Flor Jacome,

AP World History Summer Assignment

Terms:
Fertile Crescent: (pg.11, 12) the Fertile Crescent was a region where
early civilizations first settled and started farming. This region extends from
modern day Egypt all the way up to Turkey and down to the border of Iraq.
This region was significant because it was were early humans discovered
beer and started the Neolithic Revolution.
Chicha: (pg. 19) This was what the Incas called their beer. They would
also use this as a religious offering. The Incas would offer this to the rising
sun in a golden cup then pour it on the ground as an offering to the Earth
gods. This was very significant because this led to the idea that alcohol
could cause for supernatural forces to awaken.
Storehouses: (pg 22) Once farming started to spread through the Fertile
Crescent, settlements started to make storehouses which was were
valuable items were kept such as sacred objects or surplus food. This was
very important because it helped civilizations in the future when they had a
food shortages or when they needed to make religious offerings.
Uruk: (pg.25) It was an ancient city in Mesopotamia that by 3000 BCE it
was one of the largest cities in its day. It had a big population which was
around 50,000. This city was important because it became a city-state in
Mesopotamia and it was one of the first cities to develop.
Sumer: (pg.26) Sumer was a region in southern Mesopotamia. It was very
significant because this is where beer was discovered and where writing
first began. This also were the first great literacy work was written and
were the first humans to live in a city lived.
Epic of Gilgamesh: (pg.26) It is a story about a king who ruled Sumer
and talks about his adventures he has with his friend Enkidu. This is very
significant because it was the worlds first great literary work.
Ziggurat: (pg 31) Its what storehouses were called during the Neolithic
Revolution. Storehouses became elaborate temples or ziggurats they were
very important because this is where they would have their religious
offerings
Mesopotamian city-states: (pg 25) Mesopotamian city- states included
Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Eridu, and Nippur. These were important because these
were some of the first few large city- states.
Cuneiform: (pg.34) wedge shaped characters that was used in ancient
writing, created by the Sumerians. They would write on clay tablets, this is
how they would keep track of their storehouses supply and would even tell
stories.
Ashurnasirpal II: (pg.43) King of Assyria around 870 BCE, he is known for
giving one of the greatest feast in history. This feast lasted for 10 days and
people from all over Mesopotamia attended to this feast. About 69,574
people attended to this epic feast. This feast is very significant because the
kings choice of drink was wine instead of beer. This gave the impression of
wealth to other people since it was considered a far more exotic drink than

Flor Jacome,
AP World History Summer Assignment
beer which was very common in Mesopotamia.
Dionysius: (pg.53) The god of wine. There is different stories of this god.
For example, Dionysius fled to Greece to escape beer-loving Mesopotamia.
Another story is that Dionysius created beer for the benefit of other people
in countries who could not cultivate the vine. In another version though he
only creates it for the elite or the wealthy.
Platos Republic: (pg.65) It is a Socratic dialogue in which it talks about
justice and his suspicion of democracy. He believed that placing too much
power in the hands of people would lead to an anarchy. Plato believed that
the ideal society would be led by the elite and philosopher kings. Plato saw
drinking as a way to test one self, he believed that wine tested a mans
character. This was very significant because it was one of the first
philosophies of drinking.
Roman Villas: (pg.70) This is a term that described Roman country
houses, usually made for the elite or the wealthy. These villas were
important because Romans would celebrate feasts and drinking parties
with wine.
Battle of Tours: (pg.88) This battle took place in 732 CE, in central
France. Arab troops were defeated by Charles Martel who was part of the
Frankish kingdom. This battle was very significant because it marked Arab
Influence in Europe.
Charles Martel: (pg.88) He was part of the Frankish kingdom, he was
very strong in character. He led the Battle of Tours which was a marker
event in history.
Cordoba: (pg.93) The most greatest and cultured city in western Europe.
Cordoba was the capital of Arab Andalusia which is now southern Spain. It
was very developed and civilized, it had parks, palaces, roads, and
drainage and sewage systems (etc.). It even had the most impressive
library with half a million books, more than any European library.
Aqua Vitae: (pg.98) Since distilled wine produced an unpleasant
sensation in the throat , people believed that concentrated and purified
wine would have good healing powers so, as medicine was starting to be
more advanced and started to flourish more distilled wine was called aqua
vitae or water of life.
Dashee/bizy: (pg.105) Alcohol was the most distinguished good that was
exchanged for slaves, it soon became traditional for Europeans to give
large amounts of alcohol called Dashee or bizy as a gift to give Africans
before starting negotiations.
1773 Molasses Act: (pg.117) The Molasses Act was passed in 1773 in
London. This law was made to inflict taxes on rum or molasses that came
from foreign countries (France) into North America.
Sugar Act: (pg.120) Law passed in 1774 by the British government, it
came after the Molasses Act. This law taxed sugar that was imported from
other foreign countries, so that the money made from taxes would be a
monopoly for British sugar growers in the West Indies.

