H: Change in chemical energy under conditions of constant pressure.

0 : Standard conditions of pressure of 1x10 Pa and stated temperature. Also, the

standard states of reactants and products in Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of
Combustion.
Standard Enthalpy of Formation: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance is
formed from its elements with all reactants and products in
their standard states.
Standard State: The most stable form of a substance under standard conditions.
Standard Enthalpy of combustion: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance
burns completely in oxygen with all reactants and products
in their standard states.
Hesss Law: The enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route
followed.
Specific Heat Capacity: This is the amount, in joules, of energy required to raise the
temperature of 1ml of water 1oc.
H: - (4.18MassT1000)/MOLES
Bond Enthalpy: The mean enthalpy change when 1 mole of covalent bonds is broken
homolytically in the gaseous phase.
Dynamic Equilibrium: Forwards and backwards reactions proceeding at equal rates with
the concentration of reactants and products as constant.
Le Chateliers Principle: If we change the external condition of a reaction at equilibrium,
the position of equilibrium will move so as to oppose the external
change.
Activation Energy (Ea): The minimum energy the colliding particles must have for a
chemical reaction to
Reaction Rate: Change in concentration of a substance in a unit of time.
Catalyst: What: A substance which speeds up a chemical reaction but remains chemically
unchanged by the reaction.
How: A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation
energy.
Electronegativity: Ability to attract a pair of shared electrons in a covalent bond.
Lattice Enthalpy of Atomisation: Enthalpy change for the formation of 1 mole of gaseous
atoms from an element in its standard states.
Ionisation Energy Enthalpy: Enthalpy change when 1 mole of electrons is removed from 1
mole of atoms or ions in the gas phase.
Electron Affinity: Enthalpy change when 1 mole of electrons is added to 1 mole of atoms
or ions in the gas phase. (1st one is EXOTHERMIC; H is -, the rest are
ENDOTHERMIC; H is +)
Lattice Enthalpy of Formation: Enthalpy change when 1 mole of a solid lattice if formed
from gaseous ions.
Lattice Enthalpy: Enthalpy change when 1 mole of a solid lattice is broken down into its
isolated gaseous ions.
Perfect Ionic Model: A model that assumes that ionic crystals have no covalent character
and that the force of attraction is electrostatic and between ions. Ions
are perfect spheres.
Enthalpy of Hydration: Enthalpy change when 1 mole of gaseous ions is converted to 1
mole of aqueous ions. (EXOTHERMIC; H is -)
Enthalpy of Solution: Enthalpy change when 1 mole of an ionic solid is dissolved in water
and converted to aqueous ions.
Entropy: A measure of the degree of disorder in a substance.
Spontaneous Reaction: A reaction in which the free-energy is negative.
Amphoteric: Able to neutralise acids and bases.
Oxidation Number: The charge that would exist on an atom if all the bonding were
completely ionic.
Standard Electrode Potential: The emf of a cell in which the left-hand electrode is the
standard hydrogen electrode and the right-hand electrode is the
standard electrode in question.
Ligand: A species which can use its lone pair of electrons to form a co-ordinate bond
with a metal ion.
Ligand: Electron Pair Donor.
Complex Ion: A central species surrounded by co-ordinately bonded ligands.
Transition Metal: An element which has an incompletely occupied d level as the element
itself or one of its common oxidation states. (D level is not 0 or
10)
Co-Ordination Number: The total number of co-ordinate bonds formed between the metal
ion and the ligands in a complex
Bidentate Ligand: A ligand which uses two lone pairs of electrons to form two coordinate bonds with a metal ion.
Multidentate Ligand: A ligand which uses more than two lone pairs of electrons to form
more than two co-ordinate bonds with a metal ion.

Chelate Effect: Substitution of a monodentate ligand by a multidentate ligand giving a

more stable complex.
Homogenous Catalysts: A catalyst in the same physical state as the reactants.
Heterogenous Catalysts: A catalyst in a different physical state to the reactants.
Active Sites: Place where reactants adsorbed to allow the reaction to happen.
Autocatalysis: This is when the product of the reaction is the catalyst for the reaction.
Catalyst Poisoning: When a substance is adsorbed by active site, but then it is not
desorbed (blocked)
Lewis Acid: An electron pair acceptor.
Lewis Base: An electron pair donor.