NEBOSH International General Certificate Paper-2

Questions and Answers

Workplace Hazards and Controls
Identify the main hazards associated with demolition work. (8)
The main hazards associated with this type of work include
working at height;
falling debris and premature collapse;
use of explosives;
contact with and noise from equipment and heavy plant;
the presence of dust which might possibly include asbestos;
the presence of flammable substances or hazardous materials from previous
uses of the building;
the presence of cellars or vaults affecting the stability of adjoining premises;
the possible presence of services such as electricity, gas and water;
biological hazards arising from the presence of vermin and stagnant water;
the presence of sharps such as nails and glass and hazards arising during
manual handling operations.
Repair work is to be carried out on the roof of a school.
(a) Identify control measures to reduce the risks to roof workers. (6)
(a) The work activity and initially an assessment should be made to gauge the
condition of the roof and to check for the presence of fragile materials.
It would then be necessary to provide safe means of access, normally by the
erection of a scaffold;
to use roof ladders or crawling boards;
to erect edge protection with guard rails and toe boards to prevent the fall of
persons and materials and either to provide
barriers and signage round areas on the roof containing fragile materials or to
cover them to prevent persons falling through.
Other precautions would include provision for transporting tools and materials
to the roof and the removal of waste;
the use of appropriate personal protective equipment such as hard hats and
footwear and the employment of competent personnel.
(b) Identify TWO control measures to reduce the risks to other persons.
(2)
(b) Control measures that would reduce the risks to others include :
the provision of barriers at ground level to prevent access to the working area
by children, teachers or members of the public;
scheduling the work so that the more hazardous operations are carried out
when the school was unoccupied;
the prevention of unauthorized access to the roof by removing or blocking off
ladders;
introducing a high standard of monitoring and supervision and paying a good
will visit to the school to advise on the potential hazards associated with the
operation and the precautions that should be taken by staff and pupils.

Workers are employed to carry out ground maintenance on a large area

of land containing grass, bushes and trees. Outline the hazards to
which they may be exposed. (8)
Hazards such as
those connected with the use of tractor units, moving machines and hand held
strimmers including
the possible exposure to noise and vibration;
those involved with the manual handling of machinery and refuse;
slips, trips and falls including falls from a height when carrying out tree
surgery;
hazards associated with the handling of fuel, pesticides and other chemicals;
the possibility of being bitten by animals and/or insects or coming into contact
with animal faces or
discarded drugs paraphernalia; and
hazards involving prolonged exposure to the sun or conversely to adverse
weather conditions.
Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.
(8)
The precautions include:
the crane and its attached lifting gear are suitable for the task;
that the ground on which the crane is to be sited is flat and firm and that the
outriggers of the crane are always correctly positioned;
that the driver and slinger to be used in the operation are competent;
that there are no obstructions such as overhead power lines or buildings in the
vicinity of the lift and that warning signs and barriers are erected to ensure that
the area where the lift is to take place is kept clear of personnel not directly
involved in the lift.
The actual lift should involve carrying the load smoothly at an appropriate.
Outline the main hazards associated with excavation work. (8)
This Questions considered all aspects of excavation work and not just the
situation of a person within an excavation who might be harmed by :
a collapse of the sides,
contact with buried services,
ingress of water,
build-up of fumes or being struck by falling materials.
Broader answers also included the hazards associated with :
the use of machinery,
the effect of the excavation work on adjacent structures,
the possibility of vehicles or people falling into unprotected excavations,
biological hazards such as leptospirosis, coming into contact with contaminated
land and even at this late stage the possible presence of an unexploded bomb.
Excavation work is being carried out on a construction site. Identify the
control measures needed to reduce the risk to workers. (8)
Control measures that should have been identified include:
the detection of underground services by using plans or cable/pipe detectors;
supporting the sides of the excavation by shoring or benching;
storing materials and spoil away from edge of the excavation;
providing means to prevent vehicles falling into the excavation such as stop
blocks;
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 providing guard-rails and barriers to prevent people falling into the excavation;
providing means of support for adjacent structures to prevent collapse;
providing safe means of access/egress into the excavation;
for noxious fumes and providing ventilation if necessary;
using pumps to protect against flooding; taking precautions to safeguard the
workers from
biological hazards or those caused by the presence of contaminated ground and
arranging for the
excavation to be inspected at regular intervals by a competent person.
Outline the issues that should be addressed by an organization when
developing a system for the safe collection and disposal of its waste.
(8)
The issues include
the identification of waste by its hazardous properties (e.g. general, biological
or special waste) and by its nature (e.g. solid or liquid);
the quantity produced; the need for separation of incompatible wastes;
the means for containing waste and its marking and labeling;
the provision of safe storage on site and the methods of transportation to and
from the storage facility;
the appointment of a competent and/or licensed' waste contractor;
possible pollution issues arising from spillages;
the competence and training of staff;
the keeping of the necessary records.
Mobile tower scaffolds should be used on stable, level ground. List
EIGHT additional points that should be considered to ensure safe use of
mobile tower scaffold. (8)
The additional points considered to ensure safe use of scaffold include:
ensuring the correct ratio between height and base dimensions of the tower,
the use of diagonal bracing,
stabilizers and locking wheels,
the provision of toe boards and handrails,
ensuring that the platform is fully boarded,
the prevention of overloading,
taking account of overhead obstructions and power lines;
the provision of suitable means of access;
the need to ensure the tower is not moved when loaded with equipment and/or
people.
Outline the precautions that might be taken in order to reduce the risk
of injury when using stepladders. (8)
The precautions include the need to:
ensure that the stepladder is inspected for defects before use;
that it is correctly erected on level ground with its chain or rope fully extended;
that it is suitable for the task to be performed and does not involve carrying out
work from the top step;
that it is footed by a second person when necessary; that it is correctly
positioned to avoid over-reaching; and
that it is not overloaded.
Outline the precautions to be taken when using a mobile elevated
platform (MEWP) to reach a high point such as streetlight.
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The MEWP must only be operated by trained and competent persons.

