.
Conference Topics include:
Recognised as the region’s premier event which typically attracts in excess of
x, SOx, PM, etc)
7,000 attendees and 270 exhibiting companies from 41 countries, POWER-
GEN India & Central Asia, Renewable Energy World India and HydroVision !"#$ %
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India 2012 provide the ideal opportunity to learn about important technical 8;%
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Expert speakers from across the globe and a world-class exhibition floor QZ # ;" =
offer up-to-date information on projects and developments and unrivalled
The Early Bird Discount closes 23 March 2012.

To register, visit www.power-genindia.com or www.renewableenergyworldindia.com or www.hydrovisionindia.com
POWER-GEN INDIA & CENTRAL ASIA RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD INDIA HYDROVISION INDIA
ENQUIRIES: ENQUIRIES: ENQUIRIES:
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Event Organisers Flagship Media Sponsors Supporting

Organisation
Small Hydro
provide $12 million, the Emerging Ginigathhena Divisional Secretariat
For more small hydro news, see the Hydro
Project Activity tab at Africa Infrastructure Fund will provide Division of the Nuwaraeliya District. The
$6 million, DEG $4 million and Finnfund powerhouse is expected to generate about
$2 million. DEG is the investment arm of 16 GWh annually, which will be fed to
Germany’s government, and Finnfund is the national grid.
a development fi nance company that pro-
Significant small hydro vides long-term risk capital for projects in Swiss utility BKW acquires
activity in Uganda developing countries. Italian hydro facilities
In Uganda, one small hydro project has The project is being developed by BKW FMB Energy Ltd. is acquiring
begun operating and two are on the verge South Asia Energy Management Systems five run-of-river hydropower plants from
of being developed. LLC (SAEMS) and will be located in the Italian energy utility Sorgenia.
The 6.5 MW Ishasha plant began village of Kilembe, in the Kasese district Financial details of the agreement have
operating in November 2011 in the of Uganda. not been disclosed.
Kigezi Sub-Region. Operation of this The Kilembe project — along with The five facilities have a collective
US$15 million facility should help reduce SAEMS’ earlier 19 MW Mpanga project installed capacity of nearly 8 MW and
the country’s power outages, government — are part of an overall plan to develop are in the Aosta Valley in northern Italy.
officials say. 13 small hydro projects in Uganda. Annual production from these five plants
The facility, on the Ishasha River in And international consulting fi rm is about 30 GWh
Kyeijura Kanyantorogo Sub-county, will Royal Haskoning will soon begin work Switzerland-based BKW already owns
not only provide power to the Kanungu on a project that will provide electric- and operates eight hydropower plants in
district, but also nearby Rukungiri, ity to 350,000 people in Uganda’s rural Italy in the Lago di Iseo region with a
Ntungamo, Kabale and Kisoro districts. western region. total capacity of 42 MW. The company
Ishasha was built by ECO Power IT A press release says Royal Haskoning acquired these plants in 2006.
under a memorandum of understanding has already arranged a public-private
that says the Sri Lanka-based company partnership that includes a US$15.5 mil- Developer wins loans to build
will operate the station and sell its power lion Dutch ORIO subsidy, $16.8 million 8.6 MW San Lorenzo in Panama
to the government for 30 years. from the Uganda Ministry of Energy and A unit of Spanish developer Grupo
The project was funded by three Sri Mineral Development, and $9 million Cuerva Espana has received US$21 mil-
Lankan fi nancial institutions — the from private investors in a plan being lion in loans to construct the 8.6 MW San
National Development Bank of Sri Lanka, called the “Western Uganda Mini- Lorenzo project on Panama’s Fonseca
Hatton National Bank and Commercial Hydropower & Rural Electrification River.
Bank of Sri Lanka. Project”. Cuerva subsidiary Hidroelectrica San
In development news, the Netherlands Under the plan, a cluster of 10 small Lorenzo S.A. signed a loan agreement
Development Finance Company (FMO) hydropower units with capacities of in December 2011 for the fi nancing, of
has arranged a US$24 million senior loan 7 to 10 MW will be installed alongside which US$10.5 million is coming from
for fi nancing of the 14 MW Kilembe run- a transmission and distribution system. the Inter-American Investment Corp., a
of-river plant in Uganda. Royal Haskoning says this will increase unit of the Inter-American Development
Of the $24 million, FMO will the percentage of Uganda’s rural popula- Bank. Cuerva Chairman Ignacio Cuerva
tion connected to the grid from less than Valdivia says other fi nancing is com-
6% to 7.5%. ing from Banco Internacional de Costa
Rica S.A. and Compania Espanola de
Vallibel Power begins project Financiacion del Desarrollo.
operations in Sri Lanka San Lorenzo is a run-of-river proj-
Vallibel Power Erathna, a Sri Lankan ect in Chiriqui Province that includes
fi rm, began commercial operations at a concrete dike with five gates located
the 4.65 MW Kiriwaneliya project in along the Fonseca, a short canal from the
December 2011. river, and a powerhouse containing two
The project, which uses the poten- 4.35 MW Kaplan turbine-generators. It
The 6.5 MW Ishasha powerhouse on the Ishasha River
tial of the Maskeli Oya and the flow of is expected to produce 40 GWh annu-
in Uganda began operating in November 2011, provid-
ing expected annual power generation of 28 GWh. several other feeder streams, is in the ally, delivered to Panama’s grid by a
12 km-long transmission line. 2012 to $2.46 billion in 2020. Energy Partners is to build the two
Spanish fi rm Balino S.A. de Espana Poland’s hydroelectric output accounts hydro plants 140 km northeast of Tirana.
is to supply and install equipment, while for less than 2% of the country’s overall They are to generate up to 14.7 GWh
Saret de Costa Rica is handling construc- output, according to a study performed annually, helping to offset production of
tion of the project. by Coalition Clean Baltic. CCB’s report 9,500 tons of carbon dioxide by other
also says almost 90% of Poland’s hydro power plants.
New bill could increase potential remains untapped, meaning Energy Partners plans to develop
small hydropower in Poland there is significant room for growth. a total of five hydro plants on the Benji,
Poland is looking to increase the share The proposed bill would divert invest- for which the company received a 35-year
of renewable electricity within its energy ment to solar, biogas, offshore wind and concession.
mix from 10% to 15.5% over the next small hydro. It would cut support for
decade, and this would include invest- biomass, old hydro facilities and on-shore Guyana, EU teaming up for
ment in small hydro plants. wind farms. Chiung River Falls project
A new draft bill would help Poland, The European Union (EU) will provide
which generates more than 90% of its European bank funds 5.1 MW funding for a new 330 kW hydroelectric
electricity with coal, meet the EU’s Cerruje 1, 2 in Albania plant along Guyana’s Chiung River, with
renewable production standards by 2020. The European Bank for Reconstruction the stipulation that the country construct
A 2010 EU directive says members will and Development (EBRD) has approved a new secondary school fi rst.
reach a 20% share of energy from renew- a €3 million (US$3.9 million) loan to The anticipated cost of the new Kato
able soruces by the end of the decade. fi nance construction of the 5.1 MW facility is US$3.11 million. Of that, the
“Our goal is to simplify, optimize Cerruje 1 and 2 projects on Albania’s EU has said it will contribute about
and improve the support mechanism Benji River. $2.39 million under the 10th European
for renewables,” says Deputy Economic EBRD made the loan in December Development Fund (EDF), while the
Minister Mievczslaw Kasprzak. 2011 to an Albanian private developer, Guyana government will contribute
According to Kasprzak, the country’s Energy Partners, under the bank’s the remainder.
annual spending on renewables could Western Balkans Sustainable Energy The EU says construction of the school
increase from less than US$1 billion in Direct Financing Facility. is essential before fi nalizing its investment
Stronger together. www.litostrojpower.eu
European reliability. Worldwide exibility.