Flor Jacome,
AP World History Summer Assignment
Sufi Islam: (pg.137) Sufism is a concept in Islam. Its a mystical belief
and practice in which Muslims try to seek gods love and knowledge.
Dutch East India Co.: (pg.146, 147) This was a trade network that was
founded in 1602. It was located at Batavia in Java, which was an island that
is now Indonesia.
Principia: (pg.161) Principia was a book that scientist Isaac Newton wrote
and published in 1687. This is the greatest books in history of science that
was ever written. The full name of this book is Mathematical principles of
natural philosophy. With this book he replaced the unreliable theories of
the Greeks and made the whole world start to reason. His work was
amazing that he is recognized as one of the greatest scientist in history.
Wealth of Nations: (pg.165) Financial equivalent of Principia, written by
Scottish economist, Adam Smith. He introduced the idea of capitalism to
encourage governments to trade. He also believed that to earn prosperity
everyone should be left with their own devices.
Voltaire: (pg.166) French philosopher who extended the new and
scientific rationalism into the social and political spheres. Voltaire believed
that everyone was born equal, were naturally born good and deserved to
pursue happiness. He believed that every man should live their own life
without anyone interfering. He also wrote the book Lettres
philosophiques which compared the French system to the English system,
this book was immediately banned
Encyclopedie: (pg. 166) A book written by Dennis Diderot and Jean Le
Rond dAlembert, the first volume appeared in 1751. The Encyclopedie
came to be as the definitive summary of Enlightenment thinking. This book
was finished in 1772 with all of its twenty eight volumes delivered to secret
scribers.
Changan: (pg.179) Changan was the capital of Ancient China. By 618-907
CE China had the golden days. It was the largest, wealthiest and most
populated empire in the world. Changan was the greatest metropolis on
Earth, about two million people lived there. This city was also a cultural
magnet especially during a time period where China was particularly open
to other influences surrounding them.
Lu Yu: (pg.181) Lu Yu was a Taoist poet, she wrote The Classic of Tea
and many other books about tea. He even wrote about different types of
leaves used to make tea and how to boil water. This character turned tea
from a normal fulfilling drink to a symbol of sophistication and culture. This
led to presenting tribute tea to the emperor every year.
Celestial Empire: (pg.184) The Chinese Empire was also known as the
Celestial Empire, many inhabitants use to think that it was located in the
center of the universe.
Richard Arkwright: (pg.198) British inventor who designed and invented
wigs. In 1767 he began an invention called a spinning frame. This helped
with weaving and it was a machine that anyone could operate. Thanks to
Arkwright Britain became the worlds first industrialized country. He did this

Flor Jacome,
AP World History Summer Assignment
by developing a first spinning mill powered by horses and causing an
impression to two wealthy man which gave Arkwright a fund to help him
build a bigger and better one.
Tea Act of 1773: (pg. 205) Since Rampant smuggling was reducing the
sales for legal tea so there was piles of tea sitting in stockpiles since the
company had to pay import sold or not , so they owed the government over
one million pounds. That is why the government passed the Tea Act which
was a loan to this tea company so they could ship tea from China to
America, which meant they didnt have to pay the British import.
Lin Tze-Su: (pg.210) Commissioner who put an end to the opium trade
since it was causing tension between China and Britain. He burned down a
one year supply of opium which made a war break out that only lasted for a
short period time and Britain won making China sign a peace treaty and
making China trade for free.
Indian Mutiny: (pg.219) widespread uprising against company that rule
that triggered by the revolt Bengal army which made the British take
control of India and making the East India Company get abolished.

Reading Questions:
Beer:
1. How is the discovery of beer linked to the growth of the first
civilizations? (pg 11-15)
The discovery of beer is linked to the growth of first civilizations because beer
became very important socially and ritually. People started to rely on beer
since it could be kept for a long period of time without it rotting or going to
waste. That is why people started to leave the nomadic life in order to start
growing grain that helped make the beer, this made the hunter-gatherers
adopt farming and settle down in villages.