It must never be moved in the elevated position.
It must be operated on level and stable ground
The tyres must be inflated and the wheels immobilized.
Outriggers should be fully extended and locked in position.
Due care must be exercised with overhead power supplies, obstructions and
adverse weather conditions.
Barriers should be placed to avoid vehicle collisions.
Proper maintenance of the MEWP.
All workers on MEWPs should wear safety harnesses.

Physical and psychological health hazards and controls

A worker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal shelves.
Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer while carrying
out this task. (4)
The four types of injuries include;
spinal disc compression or a prolapsed disc;
strains to tendons, muscles or ligaments;
hernia;
dislocation or fracture of bones;
cuts and abrasions;
crushing or impact injuries
work related upper limb disorders (WRULDs).
Identify factors (issues) in relation to the task that will increase the risk
of injury. (4)
the manipulation of the load at a distance from the trunk;
the work rate and periods allowed for rest and recovery;
excessive carrying distances;
excessive lifting or lowering distances;
and the need to adopt unsatisfactory body positions because of space
restrictions.
(a) List FOUR specific types of injury that could be caused by the
incorrect manual handling of loads. (4)
spinal disc compression or prolapsed disc,
torn ligaments or sprained tendons,
hernia, dislocation and fractures,
muscular strain,
cuts and abrasions
crushing and impact injuries.
(b) Identify factors (issues) in relation to the load that will affect the
risk of injury. (4)
They should have identified factors (issues) such as the size and weight of the
load,
the possibility that the contents might move and the load become unbalanced,
the centre of gravity not in the centre of the load,
difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load
the presence of sharp edges.
Identify the factors (issues) that could contribute towards the
development of work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) amongst
workers at a supermarket checkout. (8)

The identify factors (issues) such as:

space constraints resulting in employees being forced to adopt fixed and static
positions;
non-adjustable equipment such as chairs and the design of the scanning
equipment;
over reaching often during the handling of bulky and heavy articles;
a high pace of work and high levels of repetition;
environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity;
a lack of job rotation and a failure to provide adequate breaks;
the age of the workers with some having pre-existing conditions and
a lack of appropriate training and supervision.
Outline the specific hazards associated with the use of battery-powered
forklift trucks and state the precautions necessary in EACH case. (8)
The hazards and control measures include:
the generation of hydrogen gas causing explosion or fire,
precaution include provision of a dedicated charging station with adequate
ventilation.
Burns by battery acid,
precaution includes wearing personal protective equipment such as gloves and
eye protection.
Possibility of electric shock and burns through the shorting of battery leads and
precaution include adequate insulation, a correct connection procedure and the
wearing of gloves.
Collisions with pedestrians with silent operation of the forklift,
the precaution include proper design off traffic routes, the wearing of high
visibility clothing by pedestrians and with warning devices.
Outline EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left unattended
during a driver's work break. (8)
The rules to follow include:
returning the fork-lift truck to a designated area;
parking on firm, level ground;
leaving the truck with the mast tilted slightly forward and the forks resting on
the floor,
isolating the power with the ignition key removed and retained by a responsible
person;
and parking the truck away from other vehicles and in a position that does not
cause obstruction to traffic routes, fire points or emergency exits.

