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    Luhmann - Operation Closure (1992) PDF

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    Steven Williams

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    Lima, Niklas, « Operational Closure and siratural Coupling :TheDiferetation of the ‘Legal System», Cardoro Law Reve, 13, 1982, pp, 14191441 OPERATIONAL CLOSURE AND STRUCTURAL ‘COUPLING: THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ‘THE LEGAL SYSTEM ‘Niklas Labmann® Mainstream systems theory conceives of systems ws “open #7 tens! feeding upon exchanges with tha environment. These cx ‘Snges can be srutured and ited tothe needs ofthe system by ‘eating tt “inputs” and “output.” This concept of open a7 ‘uh been the answer ft from bslgsts and then rom sci- (Gis to the aps of thermadyams and tothe probity of decay Fithe seve of vanishing ferences, The problem was how to ave {his probebity tat I, ow o reverse ths tendency towards oo LWoprcand above all bow to explain a world which i cbvoualy able to bail ep onder and to mastannepentropy. ‘Since {fw presupposes closed aytens, open systems semed tobe the oo tion However an anoying question fein: What a syste? OF tore to the pont, How doe astm peat 90 that tan be alle fn open syren'? Or, if a stem depends upon its environment ‘what Prevents a owing confsion between system and envionment Ted agin, thermodynamic decay? The eariet eaponte,faionable during the 1950s and seeped, ‘existance by Teleott Parson, wast formulae the problem one Stam maintenance ce boundary maintenance’ The amewer w= hare apncm thet canot fll the requis of system maintenance Inline let ad wil no longer be avaible for invesation “This led oa revival of weology (ihe new brand name wa uectiona- {am tnd agains m we how ftom the fous Moléeqve calming power of opium, 10 2 tautloglcal reformulation of the prolem. Fence, we slay with our qoeon: What Kind of operations produce {Be uly ofthe optem with heeft that ican moan el, chat continu to operate and maintain connections to its environmen? Flow ae wet wodestand fat here someting that can sleet i+ ‘Bos and outs and yarviveiiting information about ts emiron- Font acording to internal need) * Eotonates Gotan ten op Aco centr ame 100 CARDOZO LAW REVIEW [Vol 131819, ‘Recalling all thee atterps to avo the fate of entropy, he he cory of viopite sltepcoducng eyes docs nt elavent the idea Pomplteslfcatation In empl ulation.” Thin should be ob Soar "The descpion ofa system ak autopoctic as foram a Upeatinaly ses fer tothe network of operation and oto ‘He texaly ofall epi! conditions tat the word, The qe ttn aot how a yen can malta sl witout ay exvronmen Cropper, Rati, wht kind of operon enable astm to form sleprodcingnatwock whch rein exclsvel’ on slg trated infortion aod is capable of dtingastinginteral neds ffom what ses a envroamertal problems The acsver to longer dguscdtutlogy bot en cbions one, The uty ofthe sytem produced By the stem ile” The ‘hethdologia tsk bsomes to “nfs giana wouk a) 8 {tutlogys aed th as tobe dove y epallyetiying the oper loos hich produce ané reproduce the uy ofthe sate or ex {inp the Bchemialprocttes whi «vig cel. Ti woud be eat fo advance from here by ditinglsing between subj and objector scetie pees and reies Bue fst ake ano ook atthe qenton of how a sytem prodee Oe nigh doe fer ion two the oeston or, what re the syste condition of sing this que Ula or simply, sieeve tthe nate sae ot seme ternal un Peehape fre the famous subject or simply another yen? This technique of reterve qetoning disoies—or should 1 say, decnstruce?