TM HIU CHUI CUNG NG CA TP ON BN L

WAL-MART
I.

Vi nt v tp on bn l Wal-mart

1. Lch s thnh lp v pht trin ca Wal-mart

Wal-mart l cng ty hot ng trong ngnh bn l ca M, c thnh lp bi Sam
Walton vo nm 1962. Tuy nhin, trc khi bt u kinh doanh h thng cc ca hng
bn l ny, Sam Walton s hu thnh cng chui ca hng vi tn gi Ben Franklin.
Cho n khi Walton nhn ra xu hng mi l gim gi bn l, da vo vic bn nhng
khi lng ln hng ha thng qua cc ca hng bn l chi ph thp; ng quyt nh
m nhng ca hng ln, vi nhng c im nh kho hng cnh tranh. ng t tn
cho chui vi 18 ca hng ny l Wal-mart Discount City, tr s ti Arkansas. n
nm 1969, cng ty Wal-mart Stores Inc. chnh thc ra i. Vo nm 1991, Wal-mart bt
u thm nhp th trng quc t bng vic lin doanh vi Cifra trn th trng M-hi-c.
Hai nm sau , cng ty mua li 122 ca hng t Woolworth, Canada. Nm 1997 Walmart tr thnh nh bn l ln nht ti Canada v Mexico. Cng nm , Wal-mart mua li
chui 21 i siu th Wertkauf ca c. N lc m rng th trng quc t c thc
hin khi cng ty lin tip mua li hoc lin doanh vi cc nh phn phi a phng cc
nc nh Bra-xin, Ac-hen-ti-na, Trung Quc, Hn Quc, Anh n nm 2002, Walmart tr thnh cng ty ln nht th gii v doanh thu theo bnh chn ca tp ch Fortune.
T n nay, Wal-mart lun duy tr v th dn u ca mnh trong ngnh cng nghip
bn l th gii.
T khi u khim tn ca Walmart nh mt nh bn l gim gi nh Rogers,
Arkansas, Walmart m ra hng ngn ca hng M v m rng quc t. Thng qua
m hnh ny m rng, mang li cc nh dng lu tr quyn cc cng ng cn h,
Walmart ang to ra c hi v mang li gi tr cho khch hng v cng ng trn ton th
gii.
Hin nay, Walmart hot ng hn 11.000 n v bn l di 69 biu ng ti 27 quc gia.
H s dng 2,2 triu lin kt trn ton th gii - 1,3 triu ch ring ti M.

2. Hot ng kinh doanh ca Wal-mart

Hin nay, hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty c chia thnh 3 mng ln: b phn
Walmart ti M, cu lc b Sam, b phn quc t.
B phn Wal-mart ti M l b phn ln nht, c tnh to ra 62,1% doanh thu rng nm
ti chnh 2011, v ch kinh doanh trn phm vi nc M; gm cc hnh thc bn l khc
nhau l:
- Chui ca hng gim gi Wal-mart (Walmart Discount Stores), c m ca u tin
vo nm 1962 bi Sam Walton. Ngy nay, cng ty c 629 ca hng c phn b trn
ton nc M. Kch c trung bnh ca mi ca hng khong 108.000 mt vung Anh.
Mi ca hng c khong 225 nhn vin phc v. Cc loi mt hng c by bn gm:
may mc gia nh, cc sn phm chm sc sc khe, lm p, in t, chi, cc
sn phm lm vn, trang sc, ni tht, my mc t ng, gia dng, sn phm
th thao
- Siu trung tm Wal-mart (Walmart Supercenters), c pht trin t nm 1988, v hin
ny c 3.029 siu trung tm M, vi din tch trung bnh vo khon 185.000 mt vung
Anh vi khong 350 nhn vin mi trung tm. Cc siu trung tm ny m ca c ngy v
m, chuyn phc v cc mt hng thc phm, v nhng hng tp ha.
- Th trng ln cn (Walmart Neighborhood Markets), c thnh lp nhm phc v
nhu cu mua sm nhanh v thun tin cho khch hng v cc sn phm nh: hng tp
ha, dc phm, v mt s mt hng ph thng khc. Hnh thc ny c pht trin t
nm 1998, hin cng ty c 168 th trng ln cn, vi khong 95 nhn vin phc v tng
th trng.
- Cc ca hng nh (Wal-mart Express Stores), hai ca hng nh u tin c m ca
vo thng 6 nm 2011 ti Arkansas nhm mc ch cung cp hng ha tm thi cho
khch hng, c bit khch hng nhng khu vc khng th thng xuyn n cc ca
hng ln. Cc ca hng ny c din tch nh, trung bnh khong 15.000 mt vung Anh,
chuyn phn phi cc hng tp ha, v nhng hng ph thng
Bn cnh cc knh bn hng truyn thng, Wal-mart cng pht trin knh bn hng thng
qua trang web walmart.com, vi a dng cc chng loi hng ha. Khch hng c th la
chn cc sn phm c trn website, ri t hng trc tip ti . Sn phm s c vn
chuyn ti nhng ca hng ca Wal-mart c mt trong khu vc ca khch hng.