Work Equipment Hazards and Controls

(a) Identify FOUR mechanical hazards associated with the use of a
pedestal drill.(4)
(a) Mechanical hazards associated with the use of a pedestal drill include:
entanglement of clothes or hair with the drill bit or chuck;
stabbing injuries from the end of the drill bit;
contact with the drill chuck resulting in abrasions;
ejection of, impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that the
work piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit.
Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal swarf produced by the drilling
process.
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(b) Outline FOUR control measures to reduce the risk of injury to

operators of pedestal drills. (4)
(b) Control measures which could reduce the risk of injury to operators include
ensuring stop/start controls, emergency stop devices and isolator switches are
operative;
the fitting of robust and adjustable guarding around the chuck and drill bit;
ensuring the regular removal of swart round the drill bit to prevent build up;
the removal of the chuck key before putting the drill into motion;
ensuring the operators are trained and competent and are not wearing items of
loose clothing and/or jewelry;
the provision of personal protective equipment such as eye and face protection
and introducing procedures for the regular maintenance of the machine.
Outline the hazards that a worker could be exposed to when using a
petrol driven chainsaw to cut down a tree. (8)
The hazards associated with the task petrol driven chainsaw include :
contact with the moving parts of the chainsaw;
exposure to fumes and dust;
hazards arising from manual handling operations;
exposure to noise and vibration;
falls from a height;
handling lubricating oils which might lead to dermatitis;
flying particles such as tree bark and sawdust;
uneven ground or wet grass which could lead to slips and falls;
falling objects such as branches or the tree itself;
contact with overhead services and hazards arising from adverse weather
conditions.
a) Identify the hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer. (4)
(a) The hazards include:
the corrosive and irritant properties of cement;
manual handling hazards;
inhalation of the cement dust;
machinery hazards such as moving parts,
ejection of materials and noise hazards connected with the power supply to the
mixer.
(b) For the hazards identified above, outline control measures that can
be used to reduce the risk. (4)
the use of mechanical means for manual handling,
training the worker in correct lifting techniques and allowing adequate rest
breaks;
the provision and use of PPE such as gloves and overalls to reduce contact with
cement;
the provision and use of respiratory protective equipment such as dust masks
to prevent the inhalation of cement dust;
fitting guards to the mixer to prevent contact with its moving parts and to
prevent the ejection of materials and wearing hearing protection to reduce the
effect of noise;

Prohibiting the mixer from operating in confined areas if run on petrol or diesel
together with the provision of storage facilities for the fuel to protect against the
risk of fire or if electrically operated,
the use of residual current devices to minimize the risk of shock.
Identify the mechanical hazards shown in the diagrams below AND for
EACH give ONE workplace example.
The mechanical hazards including appropriate workplace examples would have
been as follows:
(a) Entanglement - with a spindle or the chuck of a drill.
(b) Crushing - between the moving table of a planning machine and a fixed
structure.
(c) Drawing in - into meshing gears or the feed rolls of a paper making machine.
(d) Shear - as might occur in a scissor lift.
Describe FOUR types of guard used on machinery AND give an
appropriate application of EACH. (8)
The four guards include:
Fixed guard, describing it as a physical barrier which was not linked to the
machine operation and required a special tool for its removal. This kind of guard
is often used on belt and pulley drives to machines.
Interlocked guard, which is linked to the machine operation and prevents access
when the machine is in a dangerous condition while also preventing operation of
the machine until the guard is in position. An appropriate application of this type
of guard would be on a power press.
the trip device, stops movement of the machine when approach is detected and
is often found as a means of protection on drilling machines.
Automatic or self-acting guard such as a push away guard on a guillotine is
linked to the machine mechanism and physically moves the operator away from
the danger zone.

Electrical Hazards and

Controls
(a) Identify the effects
on the human body from
a severe electric shock.
(4)
(a) The effects include
the interference with
nerves muscle action,
leading to involuntary grip;
cardiopulmonary effects,
in particular the risk of
fatal injury due to
disruption of heart rhythm;