—the itntion Between subject and eject and [Eble ux withthe aston of "observing pate” in he double sens ofthe English tng form We ours tay be cbr 3% fine observing oberg sens; and our quien fenann Are ‘Ermaltaning.sereprodtcing systems newer cverving 3° fen, able fo dinghies from thie environment? How San they maintain theraler i they cannot dinguh themselves Sd what Ts the operational bas for this alfaberation? fs the ee ieee see cea Wee nn ces ep a ‘mnie 1992] CLOSURE & STRUCTURAL COUPLING 2 clasic poten of referec (a condon of using a ith) seaFeL iter ocurred in gueion ee pntagash berm mites ed veal tena? Fee daer sree se mat suche anton snd Mo Te Sfp The denon brea were Sim APs ic ny ney a tera dition Bet oe carl en aufrion Wine era exile = sa Fey cnc Aad eapey wat tod of open 7o- serra a sien tin he yen a8 ey em and Tec wba gan Woe owe ok pS Re eP pe or sew anf the psi “Ulsan eomey te tpein of big uence cm at pmol! eet nl But my tent ae cher unin th one operant Fa ent fo dental aso te sare ee tam yo nay iu the pote could take ie oa ed Je Sane wd Jao Dene of One So Seen na owe mncon or eta with die Sr eer own ik dato nd et at, we cole Staelin! cers mune ae lens se er tp wich dave te cael pvp of SY {i nology eemizng goeston and ewes Sera usenet Who mt et wha oe eGR Gaangue a om tenet? The pea operational lures ode an anaes quien) ep ser a ot exp sng te Se a aes er atl Grit The te is ae scl Secon” Bay explo tery wl Bae 1 (docrtc how systems coe withthe problems of eovsre and ert natok be done in causal terms you continue Yo oF ~uestions of Sir queias of operational closte—or Sire aaret tenn queons of caulty and questions of refer ee sh may observe other things with other insrumens, But you ‘aot follow this arte. 7 aa pal Pram nomen, Gas Oma Lens ay Ear ayes am [ L SS SSem Pian caw nto om E 142 (CARDOZO LAW REVIEW u Wo. 1419 We are now ready to start on our may through te legal sytem, that ready to meet the ir bac. "Te fat surpie wl beth the famous protagonists of operational close at te fevel of genera Systems teary strongly rect apliation soil sates. Hen VorFoestct finds thi iden thocking?” ‘nor would. Humberto Motarana aod Francitco Varela oi in cling socal systems auto- pei systems. ‘Why not? Theanewer i easy. Not being sociologists thse au- ‘hors hi of soil systema coming of cores people, did Uns with boden and minds “OF couse, is impowibl to ait the lose of seca systems which include the reproduction of molecules {neal oro eden tod, oo thoughts in minds as socal oper tions within the sot aptem." But tis stake simply points to Uoeaploved poses of carfcatio, We hiveto be veq pre ia dining thetpe of operation which reproduce, within Coed net trork oft ownprodacton the wit ofa social sytem, This pe Ton can never be detaed es the Biochemical production of Wie, nor (asin be defined a the reproduction of thoughts by thooghts within, ‘he interna darken of Conscious system" The operation we are Tooking for can only be communication Tn fac, the theory of autpoiete systems could bear the tle Taking Individuals Seriuay, certainly mote seriously than ou b ‘anil tation. Taken av an ndidual, no human being cat be fart ey oer systema, Coes frequent ss ts pot Arhor Jacotcn fr ns sates tht entany the common law GE aot the entinntl Ine) icles “(he ole and neds of the ivi” ‘Ba asta, the portion ofthe individual i Both versions dos not (ier tll Jasobeon goes on fo sy that: tne Canaan oe aon te Dees "" Beate een oa lca oo ‘shin eg cutie Pagel ct ec Tec des doen” G8 cnc WF ce ha Se ane Wane ‘se se ean mp ey Sa ig abe © ue Ai ey a Gi oe Guat Ogee, Sm oe ‘haben ene ene de tm Eom Aaron Seer tegue fortran Tanke Towa Conant Sane 1992] CLOSURE & STRUCTURAL COUPLING 1423 “IndvidaaEgure i the common a only inthe barter they cite Siatcuron onze ova the vos expendi eae cater norms, Thence epling poms 7 FOS $2 eertuce Gone, emote) tvard the ale hres oat maa. Onl te dpa chara