Dental Examination II-2006

1. Fatty acid oxidation provides energy under periods of stress and starvation. Which
one of the following is the primary substrate for fatty acid oxidation in the
mitochondrial matrix?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Fattyacyl carnitine.
Fattyacyl ACP.
Sphingomyelin.
Fattyacyl CoA.
Lecithin.

2. Lipid mobilization from adipose tissue entails

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol by lipoprotein lipase.

the conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids.
the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol by the hormone sensitive lipase.
the transport of album in-bound triacylglycerols in the blood.
conversion of beta-hydroxy-butyrate to fatty acids.

3. In fatty acid oxidation, the transport of fattyacyl carnitine from the intermembrane
space to the matrix is facilitated by
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Carnitine-Palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I)

Carnitine-Palmitoyl Transferase II (CPT-II)
Carnitine-fattyacyl carnitine transporter.
ATP-ADP exchange protein.
Citrate transporter.

4. In the fatty acids oxidation pathway of mitochondria, which of the following pair of
coenzymes are needed for oxidation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

NAD+ and NADP+

FAD+ and FMN
NAD+ and FAD
CoA and FMN
Lipoic acid and thiamine pyrophosphate.

5. Ketone bodies are an important source of energy for muscle function. Ketone bodies
are primarily produced in excess when
A.
B.
C.
D.

excess carbohydrate diet is ingested.

carbohydrate oxidation is limited because of deficiency of insulin.
fatty acid oxidation system is impaired.
insulin/glucagon ratio is high.

E. proteins are the only energy source.

6. The rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is the conversion of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA.

acetyl CoA to acetyl ACP.
acetyl ACP to malonyl ACP.
formation of acetoacetyl ACP.
Answers A, B, C and D are all incorrect.

7. Which of the following covalent or non-covalent modifications promote the activity

of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Conversion of polymeric ACC to the monomeric form.

Phosphorylation of monomeric ACC to give phosphorylated ACC.
Dephosphorylation of phosphorylated polymeric ACC by a phosphatase.
Depolymerization of ACC by excess citrate.

8. NADPH is the required reducing agent for the synthesis of fatty acid.
A. It is produced in the mitochondrial matrix from the cleavage reaction, which
utilizes citrate.
B. It is produced in a reaction in which malate is converted to pyruvate in the
cytosol.
C. It can be produced during glycolysis in the cytosol.
D. It is NADH and not NADPH, which is a required as coenzyme for fatty acid
synthesis.
9. Bicarbonate is one of the substrates essential for fatty acid synthesis. A liver extract
was incubated with acetyl CoA and 14HCO-3 and synthesized fatty acids were
extracted and analyzed for incorporated radioactivity. Which carbons of fatty acid are
likely to have radioactivity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

All odd numbered carbons.

All even numbered carbons.
All carbons.
None of the carbons.
Only the first carbon.

10. Chylomicrons
A.
B.
C.
D.

Are synthesized in the liver epithelial cells.

contain more Phospholipids than Triglycerides.
Are assembled in the intestinal epithelial cells.
Contain apo B-100 apolipoprotein.

E.

Are cleared by he liver through LDL receptors.

11. LDL (low density lipoprotein)

A. is synthesized by the liver and are cleared as such by the liver.
B. is produced through stepwise modification of VLDL and are then cleared by the
liver.
C. is produced by the stepwise modification of chylomicrons and then cleared by the
liver.
D. contains high concentrations of apoprotein apo B-48.
E. High concentration is a sign of good health.
12. Which of the following functions is not associated with HDL?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
13.

provides apo C-II to VLDL.

Provides apo E to cyylomicrons.
Removes membrane associated cholesterol from the peripheral tissues.
Converts cholesterol to cholesterol esters.
Converts Phospholipids to trglycerides.
Which one of the following processes is not considered to be an important in the
formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary artery disease?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Injury to the endothelial cells lining the intimae..

Transport of VLDL through the injured lining and its oxidation.
Formation of foam cells containing oxidized lipid.
Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells.
Formation of fibrous cap covering the lipid pool.

14.
The composition of inner mitochondrial membrane bilayer differs from many
other membranes. The distinctive feature of this bilayer is that it
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

is symmetrical in terms of type of Phospholipids.

Has higher percentage of lipids than proteins.
Has higher percentage of proteins than lipids.
Has equal percentage of proteins and lipids.
Has much higher percentage cholesterol than Phospholipids.

15.
Which one of the following statements is FALSE concerning facilitated diffusion
(transport) of a molecule across a membrane
A.
B.
C.
D.

requires a transporter.
Has high degree of specificity.
Is not saturable.
Does not require energy.

E. Transports molecules according to the concentration gradient.

16.

A peripheral membrane protein

A. Spans the lipid bilayer.
B. Consists

In mitochondrial electron transport which of the following is a is a direct acceptor of

electrons from complex II?
A. cytochrome c.
B. NAD.
C. cytochrome a3.
D. coenzyme Q.
E. hemoglobin.
Which of the following compounds is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation?
A. dinitrophenol
B. cyanide
C. atractyloside
D. oligomycin
E. antimycin A
Inhibition of complex IV in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is achieved most
directly by the action of
A. dinitrophenol
B. cyanide
C. atractyloside
D. oligomycin
E. antimycin A
In the transfer of electrons to oxygen via the electron transport chain, the greatest
contribution to the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane will be
obtained by transfer from a molecule of
A. NADH.
B. FADH2.
C. succinate.
D. cytochrome c
E. cytochrome a3

Which of the following contains sialic acid (N-acetyl neuraminic acid)?