and tissue burns - but should have added to this by referring to the main sites
of damage as being the entry and exit points
and to the possibility of damage to internal organs.
(b) Identify FOUR factors (issues) that could affect the severity of injury
resulting from contact with electricity. (4)
(b) The factors (issues) such as
the voltage and the type and size of the current involved;
the path taken through the body by the current;
the length of contact time;
the general health and age of the person involved;
the electrical resistance of the skin and the internal body resistance;
factors (issues) associated with the footwear and clothing being worn by the
person;
environmental issues such as the floor surface and
the possibility of secondary sources of injury particularly if the person affected
is working at a height.
Identify the electrical hazards that could be discovered by a visual
inspection. (8)
Electrical hazards that might be discovered during a visual inspection include:
evidence of bare wires and conductors;
cuts, abrasions and cracks in inner and outer cable insulation;
damage to plugs and sockets and a failure to cord grip the cable;
a lack of circuit protection such as the absence of an appropriate fuse or a
failure to use a residual current device;
evidence of incorrect, unsafe or unauthorized repairs;
overloaded circuits and sockets;
damage to the outer case of an appliance and the absence of effective
operating controls;
appliances in a dirty or wet condition with vent holes filled with dust;
no evidence of the provision of an adequate earth;
the incorrect choice of an appliance for the task to be carried out;
and portable appliance tests which were out of date.
Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from
electricity when using a portable electrical appliance on a construction
site. (8)
Relevant measures include:
the appropriate selection of equipment such as battery-operated appliances or
those operating at a reduced voltage (typically 110v);
cables connected to the power supply with proper connectors;
the use of residual current devices;
the training of operators in the checking procedures to be followed before use;
the introduction of a regular appliance inspection and testing procedure;
and the avoidance of using the appliance in wet conditions.

Fire Safety
(a) Identify FOUR sources of ignition that may lead to a fire in the
workplace. (4)
(a) The main sources of ignition which lead to fire such as:
incorrectly installed electrical equipment;

machinery and plant which was badly maintained such as friction caused by
inadequate lubrication;
chemical reactions that may give off heat;
hot work such as welding or cutting;
smoking materials which are discarded in an unsafe manner;
hot surfaces such as those on cooking or heating appliances;
sparks from cold working such as grinding;
static electricity arising from the incorrect transfer of flammable liquids.
(b) Outline methods of reducing the risk of a fire in the workplace.(8)
The ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a workplace include :
the control of smoking and smoking materials;
good housekeeping to prevent the accumulation of waste paper and other
combustible materials;
regular lubrication of machinery to prevent sparks;
regular inspection of electrical equipment for damage;
ensuring that electrical systems are not overloaded and isolating equipment
that is not in use
ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed;
controlling hot work by permits or by the creation of designated areas;
providing proper storage facilities for flammable liquids away from sources of
ignition;
segregating incompatible chemicals and implementing security procedures to
reduce the risk of arson.
Outline the measures that should be in place for a successful
evacuation of a workplace in the event of a fire.(8)
The measures include:
the provision of means for detecting the fire and for raising the alarm;
an acceptable distance to the nearest available exit;
escape routes of sufficient width and fire protected;
clear signing of escape routes;
the provision of emergency lighting;
escape routes kept clear of obstructions with fire doors closed to prevent the
spread of smoke;
the provision of firefighting equipment;
the appointment and use of fire marshals;
procedures for the evacuation of those with a physical impairment (in relation
to hearing, sight or mobility);
The identification of a safe assembly point and the need to practice the
evacuation plan at regular intervals.
Identify EIGHT common causes of fires in the workplace. (8)
The common causes of fires are;
faulty or incorrectly used electrical equipment;
machinery and plant which was either incorrectly used or badly maintained
such as friction caused by inadequate lubrication;
chemical reactions that may give off heat;
hot work such as welding or cutting;
smoking materials which are discarded in an unsafe manner;
hot surfaces such as those on cooking or heating appliances;
sparks from cold working such as grinding;

static electricity arising from the incorrect transfer of flammable liquids and
arson.
In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material
(fuel) that falls within EACH of the classes A, B, C and D. (4)
(a) Some examples of fuel sources for the classes of fire such as for
Class A, solids usually of an organic nature such as wood, paper or plastic; for
Class B, liquids or liquefiable solids such as petrol, oil, paint or wax; for
Class C, gases such as LPG, natural gas and acetylene;
Class D, finely divided metals such as zinc and magnesium.
(b) Identify TWO methods of heat transfer AND explain how EACH
method contributes to the
spread of fire. (4)
(b) The methods of heat transfer such as;
Conduction involving the molecule to molecule transfer of heat through
conducting solids such as metal beams or pipes to other parts of the building and
igniting combustible or flammable materials;
Radiation involving the emission of heat in the form of infra red radiation which
can raise temperatures of adjacent materials so that they reach their ignition
temperatures or flash points;
Convection which allows hot gases to rise and either become trapped beneath a
ceiling or travel through voids and ducts to remote parts of a building, in both
cases raising temperatures; and
finally direct contact where heat comes into direct contact with combustible
material and causes ignition.
a) Outline the main factors (issues) to be considered in the fitting of fire
extinguishers. (4)
Typical factors (issues) mentioned included
accessibility, visibility, proximity to exits and escape routes,
travel distances from the extinguisher to the possible location of a fire,
the means of supporting the equipment off the ground
and without causing obstruction, and
the need to protect extinguishers from the weather and other sources of
damage.
(b) Outline suitable arrangements for the inspection and maintenance
of fire extinguishers in the workplace. (4)
The arrangements include :
outlining procedures to ensure that fire extinguishers remain operational.
Frequent visual inspection of fire extinguishers is required to ensure that they
are in place,
they have not lost pressure and free from damages.
Frequent inspections should be done to ensure safety clips are functioning and
that there are no signs of corrosion.
Maintenance usually involves an annual examination and test by a competent
person according to the manufacturer's instructions in order to ensure the
integrity of the extinguisher, with the date of the examination recorded on the
extinguisher and the replacement of equipment found to be faulty. An
extinguisher should be discharged and refilled at regular intervals. At greater
intervals an extinguisher should undergo complete overhaul or replacement.