in Ineactoe ates “Tis canbe translated as: Only communication mates breast stems are sock ys! ‘eget ‘Dat why communication? Commsniston it one. of those rare ‘type af operation that hat the capaity to solve the. of sel ‘Tielecndence™ Seem at an operation, t cannot leave the society as aanereeat integrates commnictins, fr 0 rem AD OP (ete of fo own boundaries, and commenicaion cannot be SxS Srmunication. Dot starving isl and the ensuing spem of Communication, the obeving operation nets, similar to Fite {ign dnnction batweencomsmuniation nd nor-communiaton, eee or aod environment |The communica syste 1 OF 1 5 —-SGETESE iting depending on whether yoo (rth system tel) ob caeeeras ehopraing or an tneving ste, The eolsonay soe= SEE Siskniate tens” depends upon introducing the | ‘ifcence beowen yee and envionment into the spteay—a “Te rey of the form into the form” in the words of George Spencer Brown” "OF couse, the concep of communication fis to be adapted ‘his ak bonne me now, eiferest concepts make diferent di Stone nd iit dino pak ieent ere. Com EISEN Sannot be defined as eomamnicative action becuse ‘Mould regi the unthinkable: an actor withet bod) aed mind aU i cabot be dened aptrasiesionof:mesageo°fformaton ‘Situ tls would presppose non-ranted codes tad shared {ane fom which information selected.” Tn any ese, comment a ea aw ne nea Senn sop, ae eri np ccna prem vee a tse i sot how mm arin a. Ely a ps nd Como EW BOE malariae hy eon neerwangarniae eg ine CARDOZO LAW REVIEW (Yoh 181619 cuton shoul ot be hough of nding someing—the ee ice obit fai ration ected a ‘Sonu. Rate commento ee oe a omer Sip of tm 1 hed oronopse nework of open which Shu et em conte ie Gua) a eel cokene (norte). Commoner SSeS aby ing vet vos ly aren! distinction Seren ate and intone aen a cogent ees “iiss ages peat nese te ett prevns Nopeand soit frre, ‘Wea we ein tose hon f ommaneton wee siaey noe pte Ons tated se eng pee sneer tbe open of cemmoncaon pris the sot Sms the xcoapang ‘tm of oie. an sowed he Bonen fe werd scy—othing re ad stig ee Ecrecrcanl raneverk podocs scl conept of oe tthe Sedan of emratiecmmnations reposng oman Stony commancsen Chen the pret ate of lon, is Shy bts porn se twenty sce Bat how 1 {Reo here i te soy toprol cll ate SoS grt, can we Cone spt wine sos ste Beisel sens arse Blo het forte orion of Taster iain weston outema hy ca ako Coe Meenzon wutopite gt, Scola oay hve ota gb Sift newbie, fsck ar ope re, ivf te wil poe can be sropote ptena sol Con thre bc mop Wiha core wis Sed yeah Rod wht ety dow met inthis xe oie ou poh eg steno soci ate win the sca em ruby eset A dcp of he {Rayon ot sept sc weld eget he {ta itm nly eminem prone ‘The environment can eventually destroy the system, but it contributes. i in os tebe et oa ‘Sen uesne thee ent oe pet ‘te operon arent ected by Foe | _ instore ous ie stone rr dered ste Haibane sce tlee ee pomor te emerge f Tock Segre ofan sities bin te el ‘uten oo covmuniaiea a iscwn sl opera en tat ts ifn log cploving pc ico Tt ah ove ie fata fow sf ommtason roming he ener of he 1992) CLOSURE & STRUCTURAL COUPLING 1428 lye oi of oun dos ot ean hat ea ten Sele CA Stes on tows tei. On te Stay ak ose ovcm wines i as sn way deed aa FEW Sarthcren sachs auem wold be ble di Fi ee an tie cera meres of + a re secon se wa Se eae fraying wh eset fe singing efor overruling, Ir would even be unable a we shale, tosparte Sideepual Gerad ses and interest (external iste As a soci ‘Sut within he social ye reproduces society by communi ‘Se Trees no seme in eparting in and society af thee were oo gerent objets and ot eren good vente in treating the soit 2 te envzonment of Teal stn. Te eal ten uel i a Fu em dont simply pend oo ‘Beat wars Tvl vor ad iepimaton, bat an next ‘Bac par ofthe