Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

MC LC
Trang

Phn A- Nguyn liu...............................................................................................3

1- Gii thiu...........................................................................................................3
1.1 .Ngun gc v s pht trin c chua nc ta..............................................3
1.2. c tnh thc vt hc cy c chua.................................................................4
1.3. Yu cu sinh thi ca cy c chua.................................................................5
1.4. c im ca tri c chua..............................................................................6
1.5. Thi k chn...................................................................................................6
2- Phn loi, thu hoch v bo qun......................................................................7
3- Thnh phn ha hc ca qu c chua................................................................7
4- V tr v gi tr dinh dng..............................................................................10
5- Tiu ch la chn c chua ...............................................................................10
6- Cc cht khc c s dng trong quy trnh..................................................10
6.1. ng..........................................................................................................10
6.2. Cht bo qun..............................................................................................11
6.3. Cht n nh.................................................................................................11
6.4. Nc............................................................................................................13
Phn B- Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua........................................................16
S quy trnh......................................................................................................16
I - S 1..............................................................................................................16
Thuyt minh quy trnh.........................................................................................17
1.La chn v phn loi.....................................................................................17
2.Ra..................................................................................................................18
3.Nghin x........................................................................................................19
4.Gia nhit..........................................................................................................20
5. p...................................................................................................................................................21
6.Lc...................................................................................................................22
7.Phi ch...........................................................................................................23
8.Bi kh.............................................................................................................24
9.Thanh trng.....................................................................................................25
10. Rt hp & ghp kn.....................................................................................26
11. Lm ngui & bo n....................................................................................27
I I - S II..........................................................................................................28
Thuyt minh quy trnh.........................................................................................29
1.Chn.................................................................................................................29
2.Ch............ ........... .......... ....... . .............. ........
.......
30
3.Gia nhit trc bi kh.....................................................................................31
4.Lm ngui trc thanh trng..........................................................................32
5.Thanh trng membrane...................................................................................32
III - So snh quy trnh............................................................................................34
1

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Phn C: Sn phm nc p c chua.......................................................................35

I- Ch tiu cht lng sn phm............................................................................35
Ch tiu vi sinh vt.................................................................................................35
Chae tieu cam quan............................................................................................35
Ch tiu ha hc.....................................................................................................35
Ch tiu sn phm theo tiu chun Italy................................................................36
II- Sn phm hin c trn th trng......................................................................38
Phn D - Thnh tu cng ngh..............................................................................39
Phn E - Ti liu tham kho..................................................................................41

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Phn A

NGUYN LIU

- Gii thiu
1.1. Ngun ^c v s pht trin cy c chua ( nc ta:
A.
ngun
gc:
Ting anh: tomato
Tn khoa hc: ycopersicum escuentum miller.
Thuc h c: solanaceae, chi lycopersicum.
B nhim sc th: 2n =24
Neu phn loi theo tnh cht kh hu th c chua thuc nhm rau n i, cn nu phn loi theo tnh cht
thc vt th c chua thuc nhm qu( nhm qu c phn s dng l qu v ht).
C chua xut pht t trung v nam chu M. Theo De Candde(1884), Miulere(1940), Lacovin,
Jenkin(1948) th c chua hin nay c ngun gc t Blivia, Ecuado v Peru. Ngoi ra c chua cn c ngun
gc cc o nh qun o Ty n , Philippine...
C chua c a sang chu u, chu v bc M l do nhng ngi bun Ty Ban Nha v B o
Nha vo th k 16. Sau n c a sang chu Phi do nhng ngi thc dn i chim thuc a. C chua
tr nn ph bin Trung Quc v cc nc ng Nam khong th k 17 v tr thnh loi rau quan trng
nhiu nc. C chua c em trng nc ta cui th k 19 cc tnh ng bng bc b v mt s vng ni
cao.
B.
s
pht trin cy c chua trn th gii v nc ta:
C chua c trng rng ri hu ht cc nc trn th gii v sn lng ngy mt tng. Theo s liu ca
FAO (1991) din tch trng c chua trn th gii khong 2,5 triu ha; sn lng 52,2 triu tn tng ng
9kg ngi\ ngi \ nm.
Bngl: sn lng c chua ca cc nc trn th gii(FAO, nm 2004)
Quc gia
Sn lng( tn)
Ty Ban Nha
1.023028
H Lan
771848
Mexico
895126
Canada
137163
M
212279
B
204503

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

Y
Trung Quc
Ba lan

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

107115
82876
36335

C chua khng nhng sn xut ngoi ng m cn trong nh knh v nh li nhng ni v vo nhng ma

iu kin thi tit khng thun li cho s canh tc.
C chua nhng nc n i c sn lng cao v cht lng tt. Cc nc trng nhiu c chua l M, Trung
Quc, , Ty Ban Nha, B o Nha, Th Nh K, Bungari, B, Ai Cp , H Lan... nc trng c chua t nng
sut cao nht l R (16 tn \ ha) v H Lan (154 tn\ha).
Bng 2 : Nng sut v sn lng c chua mt s nc ng nam (FAO 1991)
Ch tiu
Indonexia
Malaysia
Philippin
Thi lan
Din tch (ha)
Sn lng (tn) Nng
sut (tn\ha) Gi th
trng (usd\tn)

40.308
303.039
7.700
113.000

57.100
9.136
16
3.300

17.120
141.912
8.200
162.000

13.396
305.224
21.800
270.000

nc ta c chua l mt loi rau qu quen thuc. Tuy lch s trng c chua cha lu, khong 100 nm nay,
nhng do gi tr dinh dng v kinh t cao nn din tch trng c chua nc ta ngy cng c m rng. Din
tch trng c chua hng nm dao dng trong khong 7300-9300 ha, nng sut 100t\ha, bnh qun u ngi 2
kg\nm, tp trung ch yu ng bng v trung du pha bc. Nhng hin nay do c cc ging c chua chu nhit
cao mi lai to, chn lc nn din tch trng c chua c m rng cc tnh min trung, ty nguyn v nam
b. cc tnh pha nam trc y ch yu trng lt, tnh Lm ng ; thnh ph H Ch Minh ni c din
tch v sn lng c chua ng k l huyn Hcmon (Tn Xun, Tn Hip).
1.2 c tnh thc vt hoc cy c chua:
R: r chm, r ci mc mnh, r n su 0.5-lm. R ci thng hay t khi cy nn h thng r ph pht trin v
phn b" rng
gip cy chu ng c iu khin
kh hn.

Than: than tro0 , thang nng, mong nc, phu nhieu long. Than mang la va 0 chu0 m hoa. Tu0 y kha
nang tang trng va0 trng thaenh ma0 cay co bon dang hnh:

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Dng v hn: thn cao trn 2m, b trn mt t nu khng c gin chng . Dng ny c tim nng
cho nng sut cao do thu hoch di ngy.
Dng hu hn: thn cng, mc ng, dng ny cho tri sm v tp trung.
Dng bn hu hn: cng ging nh dng hu hn nhng s" chm hoa trn cytrn cy nhiu hn.
Dng bi: c chua c lng rt ngn, m chi mnh, t chm hoa, cho tri tp trung, phc v cho vic
trng dy v thu hoch bng c gii.
L : l kp lng chim s, mi l c 3-4 l cht, ngn l c ring l nh. c tnh l th hin y sau khi
cy c chm hoa u tin. C chua c ba dng l: dng l thng thng, dng l trung gian v dng l khoai
ty.
Hoa : hao mc thnh chn trn thn, thng thng mi chm c t 6-12 hoa, i khi c 30-100 hoa, hoa t
th phn l chnh.