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(a) Explain, using a suitable sketch, the significance of the 'fire triangle'
. (4)
Each side of the fire mangle represents one of three elements - namely, fuel,
oxygen and a source of ignition - all three of which must be present for
combustion to occur.
List FOUR types of ignition source that may cause a fire to occur, giving
a typical workplace example of EACH type. (4)
The four types of ignition source together with an example include
electricity (e.g arcing or overheating due to faulty wiring, poor connections or
excess current);
chemical reactions (any reaction between chemicals that gives off heat);
operations involving hot work or sparks (e.g welding, cutting, grinding);
naked flame or burning material (e.g discarded smoking materials);
friction caused by, for instance, inadequate lubrication of machinery;
Outline the precautions to be considered before the welding work
commence?
The precautions include:
Keep away the combustibles around the welding area
Remove the flammable substances around the work
Keep the equipment such as welding machine and cables in good condition
Ensure the hot work permits are in place
Ensure that risk assessment is available and followed
Ensure the welders are Competence
Information, instructions and supervision
Checking the Emergency arrangements are in place, such as fire-fighting
equipment and hose reels etc
Ensure first aid facility is available
Selecting the fire watch to observe the welding activity
Outline the actions to be followed during an emergency evacuation
from the building, in the event of fire.
Answer:
Sound the alarm
Call the services, ex: civil defense
Close the doors
Do not stop for personal belongings
Go to the assembly point
Head count of the people
Do not use the lifts
Do not return to the building unless authorized