nctwork tat reproduce the voce by rearival a ng commnceaton with communication. Neverteles tbe (arte ew clonal este producing sown operations, ts OW ‘ete an own boundats by fom operations nt by 46 sing any eater detention nc, of eure, any extra lin Sioa anasoerer To pt it even more pointedly jst beans dhe Weapon penis art ofthe socal network f soci oper ‘ES Theat seein ooking forester youre of dein land eon As part of the ola syste be legal t= [Sesettoruzing determining system. Tete noting se, no ira etm ht could do the J m Reviewers anders of systems theory who wart with diferent concep framework or fr the mort pat, Witbout anj—ee ROO ‘Soa unable to deal the hard questions. They normally operate ithe level of supertilpanailt ral 2nd Po: Sure" by of oe a RH improbable evolutionsy achievement ‘Fie pent to Obvioo causal connertions and to aprtant historical ep Foti! corespondenses betwen the socetal sytem and the ‘Moat syatem, Frachen socket of he pst, of couse, had a difer. EEE hun modern socety, andthe consttinal reais ia he Wi ra nal, Gomes RE a SCR Oe gina aS rs WET 126 CARDOZO LAW REVIEW (Vol. 131819 United States fer fom conatutiona eles in Brazil. No doubt, ut algo, no ebjetion. it ahould be posible to cacas a theory at he Seve fits ove probleme I slmost fel the empiaton fo real the romante 060 EF cotigue™—and these problems are more serious and more dif. than eetiqu aiming a reetion woold ever imagine. Asin allexses operation! closure, the pobien show vo define he operation tht Gifreriaes tie sem and organises te dflrence between sem nd onsroment whe maining resprocity between dependence ‘ha independence This indeed isa most aca question; te hee prolem oft theory ofthe legal syste ‘Within the tadsionl framework of functionals and dvson cof labor one Would tend to pln to 9 specie funetion, and thi ‘ain pest ofthe teh The arsine lea este ay te de fie at pring ind maltanig counter facta] expectations in ite of dseppoietments2/ The commiaistion ofthis inteaton (0 ‘ratan Ones own expeiation eves i they are pot fled (ati, {o ele to lean fom fac) ues the syiels of norm, forex ltnple, the word “should” DBC dss wot sulle for lg = {ten becaue there Me any nonega norms, andthe concept of ntion sel suggests looking fr funconaleqivalenis and asking the quaton of wheter laring would ot be the betes (rat ast © fclionally equivalent ato eau he sytem with stable expect tions, As we kwthis qcsion had been answered By recourse 1” afie and Asiatotlan otis which teach only how to aveié errs ‘vith rtpct tothe good a the objective faction. Nowadays, people Took for moral rules or vues f found the lel system in nolegl omecine famous delinek WedeeHabemmas tine of “lepine tion or the American dactasion of moral aspiration ver oi al intent 8s gdeline for an interpretation of the canstitution, My ‘vice would be. to erask such guetions—or (0 "decorsrut” ‘hot-and to replace fem withthe guration of bow the sytem or- {ans sows clovare, tow soc auton, and is own uae ‘yin Fulling is faction ‘gal reasoning ues the dtinction between norms and fs > ES oe 1992) CLOSURE & STRUCTURAL COUPLING 1427 tween acemative and cogsitve expectations thas o know in which ‘Seu iris apposed to lara (dd somebody kil another wom?) re stich rapect not Gal she bave been lle). Legs et re au would ot pe eong very wel by conesing these questions, In TEMES tn aye is normaly closed and cognitively open at She sane ie? Bt he ston Bat ata hat oar in advance of every specie operation) which norms are ‘Seems od when norms re simply ofnins ints eminent fo PeRe terol images of economic ond ecclogieal ratinality. Tn SREP the teal sptem ha to organize the Test valiity of sete said represented ara ceculating symbol, moved by lege Rov onc end wth coninaly