SOLVIG FOR THE ROOTS OF f(x)=0

INCREMENTAL SEARCH METHOD

EXAMPLE 1
Find the root of f(x)=x3-3x2+2x-.375. Use 1x10-6 as tolerance
x

x1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1

f(x1)
-0.474
-0.567
-0.648
-0.711
-0.75
-0.759
-0.732
-0.663
-0.546
-0.375
-0.144

0.01

2.1

0.01

x+x1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2

f(x+x1)
-0.567
-0.648
-0.711
-0.75
-0.759
-0.732
-0.663
-0.546
-0.375
-0.144
0.153

-0.144

2.11

-0.11737

2.11

-0.11737

2.12

-0.09007

0.01

2.12

-0.09007

2.13

-0.0621

0.01

2.13

-0.0621

2.14

-0.03346

0.01

2.14

-0.03346

2.15

-0.00413

0.01

2.15

-0.00413

2.16

0.025896

0.001

2.15

-0.00413

2.151

-0.00115

f(x1)*f(x+x
1)
0.268758
0.367416
0.460728
0.53325
0.56925
0.555588
0.485316
0.361998
0.20475
0.054
-0.022032
0.0169011
36
0.0105716
61
0.0055937
41
0.0020777
18
0.0001380
06
0.0001068
2
4.76045E06

EXAMPLE 2
Find the root of f(x)=sin x + cos (1+x2)-1. Use 1x10-5 as tolerance.
x

x1

f(x1)

x+x1

f(x+x1)

0.1

1.5

-0.99663

1.6

-0.91416

0.1

1.6

-0.91416

1.7

-0.74111

0.1

1.7

-0.74111

1.8

-0.48117

f(x1)*f(x+x
1)
0.9110871
56
0.6774946
38
0.3565972
93

0.1

1.8

-0.48117

1.9

-0.15591

0.1

1.9

-0.15591

0.19296

0.01

1.9

-0.15591

1.91

-0.12122

0.01

1.91

-0.12122

1.92

-0.08634

0.01

1.92

-0.08634

1.93

-0.05131

0.01

1.93

-0.05131

1.94

-0.0162

0.01

1.94

-0.0162

1.95

0.018949

0.001

1.94

-0.0162

1.941

-0.01268

0.001

1.941

-0.01268

1.942

-0.00917

0.001

1.942

-0.00917

1.943

-0.00565

0.0750188
36
0.0300843
5
0.0189001
65
0.0104666
17
0.0044303
3
0.0008310
71
0.0003069
0.0002054
05
0.0001162
67
5.18269E05

BISECTION METHOD
EXAMPLE 1
Find the root of f(x)=x3-2x-2. a=1 and b=2. Use 0.01 as tolerance.
a

1
1.5
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.765625

x
2
2
2
1.875
1.8125
1.78125
1.78125

EXAMPLE 2

f(x)

1.5
1.75
1.875
1.8125
1.78125
1.765625
1.773438

-1.625
-0.14063
0.841797
0.329346
0.089142
-0.02703
0.030729

Find the roos of f(x )= x sin x ( 2 ). Use 1x10-5 as tolerance.

a

b
1
1
1.25
1.375

x
2
1.5
1.5
1.5

1.5
1.25
1.375
1.4375

f(x)
0.002505
-0.19898
-0.10589
-0.05363

1.4375
1.46875
1.484375
1.492188
1.496094
1.496094
1.495118
1.496582

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.498047
1.498047
1.498047

1.46875
1.484375
1.492188
1.496094
1.498047
1.497071
1.496583
1.497315

-0.02605
-0.01189
-0.00472
-0.00112
0.000692
-0.00021
-0.00066
1.31E-05

FALSE POSITION (REGULA-FALSI) METHOD

EXAMPLE 1
Find the root f(x)=x*cos[(x)/(x-2)]. a =1 and b=1.5
a

f(a)
1
1.1333888
1.19408058
1.21452024
1.22014602
1.22156754
1.22191762
1.22200327
1.22202418

b
0.540302306
0.294608968
0.106321611
0.029852038
0.007581534
0.00186948
0.00045749
0.000111744
2.72815E-05

f(b)
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

-1.484988745
-1.484988745
-1.484988745
-1.484988745
-1.484988745
-1.484988745
-1.484988745
-1.484988745
-1.484988745