Together we can offer investors complete solutions ranging from
the development and design to the delivery of hydroelectric
power plant equipment on a turnkey basis. http://hrw.hotims.com RS #44
LITOSTROJ POWER – Litostroj Power LITOSTROJ POWER – Litostroj Hydro LITOSTROJ POWER - KD Blansko Engineering LITOSTROJ POWER - Hydraulic Research Center Blansko
Litostrojska cesta 50 45, Pacique Est apkova 2357/5 Horní Lhota 149
1000 Ljubljana Bromont (Quebec) 678 01 Blansko 678 01 Blansko
Slovenia Canada, J2L 1 J4 The Czech Republic The Czech Republic
Tel: +386 1 5824 102 Tel: +1450 534 2929 Tel: +420 533 309 560 Tel.: +420 515 538 580
Fax: +386 1 5824 171 Fax: + 1450 534 0136 Fax: +420 533 309 557 Fax: +420 515 538 598
E-mail: info@litostrojpower.eu E-mail: info@litohydro.ca E-mail: info@cbeng.cz E-mail: radomir.havlicek@hrcblansko.cz
www.litostrojpower.eu www.cbe.eu
because the school is anticipated to be the install the equipment for the Victoria some areas, the release says.
new plant’s primary beneficiary. “The hydro facility. In addition to this project, Scottish
secondary school is foreseen to be the Water’s commercial arm, Scottish Water
main electricity consumer, and therefore Scottish utility exploring benefits Horizons, has recently installed a micro-
as such forms the basis for feasibility of of small hydro network turbine at the Touch water treatment
the investment,” an EU release says. Scottish Water has revealed that they will works in Stirling.
Officials hope that construction on soon embark on a US$31 million plan
the Kato plant can begin by February that will see the utility’s existing water Two contracts awarded for
2013, with completion scheduled for treatment plants partially converted to Czech Libechov project
February 2015. produce hydroelectric power. Developer Mercator Energy a.s. has
According to a company release, awarded two contracts for development
Ecuadorian utility names Scottish Water will use the flow in its large of the 4.59 MW Libechov project on the
supplier for small hydro project water supply pipes to generate power for Elbe River in Czech Republic.
Ecuadorian utility Empresa Electrica its treatment plants, resulting in a treat- Metrostav a.s. received a contract
Quito (EEQ) has awarded a ment cost reduction of 10%. worth CZK179.8 million (US$9.1 mil-
US$6.53 million contract to Ensilectric to The conversion plan is made possible lion) for construction of the project.
manufacture and install electromechani- by legislation introduced in 2010 by First And, Mavel has been awarded a
cal equipment for the 10 MW Victoria Minister and Scottish National Party US$6.98 million contract to equip
hydro plant in Napo Province. leader Alex Salmond. Libechov. The contract stipulates that
EEQ issued the tender in November More than 30 potential sites have Mavel will manufacture, supply and
2011, which calls for the supply of two been identified in areas including install one Kaplan turbine-generator with
5.1 MW Pelton turbines, two 5,900-kVA Lanarkshire, the Borders, Stirlingshire, a diameter of 4.8 meters and an average
generators, governors, ball-type valves, Angus and Fife. Many of the proposed power generation of 12 MWh.
bypass systems, a bridge crane, trans- schemes make use of Scottish Water’s Libechov is a small town in the
former, controls and protection, and existing buildings, although the com- Central Bohemian Region of the Czech
hydromechanical equipment. pany might need to construct additional Republic located about 36 km north of
Ensilectric will have 21 months to buildings and electrical infrastructure in Prague. Work on the project is expected
Your partner for hydropower