Tri : thuc tri mng nc , hnh dng thay i t trn n di, v trn lng hay c kha, co lng khi cn

xanh; mu , hng cam hay vng v tron lng khi chn, tri c 2 hay nhiu ngn cha ht. Trng lng tri
thay i t 10-15g c chua cherry v 300g tri c chua ln.
Ht: ht nh dp nhiu lng, mu vng sng hoc hi ti. Ht kh c m 5.5% vn c the ny mm tt sau
nhiu nm bo qun. Ht c chua. Ht c chua ny mm 4-5 ngy sau khi gieo khi gp iu kin nhit t
20-25C v l tht xut hin sau 1 tun.
1.3 Yu cu sinh thi ca cv c chua:
A. Kh hu:
C chua sinh trng tt trong iu kh hu m v kh. Nhit ti un cho s tng trng v pht trin l 21-

24c
B. nh sng: c chua l cy u sng, tuy nhin nng gay gt vo bui tra c th lm cy b ho, l v tri b
chy nng. Tri m u nhiu my m th c chua sinh trng km, phm cht gim.
c. m: m khng kh tt nht l 40-45%.
D. t: thch hp nht l t tht pha ct, nhiu t mn hay t ph sa, t bi gi m v thot nc tt. t
c pH thch hp l 6-6.5. t chua phi bn thm vi.
E Nc: nc ng vai tr quan trng quyt nh nng sut. Khi cy ra hoa, u tri v tri ang ln l lc cy
cn nhiu nc nht. t kh, hoa v tri non d rng. Cy hp thu cht dinh dng km. t qu m cy
chng chu bnh s km. Lng nc thay i ty vo lng phn bn mt trng v loi t.
G. Cht dinh dng: m nh hng n dinh dng v nng sut c chua hn cc cht dinh dng khc.
m thc y cy ra hoa u tri v tri pht trin; thiu m th hoa rng nhiu v tri nh v c mu nht
khi chn. Ngoi ra cc cht dinh dng khc nh K, p, Mg, Bo... cng rt cn thit cho s pht trin ca cy c
chua.
1.4 c im v thi k chn ca qu c chua:
5

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Qu c chua gm c: tht qu v dch qu (80-93%) v v li (4-10%), ht (2-7%). Bn trong qu chia lm

nhiu bung ht, t 2-20 bung. Gia cc bung c ngn cch bi thnh trong. gia bung ht l
khong trng cha y dch qu v ht, thnh qu cng dy cng t ht v tht qu cng nhiu. Lng ht
trong qu t bung c nhiu hn trong qu nhiu bung. Thnh qu nht l thnh trong c hm lng cht
kh cao.

Qu c chua v phn ct dc
u c chua thuc tri mng nhiu nc. Dng tri c th dp, trn dp, hnh trn, hnh elip, bu dc di v
dng qu mn qu l. Nhng qu c dng bu dc v di c ch s hnh dng ln hn 1 (
ch s hnh dng = vi H l ng cao v D l ng knh ) qu dng trn c ch s t 0.801.00 , nhng qu dp c chi s nh hn 0.80.
Trng lng qu c chua khc nhau ty theo ging, loi qu nh c trng lng qu nh hn 50g, qu trung
bnh c trng lng qu t 50-100g v loi qu ln c trng lng qu ln hn lOOg.
Mu sc qu c chua ph thuc vo mu sc ca v qu. Mu sc ca qu thay i trong qu trnh chn: t
xanh n chn ri ti vng v .
Bng 3 Bng phn bit mu sc
Tht qu

Vng
Vng

V qu
Vng
Khng mu
Vng
Khng mu

Qu

Hng
Vng da cam
Vng nht

Mu sc ca tri chn c mu thm n hng nht hay mu vng ty theo ging.

1.5 Thi k chn cia qu c chua
Trong qu trnh chn, nhit tt nht cho qu c chua chn trong qu trnh pht dc 22c, nhit ban m
ln hn 13c, ban ngy 24- 30c, m thch hp 80-85%. Qu trnh chn ca qu c chua qua nhiu thi k,
nu nm c cc thi k chn c th s dng ng yu cu. C th chia qu trnh chn ca c chua lm 5
thi k:
Thi k qu xanh: qu v ht pht trin cha hon ton, qu c mu xanh sng, nu em dm qu chn khng
tt, qu khng c mi v, mu sc c trng ca qu c chua.
Thi k qu chn xanh: qu v ht ang pht trin dn, qu c mu xanh ng, keo xung quanh ht c hnh
thnh, qu cha c mu hng hoc vnp, em dm qu th hin mu sc vn c ca qu.
Thi k qu chn vng: phn nh ca qu dn dn xut hin mu hng, xung quanh cung qu vn c mu
xanh, tri cng, chu ng chuyn ch i xa.
Thi k qa chn: qu xut hin mu sc vn c ca ging, mu sc th hin hon ton, qu cn cng.
Thi k qu chn hon ton: mu sc cng thm, qu mm.
6

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

2. Phn loai, thu hoach v bo qun c chua:

2.1.
Phn loai: theo hnh dng ca c chua ngi ta phn lm 3 loi:
A. C chua bi: l loi c chua c qu nh nhng sai, ht nhiu hm
lng acid cao, d trng nhng
km gi tr kinh t. Do th trng tiu th cn km nn vic chn to
ging c chua ny cn hn ch.
C chua bi l nguyn liu lai to ging rt tt.
B. C chua mi: phn ln c thn sinh trng v hn, thi gian sinh trng di, nng sut v kh nng chng
chu bnh kh. C chua mi l loi qu to, c nhiu ngn r rt to thnh mi su v nng, loi qu ny hi
chua, km ngt, ht nhiu-ni ting nht l c chua mi Hi Phng.
c. C chua hng: l loi c chua c trng ph bin hin nay, qu c dng nh qu hng, khng c mi hoc
mi khng r. Cht lng n ti cng nh ch bin cao do qu tht c, nhiu bt v lng ng cao. Phn
ln c chua hng l cc loi ging c lai to, chn lc trong nc v mt s ging ngoi nhp.
2.2 Thu hoach:
Thi gian thu hoch tri ty ging v ma v. vng lnh, 70-90 ngy sau khi trng; ng bng 60-70 ngy
sau khi trng Ngy
0
15-20
35-50
80-100
120-150
1
1
Gieo cy

n hoa
tn

tri chn

cy

Tri pht trin

Thi gian thu hoch
Thu hoch c chua vo bui sng sm khi cha c nng gt ca mt tri, khi hm lng cc cht dinh
dng l cao nht, cc gi tr khc nh hng v, mu sc... u t gi tr ti u. Trnh thu hoch c chua vo
nhng lc ma, lc nng gt hay chiu sng v nhit m cao s nh hng xu n cht lng cng nh bo
qun.
C chua n ti thng thu hoch vo giai on chn vng tri chn dn trongqu trnh chuyn ch hay d
tr trc khi n tay ngi tiu dng. C chua trc khi chn c hm lng cht kh ha tan, vitamin v lng
ng thp hn tri chn trn cy.
C chua ty mc ch ch bin m thu hoch v nhng thi im khc nhau, v d c chua mui chua thu
hoch khi tri cn non; c chua lm sauce, juice... c thu hoch khi tri chn hon ton, thng thng c
chua c thu hoch bng my mt ln khi 85% tri trn cy chn. Sau khi thu hoch c chua cn c
chuyn vo ni mt phn loi trc khi chuyn i ch bin hay tiu th.
2.3 Bo qun:
Ni chung nguyn liu rau qu cn c a vo ch bin nhanh chng sau khi thu nhn. Tuy nhin m
bo nhp iu ha sn xut trong nh my, thng cn c mt khi lng nguyn liu d tr nht nh.
Thng thng hm lng cht kh , propectin, xenlulo cao th thi gian bo qun s di, iu c bn l phi
lai b nhgn qu dp hay qu chn .
3. Thnh phn ha hoc cua qu c chua:
Qu c chua ti cha cc loi ng d tiu nh glucose, fructose, 1 t saccharose, tinh bt, cellulose,
hemicellulose, cc hp cht pectin, acid hu c (ch yu l acid citric), mui khong, vitamin, c bit l
vitaminC.

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Thnh phn ha hc ca qu ph thuc nhiu vo chn, loi ging, iu kin ngoi cnh, bin php k
thut, thi k thu hoch v bo qun. Thnh phn ha hc ca qu c chua thay i ngay trong mt qu.
gia qu cht kh v ng nhiu, cn xung quanh th acid nhiu v ng t.
Nc : trong qu c chua nc chim khong 94%.
Glucid: trong qu c chua glucid chim khong 3-4%. Trong gluci th glucose v fructose chim hm lng
ln , cn saccharose khng vt qu 0.5%. Tinh bt trong c chua ch dng vt, c khi t 0,25%. Ngoi ra
cenllulose tng i nhiu trong qu cn xanh nhng theo chn hm lng ca n gim dn. i vi cc
qu chn hm lng ca cenllulose khong 0.3-0.7%, cn hemicellulose khong 0.1-0.2%. Cc chat pectin
chim khong 2,5% trng lng cht kh. Cc qu xanh cha nhiu protopcctin, khi qu chn n chuyn qua
dng pcctin ha tan di tc dng ca acid hu c v enzym protopectinase trong qu.
Trong qu c chua c 0.25- 0.5% acid, ch yu l acid malic v acid citric, ngoi ra cn c acid lactic, acetic,
succinic...
Hm lng cht cha nit trong c chua chim khong 1%.
tro trong c chua chim khong 0.8%. Trong thnh phn tro c trung bnh 10mg% canxi, 25mg%
phospho, v 1 mg% st, ngoi ra con c mt s thnh phn khong khc vi hm lng nh.
Hm lng cc sinh t trong c chua bao gm:
- vitamin A: 1.2-1.6mg%
-vitamin Bl: 0.08-0.15mg%
- vitamin B2: 0.05-0.07 mg%
- vitamin C: 20-40 mg%
- vitamin PP: 0.5-16.5 mg%
- acid pantotenic : 100-165mg%
C chua c enzyme pectinase , c bit khi qu chn enzyme pectinase hot ng cng hiu qu.
Trong qu c chua xanh c cha cht glucoalkanoid tomatin c tc dng c vi vi sinh vt, lng cht ny
gim dn theo mc chn ca qu v bin mt hon ton khi qu chn . Do khng nn s dng qu
xanh n ti v c th gy nhc u,chng mt bun nn. Khi ch bin c chua xanh lm hp, cht
tomatin tan theo nc mui do c th n qu xanh khi ch bin m khng gy hi.
Qu c chua thay i mu sc trong qu trnh chn t xanh n trng ri ti vng ri . Trong qu trnh chn
nhit v nh sng c nh hng n s hnh thnh cc sc t ca qu. sc t ca qu c chua bao gm c :
lycopene, carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll. Mu sc qu chn ty thuc vo hm lng sc t lycopene v
carotene cha trong qu. T l hm lng hai sc t ny ty thuc vo ging v iu kin mi trng.
Lycopene c trong tht v v qu, to mu , hnh thnh nhit tt nht l 20c.
Lycopene l mt cht thuc h carotenoid c cu to bi khung cacbon 8 n v isoprene, c cng thc
phn t l C4 0 H5 6 , dng hnh kim di., cng thc cu to :