Cu lc b Sam (Samclub) gm: cc cu lc b ca hng thnh vin , ng gp khong

11,8% doanh thu rng nm ti chnh 2011. Cu lc b Sam c m u tin ti thnh
ph Midwest, Oklohama vo nm 1983. Hin ny, c 611 cu lc b hot ng M, v
hn 100 cu lc b quc t Bra-xin, Trung Quc, M-hi-c, v Puerto Rico. i tng
khch hng ca cu lc b Sam gm ngi tiu dng, v c cc doanh nghip nh vi
mc ph/nm l 35 la cho khch hng doanh nghip v 40 la cho khch hng c
nhn.
B phn quc t (Wal-mart International): chim 26,1% doanh thu rng nm ti chnh
2011. Nm 1991, Warmat tr thnh cng ty quc t khi m mt cu lc b Sam M-hic. Hai nm sau , b phn quc t c thnh lp. Hn 90% cc ca hng thuc b
phn quc t hot ng vi thng hiu khng phi l Walmart nh: Pali Costa-Riaca,
Todi-Dia Braxin.Hin nay, b phn quc t ca Walmart c ti 5,651 ca hng 26
th trng khng tnh M nh: Nht Bn, Trung Quc, c-hen-ti-na, Bra-xin, Canada,
Costa Rica, Chi-l, Botswana, El Salvador, n , Honduras, Gua-ta-ma-la, Gha-na, Mhi-c, Anh, Nam Phi, M-zm-bich, Ni-gi-ria

II. TM HIU CHUI CUNG NG TP ON BN L WALMART.

S tng quan v chui cung ng ca Wal-mart

1. Qun tr h thng thng tin v cc ng dng cng ngh.
i vi Wal-mart th k thut v cng ngh thng tin c coi l yu t then cht to ra
s hiu qu v lin tc trong ton h thng chui cung ng ca h.
Wal-mart xy dng c s d liu trung tm h thng cc im bn hng cp ca
hng v mng v tinh rt sm t gia nhng nm 1980. H ng dng ln u tin cng
ngh m vch UPC vo ngnh cng nghip bn l, nn thng tin cp ca hng c th
thu thp ngay lp tc v phn tch. Thng qua vic kt hp d liu bn hng vi cc
thng tin bn ngoi, Wal-mart c th h tr i mua hng, ci thin tnh chnh xc ca
cc d bo nhu cu. Mng li v tinh ca Wal-mart ngoi vic nhn v truyn d liu v
cc im bn hng con gip cc nh qun l trong cng ty lm bt tnh hnh, qun l hiu
qu hn rt nhiu.