EXAMPLE 2
Find the roots of f(x)=(x-2)2-ln x. a=1 and b=2. Use 1x10 -5 as tolerance.
a

f(a)
1
1.59061611
1.28454785
1.48050773

b
1
-0.296526261
0.261464991
-0.122512877

f(b)
2
2
2
2

-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181

1.36897484
1.43727541
1.39719217
1.42132974
1.40701418
1.4155824
1.41048189
1.41352801
1.41171233
1.41279584
1.4121497
1.41253518
1.41230526
1.41244241

0.084130575
-0.046090279
0.028912641
-0.016733601
0.01016232
-0.005997115
0.00360019
-0.002139322
0.001279003
-0.000761885
0.000454829
-0.000271173
0.0001618
-9.64965E-05

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181
-0.693147181

3.5
37.17347
20.64566
15.04712
14.06928
14.03564
14.0356
14.0356

X1
-1.571428571
0.607348731
0.253956887
0.048332956
0.001687651
2.02262E-06
2.90312E-12
0

Newton Raphson Method

EXAMPLE 1
Find the root of f(x)=2x3-2.5x-5. Use x=1.
x

f(x)

1
2.57142857
1.96407984
1.71012295
1.66179
1.66010235
1.66010032
1.66010032

f`(x)

-5.5
22.57725948
5.243106962
0.727271933
0.02374403
2.83887E-05
4.0747E-11
0

Example 2
Find the root of f(x)=x4-x-10. Use x=2.
x

f(x)
2
1.87096774
1.8557807
1.85558456
1.85558453
1.85558453

f`(x)
4
0.382674568
0.004818128
7.94894E-07
1.95399E-14
0

X1
31
25.19744
24.56466
24.55655
24.55655
24.55655

0.129032258
0.01518704
0.000196141
3.23699E-08
7.95711E-16
0

INVERSE OF A MATRIX

ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
EXAMPLE 1

| |

1 2 3
A= 0 4 5
1 0 6

A11 =

A21=-

| |
| |
| |
4 5
0 6

= 24

2 3 =12
0 6

A22=

2 3 =2
4 5

A31=

24
5 4
2
A= 12 3
2 5 2
EXAMPLE 2

3 1 1
A= 2 2 0
1 2 1

A32=-

| |
| |
| |

A12=-

0 5 =5
1 6

1 3 =3
1 6

1 3 =5
0 5

A-1 =

| |
| |
| |

A13 =

0 4
1 0

1 2 =2
1 0

A23=-

1 2 =2
0 4

A33=

24 12 2
5
3 5
4
2
2

= -4

A11 =

A21=-

A31=

| |
| |
| |
2 0
2 1

=2

1 1 =1
2 1

A22=

1 1 =2
2 0

A32=-

2
2
6
A= 1 2 5
2 2 8

| |
| |
| |

3 1 =2
1 1

A23=-

3 1 =2
2 0

A33=

| |
| |
| |

2 0 =2
1 1

A12=-

A-1 =

A13 =

2 2
1 2

=6

3 1 =5
1 2

3 1 =8
2 2

2 1 2
2 2 2
6 5 8

Gauss-Jordan
EXAMPLE 1

1 3 4
2
1 3
A=
0 2 1

( A|I ) =

2R2 &

| )