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Cu to khng gian 3d ca lycopene Lycopene to nn mu ca c

chua, mu hng ca bi, mu ca i v nc da.. .lycopcne l mt cht chng oxi ha mnh, chng cc
cn bnh thoi ha nh bnh tim chng hn. C th thy rng nu tng hm lng lycopene trong thc phm,
nh trong nc c chua c hay nc st c chua, mang li tc dng bo v chng li mt s cn bnh. Mt
iu quan trng l c th con ngi khng th sn sinh ra lycopene v vy cn b sung n t c chua trong ba
n.
Lycopene c tc dng chng li cc cn bnh suy thoi nh c ch cho electron cho gc t do oxi, v vy n
s phn ng vi gc t do ny trc khi chng ph hy t bo.lycopene cn c s dng nh mt tc nhn
chng ung th. Theo nghin cu ca i hc Harvard trn 47000 nam gii trong vng 6 nm, nu s dng cc
sn phm c chua hn 2ln/tun c th gim t 21-34% t l ung th tuyn tin lit.
Carotene l sc t mu da cam, c lin quan n hm lng vitamin a rong qu v c tng hp trong iu
kin rng hn so vi sc t lycopene, hnh thnh tt nht l 24c.
Mu xanh ca c chua l do xanthophyll to nn. Khi qu chn xy ra qu trnh thy phn chlorophyll, l sc
t xanh tri sng lm l ra lu hng.
Khi tri chn, c chua s tr nn mm do qu trnh thy phn tinh bt, c bit l cc hp cht pectin v
hemixenluloza lm cho t bo tr nn mm hn v lm yu cc lc lin kt khi t bo chn.
Bng so snh thnh phn ha hc cu c chua:_______________________________________________
Thnh phn
Vit nam
M
Nc(%)
94
93
Protein(%)
0.6
1.1
Cacbonhydrat(%)
4.2
4-6
Vitaminbi(mg%)
0.06
0.06
Vitaminb2 (mg%)
0.04
0.027
Vitamin pp(mg%)
0.47
0.78
Vitamin c(rng%)
38
15-25
Canxi (mg%)
11.4
5-7
Photpho (mg%)
24.7
18
St (mg%)
1.3
0.4-0.9
(theo institute of food reseach and product development, kasetsart university) Ta C the thy rng
thnh phn c chua khng khc my gia cc vng.
4. V tr v gi tri dinh dng ca c chua:
C chua l loi cy ph bin nhiu nc ch sau cy khoai ty, c trng

c ly
ti,

qu

nu canh lm mt, st c chua, tng c chua, sn xut nc gii kht...

C chua l mt loi rau c gi tr dinh dng cao, cha nhiu nc, glucid, protid, nhiu acid hu
c(malic, citric...), nhiu loi vitamin(a, bi, 2 , b, c, pp...)> cc mui khong (Ca, p, Mg, K, S) v nhiu
nguyn t vi lng (Zn, Cu, Fe,I) cn thit cho c th. Hng ngy n khong lOOg c chua ti c th cung
cp 13% vitamin A,5% acid Folic, 8%vitaminbi, 33% vitamin
ccan thiet cho
ngi trng thnh v cung cp cho c th 22kcal.
Mt s tc dng ca c chua: cung cp nng lng, khong, gii nhit, chng hoi t, dung mi thi ure,
gip tiu ha tinh bt d dng hn, trong c chua c lycopene l cht chng qu trnh lo ha v chng ung
th...
5. Tiu ch la chon c chua ch bin:
- c chua dng sn xut phi chn va phi, khng cn phn loi theo kch thc: nu c chua cha
chn th sn phm s b chua, cn nu c chua qu chn th sn phm s c hng v nht nho.

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

Loai c chua
C chua p nh
C chua nguyn hay ct na
Nuc c chua
Nc st c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Pounds
23/4
3
3'/4
5 - 6%

Chn qu c chua vo thi im m hm lng tht qu v cht kh cao, thch hp sn xut, chng hn: ta
c thnh phn ca c chua hng qua cc thi k chn
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Thnh phn ha hc
Hm lng nc(%)
T l tht qu(%)
acid(% a.citric)
Tng glucid(%)
ng kh(%)
Vitaminc(%)
Ph

Cn xanh
92.85
84.8
0.47
4.0
2.37
34.97
4.0

Chn ti
93.17
91.12
0.35
4.83
2.52
34.02
4.1

Chn ruc
93.8
71.05
0.28
5.20
2.55
30.68
4.1

Qua bng trn ta thy c chua hng thi im chn hng c hm lng cht tht qu cao nht,
hm lng ng, glucid cng cao nn ta c th thu hoch c chua hng vo thi k chn ti
ch bin.

6- CC CHT KHC C s DUNG TRONG QUY TRNH SN XUT NC P C CHUA:

6.1.
ng :
ng c vai tr :
Cung cp nng lng
iu chnh hi ho gia chua, ngt, v mi v To
cu trc, trng thi sn phm
b sung ng vo nc qu theo nguyn tc c th dng tt c cc loi ng, nhng trong thc t ta
phi chn ng knh trng l tt nht v ng ny s khng lm xu mu nc qu. Ta dng ng RE
(refined extra), yu cu phi c tinh khit cao, khng ln tp cht.

10

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

Ch tiu ho l ca ng saccharose
Ch tiu
ng
Hlng Saccharose ,% CK >
m ,% KL <
Hlng ng kh , % KL <
Hm lng tro ,% KL <
mu , ( ST ) <
Hnh dng
Mi v
Mu sc

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

tinh ng ct trng
Thng hng

Hng I
luyn
99,8
99,75
99,62
0,05
0,05
0,07
0,03
0,05
0,10
0,03
0,05
0,07
1,2
1,4
2,5
Tinh th ng u, ti kh, khng vn cc

Hng II
99,48
0,08
0,18
0,10
5,0

Tinh th ng v dung dch ng trong nc ct c v ngt,

khng c v l
Trng
Trng ng, ht
Trng ng nh Trng sng
ng sm hn

Mt s cht lm ngt khc, t nhin hoc tng hp vi iu kin l lng cc cht thm vo khng c qu
lng cn thit cho ngt thng thng ca nc p ngoi ra cc cht thm vo nhm ny ch yu l iu
kin lin quan ti s cn bng ca cc thnh phn cu thnh sn phm c nu ra trong phn 4 di y.

6.2. Cht bo qun:Natri benzoat (E221), vitamin c,...

6.3. Cht n nh: Cc sn phm nhm m bo tnh ng u ca cht lng (theo tng loi) nh ac,
phc hi li cho nc p cc thnh phn b ph hu hoc h hi trong qu trnh ch bin (th d: vitamin,
cc cht to mu...) hoc c nh hng (th d: cho thm sorbitol vo cc loi nc p qu dng bt hoc
tinh th).
.Acid Citric :
iu chnh pH ca sn phm.
To ng nghch o, tng v cho sn phm

CTCT CHgO? Khi lng phn t 192.123 g/mol Khi lng ring 1.665 g/cm 3 Nhit
nng chy 153 c Nhit si 175 c tan 133 g/100 ml (20C)
Cht lng acid citric s dng trong thc phm c qui nh theo TCVN 5516 1991

11

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

STT Tn ch tiu

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

c im

Hnh dng bcn ngoi v mu sc - Cc dng tinh th khng mu, khng vn cc, i vi
Acid hng 1 cho php hi c mu vng.
- Dung dch Acid Citric trong nc ct nng khi
lng 20 g/dm3 phi trong sut.