Flor Jacome,
AP World History Summer Assignment
2. What is the connection between the discovery of beer and the
Neolithic Revolution (beginnings of agriculture)? (pg 13)
Beer could be made from cereal crops which was very abundant in the region
of the Fertile Crescent that is why people started to leave the nomadic life to
settle down in this region and start farming these cereal crops to produce
more beer. Once these nomadic people settled down is when the Neolithic
Revolution began because people started to farm instead of hunting and
gathering. This is why beer was very important because it started the
Neolithic Revolution.
3. How did Mesopotamian geography shape its peoples view of the
gods? (pg19-23)
Since Mesopotamian was located between two rivers it was blessed with
annual floods that deposited fertile silt over the land allowing for abundant
crops. People of the region were now able to dedicate time to non-food
producing endeavors. This made the people view the gods as unpredictable.
4. How did beer civilize man, according to Standage? (pg 26,27)
According to Standage, beer introduced the need to grow more cereal crops
to produce more beer, this civilized man by creating the first civilizations and
leaving the nomadic life.
5. How did Egyptian attitude toward beer differ from that of
Mesopotamia? (pg 27-29)
In Egyptian writings it is said that beer saved the world but in Mesopotamia it
is thought to have ancient and mythological origins' and it appears in
prayers, myths and legends.
6. Who built the ancient pyramids of Egypt and how were they paid?
What benefit did the pyramids and their construction bring the
Egyptian society? (pg.36-37)
There are many theories of the men who built the last remaining wonder of
the ancient world some say they were farmers others say they were state
employees. These workers were paid with beer. The benefits that the
pyramids brought to the Egyptian society were national unity

Wine:
1. How did the development of large states and empires promote wine
as a drink of choice? (pg.38-40)
The cost and scarcity of wine itself made it very difficult for many empires to
acquire. Meanwhile
many large states and empires used wine as
a symbol of wealth making wine its drink of choice.
2.

What role did Greek geography play in its economic development

and trade? (pg.40-42)
Greece was placed in a fairly decent spot in which they had dense traffic of
trade. Which affected economic development massively, the Mesopotamians
were very wealthy because of its general location close to the ocean.
a. How was wine used by Greeks and how did it develop into a symbol
of status? (pg.38-41)

Flor Jacome,
AP World History Summer Assignment
The Mesopotamians used wine primarily as a sign of recognition for example
they used wine for the greatest feast in history given by King Ashurnasirpal II.
Wine was a sign of wealth to the Greeks as it was difficult to transport it and
produce it, while many other people in the empire haven't tasted wine. Since
wine was scarce and very expensive it made it worthy for consumption by the
gods, it made the Greeks look fairly wealthy upon the rest of the empires in
that era.
a. What was Platos view of democracy? How did Platos symposium
differ from others? (pg.51-53)
Plato was suspicious of democracy. He believed it interfered with the natural
order of things and he thought that putting too much power in one's hands
was something to be worried about. Plato argued in his book The Republic
that democracy could lead to anarchy. Platos symposium differed from others
because at a regular symposium wine would expose truths, both pleasant
and unpleasant, but Platos symposium was believed to test a man's
character by drinking wine.
b. Compare the Roman convivium to the Greek symposium.(pg.56,77)
A Roman convivium was basically a dinner party. In this convivium it was all
about a man being able to move up the social chain. A persons social status
was determined by where they would sit, the quantity and quality of the food
and the type of wine they were served. For example, the most important or
wealthy would get the most distinguishable and exotic wine while the people
at the bottom of the social chain would get the most basic wine. In a Greek
symposium wine was what determined where a person would stand in the
social chain, since only the wealthy would be served wine.
c. Compare the acceptance of wine in Christianity to the Islamic views
of spirits.(pg.84-87)
Due to the fact that Christ first miracle was converting 6 jars of water into
wine and in the Last Supper with his followers he served wine to represent his
blood he would sacrifice for his people, Christian worshippers regarded wine
drinking as a form of sacred communion. In the other hand, Islamic views on
spirits was the contrary to the Christians. Muhammad who was a prophet that
received divine guidance got a vision from Allah who said that Wine and the
games of chance.. are abominations of Satan in other words it was unholy
for these people to drink wine that is why they would abstain from it.

Spirits:
1. What is the origin of distilled spirits? (pg.96)
Distilled spirits were created by ancient Arab chemists by distilling wine and
using the resulting fluid as medicine. Distilling wine makes it stronger since
the boiling point of alcohol is lower than water. This makes it have more
alcohol than water and making it a higher alcohol content than wine.
2. Explain the connection between spirits, slaves, and sugar?
(pg.102,103)
The African traders would sell slaves for spirits and would buy sugar and rum
at the trading markets to take back to Europe.