Vo u nhng nm 1991, Wal-mart pht trin H thng kt ni bn l (Retail Link), H

thng kt ni bn l l mt c s d liu dn s ln nht th gii thi im . H thng
cha cc d liu v cc giao dch ca cng ty trong sut 20 nm. Wal-mart cho php cc
nh cung ng truy cp cc d liu bn hng ca cc sn phm m h cung cp, ct
gim vic lu kho tng mt hng. Cung cp quyn truy cp vo c s d liu ca mnh,
Wal-mart mong mun cc nh cung ng ch ng qun l v b sung sn phm mt cch
lin tc.
Vo nm 1990, Wal-mart l mt trong nhng cng ty u tin ng dng gii php
CPRF21 mt gii php tch hp lp k hoch v d bo thng qua vic chia s cc
thng tin chui cung ng quan trng nh: cc d liu v hot ng xc tin, mc tn kho,
v doanh thu hng ngy. Sau , n nm 2003, Wal-mart tip tc ng dng cng ngh
nhn dng tn sng raio RFID nhm qun tr tn kho hiu qu hn.
1.1.

Xy dng h thng kt ni bn l

T nhng nm 1980 n 1990, Wal-mart xy dng cc h thng bn l nh: cng ngh

in t- EDI v h thng kt ni bn l (Retail link). Cng ngh trao i in t EDI gip
Wal-mart thit lp c h thng trao i in t vi hng ngn nh cung cp ca mnh;
H thng Retail Link nn tng l mt trnh duyt Web, hot ng trn mng Internet, tch
hp vi cng ngh EDI gip cc nh cung cp trn ton th gii u c th truy cp d
dng, trong khi chi ph duy tr hot ng ca h thng li thp. H thng ny bao gm
4 lin kt l: ca hng Wal-mart , tr s cng ty Wal-mart, trung tm phn phi v nh
cung cp.
Thng qua h thng ny, Wal-mart kt ni thng tin gia cc ca hng vi tr s cng ty
v trung tm Wal-mart xc nh lng hng tn kho. Sau , Wal-mart cho php cc
nh cung cp tip cn h thng mng ngoi vi ca mnh theo di vic bn hng, nhm
iu chnh k hoch sn xut sn phm sao cho hp l. Vic phi hp cht ch gia Walmart v cc nh cung cp thng qua chia s thng tin t h thng d liu ca hai bn
to nn hiu qu trong ton chui cung ng. l, cho php Wal-mart gi chi ph lu
kho mc thp, ng thi gip cc nh cung cp iu chnh vic tng hay gim hot
ng sn xut ph thuc vo vic bn hng. Vi hn 60.000 nh cung cp nu ch tnh
ring trong nc M, vic gi cho mi thnh vin am hiu thng tin l mt thch thc
vi Wal-mart. V th cng ty phi lm xuyn sut tng mt xch ca h thng bn l, ni
m cc nh cung cp c th kt ni thng tin trong mt h thng internet bo mt. Thng
qua , c hai bn u c th kim tra mc lu kho v kh nng bn hng tng cp
ca cc ca hng. V khi mi lin h gia nh cung cp v cng ty cng cht ch, thng
tin c chia s cng nhiu th hiu qu cng cao ng thi gim thiu nhiu ri ro. Vic

iu tit c lng sn phm sn xut ra lm gim ng k hng tn kho, gip Walmart tit kim c 5% n 10% chi ph cho hng ha so vi hu ht cc i th. y
cng l iu kin nh cung cp cng gn kt cht vi Wal-mart v Wal-mart cng c
nhiu c hi mua hng trc tip t chnh nh sn xut m khng cn thng qua trung
gian.
1.2.