Chemical and Biological hazards and controls

A recent increase in work-related ill-health has been noticed amongst workers
who use a solvent for which a workplace exposure limit (WEL) has been set.
1.Explain the meaning of the term 'workplace exposure limit'. (2)
(a) The term "workplace exposure limit" (WEL) is concerned with concentrations
of hazardous substances in the air that people
breathe averaged over a specified period of time and referred to as a time
weighted average.
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Two time periods are used: long term (8 hours) intended to control effects by
restricting the total intake by inhalation over one
work shift and short term (usually 15 minutes) to control effects that may be
seen after a brief exposure.
2.Give possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill-health
amongst the workers. (6)
(b) Important reason for the increase in work related ill-health might have been
The inadequacy of the original risk assessment carried out for the operation or
a subsequent increase in the frequency and duration of the exposure of
employees.
The original degreasing solvent might have been replaced by a new solvent for
which no risk assessment had been carried out.
A failure to carry out health screening of new employees or to give them
adequate training on the precautions to be observed;
An increase in the quantity or concentration of the solvent used;
An inadequate or poorly maintained local exhaust ventilation system;
A failure to carry out regular monitoring to ensure the work exposure limit was
not being exceeded and
A poor standard of personal hygiene on the part of the workers.
Identify FOUR forms of hazardous substance for which respiratory
protective
equipment could be used to reduce the risk of harm. (4)
(a) The forms of hazardous substances such as
dusts,
gases,
vapors,
mists,
fume
micro-organisms.
(b) Outline factors (issues) that could reduce the effectiveness of the
respiratory protective
equipment. (4)
The factors (issues) include;
A reduction in battery power
The fitting of incorrect cartridges or
A failure to replace them before saturation;
Equipment incorrectly fitted, perhaps due to facial characteristics or
incompatibility with other personal protective equipment being worn;
The level of the hazard and the work rate of the individual;
Inadequate training in its use;
Poor maintenance and inadequate facilities for storage;
Damage occurring during use and a failure to provide the level of monitoring
and supervision to ensure the equipment was always used when required.
An organization uses small quantities of toxic chemicals.
Identify FOUR possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the
body. (4)
The possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body as inhalation,
ingestion, injection and through the skin particularly if an open wound was
present.
Explain the difference between acute and chronic health effects. (4)
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Acute health effects, the adverse effects appear after a single or short term
exposure to the agent, and the response is invariably rapid or immediate. In
most cases, acute effects recede on cessation of exposure.
Chronic health effects, on the other hand, usually result from prolonged or
repeated exposure to the agent. The response is normally gradual, often
progressive and irreversible, and may go unrecognized for long periods of time.
Identify the sources of information which could be used in the
assessment of risk of toxic substances. (4)
The sources of information such as
product labels,
published limit values such as work exposure limits,
material safety data sheets,
the results of internal inspections and
audits and monitoring and health surveillance data
Outline the control measures that might be required in order to
minimize risks to workers. (8)
Control measures such as the use of :
Suitable containers for the chemicals carrying warning signs as to their danger;
The methods used for handling the chemicals;
Procedures for the clearing up and containment of spillages;
The provision of adequate ventilation for the working areas and the use of
personal protective equipment such as chemical proof gloves, eye protection and
overalls;
Site rules setting out the hygiene procedures to be followed and prohibiting
eating or smoking in the working areas;
Setting up emergency procedures including first aid provision;
Providing employees with instruction, information and training on the handling
of toxic substances and
Ensuring the provision of adequate supervision and monitoring to check that
control measures were being followed.
Identify FOUR types of hazards for which local exhaust ventilation (LEV)
would be an appropriate control measure giving an example in EACH
case of the harmful effect that might be produced. (8)
The hazards such as
dust which could cause coughing, sneezing and possible damage to the lung;
chemicals which might cause irritation and have toxic effects;
allergens which might aggravate an asthmatic condition;
microbiological substances which could cause various diseases;
asphyxiates with their ability to cause respiratory effects and exposure to heat
often leading to heat exhaustion.
(b) Outline the factors (issues) that may reduce the effectiveness of a
local exhaust ventilation system (LEV). (12)
There is a range of factors (issues) that might reduce the effectiveness of a local
exhaust ventilation system.
damage to the system such as splits or holes in the ducting; blocked or
incorrect filters;
fan inefficiency as a result of blade wear or corrosion;
initial design issues;
process changes;
unauthorized alterations such as an increase in the number of outlets;
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incorrect use such as a failure to position the hood close enough to the source
of emission;
a buildup of dust in the ducting;
blocked or obstructed outlets and a failure to provide a system of regular
maintenance, inspection and testing.
Identify THREE forms of biological agents. (3)
(a) Biological agents that could have been identified include bacteria, viruses,
fungi.
(b) Identify THREE possible routes of entry into the body for a biological
agent. (3)
(b) Possible routes of entry into the body for a biological agent include inhalation,
ingestion and/or injection and absorption through the skin or mucosal
membranes.
(c) Give TWO control measures to reduce the risk of exposure to a
biological agent. (2)
(c) Control measures such as
cleaning, sterilization and disinfection;
the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, respiratory and eye
protection and an overall;
containment of the agent in a microbiological safety cabinet;
the use of spill trays;
the prohibition of smoking and eating/drinking in the work area;
a good standard of personal hygiene and immunization.
(a) Identifying indications of a dust problem that might include:
fine deposits on surfaces, people and products;
dust particles visible in the air,
plant issues such as blocked filters;
complaints from the workforce of discomfort and irritation;
and cases of ill-health reported or detected by health surveillance.
b) Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects
of airborne dust. (6)
(b) Harmful effects of airborne dust.
The majority mentioned coughing and sneezing but only the better informed
referred to the filtering effect of nasal hairs and to the role of mucus in the
respiratory tract and bronchi, which allows dust particles to be trapped and then
carried upwards by tiny hairs (cilia). Fine dust particles reaching the bronchitis
may be subject to the engulfing action of scavenging cells (macrophages) and
absorbed into the bloodstream. Damage to the eyes may be prevented by the
action of tear ducts, causing the eyes to 'water' and dust particles to be
removed.
(c) Outline, using practical examples where appropriate, the control
measures that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a work
environment. (10)
(c) The control hierarchy and referred to control measures such as:
elimination (eg by introducing pre-formed components or outsourcing the dusty
operation);
substitution (eg of powder ,by granules, liquid or paste);
isolation of the process in a separate room;
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enclosure (in a glove box, for instance);

the provision of local exhaust ventilation;
and suppression by damping down and carrying out cleaning operations by
vacuuming rather than sweeping.
A person is employed to lay carpet tiles using a solvent-based adhesive. In
relation to the use of the adhesive in such circumstances:
(a) Identify the possible effects on health (4)
The possible health effects include
skin and eye irritation,
dermatitis,
headaches,
nausea and dizziness,
together with other possible, and more serious, effects such as narcosis and
loss of consciousness.
(b) Outline the control measures that should be considered. (4)
The control measures should include
the possible substitution of the adhesive for a less toxic or volatile one,
using the minimum amount of the substance for the job,
the use of a respirator and other personal protective equipment (eg overalls
and gloves),
good personal hygiene, and
the provision of information, instruction and training to the fitter.
Ventilation to work area.