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___________
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #45 http://hrw.hotims.com RS #46
to be complete by May 2013. estimated to nearly double the generating called EPS Renewables, that will man-
In other news, Stojirny Brno a.s. has capacity of the facility JPS already has in age and operate its investments in green
won a contract to reconstruct a turbine Maggotty. energy. In 2011, ERPS announced that
at the 1.12 MW Tri Chaloupky project The new plant will increase JPS’ it is working with Germany-based RWE
on the Elbe River. Tri Chaloupky was hydroelectric stations to nine and repre- Innogy to develop five run-of-river small
built in 1948 and features a single vertical sents the largest hydro project undertaken hydro plants on the Morava River.
Kaplan turbine. in Jamaica since the country attained
As per the US$1.98 million contract, independence in 1962. China city names four groups
Stojirny Brno will dismantle the turbine The plant is expected to be commis- to build 11 projects
and manufacture a new impeller and sioned by November 2013. Yichang’s small hydropower agency
guide vanes. A new generator is to be sup- has awarded contracts worth
plied under a separate contract. Serbian utility gets $59 million US$52.8 million to four Chinese groups
loan for small hydro projects to build 11 small hydroelectric projects in
Jamaican utility announces The European Bank for Reconstruction China’s Hubei Province.
developer for new facility and Development approved a €45 million On behalf of Yichang City Project
The Jamaica Public Service Company (US$59 million) loan to Serbia’s state- Management Office for Small Hydropower
(JPS) has announced plans to develop owned utility for renovating and building Projects, China International Tendering
a new small hydroelectric plant in small hydropower plants. Co. solicited companies in May 2011
Maggotty, Jamaica. According to an EBRD release, the for the Wufeng and Changyang plants.
The new 6.3 MW facility, in the coun- loan will allow Elektroprivreda Srbije Between three and four bids were received
try’s St. Elizabeth parish, will be designed (EPS) to refurbish 15 small hydroelec- for each contract.
and constructed by England-based Kier tric facilities and construct seven new Contracts, winning fi rms, and award
Construction Limited. Kier signed a con- ones at existing dams. The refurbished amounts include:
tract with JPS on in December 2011 that facilities will have a combined capac- — Contract No. WJH&CN-Civil-1:
is worth more than $26 million. ity of 18 MW, while the new ones will Wufeng County, civil works of Chinan,
Plans for the new plant were fi rst provide 13 MW total. Wangjiahe 1, Wangjiahe 2, and
released in March 2009. The project is EPS has also created a subsidiary, Wangjiahe 3 projects; Hubei Rui Tian
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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #47 http://hrw.hotims.com RS #48
International Trading Co. Ltd. with joint Bank’s China Climate Change ministry in 2010, giving the company
venture of Wuhan Hao Kun Construction Framework Loan, Yichang City applied 24 months to conduct feasibility stud-
Engineering Co. Ltd.; RMB62.7 million for €44 million ($63.8 million) from ies for another 20 MW facility in the
(US$9.8 million); China’s Finance Ministry to build the Aracucho region.
— Contract No. TJH-Civil-1: Wufeng Hubei Province Yichang City Small
County, civil works of Tangjiahe 1 and Hydropower Development Project. Berthol wins contract to
Tangjiahe 2 projects; Hubei Machinery redevelop Rivaz in Switzerland
& Equipment Import & Export Co. Ltd. HMV Ingenieros expanding small Swiss contractor Berthol has been
with joint venture of Hubei Chu Sunlight hydro capacity in Colombia awarded a contract to supply equipment
Water Conservancy and Hydropower Co. Colombian power and engineering com- for redevelopment of the 725 kW Rivaz 2
Ltd.; RMB56.9 million ($8.9 million); pany HMV Ingenieros will add up to plant on Forestay Creek.
— Contract No. QLG-Civil-1: Wufeng 200 MW in small hydroelectric capacity Utility Romande Energie says it plans
County, civil works of Qilinguan 1 and in the coming years, news sources report. to spend US$5.6 million redeveloping
Qilinguan 2 projects; Hubei Xinbaofeng HMV has already developed the Rivaz, in Switzerland’s Lavaux District,
International Trade Co. Ltd. with joint 9.8 MW Guanaquitas and 9.5 MW to utilitize the full 183 m of Forestay Falls,
venture of China Foreign Northwest Caruquia projects in the country’s compared with 63 m used currently.
Construction Engineering Group Co. Guadalupe River Basin, and the com- As per the contract, Berthol is expected
Ltd.; RMB95.4 million ($14.9 million). pany is currently working on two more. to design, fabricate, assemble, test and
— Contract No. ECK&XJP&CF- They are run-of-river projects that have commission the hydromechanical and
Civil-1: Changyang County, civil works no reservoirs and consequently minimal electromechanical equipment, as well as
of Erchakou, Xujiaping, and Changfeng environmental effects. train operating personnel.
projects; Hubei Provincial Minmetals Barroso and El Popal — each with The contract does not stipulate a
International Trading Corp. Ltd. with a capacity of 20.4 MW and located in completion date.
joint venture of Hubei Chu Sunlight Antioquia department — are expected to Romande Energie serves 280,000 elec-
Water Conservancy and Hydropower Co. come online in 2012. tricity customers in 318 municipalities.
Ltd.; RMB122 million ($19.2 million). HMV was also awarded a temporary It commissioned work on its 14.4 MW
Under the European Investment concession by Peru’s energy and mines Farettes project in 2011.
Compaction
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73 sessions 12 co-located
1 EVENT workshops, seminars & briefings
3,451 attendees 44 countries 311 exhibitors