2
3

Vi
Mi

4
5

Cu trc
Tp cht c hc

Chua, khng c v l
Dung dch Acid Citric trong nc ct nng khi
lng 20 g/dm3 khng c mi
Ri v kh
Khng cho php

Acid Ascorbic :

- iu kin bnh thng, n tn ti dng tinh th trng, mi ng, rt nh, tan trong nc vi t l
0,25% 30 c, t l 12,8% trong cn tuyt i.
- Ket hp vi Oxi lm gim lng Oxi, kh ion kim loi c ho tr cao lm gim bt vic sinh ra Oxit
khng tt. Ngn chn s phai mu, bin mu, gim mi v v cc vn cht lng khc do s Oxi ho gy
nn.
- Vi liu lng 0,05 - 0,06% cho thm vo nc qu s gip bo qun c sn phm trong thi gian di.
Ngoi ra, cc loi nc p rau ca nhm ny c th c thm mui (Natri clorua) gia v hoc mt s hng
liu.

Carboxmethylcellulose (CMC)
Ngun gc:
Carbonxymethylcellulose (CMC) c ngun gc t cellulose bng cch cho cellulose tc dng vi kim v
acid chloroacetic.
Cu trc:

CMC c cu trc l mt polimer gm cc monome l cc -(l>4)-D-glucopyranose. Vi cc phn ng

12

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

nhng iu kin khc nhau, s phn nhnh ca polime l khng ging nhau.
Chc nng:
Hu ht cc cht CMC c kh nng ho tan mnh trong nc lnh, v c dng ch yu e iu chinh
nht ca dung dch m khng cn to gel (CMC, mt nng nht nh, khng c kh nng to gel bn
trong mi trng c ion Ca2+). Bi v nht ca n gim trong sut qu trnh gia nhit, nn c th dng
ci thin th tch sn xut trong mt m bng tng lng bt kh to thnh. Do c kh nng iu khin
nht ca dung dch nn CMC c dng nh l mt cht c c, cht lm bn pha cng nh cht n nh h
nh tng, v h huyn ph. CMC cng c th c dng lm gim s i thiu v gim s hp thu cht bco
ln trn b mt thc phm chin.

6.4. Nc:

Tiu chun nc d n g trong cng nghip thc phm [T

.Ch tiu vt l

Tiu chun

Mi v
trong (ng Dienert)
Mu sc (thang mu coban)

khng
100 m
5

.Ch tiu ha hc
pH

6-7,8
75 - 150 mg/l
di 15
7
50 - 100 mg/l
50 0,3 -

cn c nh (t 600 c )
cng ton phn ( c )
cng vnh vin
CaO
MgO
Fe203
MnO
BO4 3

0,2 1,2-2,5 0,5 -

SO4'
NH4+

NO2

khng c

No'
Pb

khng c
0,1 mg/l

13

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

As
Cu
Zn
F
c .Ch tiu vi sinh vt
Tng s" vi sinh vt hiu kh
Ch s Coli
Vi sinh vt gy bnh

0,05
2,00
5,00
0,3 - 0,5 -

di 100 cfu /ml

di 20 cfu
khng

Tiu chun nc c thu hi ti s dung trong ti nc M.

Cc thng s
Mc x l
vt kim loi nng
Nhm
Asen
Beryllium
Bo
Cadimi
Crom
Coban
ng
Xyanua
Fluoride
St
Ch
Liti
Mangan
Thu tinh
Molipden
Niken
Nitrat
Selen
Thic, vomfam, titan
Vanadi
Km
Cc thng s khc
TDS (mg/1)
ss (mg/1)
BOD (mg/1)
COD (mg/1)
Chloride (mg/1)
Muoi chlorine kt ta (mg/1)
Sau 12 gi, 20c
pH
Coliform (count/ml)
c (NTU)

Gii hn nh nht
ppm
5.0
0.10
0.10
0.75
0.01
0.1
0.05
0.2

Gii hn ln nht c th
chp nhn
ppm
20.0
2.0
0.5
2.0
0.05
1.0
5.0
5.0

1.0
5.0
5.0
2.5

15.0
20.0
10.0
2.5

0.2

10.0

0.01
0.2

0.05
2.0

0.02

0.02

0.1
2.0

1.0
10.0

Gii hn ngh

500-2000

<1

5.0

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

SAR (mi giy)

Du v cht bi trn (ppm)
Phenol
dn in (US/cm)
Dn xut halogen ca
Hidrocarbon
Giun trn ng rut________

15

Phn B

QUY TRNH SN XUT NC P C CHUA

So' quy trnh:
I-Sl:

Nshin x
Gia nhict
F.n
Loc s b
Loc tinh
Phi ch
Gia nhit trc bi kh
Bi kh
Thanh trna
Rt hD
Lm n2 Ui
Bo n
Dn nhn
Bao si

 Thuyt minh quy trnh:

1. La chn v phn loi:
1.1. Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh ch
Cht lng nguyn liu sn xut cc loi nc rau qu l yu t u tin quyt nh cht lng sn
phm. Bi vy trc ht cn chn loi rau qu c gi tr dinh dng cao.
C chua ti c vn chuyn t ni trng n thng phn xng sn xut nhm thu c nguyn liu c
chua c cht lng tt nht. Nguyn liu c a vo thng cha nguyn liu, sau c a ln mt
bng chuyn, hai bn bng chuyn l cc cng nhn lm nhim v phn loi qu, y l loi b nhng qu
c nghi ng b h hng (dp, nt, thi,...), trn bng chuyn ny cng loi ra nhng qu c kch thc khng
ph hp cho qu trnh sn xut nc p qu (qu ln hay qu nh).
Ngay t khi thu nhn vo c s ch bin, nguyn liu phi c la chn phn loi theo nhng yu
cu nht nh.
- Nhm thu c nguyn liu t c nhng ch tiu cht lng nh : chn, hm lng cht kh, mc
h hng, kch thc, ln, ...
- Phn loi nguyn liu c cng cht lng thnh tng l
Yu cu k thut v nguyn liu u vo:
Kch thc v d ln: nhng qu qu bc hoc qu ln u phi loi b, chi thu nhn nhng qu c
kch thc trung bnh.
chn: thng l lc qu chn hon ton (lng dch bo v cc thnh phn ha hc trong dch
nhiu nht)
Mc nguyn vn: trong kh thu hoch, vn chuyn v bo qun, qu c th b xy xt, dp nt
thi ra dn ti gim cht lng. Mt khc, nhng ch dp nt chnh l ni pht trin ca vi sinh
vt, nhng ch ny s gy kh khn cho qu trnh thanh trng, nh hng n cht lng sn phm
sau ny, v th, cn phi loi b nhng qu khng t yu cu nh trn.
1.2. Thit b:
e loi b nhng qu khng tiu chun v nguyn vn ta c th quan st k tng qu hoc chn
trn bng ti con ln c kh nng lt mi pha ca qu, nh c th d dng pht hin cc vt h hng.
Thng s dng lao ng th cng l chnh, ngi ta cho nguyn liu ln mt bng chuyn, cc nhn vin
phn loi s quan st loi ra cc qu cha t yu cu.

Thng s k thut
Model
Nng sut (tn/h)
Vt liu ch to
Cng sut (kW)
Kch thc (mm)

TW1B5
5
SUS304 s.s
0.55
4200x1480x1200

TW1B10
10
SUS304 s.s
0.6
4200x1480x1200

TW1B15
15
SUS304 s.s
1.1
5800x1480x1200

2.
Ra:
2.1. Mc ch: bo qun, chun b cho qu trnh ch
- Loi b bi bm, t ct, rc ri dnh hoc theo nguyn liu vo dy chuyn
- Loi b c phn ln lng vi sinh vt bm trn b mt qu
- Ty sch mt s ha cht c hi c dng trong nng nghip nh thuc tr su, thuc bo v thc vt, ...
Yu cu k thut: nc ra l yu t quan trng nht quyt nh hiu qu ca qu trnh, sch ca nguyn liu.
Nc ra phi tiu chun nc sch
S ln ra ph thuc vo bn ca nguyn liu
C th tng hiu qu ca vic ra bng cch cho thm vo cc cht ty ra tng hp, x phng, ... hay
ngm trong nc m
Khi ra phi lun gi cho nc sch, nc phi c thay lin tc hoc cho chy lun lu.
2.2. Bin i:
-Vt l: khng ng k.
-Ha hc: khng ng k.
-Ha l: khng ng k.
-Ha sinh: khng ng k.
-Sinh hc: loi b phn ln lng vi sinh vt bm trn b mt qu -Cm quan:
cht lng khi qu ng u hn, sch hn.
2.3. Thit b:
Yu cu c bn ca qu trnh ra l :
- Nguyn liu sau khi ra phi sch, khng b dp nt, cc cht dinh dng t b tn tht, thi gian ra ngn, t
tn nc.
- Nc ra phi m bo ch tiu do B Y t quy nh, cng khng qu 20 mg3 /, lng C2 cn li trong
nc trng l 3 - 5 mg/1.
Phng php thc hin, thng s k thut :
Qu trnh ra gm hai giai on : ngm v xi ti.
- Ngm lm cho nc thm t nguyn liu, qu trnh ny c tng cng bng tc dng c hc (cnh khuy,
c bn chi, thi kh). Ngm khong vi pht.
- Ra xi l dng tc dng ca dng chy ca dng nc ko cc cht bn cn li trn b mt nguyn liu sau
khi ngm. Thng dng tia nc phun p sut 1,96 - 2,94.105 N/m2.
Thit b: Dng my ra bi cho.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b:
Gm mt thng ng nc trong c gn mt cnh khuy loi bi cho. Khi cnh khuy quay nguyn liu di
chuyn cng vi nc v c lm sch. Sau h thng hoa sen s trng sch t ct. My ny c hiu qu ra
cao, hay dng cho cc loi qu cng, ng thi vi c chua vic loi b nhng phn khng s dng t nn ta dng
phng php ra ny c th tn dng lc cnh khuy lm rng nm, cung.. .v nh ta c th b qua giai on
lm sch .