siting contents, The rear. $8 Setpoiate network of reprodocing normative expectation with SIESSENo normative expectations uss the dsingiing rack of Tp salty Acceptble lea reaoning hus o reste ite legal BBL (cleding rms of moval standards refered 10 BF legal “ccm, profesional sound practice and so on Thi show cl- Te Rcopnzed or observed” the ter (every legal thors ‘i tnmetiately recoguine HLA. Hat's econday rus of orn Tan Homeves, ns dee not gute satifctorly explain how co fre is prodesed inthe fst place “Te sacar hat actualy ognize the antopoiet of he 2 erm ‘inuy code that the continuous accel of ect Japa ight and prong. This coves str ieral stoctre, To BeractNomehing Meal dos not ea that itblong to the envror see he aya We hove to diferente the ditinction between ‘iflcseence and external reference on th one hand, and Teal end ftp onthe otuee™ Merve, the cede ofthe pte is ot «norm em Gomrton would only lead to the peradoiea question of ‘ieecher th sineton berwoen legal and gai el eal oe Wim accion atari aac Sete can seers ne ee bt oct cmsprmi ha core tn gta EE ASS Sem ty CARDOZO LAW REVIEW [ol. 131419 as a, The cade is simply a rule of atebation and connection, If be ream aes wheter something is egal or egal, the ommanica ‘Bon belongs tthe legal peter, and if not then net There is 20 farmer seston and ne eae sole sorting of topic sd com ‘Mumeasors sy eloagiog or aot to the logal ster: Hi a prey [Eetal matters The question of eat so ot picked up incom ‘Burien andy thi vey face he communication ke par {he resume eetwor of egal communieation™™ Nobody, not ere the loa sjtem, can eff sk the question. Tt may, of oun be oul avo esking the question by suppresing commision, Tit lepa pte can expand or sbi according to soit Visine; ths ahr dos nochange the rule of stelbution and conection, i imply changes its range of application Téeniying ise by te inary code, and itngising et rom, ins caveonment by the spotty tat cade the eal tem knows of 15 fundamental orm (Grandnorm) eepresoting ts unity within he owls sytem Thar sno wy fo ntrduce the unity ofthe sem intothe system, The system isan open-ended, ongolag concern so tory segung feo die how fo allocate ts psive or nes {ie ave! The forestion nepeesatesdecslons end thereby frther partons, and Gecions rae the construction of normative res (Grozrams) to connect them int nemork foe reproducing decom forte then ave purely nerel craton serving the selgenerted Dad ofthe system for dsson criteria without any coresponding “nile” tems fits envionment. Nothing eb is meest by "aut ovale” Histol, hte sn begining exept an alvays reseed [Ecuant p tment ‘imply a eel, recip cag of the code and propams. ‘Only the proracs havea noamatve satus and convey @ normative (Gun) tolconctte expectations They serve the fancton of the sy om oiges oy nine fm We ai ea at Mine etne Seon La Hee a erat cham Scbstnd cto cement 2 ve) CLOSURE A STRUCTURAL COUPLING 09 te Teor aye etre ee ea ed haere oe Hirt Misaeoe toe (ea ee oa tty km 9 1 ga Nntit ue esata s/h oor | SSRIS RLY ee Sage fc | guitare ihn mec ae | orn de ere ee cae ete camnen in | Gghtecnth and nineteenth centuries, and it was the unavoidable con | See ad cr ia reed Pte ses a eee om ee Ota lcm a es me ing moon hse ye el eles eee me i ean ct ip, re Bete a eo eee teed mr etn a | EUR oth Specs uel S |, itt sg rma po en cme | ithe eee esse pam |, Bebo eee fol wv. “The dally problem of clcned sci systems show to connect ermal ind esa etereoces by intemal operation. At the pert Fara ea pblem b sted by dingeshing norms fom facts, one crn internal actor, dsengushing poraatve rom enfacion of normative and cognive ek opie expectations [snot ye aay incon se Ea ee ade bythe ngayon. I canna Se found in Oar Set tor rented worl. tient