125+ hydropower-producing
organizations & project developers 450 SPEAKERS
Based on HydroVision International 2011
JULY 17 – 20, 2012

KENTUCKY INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTER | LOUISVILLE, KY | USA
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#FKJOHo$IJOB Office 311, No.402 Wangjingyuan,
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Friedberger Strasse 173 · D-61118 Bad Vilbel, Germany
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PAN-Metallgesellschaft ƐǁŝƚĐŚŐĞĂƌΘĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚƉůĂŶƚƵƉƚŽϮϬDtŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ · Complete system engineering
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Turbine & Alternator Manufacture

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info@hydro-energy.com
www.hydro-energy.com www.wkv-ag.com ________
Classified
Place your FOR SALE
Belyea Company offers used hydro
company turbine-generator set for sale. Hydro
West vertical francis, 234 ft, 120 cfs,
2800 hp, 86 psi, 6.2 psi. Ideal gener-
among other ator, v21320-17, 1600 kW, 1778 kVa,
professionals 900 rpm, 2300 v/3/60 hz, 0.9, 1983,
on this page stock # 12103at. Price $180,000 as
removed to Colorado storage site.
For any additional information,
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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #421 610-515-8775, x-242, Bill Spinney,
x-241 or Ron Cless, x-238.
Calendar
April 19-21. HydroVision India sponsored Contact: Samantha Malcolm, (+44) 1992 May 23-24. All-Energy 2012 sponsored
by PennWell Corporation. Location: 656 621; E-mail: samantham@pennwell. by Reed Exhibitions Limited. Location:
New Delhi, India. Contact: Amy Nash, com; Internet: www.power-genindia.com Aberdeen, Scotland. Contact: E-mail: all-
(+44) 1992 656 621; E-mail: amyn@ energyteam@reedexpo.co.uk; Internet:
pennwell.com; Internet: www.hydropow-
___________ May 1-4. VIII SPMCH Simposio Sobre www.all-energy.co.uk
erindia.com
________ Pequenas e Medias Centrais Hidreletricas
sponsored by Specialita Eventos. May 23-26. Hidroenergia 2012 spon-
April 19-21. Renewable Energy World India Location: Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. sored by Polish Association for Small
sponsored by PennWell Corporation. Contact: E-mail: spmch@specialitaeven- Hydropower Development and European
Location: New Delhi, India. Contact: tos.com.br; Internet: www.specialitae-
___________ Small Hydropower Association. Location:
Amy Nash, (+44) 1992 656 621; E-mail: ventos.com.br/VIIISPMCH
__________________ Wroclaw, Poland. Contact: Internet:
amyn@pennwell.com; Internet: www.
___ www.2012.hidroenergia.eu
_________________
renewableenergyworldindia.com May 9-10. Hydro Power Summit Latin