ng dng cng ngh RFID

Vi nt v cng ngh RFID

Cng ngh RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) hay h thng nhn dng bng tn s
radio l cng ngh nhn dng hng ha bng tn s radio. Cc con chp nh c gn vo
cc sn phm hoc bao b sn phm v chng pht ra tn hiu radio ti thit b my thu
cm tay. Mt nhn vin c th dng h thng ny 1 cch nhanh chng m c bao nhiu
sn phm ang trn gi mt cch n gin dc theo li i xung cc gian hng. H thng
RFID gm 2 phn c bn:
Th RFID c gn chip silicon v ng ten radio dng gn vo i tng qun l
nh: sn phm, hng ha, ng vt, hoc ngay c con ngi.
u c cho php giao tip vi th RFID qua sng radio mt khong cch nht
nh, t truyn d liu v h thng my tnh trung tm.
RFID l mt k thut nhn dng sng v tuyn t xa, cho php c d liu trn con chp
in t nh sng v tuyn m khng cn tip xc trc tip vi n khong cch t 50 cm
ti 10 mt. B nh ca con chp c th cha ti 96 n 512 bit gi liu, nhiu gp 64 ln
so vi mt m vch. Bn cnh , thng tin lu tr trn con chip c th c sa i nh
vo mt my c. Dung lng lu tr cao ca nhng th thng minh ny cho php chng
cung cp cc thng tin a dng nh: thi gian lu tr, ngy bn, gi, v thm ch c nhit
sn phm. V th, cc th RFID c th cung cp chnh xc sn phm l g, n nm
u, khi no ht hn, hay bt c thng tin no m ngi dng mun lp trnh cho n.
Li ch ca cng ngh RFID
Wal-Mart cng b yu cu cc nh cung cp lp t cc th RFID trn cc chuyn
hng ci thin vic qun tr chui cung ng. Cng ngh RFID cho php Wal-mart
kim sot c hng ha khi chng c chuyn t trung tm phn phi vo cc xe ti
vn chuyn n cc ca hng. iu ny s lm tng tnh hiu qu cho vic lu kho hng
ha, ng thi gim thua l do ht hng, cng nh hn ch cc chi ph v lu kho qu
nhiu. Cc my c th RFID c t mt vi ni trong nh kho nh: ca ni hng
ha c nhp kho, ca ni hng ha xut kho. Vi nhng v tr ny, cc nh qun l

kho s bit c cc loi hng no v bao nhiu hng ang c lu kho, cng nh loi
hng no, s lng bao nhiu ang c by bn. Vi Wal-mart, mc tiu ch yu khi s
dng RFID l gim thiu s thiu hng trong kho v bng cch , nng cao doanh thu.
Ngoi ra, RFID cng gip Wal-mart hn ch nhng nhm ln khi n hng c nhiu
chng loi sn phm, s hn lon trong kim k cc ca hng, v nng cao kh nng
hoch nh sn lng cho cc nh sn xut. Hn th na, vic s dng RFID lm tng
kh nng kim sot ngun gc, nhng thay i nhit v hn s dng ca sn phm
1.3.

Gii php CPFR

Gii php CPFR l mt k hoch, trong cc nh cung cp v Wal-mart cng tc vi

nhau d bo nhu cu khch hng, nhm ti u ha hot ng cung ng. CPFR mang
n nhng li ch:
Ci thin hot ng d bo cho tt c cc i tc trong chui cung ng v thc
hin vic chia s cc thng tin d bo.
Sau Wal-mart v cc nh cung ng iu chnh cc hot ng logistics c lin
quan.

Cc b phn ca gii php CPFR

CRM (Customer relationship management) l gii php phn mm gip Wal-mart
qun l mi quan h khch hng hiu qu hn thng qua nhng knh trc tip v gin
tip m khch hng la chn s dng. Vi CRM, cng ty c th la chn nhng gii
php quan h khch hng hp l nhm duy tr mi quan h tt vi khch hng v t

c li nhun ti u da trn tiu ch khch hng l trung tm, quan tm ti nhu cu ca

khch hng.
ERP ( Enterprise resources planning) h thng hoch nh cc ngun lc ca doanh
nghip, l gii php cng ngh thng tin c kh nng tch hp ton b cc ng dng qun
l sn xut kinh doanh vo mt h thng duy nht nhm t ng ha cc quy trnh qun
l.Vi ERP, mi hot ng ca cng ty, t qun tr ngun nhn lc, qun l dy
chuyn sn xut v cung ng vt t, qun l ti chnh ni b, n vic bn hng, tip th
sn phm, trao i vi i tc, khch hngu c thc hin trn mt h thng duy
nht. V th cng ty c th tit kim chi ph, tng kh nng cnh tranh.
ASP (Advanced planning and scheduling) l chng trnh dng thut ton tm ra
cc gii php ti u cho nhng vn phc tp trong vic lp k hoch.