1 3 4 1 0 0
2 1 3 0 1 0
0 2 1 0 0 1

1
29 R3

R2+2R1 & R2-3R3

1 3 4 1 0 0
0 1 14 2 1 3
0 2 1 0 0 1

R3-

1 3 4 1
0
0
0 1 14 2
1
3
0 0 1 4 /29 2/29 7/29

( |

R2-14R3 & R1-4R3

1 3 0 13/ 29 8 /29 28/29

0 1 0 2/ 29
1/29 11 /29
0 0 1 4 /29
2/29 7/29

( |

1 0 0 7 /29 11 /29 5/29

0 1 0 2 /29
1/29
11 /29
0 0 1 4 /29
2/29 7 /29

R1-3R2

7 11 5
1
1
11
A-1= 29 2
4
2 7

EXAMPLE 2

A=

| |
1 2 3
2 5 3
1 0 8

( A|I ) =

( | )
1 2 31 0 0
2 5 30 1 0
1 0 80 0 1

R2+2R1 & R3-R1

1 2
3 1 0 0
0 1 3 2 1 0
0 2 5 1 0 1

R3+2R2

1 2 3 1 0 0
0 1 3 2 1 0
0 0 1 5 2 1

( |

1 2 0 14 6
3
0 1 0 13 5 3
0 0 1 5
2 1

-1R3

R1-2R2

1 2 3 1
0
0
0 1 3 2 1
0
0 0 1 5 2 1

( |

1 0 0 40 16 9
0 1 0 13 5 3
0 0 1 5
2 1

R1-3R3 & R2+3R3

40 16 9
13 5 3
A-1 =
5
2 1

DETERMINANTS

MINORS & COFACTORS

EXAMPLE 1

2 3 4
A= 1 5 1
5 0 3

| |
5 1
3

D= (-1)1+1 (2) 0

+ (-1)1+2

| |

( 3 ) 1 1
5 3

+ (-1)1+3(4)

| |
1 5
5 0

D=2 [(5)(3)-(0)(1)] - (3) [(-1)(3)-(5)(1)] + (4)[(-1)(0)-(5)(5)

D= 30+24-100
D=-46
EXAMPLE 2

1 2 3
A= 1 0 1
2 2 1

D= (-1)2+1 (-1)

| |
2 3
2 1

+ (-1)2+2 (0)

D= (1)[(2)(1)-(2)(-3)] + 0 (1) [(1)(2)-(-2)(2)]

D=8 + 0 -6
D=2

PIVOTAL ELEMENT METHOD

EXAMPLE 1

1 3
2 1

+ (-1)2+3 (1)

| |
1 2
2 2

A=

1 4 9
8 5 2
3 7 0

D = (-1)1+1

D=1

5( 4 ) (8) 2( 9 )( 8)
7( 4 ) (3) 0 ( 9 ) (3)

27 74
5 27

D=[(-27)(-27)-(-5)(-74)]
D= 359

EXAMPLE2

3 7 5
9
6 2
A=
6 8 1

D = (-1)3+3

D=1

3( 5 ) (6) 7( 5 )(8)
9( 2 ) (6) 6( 2 ) (8)

33 41
21 10

D=[(33)(-10)-(21)(-41)]
D= 531

LAPLACE DEVELOPMENT
EXAMPLE 1

2 1 1
3
2
1
A=
5
0 2

D= (-1)1+2+1+2 (-2)

2 1
3 2

+ (-1)1+2+1+3 (0)

2 1
3 1

+ (-1)1+2+2+3 (5)

1 1
2
1

D= (-2)[(2)(2)-(-3)(-1)] + 0 + (5) [(-1)(1)-(2)(-1)]

D= -2 + 0 +5
D=3
EXAMPLE 2

3
1
7
0
A= 10 9
6 21 2

D= (-1)1+2+1+2 (-2)

| |
3 1
10 9

+ (-1)1+2+1+3 (21)

| |
3 7
10 0

+ (-1)1+2+2+3 (-6)

| |
1 7
9 0

D= (-2)[(3)(9)-(10)(1)] (21)[(3)(0)-(10)(7)] -(6) [(1)(0)-(9)(7)]

D= -34+1470+378
D=1814

COMPLEX NUMBERS

ARGAND PLANE/CARTESIAN PLANE

EXAMPLE 1
Plot the complex number 10-4i on the argand plane.

(10,-4)

EXAMPLE2
Plot the complex number -24-48i on the argand plane.

(-24,-48)

POLAR FORM
EXAMPLE 1
Find the polar form and represent graphically the complex number 75i.
r=

72 +(5)2

r=

49+25

r=

74

r=8.6

=tan 1
r=8.6

5
7

=35.54
7-5i

=36035.54=324.5

32.5

7-5i=8.6( cos 324.5 i sin

EXAMPLE 2

Represent 2i2 graphically and write it in polar form.

2
2
r= ( 2) +( 2)

r=

2+ 2

r=2

=tan 1

2
2

=45
2i2
=360 45 =315
2i2=2( cos 315+i sin 315 )

Operation on complex numbers

Perform the indicated operation.
1.) (25+32i)+(50+37i)= (25+50)+i(32+37)= 75+69i
2.) (10+45i)(21+23i)= (10*21)+(10*23i)+(21*23i)+(45i*23i) =
210+713i+1035i2=-825+713i
3.) (15-21i)-(-12+4i)=(15+12)+i(-21-4)=27-25i
4.)