3.
Nghin, x:
3.1. Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh p

- X nh nguyn liu ra thnh nhiu mnh nh nhm tng hiu sut p, gim thi gian p, gim chi ph nng
lng, thit b.
- Ph v cu trc t bo ca nguyn liu, lm dch bo thot ra ngoi, tng hiu qu cho qu trnh

P- Ch : kch thc ming x cng nh th cng thu c nhiu dch p. Nhng nu th tch ming x nh hn
0.3 m3 th hiu sut p s gim do khi nguyn liu mt xp. Ngc li, nu th tch ming x ln hn 1 m 3 th
hiu sut p cng khng cao do t l t bo b ph v thp.
- To iu kin tt cho qu trnh truyn nhit vo nguyn liu lm cho tc tng nhit nhanh hn, enzyme
chng b tiu dit, qu nhanh mm hn, ....
3.2. Bin i:
- Vt l: cu trc ca qu b ph hy, din tch b mt ca qu tng.
- Ha hc: trong qu trnh nghin c th lm v ht lm mt s cht ng trong ht tan ln vo trong dch qu,
qu trnh nghin c th gy ra bin tnh protein, lm mt mt s hp cht mi, mu do din tch b mt tng, nn kh
nng tip xc vi O2 v b oxy ha l cao hn.
- Sinh hc: cu trc t bo b ph hy, qu sau khi nghin c th b nhim vi sinh vt nu iu kin v sinh
khng tt.
- Ha sinh: do tc ng c hc c th lm v t bo, do mt so enzyme c th b kch hot.

3.3. Thit b:

A ty pica cassava grater

Flgur 4-12 Roll crushers, (a) Toothed; (b> Smooth. M, feed material; p. product

Thng s k thut:
Model
Nng sut (t/h)
Cng sut (kW)
Kch thc (mm)

TW4AS
5
3.7
1100x750x1200

TW4A10
10
5.5
1350x1100x1450

4. Gia nhit:
4.1. Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh p
- Trnh xy ra cc hin tng bin i cht lng
- Lm mt hot tnh ca cc loi enzyme, c bit l cc loi enzyme gy bin mu v phn hy mt s
thnh phn ha hc.
- Lm mm nguyn liu d nghin hn
- Chng bin mu v chng phn hy thnh phn ha hc
- Gy kt ta mt s cht keo nh protein, to iu kin cho qu trnh lc trong.
4.2. Bin i:
- Vt l: nhit ca nguyn liu s tng ln, nht gim, lc lin kt gia cc thnh phn trong qu
gim.

- Ha hc: thnh phn pectin gim, c th tn tht mt s hp cht ha hc mn cm vi nhit nh vitamin,

cc hp cht thm, cc cht mu,... hay to ra mt s hp cht ha hc khc nh hng n cht lng sn phm.
- Sinh hc: mt s loi vi sinh vt b c ch.
- Ha sinh: h enzyme ca qu b v hot
- Ha l: c s tch pha gia protein kt ta v dch qu
- Cm quan: tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm, gim v ng, tng mu t nhin ca sn phm,...
4.3. Thit b:
Trong sn xut cng nghip, gia nhit c thc hin
trn cc
thit
b truyn
nhit
gin
tip nh
ni 2 v, thit b gia nhit ng xon, thit b gia nhit trc tip bng
hi nc,.. .0 y ta s
dng

Thng s

cng ngh:
-Nhit : 65-80 c
Tc truyn nhit: 4 C/sec
v hot lng enzyme cn li
trong qu, ngi ta c th gia nhit n 85
c

5. p:
5.1. Mc ch: khai thc
- Thu nhn dch qu trong sn xut nc qu p
5.2. Bin i:
- Vt l: mt s lin kt trong qu b ph v do tc ng ca lc c hc.
- Ha hc: tng hm lng mt s cht dinh dng trong dch qu.
- Ha l: khuch tn dch qu ra khi tht qu.
- Ha sinh: mt so enzyme c gii phng .
- Sinh hc: ph v cu trc t bo.
5.3. Thit b:
S dng thit b p vi trc p nm ngang. Thit b ny va c cng dng p ly dch qu m cn c kh nng
tch ra mt phn b (xc qu, ht).
Nguyn tc hot ng:
Nguyn liu qu ( c nghin, x nh) c nhp liu vo trong bung cha (trn thnh bung cha c cc
l nh dch qu v mt phn tht qu i qua(. 2 u trc vt b tr 2 da nn c kh nng trt trn trc vt. Bt
u qu trnh p, 2 da nn tin li gn nhau to ra p lc nn khi nguyn liu, dch qu s thot xung di v
c tho ra ngoi. e tng hiu qu ca qu trnh p, vic nh ti b l rt quan trng hnh thnh nn cu trc
xp (c nhiu mao qun) bn trong khi nguyn liu, th 2 da nn c kh nng trt ra khi nhau lm ti b, sau
qu trnh p tip tc c tin hnh, nh vy hiu sut thu c dch qu s cao hn.
ng thi, ht v mt lng ln b s b gi li trong bung p, nh dch qu s c cht lng tt Thng s cng
ngh:

- Tc tng p lc: tng t t v u t 30 kPa > 130 - 145 kPa

PORTEDECHARGEMENT
ROUE D'ENTRAINEMENT

VIS CENTRALE FIXE

PRESSURAGE DU MARC

1600 - 2000kPa

GAGE TOURNANTE
PLATEAU DE SERRAGE

ECOULEMENT DU JUS

CHAINES ET CERCLES EMIETTEURS

6. Lc:
6.1. Lc s b:
a) Mc ch: chun b,hon thin
Tch b phn cn t tht qu v cc cht kt ta th
Chun b cho qu trnh lc tinh
b) Bin i:
Vt l: gim nng cht kh trong dch qu
Ha hc: gim hm lng mt s cht dinh dng trong dch qu, hm lng ng, nhng cht hp th
trn b mt tht qu, gim hm lng cht x,...
Ha l: gim thnh phn pha phn tn trong dch qu
c) Thit b:
Thng s dng thit b lc khung bn. Mng lc c lm bng cc cht c kh nng hp ph cc phn t
cn, c xp nht nh ( cellulose, amiang, bng, bt s xp, ...). C th s dng thm t st nh l cht tr lc
tng cng hiu qu lc.

Figure 5-7 Diagram of platc-and-frame filter.

6.2. Lc tinh:
a) . Mc ch: hon thin
-Khu cui cng nhm lm trong nc qu
b) Bin i:
-Vt l: nng cht kh trong dch qu gim, din tch tip xc gia pha phn tn v pha lin tc gim.
-Ha hc: gim hm lng mt s cht dinh dng trong dch qu, hm lng ng, nhng cht hp th trn
b mt tht qu, gim hm lng cht x,...
-Ha l: gim thnh phn pha phn tn trong dung dch, gim lc lin kt gia 2 pha.
c) Thit b:
S dng thit b lc khung bn nhng kch thc l lc nh hn so vi kch thc l lc trong qu trnh lc th.
7. Phi ch:
7.1. Mc ch: hon thin
-Tng hng v ca nc p qu
-To mu sc thch hp cho nc p qu
-t c kh, chua thng phi ch
7.2. Bin i:
-Vt l: thay i hm lng cht kh, chua ca sn phm.
-Ha hc: s xut hin ca nhng hp cht mi trong dung dch nc p qu.
-Sinh hc: gi tr nng lng, dinh dng ca nc p qu tng ln (do c b sung thm syrup ng).
-Ha l: i vi nc p qu c, vic thm vo cc cht lm bn huyn ph, to lin kt bn vng cho pha
phn tn v pha lin tc. Cho thm cht bo qun c tc dng ko di thi gian bo qun ca sn phm. pH ca sn
phm thay i, thng c a v pH thch hp,...
-Cm quan: tng mi, v ca sn phm. C the dch qu s b mt i hng v t nhin ca dch qu.
7.3. Phng php thc hin v thit b:
Thng phi trn thm dung dch ng 70% v dung dch acid citric vi t l khng ln. Dung dch ng v
dung dch acid c un nng dit
trng v lc
trong.
Khi lng ca cc thnh phn pha ch c tnh
ton theo cc
phng php bit ( phng
php th, phng php tnh ton, ...).