S chu trnh CPFR

2. Qun tr ngun hng

2.1. Chin lc mua hng
L mt tp on bn l ln nht nht th gii, Wal-Mart c sc mnh v cng to ln so
vi cc nh cung cp v cng ty s dng quyn lc ny nh hng mi th t gi
c, sn phm cho n lch trnh giao hng. Trong hot ng qun tr ngun hng, Walmart s dng mt s chin lc nh:
- Ch mua hng trc tip t nh sn xut, khng chp nhn trung gian.
- Trong qu trnh m phn, Wal-mart tp trung vo gi v ch gi.
- Chnh sch mua hng ca Wal-Mart l factory gate pricing, ngha l Wal-Mart s
vn chuyn hng t ca nh my ca nh sn xut.
- Cng ty ginh rt nhiu thi gian lm vic vi nh cung cp c th hiu c cu
trc chi ph ca h.T , Wal-Mart thc p, gy p lc cho nhng nh cung cp phi
hiu qu, ct gim chi ph trn chui cung ng ca mnh.
2.2. Qun tr mi quan h vi nh cung cp
qun l ngun cung hiu qu v lin tc, Wal-mart tp trung xy dng mi quan h
vi cc nh cung ng.
Trc 1988 vic hp tc gia hai cng ty ch n thun tn ti da trn hot ng mua v
bn hng, cc hot ng khc nh: chia s thng tin, marketing, logisticshu nh
khng tn ti, hoc nu tn ti cng khng lin tc (hnh 2.4). n nm 1988, ci thin
mi quan h ny, c hai cng ty thay i m hnh hp tc (hnh 2.5). Theo , vic
hp tc c tin hnh tt c cc hot ng chc nng ca hai cng ty.

3. H THNG LOGISTICS
3.1 H thng vn ti
c trng ca h thng vn ti Wal-mart l tnh p ng nhanh v tnh linh hot
Vi b phn logistics ln ti 75.000 ngi, l 7.800 li xe qun l gn 7.000 xe ti thuc
i xe t nhn ca Wal-mart, to nn tng cng ty phn phi hu ht nhng hng
ha c by bn ti cc ca hng thng qua khong 114 trung tm phn phi tri rng
ton nc M. Hng ha c vn chuyn t kho ca cc nh cung cp bi i xe ca
Wal-mart n cc trung tm phn phi. T y, hng ha c vn chuyn trc tip n
cc ca hng m khng cn lu kho thm. Nhng i xe ti chuyn dng cho php cng
ty vn chuyn hng ho t nhng trung tm phn phi n ca hng ch trong hai ngy v
b sung cho cc k hng trong ca hng 2 ln/tun.
on xe ti chnh l mt s kt ni hiu qu gia ca hng v cc trung tm phn phi
ca Wal-mart

qu trnh phn phi v vn ti thm hiu qu, Wal Mart s dng mt k

thut trong logistics l h thng cross docking.

Trong h thng ny, nhng sn phm hon thin c vn chuyn trc tip t nh
my sn xut ca nh cung ng n nhng kho cross docking theo nhng l

hng ln, ti y l hng s c tch ra, chun b theo nhng nhu cu cn thit
ca khch hng, ri gi i cho khch. Do c chun b y , nn khi ch
n ni hng s c a vo s dng ngay m khng cn qua kho na.

H thng ny gp phn gim chi ph tn kho rt nhiu. t c hiu qu cao

nht ca h thng cross docking, Wal mart thc hin nhng s thay i rt c
bn trong h thng qun l

3.2. H thng kho bi

H thng kho bi ca Wal-mart chnh l cc trung tm phn phi trn khp nc

M.