eatgoricl property ofthe Pe aa can dat even fat” hat are selva forthe Iga ‘ice are no acts for everybodys" Facts are cortractons, sx ae ee word, and cartel sciologial investigations show Fem ttc facts and facts which serve a components of legal oF (ono et er ncn "te cn rh an tt ar cee 130 CARDOZO LAW REVIEW (Vol. 131819 poeahadminitrative decision making ier in remarkable ays. other words knowledge has diferent “redbityprofles™ ise tnd cue the legal spem, Lege fats are made 1 the legal {Rlmcworks they fave fo falta ae fares posse the deductive se (egal norms, They have to sport he presentation of egal ality Oy tavayng the empresion thay given hel, the decision foOws Flom the fats ofthe cae They have tobe cetfed ft.” "atthe level of juni doctrine, the same problem can DEE multe in ers of conceps and Interests We ae ied to (king Five jropeudence and iterestartntation as two dle, Shmpesng school of fege thought The interes approach was bors, SPURS Germeny by inventing an opponent called Begriff prdene (Coen! Jursprodence)™ Rosene Pound copied ths po- (Costa sie. The tal roles of the sade ester farce sch ‘Sunctons of schools and controversies. The legal system operates der diferent conditions of autopoit eprodecton. 1 hast com tine Ineea! sod enteral ferences and, tothe extent that general [evn ar afl tay eferto weld concepts and to wellknown Titre There is vo contraction fn wsing both references sul eounly, Concepts etclate the seleferemil aspect of legal de ‘ners oe theater hand re environment aes tobe taken piven The sk ofthe sptem 2 formulated by the system consis Se Sncguahingintset protected by the Taw fom nest [0 be Suppressed and combate” wig ieee eee eT wee dH aaa ge tas Bas Ines, QI eros 2a tenet ees em ee Ne sphere dy regan er res an ‘amet Se earns East tenon tenn erases ESS rueioe manerencet me am me | \ 192] CLOSURE & STRUCTURAL COUPLING #31 ‘This ntinction cannot te derived fom the envionment of dhe spc Sn be ween” a an inherent guy of syste, The FEED BO inthe contracted bythe internal operation. Ths tot aaeea the ding line separating protected from suppres i otf denen erbteiy. The garantie of justice 20 dhe Tr th entre qualites of interns, tat the cos Faecal operons recognizing end Gtngsshng ther. 18 a eat cnsienry which, under conditions of ulin ot aig eas tothe elaboration of cance - ‘Sincees are lo internal operators ecesing 0 intemal fe. ence a leat iis ha tobe peesoponed, Bren «concep —ike Feo Fue oc the Romans has moral connotation i everyday te pr occ do nt become prt te lw excep by ex fe. langage Chee words, bona ier nota “source of aw. The sae $rib IMSBE le hac reused in legal ets bt abo have een ese (en more than an) ouside the law. 1 concept i ied ae oan tte to evronmental norms ule, and {ho as fact that mst be proven, At tetetel of pe eae, hee may be a choice between sng prions tote urgency of nest orf the poy of eal cones Pr ea auch cannot choose in his way. If ts Secon ae bathe cWas eveunions of interes, tis amounts to enderatiog areal tas and egecing forthe ime bing the contol f com. Sonepat Sonn ren se concept ones this wil be a ‘way of favoring or dsfivring certain interests tre than subd opal tern, the altmat problem lvays cons of erste eran and ternal felerences, an the real operatic someg eed reprogice ach combinations are wey itera Tebmeehing ee meant by elo v. “To repeat agin and again tla tal point, closre does not en eet Minin, Cova ir hgh seltve, imprebable” cal tin te senae of ietentonal Sesgh Dt 8 ~ tp outcome of evolution, Spe aearener of ned systems require specif fxm of ea sions ison yates and earonmets i presopposes sich fomnt } ton (CARDOZO LAW REVIEW [VoL 131419 andi a condition f thelr possiblity as we The theory of“ Snot eis thse for wth the ctor