America sponsored by BNamericas Events. June 2-8. International Commission on
April 19-21. POWER-GEN India & Location: Sao Paulo, Brazil. Contact: Large Dams Annual Meeting. Location,
Central Asia sponsored by PennWell E-mail: vvillalobos@bnamericas.com; Kyoto, Japan. Contact: Internet: http://
____
Corporation. Location: New Delhi, India. Internet: www.latinhydrosummit.com icold2012kyoto.org
Ad Index
RS# COMPANY PG# RS# COMPANY PG# RS# COMPANY PG#
8 ABB AB, FACTS/MU www.abb.com 17 HydroVision Brasil Oiles Corporation

52 IBC 20 31
www.hydrovisionbrazil.com www.oiles.co.jp
53 Andritz Hydro www.andritz.com OBC
HydroVision International Panolin America Inc
Brazilian Committee on Dams 51 www.hydroevent.com 65 37 www.panolinamerica.com 53
30 www.cbdb.org.br 43
HydroVision Russia RST Instruments Ltd
EDF Generation 33 49 50 64
3 5 www.hydrovisionrussia.com www.rstinstruments.com
www.edfenergy.com
ICOLD 2012 Kyoto 14 Ruhfus Systemhydraulik GmbH 27
16 EFD AS www.efd-induction.com 29 29 www.jcold.or.jp 41
Elektroprojekt Consulting Seals Unlimited Inc.

IMPSA 42 58
49 Engineers 64 9 19 www.sealsunlimited.com
www.impsa.com
www.elektroprojekt.hr SKF Economous GmbH
Indar an Ingeteam brand 31 45
7 Emerson Process Management 13 2 3 www.economos.com
www.indar.net
Erhard Muhr GmbH Sotek Inc.and Belrix Industries Inc.
41 57 43 India Power Shows 59 25 www.sotek.com 36
www.muhr.com
J.P. Sauer & Sohn Stellba Hydro GmbH Co KG
35 Geokon www.geokon.com 51 36 Maschinebau GmbH 53 46 62
www.stellba.de
www.sauersohn.de
GGB Bearing Technology
6 11 Sulzer Turbo Services
www.ggbearings.com/hydro Johnson Machine Works Inc 4 7
13 26 www.sulzerts.com
www.jmworks.com
Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon, Ltd.
19 www.gilkes.com 31 TES Vsetin AS
Klohn Crippen Berger 23, 39 www.tes.cz 34, 55
45 www.klohn.com 62
27 Hans Kuenz Ges mbH
38 Toshiba International
www.kuenz.com Koncar Generators 11 23
www.toshiba.com
47 and Motors, Inc. 63
26 Hatch www.hatchusa.com 37 www.koncar-gim.hr Vap Hydro
38 55
HCS Hydro Component Systems, LLC www.vaphydro.bg
5 9 KTI-Plersch Kaeltetechnik GmbH
www.hydrocomponentsystems.com 22 33
www.kti-plersch.com Waukesha Bearings
24 35
Hibbard Inshore, LLC www.waukeshabearings.com
32 47 Lignum-Vitae.com
www.hibbardinshore.com 15 28
www.lignum-vitae.com Weir American Hydro
1 IFC
Hobas Engineering GmbH www.ahydro.com
18 31 Litostroj Power
www.hobas.com 44 61
www.litostrojpower.eu 34 WIKOV MGI A.S. 51
Hydro Consulting & Marelli Motori
10 Maintenance Services (HCMS) 21 12 25 Worthington Products Inc.
www.marellimotori.com
www.hydro911.com 21 www.tuffboom.com, 32
17 Mavel www.mavel.cz 31 www.tuffbuoy.com
Hydro Group Events
28 www.hydroworld.com/index/ 39 MC Monitoring SA YOOIL Engineering Co.
48 63 40 www.rubberdam.co.kr 57
events-promo-landing.html www.mc-monitoring.com
*IFC=Inside Front Cover, IBC=Inside Back Cover, and OBC=Outside Back Cover
Advertisers and advertising agencies assume liability for all contents (including text representation and illustrations) of advertisements printed, and also assume responsibility for any claims
arising therefrom made against the publisher. It is the advertiser’s or agency’s responsibility to obtain appropriate releases on any items or individuals pictured in the advertisement.
Join hundreds of colleagues and exhibiting companies for