Flor Jacome,
AP World History Summer Assignment
3. Why did spirits become an important staple in colonial America?
(pg.282)
When colonies in America started to settle they had no type of alcohol so
they were stuck drinking water. Once they discovered rum, it became known
across all colonies and soon was the drink of choice since it was not
expensive.
4. What role did rum play in the American Revolution? (pg.117-119)
Molasses was used in rum production and due to the increase on tax in
molasses it caused for the cost of rum to go up as well. This caused for
citizens to turn against the government.
d. Why did whiskey supplant rum in the western colonial regions of
America? (pg.122)
Whiskey was supplant to rum in Western Americas because the Revolution
meant the decline of rum. When the British cut off American molasses ports,
most New England rum drinkers converted to whiskey.
e. What were the causes and effects of the Whiskey Rebellion? (pg.122124)
The reason for this rebellion was because farmers were mad that the
government had imposed taxes on distilled liquor. The effects of this rebellion
was using the militia to make things more peaceful and it showed that the
federal government could maintain peace and tranquility with the people.

Coffee:

1. How did Arabs come to dominate the coffee industry? (pg.138)

The Arabs dominated the coffee industry because they saw it as an
alternative to alcohol and coffeehouses an alternative to bars were wine and
other alcoholic drinks.
2. Why did coffee come to be preferred over alcoholic beverages?
(pg.139,140)
Coffee was preferred over other alcoholic drinks because it kept the mind
awake. In other words, it made the person more active and productive.
3. Why was it important to Europes development that many Europeans
chose coffee over alcohol as their favored beverage of consumption?
(pg.141)
It was important because this drink was far more respectable, intellectual and
even the pope had accepted for Christians to drink this beverage. Coffee
became popular in Europe making people open coffeehouses, which became
were people would gather to discuss important topics and share news.
4. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the scientific revolution?
(pg.152,153)
Thanks to coffee, coffeehouses were built and many scientists would gather
in one specific coffeehouse to exchange ideas and information. There were
also lectures that talked about inventions and people would even have
intellectual conversations with others.
5. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the financial revolution?
(pg.163,164)
Since the government had placed limits on trade, brokers moved closer to
coffeehouses were they were able to have auctions as long as they would
want. They also were able to trade in these coffeehouses.
6. How did coffee play a pivotal role in the Enlightenment and the
French revolution? (pg.170)

Flor Jacome,
AP World History Summer Assignment
The French had banned many media and restricted many things on the
people. As the financial crisis worsened, revolutionary speakers started to
speak at coffee houses to others. After a failed convention, a lawyer named
Camille Desmoulins stood in a table gathering a crowd of people while yelling
To arms! making the French Revolution start. Coffee also played a role in
the Enlightenment period since people would gather in coffeehouses to
discuss ideas and new innovations.

Tea:
1. How did tea transform Chinese society? (pg.178)
Tea became a daily drink in China and since it was a water purification
technology it became even more popular especially in Europe were potable
water was rare. Also tea became one of the main exports and was traded for
silver.
2. What were Chinas major exports during the Tang dynasty? (pg.179)
During the Tang Dynasty, China was known as the wealthiest and largest
empire. During this period, China exported silk, tea, paper, and ceramics.
3. What two factors made tea a popular drink in England? (pg.189,190)
Tea first became established in Britain because of the influence of a foreign
princess, Catherine of Braganza, the queen of Charles II. She introduced tea
to the English court, they loved the beverage and set it as their drink choice.
Another factor that influenced tea as a popular drink in England was the
British East India Company, they managed to bring tea into Europe from the
Netherlands since they didnt have direct access to China.
4. How was tea an integral part of the Industrial Revolution? (pg.199201)
Tea was one of the major items that was traded during the Industrial
Revolution. It was also grown in British farms so it was easy for people to
invest selling tea. Tea also helped sharpen workers mind while on the job
since it contained caffeine unlike beer that would dull the mind.
5. What was the connection between tea and politics? (pg.203-206)
Tea was a major supply for the British East India Company. Tea was also the
lubricant that kept the factories running well. Also the British East India
Company used its money and power to protest for a new government policy
about trade. In 1773 A Tea Act was passed by the government which meant
that there would be taxes to pay for tea, Many people disagreed to this
causing The Boston Tea Party.
6. What role did the British East India Company play in world history?
(Be detailed here) (pg.204,205)
The East India Company would trade tea with India, making the British want
tea and opening more jobs in India. Britain did not want to rely on China for
their tea supply so instead found another tea producer, India. After finding
another tea producer, Britain relied on India for their tea.
7. How was tea connected to the opium trade and the Opium war of
1839-1842? (pg. 206-212)

Flor Jacome,
AP World History Summer Assignment
In order for the British to pay their debt of tea from China, The East India
Company grew opium and would sell it to China for silver. After Lin-Tze-Su
tried to put an end to this trade, the Opium War broke out.