A. tripalmitoyl glycerol
B. cholesterol
C. gangliosides
D. sphingomyelin
E. glucosyl ceramide
In Niemann-Pick disease there will be an accumulation of
A. esters of long chain fatty acids and long chain alcohols.
B. cholesterol esters.
C. gangliosides.
D. sphingomyelin.
E. glucosyl ceramide.
Which of the following types of molecule is an intermediate in the synthesis of
triglycerides?
A. acetyl choline
B. glycerol 3-phosphate
C. CDP-glycerol.
D. ganglioside
E. phosphatidyl choline
Diacylglycerol will be released from phosphatidyl compounds by the action of
phospholipase
A. A1
B. A2
C. B
D. C
E. E
In the malate-aspartate shuttle, the coenzyme that serves as the immediate electron
acceptor in the mitochondria is
A. NAD.
B. NADP.
C. FAD.
D. thiamine pyrophosphate.
E. lipoic acid.

In addition to the nucleus, DNA is found in

A. plasma membranes.
B. cytosol.
C. mitochondria.
D. lysosomes.
E. peroxisomes.
Oxidation of very long chain fatty acids in cells occurs in
A. plasma membranes.
B. cytosol.
C. nuclei.
D. lysosomes.
E. peroxisomes.
Which of the following enzymes would you expect to find primarily in the plasma
membrane of cells?
A. sodium/potassium ATPase
B. succinate dehydrogenase
C. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
D. cytochrome oxidase
E. RNA polymerase
Which is the dietary precursor of prostaglandins and other eicosanoid molecules?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

linoleic acid
oleic acid
alpha linolenic acid
palmitic acid
acetic acid

COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes have two catalytic activities. One such activity is
cyclooxygenase. What is the other enzymatic activity that COX-1 and COX-2 possess?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

polymerase
phosphatase
peroxidase
phospholipase
permease

What are some possible side effects associated with general NSAIDs?
A.

Possible side effects include gastrointestinal bleeding.

B.
Possible side effects include a higher probability of developing Raynauds
syndrome and asthma.
C.
Side effects are unknown.
D.
Possible side effects include painful urination and impaired reproductive
functions.
COX-1 and COX-2 are very similar in that they both produce prostaglandins. In what
ways are they different?
A.
B.
C.
D.

COX-1 is inflammatory while COX-2 is constitutive

COX-1 is inducible while COX-2 is constitutive
COX-1 is constitutive while COX-2 is informative
COX-1 is constitutive while COX-2 is inducible

1) Transamination of valine with pyruvate as the co-substrate generates

A) glutamate
B) alanine
C) 2-oxoglutarate
D) isoleucine
E) threonine

2) In the presence of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase and appropriate oxidation/reduction

cofactors, glutamate is converted into
A) oxaloacetate and ammonia
B) pyruvate and carbon dioxide (CO2)
C) oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA
D) 2-oxoglutarate (-ketoglutarate) and ammonia
E) pyruvate and ammonia

3) The rate determining step of the urea cycle

A) occurs at the plasma membrane
B) entails the condensation of citrulline and aspartate.
C) requires ammonia, bicarbonate, and ATP
D) produces ornithine and ammonia
E) entails the oxidation of glutamate to generate ammonia and 2-oxoglutarate (ketoglutarate)

4) Acute regulation of carbamoylphosphate synthetase I (CPS I) is by

A) N-acetylglutamte

B) transcription factors present in the nucleus

C) hippuric acid
D) glutamine
E) increasing replication of the CPS I gene

5) Carbon atoms of glycine or serine can become those of

A) glycogen as a result of glycolysis
B) glucose as a result of gluconeogenesis
C) palmitate as a result of - (beta-) oxidation
E) glutamate as a result of the reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase
E) oxaloscetate as a result of transamination followed by the tricarboxylic acid cycle

6) The rate-determining step of the degradation of leucine or isoleucine to produce acetyl-CoA is

catalyzed by a multi-enzyme complex that
A) is, in turn, regulated (directly) by energy requirements (i.e., ATP)
B) requires GTP for the decarboxylation of the first substrate
C) comprises two enzymes, a carboxylase and a decarboxylase
D) generates succinyl-CoA from propionyl-CoA
E) includes a regulatory protein kinase that is sensitive to hormones or nutritional state

7) Since carbon atoms from leucine or isoleucine can become those of acetyl-CoA (i.e., acetyl
moiety of acetyl-CoA), these carbon atoms can become those of
A) citrate as a result of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
B) pyruvate as a result of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
C) glucose, as a result of acetyl-CoA entering the gluconeogenic pathway
D) glycogen as a result of gluconeogenesis followed by glycogen synthesis
E) glucose, as a result of the glycolytic pathway

8) Phenylketonuria can result from a blockage in

A) the formation of ketone bodies
B) the conversion of propionyl-CoA into succinyl-CoA
C) the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine
D) the conversion of histidine into formiminoglutamate
E) the formation of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA

9) A non-invasive test for folic acid entails examining for

A) elevated blood sugar
B) excessive ketone bodies in the urine

C) ketone bodies in expired air

D) excretion of nitric oxide (NO) in the urine
E) excretion of formiminoglutamate in the urine

10) Creatine is formed from

A) glycine and methionine
B) glycine, arginine, and S-adenosyl-L methionine
C) serine and methionine
D) serine and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
E) serine and homocysteine

11) The second messenger nitric oxide (NO)

A) is generated from serine as a result of a series of reduction reactions involving
tetrahydrobiopterin
B) has been found to persist in the circulation for several months
C) is generated from arginine as a result of a series of oxidation reactions
D) is produced from reactions occurring in the mitochondria and involving lysine
E) modulates a protein kinase, similar to cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP

12) The basis for the actions of the drug Sildenafil (Viagra) is
A) its ability to increase heart rate
B) its actions on the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin
C) its actions to raise blood pressure
D) its actions that increase the effectiveness of cyclic GMP
E) its ability to down regulate cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase