Research

It is a process if gathering information to answer a question

Induction

Induction involves observation and investigation into the relationship

between meanings and actions of human subject

Deduction

Deduction involves the formulation of hypotheses

Basic research

Research done mainly to enhance the understanding of certain problems that

commonly occur in an organization setting and seeking method of solving is called
basic research

Applied research

Research done with the intention of applying the results of the findings to
solve

Specific problems currently being experience in an organization

Exploratory research

The perpose of exploratory research is to seek new insights and find out what
is happening

Explanatory research

This research explain a situtaion or problem usually in the form in the form of
casual relationships

Discriptive research

This type of research sets out to provide an accurate profile of situation,

people, or events

Quantitative research

Is a formal, objective, systematic process in which nomarical data is utilized

to obtain information about the world

Qulitative research

In formal, subjective research approch that usually emphasis words rather

than numbers in the collection
Mix method research

In approch is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge, claims on

pragmatic grounds

Paradigm

Term paradigm describe as essentialy a collection of belive shared by

scientists, a set of aggrements about how problems are to be understood, how we
view the world and thus go about conduc ting research

Theory

In psychology and education, a common definition of learning is a process

that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and
experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills,
values, and world views

Concept

An extensional definition of a concept or term formulates its meaning by

specifying its extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition of the
concept or term in question

Variable

An operational definition is a demonstration of a process – such as a

variable, term, or object – in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests
used to determine its presence and quantity.

Proposition

A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false. In

philosophy, particularly in logic, a proposition is identified ontologically as an idea,
concept, or abstraction whose token instances are patterns of symbols, marks,
sounds, or strings of words

Analysis

Is the job of systematically braking down something into its constituents

parts and describing how they relate to each other it is not random dissection but a
methodological examination

Syntheses

Is the act of making connection between the parts identified in analysis

Subjectivity

A definition is a formal passage describing the meaning of a term (a word or

phrase). The term to be defined is the definiendum (plural definienda). A term may
have many subtly different senses or meanings

Formal and informal research

In formal research, researcher use agree on definitions of variables on the

other hand in informal research, researcher write in literary, informal style

Litrature review

Is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge
on a particular topic

What is meant by paradigm and what on basis they differ from each other
elaborate on the basis of philosophical assumptions?

Term paradigm describe as essentially a collection of believe shared by

scientists, a set of agreements about how problems are to be understood, how we
view the world and thus go about conducting research

sr.# Philosophical positivism interpretivism pragmatism

assumptions

1 ontology Singular Multiple Both singular and

reality realities multiple realities.
(objectivism) (constructionis
m)

2 epistemology Distance and Closeness Practicality

impartiality (subjective)
(objective) Objective +
subjective

3 axiology Unbiased biased Multiple stances

4 Rhetoric Formal style Informal style Both informal and

formal style

5 methodology deductive Inductive Both qualitative

and quantitative
data and mix them
 6 Strategies of We do survey Grounded Sequential,
inquiry experiment theory, concurrent and
and field work ethnography, transformative
case study and
narratives

7 Methods Close ended Open ended Both quantitative

questions, questions and qualitative
numerical image analysis data analysis
data (qualitative)
statisticalanal
ysis

What is meant by research process and what are its elements discussed in
detail how they differ in qualitative and quantitative research?

Elements of qualitative Process of research Elements of quantitative

research research

Interpretivism Paradigm Positivism

Point of view of participant Intent of research Point of view of the

researcher
Understand meaning
individuals give to a Test a theory deductively
phenomena inductively to support or refute it

Contextual understanding Generalization

Minor role How literature is used Major role

Justifies problem Justifies problem

Ask open ended questions How intent is focused Ask close ended questions

Test specific variables that

forms hypotheses or
questions

Words and image How data collected Numbers

Natural settings From many participants at

many research sites
Data is collected at micro
level Data is collected at macro
level
 Artificial settings

Text or images analysis How data is analyzed Numerical statistical

analysis
Themes
Rejecting hypotheses

Researcher is close Role of researcher Researcher is distant

Identifies personal stance Remains in background

Take step to remove bias

Using validity procedures How data is validated Using validity procedures

that rely on the based on external
participants, the standards, such as judges.
researcher, or the reader Past research, statistics.

Differentiate between qualitative, quantitative and mix method research?

Qualitative Quantitative Mix method

Constructivist paradigm Positivist paradigm Pragmatic paradigm

Grounded theories case Surveys and experiments Sequential, concurrent

study narratives and transformative

Open ended questions Close ended questions Both open ended and
numeric data close ended questions
Emerging approaches

Theory generation Test a theory and verify Collect both quantitative

theory and qualitative data
Collect participants
meanings Use undecided
approaches
Make interpretation of
data Employs statistical
procedure
Collaborate with
participants

Elements of research design

• Introduction

• Objectives of study

• Purpose statement
• Research questions

• Significance of research

• Literature review

• Research method for data collection

• Ethical considerations

• Limitations and delimitations

• References