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Qu trnh phi ch thng c thc hin trong cc thng phi ch chuyn dng c trang b cnh khuy
trn u.

Thng s k thut:
K hiu

Nng sut(Kg/m)

Cng sut ng c
(Kw)
4,5
3
7
15

T 0,5A
500
TVL 0.2
200
TN0.5
500
TN 1.0
1000
8. Gia nhit trc bi kh:
8.1. Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh bi kh
8.2. Bin i:

-Vt l: nhit ca dch qu tng 8.3.

Phng php thc hin v thit b:
S dng thit b kt hp vi qu trnh thanh trng bn mng tit kim nng lng. Sn phm i t thng phi
ch i qua thit b gia nhit bn mng v trao i nhit vi dng hi v sn phm trao i nhit vi nhau.
9. Bi kh:
9.1. Mc ch: hon thin, bo qun, chun b cho qu trnh thanh trng
-Loi b khng kh ha tan trong dch qu ( 2 , CO2 ,...)? hn ch qu trnh oxy ha, s pht trin ca mt cc
vi sinh vt hiu kh trong dch qu.
-Gip qu trnh thanh trng din ra hiu qu hn
9.2. Bin i:
-Vt l: gim p sut ni ti trong dch qu do nng kh cao gy nn, gim kh nng nt v bao b,...Gim
din tch tip xc gia pha kh v pha lng, pha kh v pha rn. Ph v lin kt gia pha kh v pha lng, pha kh v
pha rn, nh loi b c kh trong pha lng.
-Ha hc: gim nng kh trong sn phm, gim kh nng b oxy ha ca sn phm, nh tng c thi
gian bo qun ca sn phm.
-Sinh hc: gim kh nng sinh trng v pht trin ca mt s loi vi sinh vt.
9.3. Phng php thc hin v thit b:
C th bi kh bng nhit, bng ht chn khng trong thit b bi kh chn khng lin tc hoc trong nhiu thit
b khc.
Ta s dng thit b bi kh APV.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b:

24

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Nc qu t thng cha c ht ln bnh bi kh. Bnh bi kh c v thp khng g hnh tr, y hnh nn, bn
trong l mt thng tr c c l. Nc qu i vo pha ca nhp liu, chuyn ng theo ng xon c ri thot ra
ngoi qua ca thot liu pha y thit b. Trong bnh chn khng rt cao (700 - 730 mmHg).
2 s phn ng vi vitamin c lm gim lng vitamin c trong sn phm. 1 mg oxygen phn ng vi 11 mg
vitamin c. Neu lng O2 trong nc l 9 mg/1, th 1 lit nc s lm mt 99 mg vitamin C! Hm lng O 2 cho
phcp c trong nc qu l 0.5 - 1.0 mg/1.

Dng kh Nc
qu NDC1 m
ngui

Thng s cng ngh:

Nhit qu trnh: 50 - 60 c Hm lng O2
sau bi kh: < 0.5 mg/1 Thi gian bi kh: 1 3
pht
lO.Thanh trng:
10.1. Mc ch: bo qun
- Nng nhit sn phm khi rt hp
- Thanh trng sn phm: c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong thi gian bo qun sn phm c lu,
khng b h hng.
10.2. Bin i:
- Ha hc: mt s cht nhy cm vi nhit c th b bin i
- Sinh hc: h vi sinh vt trong sn phm b v hot hoc tiu dit.
- Ha sinh: v hot enzyme cn tn ti trong dch qu
10.3. Phng php thc hin v thit b:
Thng s cng ngh cho qu trnh thanh trng:
- Nhit : 98 c
- Thi gian: 120 giy
S dng thit b truyn nhit dng bn mng

25

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Nc c chua p
trong Nc nng Hi
nc

11.
Rt hp & ghp kn:
11.1.
Rt hp:
a) .
Mc ch: hon thin
- Bo qun sn phm: hn ch s pht triu v ti nhim ca vi sinh vt.
- Rt ngn thi gian thanh trng
- Khi ng hp c th to ra chn khng trong hp. S gim p sut ni ti ca bao b trong khi thanh
trng, nh trnh c hin tng nt, h bao b, bt np.
b) Bin i:
- Vt l: gim p sut ni ti ca bao b.
11.2. Ghp kn:
Mc ch: hon thin
- Bo qun sn phm : hn ch s pht triu v ti nhim ca vi sinh vt.
- Hon thin bao b bn ngoi sn phm
11.3. Phng php thc hin v thit b:
a) Rt hp:
Nc rau qu c th ng trong cc loi bao b khc nhau: hp kim loi (st ty, nhm), chai nha, chai
thy tinh, V.V.... vi nhiu kch c, th tch khc nhau. Trc lc rt hp, bao b cn c ra sch, v trng
bng hi nc v rt sn phm ngay trnh nhim bn li.
b) Ghp kn:
Ngay sau khi rt xong, bao b phi c ghp kn.
Trc khi ghp kn, cc loi np hp, nt chai cn c ra sch v trng v dng ngay.
Ncu khng c qu trnh thanh trng b sung, bao b sau kh ghp kn cn lu li trng thi nng vi t
th ln ngc trong khong thi gian t 10 - 15 pht nhm tiu dit nt lng vi sinh vt xm nhp vo sn
phm trong khi rt hp ghp np. Sau mi lm ngui n nhit yu cu ( 35-45 C).
Neu c qu trnh thanh trng b sung, bao b sau khi ghp kn cn a i thanh trng ngay. Thi gian ch
thanh trng khng qu 30 pht, nu khng nhit sn phm s gim gy nh hng n ch thanh trng.
c) Thit b:

26

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

s k thut
Thng
Kch thc bao b
Chiu rng (mm)
Chiu di (mm)
Chiu cao (mm)
Nng sut
Thi gian
1/4 bao b/40 pht
V2 bao b/35 pht '
1 bao b/30 pht

110- 180
140
60 - 300
Nng sut (lt/gi)
600
1050
1800

12. Lm ngui & bo n:

12.1.Lm ngui
Mc ch: hon thin. Tng tnh n nh ca sn phm
Bin i: nhit ca sn phm h xung dn n nhit bo qun (do ngi sn xut chn).

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

12.2. Bo n:
Mc ch: hon thin
- Lm bay hi nc trn b mt bao b
- Trnh han r thn hoc np bao b

II-

S 2:

Chn

Loc s b

Gia nhit (80 C

Gia nhit (60 - 70 )

Bi kh
Lm neui (35 - 4()0O
Thanh trng membrane
Rt h
Bo n
Dn nhn
Bao i

28

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

29

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

Thuyt minh quy trnh:

1. Chn:
1.1. Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh ch.
-Kch hot enzyme pectinase trong qu thy phn pectin bn trong qu lm tng hiu qu cho qu trnh
p.
- Gip rt ngn thi gian cho qu trnh gia nhit sau .
1.2. Bin i:
Vt l: Chn lm mm cc t bo ng thi loi nc ra khi gian bo, do lm tng t trng ca sn
phm.
Ha hc: vitamin c th b tn tht...
Sinh hc: lm mm t bo, loi nc ra khi gian bo do tri c chua s mm hn.
Ha sinh:
Ha l:
Cm quan: lm cho tri c mu sng hn do loi b bi v cc cht bn trn b mt
1.3. Thit b:
S dng thit b chn bng hi nc Cc
yu t nh hng n thi gian chn:
Loi rau qu Kch tht
rau qu
- Nhit chn
Phng thc truyn nhit

Nguyn tc hot ng:

Nguyn liu c nhp vo ca nhp liu ( in-feed Flume) cng vi hi nng bo ha.
Sau nguyn liu c gi li mt khong thi gian .
Hi i vo qua nhiu ng khc nhau v tip xc vi nguyn liu , sau c chua s i ra ngoi qua ca

30

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

thot.