of put an et (Pat This model postuntes tena chan io which the sytem el {eres us the contin part inking inputs and outputs. The theory ‘Fautopietc stems replaces the tpu/output model withthe eo Srpeotunsensral comping = Te renounce the We of wh overesching ‘htt editing ofcourse, as contacto an sere inter= ‘Sted in se atbton, bot rete the en of gh selective Sonnection tween ren and environment “The stctural oopingof sytem and environment does nat con- tbte operations (or aby other compare) fr the eprodactin of the system Is imply the pede form in which the tem presop- ess specie vies oe change in event and reli on them ‘ating propos the gravitational fren ofthe earth within very row eit at gravitation dos pot contbut nay ses ae Toverent of bodies “Commonioton preuppss sense ates clon ten tt ence came ame Sl td Wo enter the squence of communietve operons a prt of {homey emule eronnenal pts the cal apt Ste furl couplings ae forms of senstaneous (and therfore ot cama feltons, They ere anlopea. not digital, cooedinations. “Tae system in ts normal dealings doesnot bse i rata couplings, but has to contend with perturbations, ition, rie and dsppoinments cael byt starural coupling. 1 {ius hs simi so sezommodate Paget’ tra) sochambign- fies Bat perturbations are prey Jnternal canstracts because ey ‘oreo devas fem creations ti in eatin trctre othe yen. The eaironmest does ot contin peurbe- {fonsor anything tar na emenel sabe similar to ther Nor there any txnsminon of perturbation from the out te the tem [The in coceps of clorre and tocar! coupling ccd —titiden tote “etring" thet onthe ova Even Inthe ce of coitve egetatons thi pombe becese slr internally conatrcted. nd cognitive ‘pecans are nothing but Specie forms to be prepared for ea sere eatin Set Pe [sey tom vast. 1992) CLOSURE & STRUCTURAL COUPLING 1433 Loe opis writen [But wihoat situ ouning Le com be no prturbtin ah te system would nck ay cence tae te wrarform ts wrecturen Hence, viretaal coupling, ‘ht lt sunt internal complexity, ia necssry presondon Fe Nine up regulantier® to construct order from note o edu ‘Communication never becomes thought, bat Sane blag cetiaally rated by communication, a idiidoa vite ome 1 social individ, woul esa depen “Bet pon ts ow of perceptions, that i dependent upon sect Senile en iteraly constructed regularities of another Spe, Te tin way, structural couplings provide continuous ints of daondec agsast whi the sytem malznin or changes its srctere ‘Memory depends upon this tendency towards entropy. Meron i oer cage of past acs (he past can never be presen bata fom Fe Se alter and doracr—very Beqoenly by frgeting Ae by contracting a spl or temporal cer 10 dsve eSiuinles However tha would not be possble if tactaral Couplings di not exe mst ofthe facts fet tnd ceri fe ee Se : Bee unc (cet ny arte) 0 Tam oinling and exclaing infuence manta the seer ‘os ofthe systems an lls for separate antopeic reproduction sesscut aay confesing oveviap. Tt aso characterizes the ways ia THE ae egal sytem (and the eter ads, he poli! sytem) ‘Teds lsat which means extzopy) and consrotson sr et can sere within the sytem a8 information, A previ ‘isp auc he system opertes ssa non-elaransending ACD. Sete igel ris operations ands selfranscending system on the Tet tte observetions, this inset fct that obervations ae oprtions "To fly understand this apprently contradictory, even parador eal, natant es nesesny tote ie into sceunt. Opertions ‘Seam without rain; they vassh s 300m a hey appear. Ob- {rved at ngle events they can participate in diferent aytems. A ‘ment carte at the same Sime (Out only at these he the fl ‘itity tu conoctul cbigaton in the legal stem end part of a8 ‘Eonumie temecton which transis the capacity to make fare ‘Sra inthe