43 i
26 i
2
(43 i) 2+6 i
830 i+18 i 1030 i 13 i
=
=
=
=
26 i
40
4
( 2+ 6 i)
436 i 2

5.) (4-12i)(8+10i)=(4+8)+i(-12+10)=12-2i
6.) (12+8i)-(23-12i)=(12+23)+i(8-12)=35-4i
7.) (4+2i)(1+i)=(4*1)+(4*i)+(2i*1)+(2i*i)=4+6i+2i2=2=6i
MATRIX

ADDITION
EXAMPLE 1

| |

| |

| |

| |

2 45 8
3 6 7
23 5 12

4 3 15
51 5 7
2 7 2

6 48 23
54 11 14
35 12 15

EXAMPLE 2

10 4 16
6 12 54
51 5 13

23 0 23
62 1 3
12 34 1

33 4 39
68 13 57
63 39 14

SUBRACTION
EXAMPLE 1

| |

34 35 1
5 29 58
8 27 28

| |

24 35 21
85 12 2
94 57 3

10
0 20
80 17 56
86 84 31

EXAMPLE 2

| |

67 85 35
36 24 85
32 46 15

| |

85 13 75
82 15 86
63 95
2

MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE 1

|2 5 9|

| |
0 8 5
7 6 4
2 1 2

|26 85 45|

EXAMPLE 2

2 5 7
1 6 8

| |
3 5
3 3
7 9

70 88
77 95

18 98 40
118
9
1
31 141 13

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
EXAMPLE 1
3x+4y+5z=18
2x-y+8z=13
5x-2y+7z=20

|)
|)

3 4 5 18
2 1 8 13
5 2 7 20

1
5 3 5
0 11 14 3
0 27 22 5

-5R2+2R3

R2-R2

| )

1
5 3 5
0
1
26 25
0 27 22 5

|)

1 5 3 5
2 1 8 13
5 2 7 20

R2-2R1 & R3-5R1

R1-5R2 & R3+27R2

| )

1 0 127 130
0 1
26 25
0 0 680 680

R3 /680

| )

1 0 127 130
0 1 26 25
0 0 1 1

R1-127R3 & R2+26R3

( |)
1 0 03
0 1 01
0 0 11

So x=3, y=1 and z=1.

EXAMPLE 2
2x-2y=-6
x-y+z=1
3y-2z=-5

|)
|)

2 2 0 6
1 1 1 1
0 3 2 5

1/ 2 R
1

1 1 0 3
0 0
1 4
0 3 2 5

R2 R3

|)

1 1 0 3
1 1 1 1
0 3 2 5

-R1+R2

(
(

|)
| )

1 1 0 3
0 3 2 5
0 0
1 4

1 0 2/3 14 /3
0 1
0
1
0 0
1
4

1/3 R2

2/3R3+R1

| )

1 1
0
3
0 1 2 /3 5 /3
0 0
1
4

( |)
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 4

So x=-2, y=1 and z=4.

CRAMERS RULE
4x+5y-2x=-14
7x-y+2z=42
3x+y+4z=28

4 5 2
D= 7 1 2 =-16+30-14-6-8-140=-154
3 1
4
14 5 2
Dx= 42 1 2
=56+280-84-56+28-840=-616
28
1
4
4 14 2
2
Dy= 7 42
3 28
4

=672-84-392+252-224+392=616

4 5 14
Dz= 7 1 42
3 1
28

= -112+630-98-42-168-980=-770

2/3 R3+R2 & R2+R1

x=

Dx
616
=
154 =4
D

y=

Dy
616
=
154 =-4
D

z=

Dz
770
=
154
D

=5
EXAMPLE 2
X+2y+3z=-5
3x+y-3z=4
-3x+4y+7z=-7

1 2 3
D= 3 1 3 =1(7+12)-2(21-9)+3(12+3)=40
3 4 7
5 2 3
Dx= 4 1 3
7 4 7
1 5 3
4 3
Dy= 3
3 7 7
1 2 5
Dz= 3 1 4
3 4 7

x=

=-5(7+12)-2(24+21)+3(16-7)=-40

=1(24-21)+5(21-9)+3(-21+12)=40

= 1(-7-16)-2(-21-9)-5(12+3)=-80

Dx
40
=
40 =-1
D

y=

Dy
40
=
40 =1
D

z=

Dz
80
=
40 =-2
D