31

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua

CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

In-feed Flume

Discharge Chute
Rotary Cylinder

B=S!
Steam Injection

Thng s k thut:
Thng s cng ngh:
- Nhit b mt qu: 85 c.
- Thi gian: khong 2 pht.
- pH : 4.7 - 5.1
Ban u gia nhit b mt qu ln n 85 c, sau thi gian 2 pht gia nhit ln n 90 c v hot h
enzyme, cui qu trnh h nhit xung di 45 c.
2. Ch:
2.1. Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh p.
- Loi b cc b phn km dinh dng ca qu nh v, li, ht, ...
- Gim bt khi lng ch bin khng cn thit v trnh nh hng
ca xu ca nhng phn
khng s dng trn n cht lng sn phm
2.2. Bin i ca nguyn liu:
- Vt l: cu trc ca qu b ph hy, din tch b mt ca qu tng.
- Ha hc: trong qu trnh nghin c th lm v ht lm mt s cht ng
trong httan ln vo
trong dch qu, qu trnh nghin c th gy ra bin tnh protein, lm mt mt s hp cht
mi, mu
do din tch b mt tng, nn kh nng tip xc vi O2 v b oxy ha l cao hn.
- Ha l: c s khuch tn dch qu t trong tht qu ra ngoi.
- Sinh hc: cu trc t bo b ph hy, qu sau khi nghin c th b nhim vi
sinhvt nu iu
kin v sinh khng tt.
- Ha sinh: do tc ng c hc c th lm v t bo, do mt so enzyme c th b kch hot
2.3. Thit b:

32

1 - Mng xon ti nguyn liu

2 - Phu nhn
3 - Bi chco chuyn nguyn liu
4 - Cnh p
5 - Trc quay
6 - Mt ry
7 - Ca tho b ch
Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b:
- My ch c hai b phn ch yu :
+ B phn ch gm c trc quay lm bng thp khng g, gn cc cnh p bng g c np cao su,hoc cnh
p thp, hoc cc roi thp. Cnh p lp nghing so vi ng sinh ca trc quay mt gc 1,5 - 2. Do c gc
nghing ny m nguyn liu di chuyn theo ng xon c v b c un ra ngoi cui my. Vn tc ca
trc quay l khong 700 rpm.
+ Ry trn c nh bng thcp khng g (e m bo cht lng nguyn liu ch khng b en, t n that
vitamin C), c c nhiu l nh. Vi nc qu c, thng dng l ry 0,5 - 0,75 mm.
- Trong khi ch phi kim tra b ch, nu b qu t tc cn li nhiu tht qu, nu b qu kh tc l c phn
x ln theo bt ch. V vy phi iu chnh my ch m bo nng sut ch bng cch : iu chnh s vng
quay ca my ch (t thc hin), iu chnh gc nghing ca cnh ch (b qu kh th tng gc nghing, b qu
t th gim gc nghing), iu chinh khe h gia cnh ch v mt ry (b qu kh th tng khong cch khe h,
b qu t th gim khong cch khe h, thng khong cch ny l 0,5 - 3 mm).
- my hot ng tt phi a nguyn liu vo my lin tc v ng u, nhit nguyn liu c nh v
trng thi mt ry tt (t l l ry b tt thp).
3. Gia nhit trc bi kh:
3.1. Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh bi kh
- Gia tng nhit dch qu lm tng bay hi ca kh, tng hiu qu bi kh
3.2. Bin i:
- Vt l: nhit ca nguyn liu s tng ln, nht gim, lc lin kt gia cc thnh phn trong dch qu
gim.
- Ha hc: c th tn tht mt s hp cht ha hc mn cm vi
nhit nh vitamin, cc hp
cht thm, cc cht mu,... hay to ra mt s hp cht ha hc khc
nh hng n chtlng sn
phm do thi gian gia nhit ngn.
- Sinh hc: mt s loi vi sinh vt b c ch.
- Ha sinh: c th c ch mt so enzyme nhy cm vi nhit
- Ha l: khng.
- Cm quan: khng.
3.3. Thit b:
Trong sn xut cng nghip, gia nhit c thc hin trn cc thit b truyn nhit gin tip nh ni 2 v,
thit b gia nhit ng xon, thit b gia nhit trc tip bng hi nc,.. . y ta s dng

Thng s cng ngh:

-Nhit : 60-70 c

- Tc truyn nhit: 4 C/sec

4. Thit b lm ngui ng lng ng:
4.1. Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh thanh trng
H nhit nc p c chua sau bi kh trnh nh hng n cu trc ca mng membrane.
4.2. Bin i:
- Vt l: nhit ca nc p c chua gim.
- Cc bin i khc khng ng k.
4.3. Thit b:
Tube
Outlet

Shell
Inlet

Baffles

Courtesy: Washington University

Shell
Outlet

Thng s cng ngh:

- Nhit vo: 50 - 60 c
Nhit ra : 35 - 40 c
5.
Thanh trng membrane:
5.1. Mc ch: bo qun
- Tng thi gian bo qun.
- Thanh trng sn phm: lm gim hm lng vi sinh vt c trong dch qu.
5.2. Bin i:
- Vt l: khng
- Ha hc: khng.

Tube
Inlet

- Ha l: khng.
- Sinh hc: h vi sinh vt trong sn phm gim.
- Ha sinh: khng.
- Cm quan: khng.
5.3. Phng php thc hin v thit b: dng phng php siu lc (ultrafiltration) membrane.
ng lc ca qu trnh: chnh lch p sut.
Mng lc UF c lm thnh nhng ng nh, ng knh ngoi 1.6mm. Mt b lc l mt b hng ngn
ng nh nn din tch lc rt ln, gip tng lun lng nc ln nhiu ln. Mng lc ny cng c th ra ngc
c v c tui th kh cao, t 3 n 5 nm.
UF l mt cng ngh lc dng mng p sut thp loi b
nhng phn t c kch thuc ln ra khi ngun nc. Di
mt p sut khng qu
2,5 bar, nc, mui khong v cc phn t / ion nh hn l
lc (0.1- 0.005 micron) s chui qua mng d dng.
Cc phn t c ln hn, cc loi virus, vi khun s b
gi li v thi x ra ngoi.
Mng membrane c c im l t thm v gi li thuc
tnh ca cc cht. t thm ca mng c quyt nh bi
s sp xp kch thc l chn lng v dy ca lp hot
ng, thng c dng iu kin chun p = 3.43 bar, T = Mt on mng uF dy 0,2 mm
25c. Nhng mng mi c th t thm khong
0. 1 - lmm/s, nhng b gim ng k trong sut tin trnh hot ng.
Quy trnh lc bng

mng

i * u

Thng s cng ngh:

bar Nhit : 5 - 45c
V > Nc scb
Tc chy

T:^r7k"7 - * *

p sut lc: p = 3.43

tt

I t

qua UF dao ng trong khong ln 5-500 L/m2h Nng lng bm qua

mng khong 0.5 - 5 kWh/m3

111- So snh hai quy trnh:

Quy trnh 1

Quy trnh 2

Thit b

Dng thit b nghin x, gia nhit trc Dng thit b chn, ch, gia nhit
bi kh bng thit b v o, membrane trc bi kh bng thit b trao i
thanh trng bn mng.
nhit dng bn mng, thanh trng
bng phng php siu lc

Nng lng

Nhn chung, c nhiu qu trnh s dng Nhn chung, t tiu tn nng lng
nhit nn nng lng tiu tn nhiu hn do t qu trnh s dng nhit.
hn.
Dng qu trnh nghin x, khng gia Hiu sut ca qu trnh p ly dch
nhit trc khi p nn hiu sut p v qu v trch ly cht chit cao hn do
c qu trnh chn lm kch hot
trch ly thp hn.
enzyme pectinase thy phn pcctin
v protopectin, gim nht,...

Hiu sut qu trnh

Cht lng sn phm

Do qu trnh thanh trng bng bn Qu trnh thanh trng bng phng

mng s dng nhit cao trong thi php siu lc membrane nn cht
gian ng k lm tht thot cc cu t lng sn phm tt hn do khng s
nhy cm vi nhit (vitamin, mu, dng nhit.
mi,...).
Phn c
SN PHM NC P C CHUA

.1- CH TIU CHT LNG SN PHAM :

Da vo tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 6096-2004,TCVN 6297-1997) v ch tiu cht lng sn phm nc
gii kht, nc da..., ta xy dng ch tiu cht lng cho sn phm nc p c chua nh sau :
1. Ch tiu vi sinh v t :

2.

Tn ch tiu

Mc

Tng s" vsv hiu kh (s" khun lc/ml), khng ln hn

E.Coli (s con/1), khng ln hn

102

Cl.perringens

Khng c c

VK gy nhy (Leuconostoc)

Khng c c

Nm men - mc (s khm nm/ml), khng ln hn

Khng c c

St. aureus

Khng c c

Ch tiu cm quan :
+ C hng v, mu sc c trng ca nc c chua.
+ Cho php s lng nh ca tht qu y bao b nhng
phi phn tn u.

Khng c c

khilc nhhoc khuy

trn

3.

Ch tiu ha hc :
+ y ca hp: mc t thiu ca nc c chua
phi chim t nht 90%
dung tch
ca nc ct cha y trong hp ng kn 20c.
+ Hm lng cht kh ha tan :
Hm lng cht kh ha tan ca nc c chua t
nhin khng nh hn 10%(o bng
chit quang k 20C), khng k lng ng
cho thm vo, khng chnh
acid v
c l Brix.
Hm lng ng : khng nn qu 25g/kg thm vo.
Hm lng acid : theo tha thun khch hng.
Cht chng to bt: nu s dng th lng ti a
cho php l 10 mg/kg.
Kim loi nng : theo qui nh ca b Y t.