Sau khi hng ho c nhp n t cc nh cung cp, chng c th s c

chuyn n trung tm phn phi, thc hin phn loi, ghi nhn, ng bao, Sau
, thng qua h thng xe ti nhng hng ho ny s c chuyn n cc ca
hng v siu th trong khu vc.

Wal-mart c khong 114 trung tm phn phi trn khp nc M (2011) , mi

trung tm c kch thc ln hn 1 triu mt vung Anh. Cc trung tm ny hot
ng 24/7 h tr lin tc cho i xe ti.

Bn trong mi trung tm, c cc bng chuyn vi chiu di hn 5 dm, phc v

hn 9.000 dng sn phm khc nhau.

Cc trung tm c phn b khoa hc, mi trung tm h tr hot ng cho 90 n

100 ca hng trong vng bn knh 200 dm.

thun tin trong di chuyn, mi trung tm phn phi u c nh du trn

cc cung ng n cc ca hng. Nhng hng ha c nhp trc tip t cc nh
sn xut nc ngoi nh: Trung Quc hay n , s c chuyn n cc trung
tm phn phi nm khu vc ven bin trc khi vn chuyn n cc ca hng
trn khp nc M.

Mi trung tm phn phi c phn ra nhng khu vc khc nhau trn c s s

lng hng ha nhn c.

T l quay vng hng tn kho l rt cao khong 1 ln trong 2 tun i vi hu ht

cc chng loi hng ha35( P.Mohan Chandran, 2003). Nhng hng ha phn phi
trong phm vi nc M thng c chuyn ti trong nhng tm nng, trong khi
hng ha nhp khu th li c chuyn ti trong nhng chic hp hoc thng
c th ti s dng.

4. Qun tr tn kho

Vi mt quy m hot ng phn phi v bn l khng l nh Wal-mart, c th

p ng c phn phi mt cnh linh hot hot, kp thi n cc ca hng, va cnh
tranh vi cc i th v ct gim chi ph l mt vn khng nh. gii quyt vn
ny, Wal-mart tin hnh ng dng mnh m cng ngh thng tin vo qun tr tn kho,
song song vi vic p dng k thut cross docking to ra hiu qu cao nht.
-

ng dng cng ngh trong qun tr tn kho.

Wal-mart c th ct gim hng tn kho km hiu qu bng cch cho php cc ca

hng qun l kho hng ca chnh h, ct gim kch thc ca cc kin hng cho nhiu
loi hng ha khc nhau v gim gi kp thi.
Thay v ct gim hng tn kho mt cch trit , Wal-mart tn dng nng lc ca
i ng IT to ra nhiu hng tn kho sn c trong container m khch hng cn nht,
trong khi ct gim ton b mc tn kho.
Wal-mart kt ni vi cc nh cung cp thng qua h thng my tnh. Wal-mart hp
tc vi P&G nhm duy tr lng tn kho trong cc ca hng v xy dng h thng ti t
hng t ng, kt ni tt c cc my tnh gia P&G v cc ca hng v cc trung tm
phn phi. H thng my tnh cc ca hng ca wal-mart nhn dng c mt hng cn t
trong kho v gi tn hiu n P&G. H thng sau s gi n hng cho nh my gn
nht ca P&G thng qua h thng thng tin lin lc qua v tinh. P&G sau phn phi
hng n cho c trung tm phn phi ca Wal-mart v trc tip n cc ca hng c lin
quan. Vi s phi hp ny, wal-mart c th gim st c mc tn kho trong cc ca
hng mt cch lin tc, nhn dng c hng ha ang b di i nhanh chng, v h thp
chi ph.
Ti cc ca hng wal-mart, nhn vin c my tnh cm tay c kt ni vi my
tnh bn trong ca hng thng qua mng tn s radio. Nhng th ny gip gi li nhng
ghi nhn v tn kho, nhng ln giao hng v lu gi hng ha trong cc trung tm phn
phi.
Qun tr n hng v lu kho hng ha c thc hin vi s gip ca cc my
tnh thng qua cc h thng im bn hng. Qua h thng ny, c th kim sot v ghi
nhn doanh s v mc tn kho trn cc k hng ti cc ca hng.
Wal-mart s dng cc my c quang hc c nh v my c m vch, hng ha
c th c chuyn thng n bi cha thch hp, ni m chng s c bc ln cc xe
ti cho vic giao hng. N cng c th thc hin vic ng gi v kim k tn kho.