Movements of people and vehicles

Identify the control measures that could be implemented to reduce the
risks to pedestrians in areas where vehicles are maneuvering. (8)
The control measures are such as;
the management of traffic movement including
the introduction of one way systems
the designation of specific traffic routes;
segregation of pedestrians from transport with the demarcation of walkways
and the provision of barriers and refuges;
maintaining good visibility by means of mirrors,
transparent doors and the provision of lighting;
the enforcement of site rules covering speed restrictions and limited areas of
access for vehicles;
the fitting of visual and audible alarm devices to vehicles;
ensuring that workers wore high visibility clothing;
ensuring that floors were regularly cleaned and kept free from spillages and
introducing procedures for the regular maintenance of vehicles with particular
reference to the condition of steering, brakes and tires.
Identify FOUR hazards that cause slips and trips. (4)
There are many reasons people slip or trip, including:
the floor being poorly maintained,
changes in level caused by ramps, slopes, slippery surfaces caused by oil or
water,
other spillages being left in place and not cleaned up,
inadequate lighting,
the wearing of inappropriate footwear,
general obstructions in walkways such as trailing cables, pipes and air hoses,
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block pedestrian routes.

(b)For the hazards identified above, outline measures that can be used
to control the risk.(4)
Control measures such as
improved work layout with designated walkways;
using non-slip flooring;
highlighting changes in level with hazard warning strips;
providing good lighting;
introducing procedures for reporting defects and for dealing with spillages;
and ensuring high standards of housekeeping to keep floors clear of
obstructions.
Forklift trucks are operating in a busy workplace. Identify suitable
control measures to reduce the risk of collision with workers. (8)
the management of traffic movement including
the introduction of one way systems
the designation of specific traffic routes;
segregation of pedestrians from transport with the demarcation of walkways
and the provision of barriers and refuges;
maintaining good visibility by means of mirrors,
transparent doors and the provision of lighting;
the enforcement of site rules covering speed restrictions and limited areas of
access for vehicles;
the fitting of visual and audible alarm devices to vehicles;
ensuring that workers wore high visibility clothing;
ensuring that floors were regularly cleaned and kept free from spillages and
introducing procedures for the regular maintenance of vehicles with particular
reference to the condition of steering, brakes and tires.
Identify the control measures to prevent slip and trip hazards in an
engineering workshop. (8)
Control measures such as:
the initial design and layout of the workplace with designated walkways and
non-slip floors;
a system of maintenance which ensures the prompt repair of floor defects such
as holes and bumps;
procedures for avoiding and dealing with spillages particularly those associated
with the filling and draining of machinery and its maintenance;
the provision of adequate lighting and highlight strips to warn of a difference in
levels;
the provision of hand rails and edge protection on stairways;
a good standard of housekeeping (including the proper management of cables
and hoses) and procedures for reporting defects and incidents.
Give FOUR reasons why accidents may occur on stairs. (4)
Reasons include,
poor design of the staircase,
inadequate handrails, steepness,
poor tread/riser ratio,
slippery condition of the stairs,
a poor state of repair (eg worn steps or loose coverings),
obstructions on the stairs,
a poor standard of lighting,
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bad practice (including the carrying of loads, rushing, improper footwear, etc).
(b) Outline ways in which accidents on stairs may be prevented. (4)
The ways to prevent accidents on stairs include
the removal of obstructions
the provision of non-slip surfaces, reflective edging and adequate lighting.
maintenance of the stairs,
the safe design and construction of the staircase,
including the provision of handrails.
The introduction and monitoring of site rules and procedures for using stairs
could also have been included.
An organization is about to purchase a fork-lift truck. With reference to
its possible intended use and working environment outline the
particular features of the vehicle that should be taken into account
when determining its suitability for the job. (8)
The salient features such as
the power source of the truck,
its size and capacity,
the height of the mast,
the type of tires and warning systems fitted,
the protection provided for the operator,
the power source, the choice of battery, diesel or LPG would depend partly on
whether the truck was to be operated indoors or outdoors,
while in the case of tires, the choice of solid or pneumatic would depend on the
nature of the terrain over which the truck was to run,
competency of the drivers etc.

