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E00 ZThwfeecq] LHALL 29 | tseoxty UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG Course or topic No(s) Course or topic name(s) Paper Number & title Examination/Test to be held during month(s) of (delete as applicable) Year of Study (Art & Science leave blank) Degrees/Diplomas for which This course is prescribed (BSc (Eng) should indicate which branch) Facultylies presenting Candidates Internal examiners(s) ‘And telephone extension number(s) External examiner(s) Special materials required (grephimusicidrawing paper) maps, diagrams, tables computer cards, ete Time allowance Instructions to candidates (Examiners may wish to use this space to indicate, inter alia the contribution made by this examination or test towards the year mark if appropriate) APPM2007 MECHANICS NOVEMBER 2009 BSc BCom and Bachelor of Economic Science SCIENCE AND CLM DRAWELTE 76107 | PROFESSOR C VILLET i ‘THEY ARE ALLOWED TO BRING THE BLUE NOTEBOOK | ee Course No.(s) | APPM2007 | HOURS rerwoy | ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. Internal Examiners or Heads of Department are requested to sign the declaration overleaf CAM2. Lagrangian Mechanics. Final Exam 2009 Answer all questions. The number of marks allocated is indicated in brackets. ‘Total marks (37). You may (and where possible, probably should) give answers to later questions in terms of symbols (like c, k and d) defined in previous questions. Explanations should be clear, but need never be lengthy. It is your responsibility to write legibly - unclear words and eq(fations will be considered incorrect. Make sketches large enough so that legible labels may easily be inserted. May the generalised components of the force be with you ! Key Formulas (These formulas need to be used correctly - which you should know how to do.) — The picture above shows a wedge of mass My that slides freely on a horizontal surface. A cylinder of mass Mz and radius 2 is rolling without slipping on the upper surface of the wedge, which is at an angle 8 from the horizontal, The cylinder has a moment of inertia I= kiMyR? about its primary axis. 1. (16 Marks) (2) (5 marks) Make a clear large sketch of this system indicating clearly the following: ‘+ The items in the sketch above ‘+ A conventional cartesian coordinate system which has its origin somewhere on the hor- izontal surface on which the wedge is sliding + A generalised coordinate X which indicates how far the right tip of the wedge is from the origin of the cartesian coordinate system ‘A generalised coordinate A which shows how far the cylinder is from the bottom of the slope ‘A reference radius on the cylinder which makes an angle a relative to a direction per- pendicular to the slope on which the cylinder is rolling. (b) (2 marks) The rotation of the cylinder is linked to its position on the slope, as it rolls without slipping. It doesn’t matter for which value of A you set a = 0, as a will not enter the Lagrangian. You do however need to relate & to A. Write down this relationship, (c) (2 marks) Write down the gravitational potential U, of the system in terms of the generalised coordinates. (@) (4 marks) Write down the kinetic energy of the system in terms of the generalised coordinates and their derivatives (e) (3 marks) Insert everything that is needed into the Lagrange equation of motion, and perform the required integrals to obtain two equations of motion, involving the two generalised coordinates, 2, (3 Marks) Write down a solution (ie. a function Z(t)) for the equation of motion Z = A+ Bos(wt), with the property that when t = 0, Z = 0. The solution is not unique. Explain the meaning of the undetermined parameter in the solution. 3. (3 Marks) Write down a solution (i.e. a function Z(t) for the equation of motion Z = A+ Beos(ut), with the property that when t = 0, Z = 0. The solution is not unique. Explain the meaning of the undetermined parameter in the solution. NN 4, (7 Marks) A paper cone has a base of radius b and a height h. The base is open - so that the sheet of paper just forms the conical walls - like a party hat. You are to calculate what area of paper is required to make such a cone. Do this by two methods. You should obtain the same answer for the two methods, but if you do not, you can receive some extra marks for any real attempt to resolve the problem. (a) (4 Marks) Cut the cone into horizontal slivers, which, seen from the side, have a vertical thickness dz. You can then add up all the infinitesimal areas dA of all the slivers which lie ina range 2 € [0,h]. User R to denote the distance from the apex to the base, measured ‘along the paper. Note that R= Vi2-402. Pay attention to the fact that vertical distance fon the cone is not the same as distance measured along the paper of the walls of the cone This is reflected in the fact that h, and the fact that the width of paper making up the infinitesimal strips is not dz. (b) (3 Marks) Cut the cone open with a single cut form the base to the apex, along the dashed line in the picture, When you lie the sheet of paper flat, it makes a piece of a circle. By determining the radius of this circle, and the fraction of the circle thus obtained, you can obtain an expression for the area of the sheet of paper which makes up the cone. 5, (8 Marks) Below is a picture of a circular hoop of wire, of radius r, which is spinning about it's vertical diameter, which lies on the Z axis, with angular velocity » = 4. The picture shows the circle as an ellipse in order to highlight that it is not confined to the plane of the page, but will, at various time, appear to an observer as various ellipses. Use the usual 3-D spherical polar coordinates to locate a bead which is sliding on the circular wire without friction. As the bead is constrained to move on the wire, the only degree of freedom can easily be captured by the polar angle 8. The equation of motion is given by: =?sindeos0 + 2sino (2) ¢ (b) ¢ (c) (2 Marks) Analytically show, and explain why it makes sense, that the limit g — 0 is equivalent to the limit w —» 90 '3 Marks) Explain how the equation of motion makes sense in the limit w — 0. 3 Marks) Explain how the equation of motion makes sense in the limit g —+ 0

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