eomomi yee. The sare bods true for an ct of [Eaadon which may have th politic and Iga relevance. An ob (eeenay identify these specs ax oe vent ad may even nd hm TEPER io ace two diferent operntions. The systems, HOWeet, ‘he generate their own elementary operations abo need thir 8 Pa ee teoorks snl connections with caer and ler operations ‘Shin the sume spe so onde to consruct meaningful iene, TRB Stich eed conden dene for repetive tse within the EEE Suen and, for them, pecondiiont and consuences of RSs Biter completely scoring to system reference. Since auto 108 CARDOZO LAW REVIEW (Vol. 131819 poietic ystems are teporaied systems depending on se geecated Bynamic forms of abit?” they necesaycifereniate and re=0g- ‘hie tet own operations ty temporal ovenatons Therefor, any ‘heerer who ere for the pespectve ofthe syste self owe, ‘hee can bother buerver mth cer fumes nd intrest—canot ‘rossentify events over boundaries, vu, ‘One ofthe mot feguent cbjction othe theory of atopic systems in genera and tr applcason to Tegal systems seciclls, Sates that fi theory fea theory at aloes ot care fOr mpiicl vecation"” ‘This entice ends wo comments. Fist, ‘he repre of empiccal methods in present day sociology is very limited and compltlyidequate for bjs lke the leg systems thas selfoberving jst ith Bighly structured comple. Rex Stieting the aces to objets by evalateempireal methols—and T {fe tis devotion fa i usual mesning—would simply mean aot cing the soley and its Iga seem an contracts and presents Self te roquires sing ou ofthe market en lenving the business bthes—to mass media and to socilogial wets. This should not be {he mst word. Secondly, one ean Took fer ew combinations of 1) ‘nel-Enown and uncontroversial (majte obvious o even tv tts; Ind G) eon! descriptions which preset the ovis in nasal Iumination. The distineton between operations closure and stve= fal couplings one of there theoreti struments. nother words, fren the structore of domain, socciogy cannot rede i concept seit realty fo selfcreated data We may even doubt whether here ban colton between empiri earch and social ely, creep by the methodoloialy unguided “active interpretation” of rehs. these considertons suggest (0 repeat, fr the pretent ste tion) a primacy of refined theortal research, they #0 not excide ott tape of Sy pane Sop) ISG get eaneyeti Soren hai cnge ‘slut bas Ortamne Mwosecscr: Ax bao mot Ovex 1992] CLOSURE & STRUCTURAL COUPLING 1439 cenpvcal research, We have outlined « hypothesis inating rel {Som etween a transtion from satiation fo Functional diferent: SE tc invention of new the reformulation of old mechani Gtreructual coupling daring the trtsion period. ‘There could be ‘any simfae suggestony for example, concerning the forms of de [uredolction ofthe legal stem’ selt-dexcrption™ o he replace aror the united motion ef aie ty the seperation anders ‘eorbinatin of leglation and ussditon aa condi for the {reston fms natura lew to posite law as the Gmina form of ‘cfvaidaton of the legal eytem. There could be many empl ‘rots pling the serait (rts thereon) ofthe antopcins rth lea yste to soil and politcal changes" There are 20 fundamental ncompatbties between the theory of self-referential ‘pate an mpi reverch but there is an uncomfortable teaion betwen trot conception and the present posites of emp Ea research, stead of neeeting theory as anveriabl, en Should ee the intercon oth sides vm. tyrant oc pena conte Fac cn tnt rte te coup a ope aoe tai eth rene eens apes sumo eis aaa a ae yen seca St fase Bespin ishing se rane aoe coon Se Sant pga wa See her Hees oa ent ere aes ohh ef eB Lata ane ne owe Fee er aa tin aden oe ond oe te ae ro See ee eee ar near me ow oS ere eye om

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