Physical and psychological hazards and controls

Outline prevention strategies an organization could consider to reduce
the risk of violence towards workers. (8)
The prevention strategies include:
the completion of initial risk assessments by a competent person;
the design of the workplace and public areas to restrict access and the use of
security equipment such as CCTV, alarm systems and personal alarms and panic
buttons;
secure areas with coded locks and physical barriers and the use of check-in and
check-out procedures;
job design with a reduction in cash holdings and the introduction of by
appointment systems and team working where practicable;
the use of trained security staff;
procedures for lone and out of hours working and for home and off-site visits;
introducing procedures for the reporting of incidents and providing employees
with training in confrontation management and stress reduction techniques.
A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand held grinder, and is
exposed to vibration.
Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this
exposure. (2)
The symptoms include
tingling,
numbness and blanching of the fingers and swollen and painful joints in
addition to a reduction in dexterity,
strength and sensory perception.
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Outline SIX control measures that can be used to reduce the risk from
vibration. (6)
The control measures include substituting the tools in use with equipment with
lower vibration characteristics;
reducing the exposure time of the workers by for example using equipment that
will complete the work more quickly or
introducing job rotation;
introducing a planned maintenance programme for the tools to avoid increased
vibration caused by faults or general wear;
fitting anti vibration grips to the equipment;
providing personal protective equipment such as gloves, hats and waterproofs
to keep the operators warm and
dry and encouraging workers to maintain a good blood circulation by giving up
or cutting down on smoking and massaging
and exercising fingers during work breaks.
a) Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high levels of
noise. (6)
The possible effects from exposure of noise levels include :
noise induced hearing loss (caused by damage to the hair cells of the inner ear
with reduced hearing capacity at particular frequencies) and
tinnitus and temporary effects such as temporary threshold shift,
acute tinnitus,
stress and fatigue. They also referred to the possibility of acute trauma such as a
burst eardrum caused by exposure to sudden loud noise.
(b) Outline TWO noise control techniques that would benefit all
workers. (2)
The noise control techniques are:
absorption, using porous material such as foam or mineral wool;
damping using metal or plastic to absorb energy;
isolation by the use of rubber mounts and
Insulation using brick walls or double skinned enclosures.
Outline the factors (issues) that may lead to occupational stress
amongst workers. (8)
Possible causes of increased stress levels could usefully have been divided into
those relating to the organization of the work or task and those relating to
workplace interactions.
Job factors (issues) might include the existence of a poor health and safety
culture within the organization;
a lack of commitment by and support from management and a failure to
provide adequate information, instruction and training;
work patterns such as shift work or unsocial hours;
excessive overtime;
repetitive or monotonous work;
a lack of adequate breaks;
a lack of control over the job with the allocation of too much or too little
responsibility;
workloads too high or too low;
the task not matched to the skills of the person;
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 environmental factors (issues) such as noise, temperature and ventilation and

job insecurity and the fear of redundancy particularly at times of organizational
change.
Interactions involve such issues as harassment, bullying, discrimination, fear of
violence, poor communication and general relationships with management and
work colleagues.
There are also a range of personal and social factors (issues) such as:
illness financial worries and
family commitments that could increase an employee's level of stress at work,
even if some may not be work related.
(a) Identify the persons that an employer may need to appoint in order
to comply with the Ionizing Radiations Regulations 1999. (2)
The persons would be radiation protection supervisors and radiation protection
advisers. Credit could also be given to references to 'classified persons', perhaps
a little generously since they are designated rather than appointed.
(b) Outline the means of controlling exposure to ionizing radiation. (5)
The means of controlling exposure are enclosures (ranging from a concrete
and/or lead encasement to a glove box);
shielding by barriers or screens;
segregation by distance;
reducing the exposure time of the employees involved;
the use of personal protective equipment such as respirators, aprons and full
body suits;
environmental or personal monitoring with, for example. the use of film badges;
the correct disposal of waste;
issues relating to training, supervision and personal hygiene, Information,
instruction and supervision.
(a) Describe the two main types of the personal hearing protection.
The two types of hearing protection include:
Earplugs are made of sound absorbent material and fit into the ear. They can be
reusable or disposable, and are able to fit most people and can easily be used
with safety glasses and other personal protective equipment.
Ear defenders (earmuffs) offer a far better reduction of all sound frequencies.
They are generally more acceptable to workers because they are more
comfortable to wear and they are easy to monitor as they are clearly visible.
(b) Outline the limitations of the each of the above types of the hearing
protection?
Ear Muffs: Less effective
if the user has long hair or is wearing spectacles or large ear rings.
if worn with helmets or face shields and uncomfortable in warm conditions
Requires maintenance and storage
Ear plugs:
They do not reduce the sound transmitted through the bone structure
They often work loose with time.
Interfere with communication.

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