Wal-mart nm gi mt h thng my tnh quy m v phc tp nht trong tng lnh

vc ring. Cng ty s dng h thng my tnh MPP lu tr qu trnh vn chuyn hng
ha v mc tn kho. Tt c thng tin lin quan n doanh s bn v tn kho u c
chuyn n thng qua mt h thng thng tin lin lc v tinh hin i. Nhm cung cp
vic lu tr d liu trong trng hp c s ngt qung hay t on v dch v th cng
ty cng c c mt k hoch tc chin mt cch bao qut.
-

S dng k thut Cross docking

Cross-docking hay k thut di chuyn hng lin tc thng qu kho , l kho a

nng phn loi, tng hp, ng gi, hon thin hng ha phc v ngi tiu dng.
Loi kho ny ng vai tr nh mt trung tm phn phi tng hp. Sn phm c chuyn
t ni sn xut n kho cross-docking theo nhng l hng ln. Ti y l hng s c
tch ra, chun b theo nhng n t hng ca khch hng ri gi i cho khch. Do
c chun b y , nn khi ch n ni, hng s c a vo s dng ngay m
khng cn qua kho na.
Hnh: s di chuyn hng ha khi s dng k thut Cross docking.

p dng Cross-docking Wal-mart l a hng ho thnh phm t c s sn xut

v phn phi trc tip n cho cc ca hng v siu th m rt t v hu nh khng phi
lu tr hng qua khu trung gian. Cross-docking ct gim chi ph nm gi v lu tr tn
kho.

Hnh: quy trnh Cross- docking

Trong hot ng qun tr tn kho ca mnh th Wal-mart ang thc hin c 5 loi
hnh k thut v "cross - docking"
Opportunistic Cross docking: theo loi hnh ny th thng tin chnh xc v ni
hng ha c chuyn i, ni s c chuyn n cng nh chnh xc s lng hng ha
giao nhn l rt cn thit. Opportunistic cross docking cng c dng trong vic qun tr
h thng kho bi ca Wal - Mart thng qua h thng thng tin, lin kt gia Wal - Mart v
cc nh bn l, nh cung ng thng bo thng xuyn cho nh bn l nhng mt hng
cn thit sn sng c vn chuyn v c th vn chuyn ngay tc thi.
Flow through Cross docking: theo loi hnh ny th lun lun c mt dng n nh
hng ha i ra v i vo trung tm phn phi hng ha ca Wal - Mart. Loi cross
docking ny thng c p dng cho nhng hng ha d b h hng, ch ti mi trong
mt khong thi gian ngn nh rau qu, thc phm ti sng; hay cho nhng loi hng
ha khng d tr c lu trong kho (sa, thc phm ng hp). H thng cross docking
ny c dng trong vic phn phi hng ha cho cc siu th v nhng ca hng bn l
gi r khc.
Distributor Cross docking: Trong loi hnh cross docking ny th hng ha s c
nh cung ng chuyn trc tip cho cc ca hng bn l. Khng c mt trung gian vn
chuyn no tham gia vo qu trnh phn phi ny.
Manufacturing Cross docking: nhng c s kho tm ca cross docking phc v
cho nh my v tm thi c coi l kho mini ca xng sn xut. Khi m xng sn
xut cn nhng phn v nguyn vt liu sn xut mt phn ca sn phm, n s c
cung cp cho cc supplier trong khu vc sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn khi cn thit.
iu ny gip gim thiu thi gian v chi ph vn chuyn, cng nh chi ph lu kho bi.
Pre - allocated cross docking: trong loi hnh ny, hng ha sn sng c
ng gi v dn nhn bi nh sn xut v sn sng chuyn cho cc trung tm phn phi
v t hng ha s c chuyn n cc ca hng. Hng ha c vn chuyn n
trung tm phn phi v chuyn trc tip t y n cc ca hng v n tay ngi tiu
dung m khng cn phi ng gi li hay l thay i bao b ca sn phm.