Nc p c chua ng hp c b sung mui theo tiu chun Italy:

nh gi cht lng sn phm:

Sn phm
Thng cha

Nc p c chua
Hp thy tinh 125 -500 ml hp giy 125 to 500 ml
(nhuTetrapak)

Be mt

Hon ton khng c cht bn v cc cht l nhim vo

Bao b

D dng s dng, tin li.

Khi lng tnh

Ty theo nhu cu ngi mua.

Bao gi

Bo qun trong mi trng kh ro, ngn nhim ct v bi,

trnh tc ng ca nh sng trc tip, nhit cao hay thp.

Phn phi

Thng sau khi rt hp , sn phm c vn chuyn trong cc

hp carton trnh va p

Lng ng tng (Brix)

5-7

Acid d bin i (%)

0.4 khi lng kh, nh hn sau khi b sung mui

pH 20c

<4.5

ng tng

Ti thiu l 42% khi lng kh, nh hn sau khi b sung mui

Khong

< 0.1% khi lng kh, nh hn sau khi b sung mui

Thi gian bo qun

27 thng, hp thic
16-18 thng, hp tetra, hp nhm.
C th ti 2.5 nm, hp thy tinh

M vch v thng tin

Nhn phi r rng, chnh xc: tn sn phm, ngy sn xut, khi

lng tnh, khi lng tng thnh phn gi tr dinh dng...

Cc sn phm trn th trng

Sn phm
ng tng( (Brix)
T l ng
chua ti a
Lng mui b sung (%) max
Gi tr pH trung bnh
mi
Gardner colour (A/b)
Vi
Vi sinh vt

RED SETTER
RIO FUEGO
5.0/5.5
5.2/5.5
42%
45 %
8.5
8.0
0.6/0.7
0.3/0.5
4.2/4.4
4.2/4.4
c trng
c trng
>2.1
>2.1
Khng c v ng
Khng c v ng
Sn phm vn n nh sau 14 ngy Sn phm vn n nh sau 14 ngy
nu bo qun 30c v sau 7 ngy nu bo qun 30c v sau 7 ngy
nu gi 43c
nu gi 43c

Quy trnh sn xut nc p c chua_______________________CBGD: PGS. L Vn Vit Mn

II- SN PHM HIN C TRN TH TRNG:
Gi tr dinh dng trn 100 g Nng lng 14
kcal

c JT W4AMIK

Nng lng
14 kcal
Carbonhydrate
3.0 g
Protein
0.5 g
Cht bo
0.0 g
Thnh phn: nc c chua p (90%), nc, mui n

Nc c Don Simon
mOKOHATt

DN

SINON
SUMO l)E TOMATE
SUCX'-O
DI
PMOIN>mt XYMOi.
NTOMATA1

Thnh phn: nc p c chua c c,

nc, synip glucose, ng Ph gia:
cht iu chnh chua (acid citric),
cht chng oxy ha (acid ascobic).
Ch tiu cht lng: ch yu l hm
lng cht kh theo Brix 20 c l
13 0.5 Brix
Xut x: Ty Ban Nha
Hn dng: 1 nm

40

Phn D

THNH Tu CNG NGH

Loc v thanh trng bng mng loc membrane:
Sn phm c chua thng thng c thanh trng bng nhit, nhng bng cch ny
c th gy ra nhng nh hng khng tt nh lm tn tht vitamin, cc cht mi,
lm gim mi cc cc cht nhy cm vi nhit khc.
Cc sn phm nc p tri cy c gi tr dinh dng cao v n cha nhiu vitamin,
khong v cc cht chng oxi ha. Nhng khi c thanh trng bng nhit bo
qun, th di tc dng ca nhit s ph hy v oxi ha cc yu t nhy cm lm
cnh hng n cht lng sn phm sau cng. Qu trng thanh trng cng lm bin
i mi v ca nc p. Mng lc membrane s gi li vi sinh vt trong khi cc phn
t nh hn nh vitamin, ng v cc cht chng oxi ha i qua cng vi nc. V
vy, xc nh ng mng membrane khi cho nc tri cy chy qua c th gim
thiu s tn tht cc cht nhy cm k c cc cu t hng.
Ngy nay ngi ta ang kt hp qu trnh s dng cc thnh tu ca mng
membrane trong cng nghip sn xut nc p tri cy nh trong qu trnh lc,
thanh trng ci thin cht lng sn phm v lm gim yu cu v nng lng.
Nhng sn phm nc tri cy nh nc p c chua. Neu lc bng mng mebrane
lm cho sn phm cui cng cha cc tinh th thch hp cho sn phm thng mi
ngy nay. V ngy nay ngi tiu dng thch dng nc p tri cy, c chua chng
hn, dng sn phm vn cn ln bt c chua trong sn phm. Khi nc p c chua
c thanh trng bng mng siu lc ( ultrafiltration) hay mng microfitration khng
ch gi li cc vi sinh vt m cn gi li bt c chua v mt phn cc cu t mu. e
gii quyt vn ny phi c s kt hp cc cht mang li. Cc cht ny s kt hp
li sau qu trnh lc membrane trong cc cht mang ( retentate), v cn thit phi
thanh trng nhit cht mang ny trc khi trn vi phn nc lc. Bng cch ny
qu trnh nhit ch nh hng ln mt phn nh cc cht trong nc p tri cy v
phn ch yu ca sn phm, nc lc, khng b tc ng bi cc qu trnh c lin
quan ti nhit . Bng phng php ny, sn phm nc p c chua gn vi trng
thi t nhin hn. So vi phng php lc v thanh trng nhit th cht lng sn
phm cng s cao hn, n nh hn.

S hot ng ca thit b lc membrane

Figure (1): Schema of the equipment used at ultra and microfiltration, T: thermometer, P: peristaltic pump, V: valve and M: manometer

Chng ta thit k qu trnh s dng membrane thay th qu trnh lc v thanh trng theo truyn thng
bng cch ti un ha dng lc c quyt nh bi knh thc thit b v thi gian ca qu trnh. C 4
thng s quan trng nh hng n bt k qu trnh lin quan ti membrane l p sut mng PT. s chy
ca nguyn liu, nhit v s tp trung ca nguyn liu. Mt mng membrane l tng l c s phn b
ng u cc l, khng gy tc nghn v
K
s tp trung phn cc khng ng k J = Pj theo Hagen-Poiseuille
fu
Trong K l hng s" dp- /32/1 ,J l tc chy (1/hm), P T p sut mng kPa, |i l nht nc p
(kg/hm), X dy mng, dp ng knh l.
Ngoi ra trng thi ca dng lu cht( nc p) c m t theo cng thc sau:

/=- 4 -

R(i

RMS s chng ha tan vo bn trong, R]. chng kt dch, gy ngn; Ro chng phn cc tp trung
(concentration polarization).
Nh vy ngy nay trn th gii bt u a mng membrane vo s dng trong cng nghip sn xut c
chua v nc p tri cy nhm lm tng cht lng sn phm ng thi cng tit kim nng lng hn.
Beatriz Castro* and Patricia Gerla Departamento de Operaciones Unitarias en
Ingeniera Qumica e Ingeniera de Alimentos, Instituto de Ingeniera Qumica, Universidad de la Repblica,
Monte video-Uruguay

Phn E

TI LIU THAM KHO

1 .L Bch Tuyt - Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong sn xut thc phm,
khoa ha thc phm v cng ngh sinh hc trng H Bch Khoa H Ni.
2.
Quch nh, Nguyn Vn Tip, Nguyn Vn Thoa - Cng ngh sau
thu hoch v ch bin rau qu, NXB KHKT, 1996.
3.
Nguyn Vn Uyn - Nhng phng php cng ngh sinh hc thc
vt, NXB Nng Nghip (tp 2), 1996.
4.
L
Vn Vit Mn - Cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm t sa v
thc ung, NXB HQG Tp. H Ch Minh, 2004.
5.
Food processing technology - principles and practices, second edition.
6.
P. Fellows, Food processing technology - Cambrige England, 1996.
7. P.
J. Brennan J.G, butter s J.R, Lowell N. D, Lilley A.E, Food
Engineering operation 3rd edition, Elsevier applied science, London & New
York, 1990.
8.
Fishhoff,
D.A Et Al. Insect Tolerant Transgenic
Tomato Plants. Biotechnology.
Dennis R. Heldman, Richard w. Hartel - Principles of food processing Aspend publishers, Inc, 1998.
http://foodsafety.psu.edu/apples/haccp/resources.htm
http://www.acnfp. gov.uk/assess/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of_food_additives%2C_Codex_Alimentar
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/
http://www.lycomfg.com/index.htm