HydroVision Brasil, Latin America’s newest event focused on
advancing the development of the region’s hydroelectric power
and dams/civil structures sectors. With more than 31,000 MW
of new projects scheduled for completion by 2017, HydroVision
Brasil provides a strategic platform for introducing the region’s
wealth of development opportunities and expertise to the rest of
the world’s hydropower market.
For more information, visit www.hydrovisionbrasil.com

__________________________
OWNED & PRODUCED BY: FLAGSHIP MEDIA SPONSORS: CO-LOCATED WITH:
http://hrw.hotims.com
______________ RS #52
NEPTUN
is more than a solution of Hydro Automation
NEPTUN, one of the first integrated your total automation system. Depend-
s o l u t i o n s f o r H yd r o Au t o m a t i o n , ing on your requirements it is possible
m a ke s m o r e o f yo u r h yd r o a s s e t . to integrate different combinations or
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of the annual energy generation, the
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expenditures, the integration of new We focus on the best solution – from
IT-ser vices and the simplification of water to wire.
ANDRITZ HYDRO GmbH

Penzinger Strasse 76, 1141 Vienna, Austria contact-hydro@andritz.com
Phone: +43 (1) 89100, Fax: +43 (1) 8946046 http://hrw.hotims.com
______________ RS #53 www.andritz.com
_____________

HRW Tunneling Successfully in India

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Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out For navigation instructions please click here Search Issue | Next Page

www.hydroworld.com March-April 2012

14 Challenges of Hydro Tunneling in India

20 Addressing Explosive Attack on Embankment Dams

30 Ocean Energy Explored

40 Developing a Family of Cam Curves

2 Viewpoint: 4 Briefings 48 Lessons Learned 60 Small Hydro

www.hydroworld.com March-April 2012 / HRW 1

Reflections on the Pace of

Vol. 20, No. 2, March-April 2012

PennWell Global Energy Group

Member: BPA International

Printed in the U.K.. GST NO. 12681 3153 RT0001

2 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

We provide comprehensive solutions for

Our independence, capability and experience

The new energy formula is

Control, Protection and Regulation Systems

ISO 9001 / 14001 / OSHAS 18001

http://hrw.hotims.com RS #2 READY FOR YOUR CHALLENGES

4 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

WE SERVE your water and renewable

> Assistance to owners and operators

6 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

Inter turn surge testing

High Voltage Coil Manufacturing Sulzer Dowding & Mills

fastest delivery. We work around the clock to meet your

8 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

Easy isn’t a benefit, IT’S A REQUIREMENT.

ration | Pulp, Paper & Steel Mills | Mu

Rugged trash racks and rakers keep

10 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

Jirau Hydroelectric, Brazil

Global solutions in hydropower

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The Global Leader in High Performance Bearing Solutions

GGB Bearing Technology

12 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

I trust my machinery protection system

YOU CAN DO THAT

14 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

Challenges of Hydro Tunnelling in India

www.hydroworld.com March-April 2012 / HRW 15

excavation methodologies. For the zone of the underground

16 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

Relion® generator protection.

It’s easy to maximize dependability and availability with Relion ® generator

18 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

How Explosives Affect Embankment Dams

20 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

NATURE DELIVERS THE FUEL — HCMS DELIVERS THE SERVICE.

TNT in five locations in the walls of the

22 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

FIGURE 2 Crater Profiles and accompanying overtopping and ero-

24 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

121 Years of Excellence

26 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

Past, Present and Future! pressure increases on embankment dams

Lignum-Vitae and go to 0.01% corresponds to a peak transverse

28 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

Ocean Energy Explored

By David Appleyard A declaration by the UK government that the

30 HRW / March-April 2012 www.hydroworld.com

HOBAS GRP Pipe Systems improve your output:

!!