Cross docking i hi mt s phi hp ng b, v cht ch gia nh sn xut

(nh cung ng), kho cha, v h thng cc ca hng bn l ca Wal - Mart. Hng ha ch
c th phn phi d dng v nhanh chng ch khi thng tin chnh xc. Vic qun l h
thng thng tin trong vic qun tr cross docking vi s tr gip ca h thng d liu
chuyn i (Electronic Data Interchange - EDI) v nhng h thng thng tin kinh doanh.

II.

nh gi hot ng ca chui cung ng ca tp on bn l

Wal-mart.

Ngy nay, ngi ta bit ti Wal-mart nh l mt ch bn l ln nht th gii m doanh

thu ca n hng nm c th c xp vo danh mc nhng quc gia c GDP cao nht th
gii khong 419 t la M nm 2011. Sut t nm 2007 n nm 2011 (tr nm 2009),
Wal-Mart lun ng u danh sch Fortune 500 v Global:

Bng xp hng Wal-mart Fortune500 v Global 500.

Wal-Mart l cng ty dch v u tin leo n v tr hng nht trn danh sch ca Fortune
(bt u cng b t nm 1955). Wal-mart thnh cng bi cng ty khng ch tp trung vo
chin lc bn l m cn l mt cng ty ti u ho v Qun tr chui cung ng.Cc nt
ni bt trong hot ng Qun tr chui cung ng ca Wal-mart:
- ng dng tin phong, thnh cng cng ngh thng tin nh: cng ngh trao i
d liu in t EDI, cng ngh nhn dng tn s radio RFID, v tinh nhn to, gii php

CPFR; kt hp vi h thng kt ni bn l to tin cho mt chui cung ng hiu

qu.
- Tin phong xy dng h thng cc nh kho a chc nng Cross docking
thnh cng; p ng nhanh nhu cu khch hng v to ra cc gi tr tng thm cho hng
ho.
- Chin lc mua hng hiu qu to li th cnh tranh v gi; bn cnh chng
trnh Nh cung ng qun tr tn kho cng lm gim chi ph, to c s thnh cng cho
chin lc Gi r mi ngy.
- Da trn nn tng cng ngh tng tnh hiu qu ca hot ng vn ti, mc
p ng ca cc trung tm phn phi, tit gim tn kho bng h thng Just in time,
Nhng thnh cng trn c minh chng bi cc s kin nh: nm 1990, Wal-mart vt
qua Target v Kmart tr thnh cng ty bn l ln nht nc M. n nm 2006, doanh
thu ca Wal-mart vt xa tt c cc i th khc trn th trng bn l

Doanh thu cc cng ty bn l nm 2006

T nm 2007 n nm 2011, mc d giai on ny nn kinh t th gii ri vo khng
hong, c bit l nn kinh t M, nhng Wal-mart vn trn tng trng dng. Theo
bo co thng nin ca Wal-mart, tc tng trng doanh thu rng cc nm trong giai
on ny cao nht l 11,6% (2007), v thp nht 1,0% (2010). Trong khi , tc gia

tng li nhun lun mc cao, thp nht l 23,4% (2007) v cao nht l 24,9% (2010).
T th 2.1 c th thy r doanh thu rng ca cng ty lin tc tng t 344.759 triu la
vo nm 2007 ln mc 418.952 triu USD vo nm 2011. y chnh l nhng kt qu
cho thy Wal-mart ang s hu mt trong nhng chui cung ng tt nht th gii hin
nay.

Doanh thu rng nm ti chnh ca Wal-mart (2007-2011)