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Esiimation of Freeboard

Freeboard due to wind generated wave may be estimated considering the wave heighl
and lvavelength, which depends on the fetch and wind velocity. Fetch is defined as the

maximum straight-line distance over open waler on which the wind blows. Effective
fetch is weighted average fetch of water spread, covered by 450 angle on either side ol

trial fetch, assuming the wind to be completely non-effective beyond this area- The
effective fetch is calculated by considering 15 radials on the reservoir contour tmp at an
interval of 60 from a selected point located on the periphery at which fetch is required to

be determined (Figure 18). The central radial is drawn in the direction of wind. lt should
be noted that after the construction of reservoir, the funneling action of the valley mighl
direct wind towards the dam. Ag such, the wind direction may prefetably be assurned
along the rnaximum fetch line. Each radial runs the full length of the water surface at a
given pool elevation- Effective fetch fe is calculated from
fe =

IFi

cosq-/:coso

Here, Ri is lhe efiec{ive length of the

irh

(2\

radial and c. is the angle between the ifr radial

and the central radial.


2.8

:/"h

..-F-#

516
a
d o.!

0l
0

0.2 0.3 0.1 0,5

0.1

0.6

EI.tBAN(gETT SLOPE

t\

9r.,.r2

\9

IECIION

Fig'..e - \9

41

0.t

Such values of efiective btches are calculated for 2 or 3 different trial fetches and the
rnaximum value of these etfective fetches is used for further computations of significant

$ave height Hr and the signifcanl wave period T3 which are, respectivdy, given by
equation (3) and (4).

gH.Al =0.0026

[gf"rrr'zloi7

sT.I/=0.45 [gfW1o'?8
The wavelength

is obtained

fiom

l*

l.56Tl

l"'t-l 1s

(3)
(4)

(s)

Here, fl"= Wave height in m; T"=Wave period in sec of a signmcant wave, g is


the acceleralion due to gravity (rry'sz) over the water surface; f. is the efuctive fetch in
m,

The wind velocity over the water surface is higher than the wind velocity over the
land surface and lhe difference between the lwo depends upon the efiective fetch and
surrounding terrain conditions. The ralio of wind velocity over the lvater surface (Vw) to
the wind velocity over the land surface (VL) is given in the following table.

trh

Effective
akml
(VwrV'
The ratio
l

1.1

2
1.16

>10

1.24

'1.27

1.3

1.31

For computation of minimum fteeboard, the wind velocity is nomblly taken as


half to one-third (if the san is not given) the wind velocity adopted for calculation of
nofinal freeboard. For calarlalion of nornral and minimum freeboard, the $/avelength
(Lo) and design wave height (Ho) are iaken as

and 1.67Hs.

Wave run-up is the vertical difference between the rnaximum elevation attained
by wave run-up on a slope and the water elevation on lhe slope excluding $rave ac'tion.
The wave run-up R for a smooth surface can be obtained from Figure 19. Wave run-up
on a rough

su ace rlould be less and, hence, the values of R obtained from Figure

19

are multiplied by a conec{ion factor obtained fiom the follo\,ving Table.


TYD of Pibhinq
Cernent Concrete surface
Flexible Brick Pilchinq
Hand-Dlaced RioraD
(D Laid Flat
(ii) Laid with Proiection
Dumped Riprap

Recommendod Co]nacton Factor


'1.00

0.80

0.75
0.60
0.50

12

lf lhe wave run-up is less than the design wave height


governed by the design ulave height

Ho, the fteeboard is

Ho.

\Mnd selup is the result of piling up of the water on one end of the reseruoir on
account of the horizontal driving forcs of the blowing wind. The magnitude of the rise of
water surface above the still waler surface is called the wind set-up or the wind tide.

Normlly, wind set-up, S is calculated tom the

9, :... )rptt- a& G:^\r.' t-)

formula:
\'," -

S=VW2F/62,000D (6)

1-*/*,t

F z'^

E.*,

The freeboard may be cqlculated as summation of Wave run-up (or wave height,

if wave height is larger) and Wnd selup. Verlical setdernent along with the sefiement

due to earthquake may also be added to this amount. Hovrever, in no case the
freeboard would be less than 2m. The elevation of the top of the dam is obtained by

adding normal freeboard to the full reservoir level and O minimum freeboard to the
maximum water (flood) level. Higher of the two elevations would be adopted as the
elevation of the top of the dam.

Problem 4: Compute freeboard and the top elevation of the dam for the following data:
= 340.00m B.L
= A2.2Om eL.

Full reservoir level


Maximum water levl
Effective felch
For normal freboard
For minimum freboard
WM velocity over land for normal freeboad
Average depth of Fservoir
For normalfieeboad
For minimum freeboard
Embankment slope

= 3.66km
= 4.00km

='1sokn/hr
= 29.0m
= 31.2m
= 2,5(H):1M

Given,
. The upstream face is cowGd with handflaced storc pitching; surface Fughness is 0.75
. VWA/L for effeclive fetdr 2 and 4 as 't .'l 6 and 1 .24 respeclively
. Varialion of FyHo value against Embankment Slope is as follows:

Embanlsnant slope
Relative Run-up, R/Ho

0.1

o.2

0.3

0.4

05

0.6

0.368

o.752

't.200

'1.600

't.968

2.272

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Solutlon lor Problsm 4


Rcmarta
r minimum conditon taken as

haltof nomal

Wind vlocitv ovgr \,!ater

c-\

Givsn Value

o.o

Surface rouqhnss corrction frctor

levation of top of Dsm

4.752+0.069=1.821
340,0+4

u2.

2.4

!9! q9y9!!9!

o]|

!qq'j!

31p,

,__t
i

SEEPAGE THROUGH EARTH DAIIS

Seepage occurs through body of all earthen darns and also through their peNious
foundations. The amount of seepage ha8 to be controlled in all conservation darns and

the eftcls of seepage/ position of phrealic line has to bo controlled for all dtns, in
order to avoid their failures.

br lhe estimation of seepage


through an embankrEnt and its bundation. For two{imnsional flow the seepage
The theory of flo,v through porous media is utilisd

through pervious soil material is given by the following Laplacian equalion:

tro _-do^
af af = 0

0)

'----;+
Where, 6 =

14.6 =

yslocity potential; K = Permeability of the so ; h= Head causing flow

The above equation is based on the following assumption:

i)

Water is inconpressible

ii)

The soil is incompressible and porous. The size of the pore space does not change
with time regardless of water pressure

;nh
iii) The quantity of water entering the soil in any given iirne is the sarne as the quantity
fiowing out of the soil

iv) Darcy's law is valid for the gircn soils

v)

The hydraulic boundary conditions at the entry and exit are knourn.

Debrmin tion of Seepage Dischaqe Through the bobopic Solls


r /solroplc Soit The soil having constant perrneability in all direclion (KH = Kv) is known
as isotropic soil.

. Ths dam sec,tion has to be drawn to a reasonable scale

(Sarne scale for horizontal

and verlicsl direc'tions).

r The

flor net is drawn by free hand sketching and rnaking

suitable adiustrEnts and

conections until the flow lines and equipoiential lines intersect at right arEles.

lt is convenient to draw only a limited number of flow lines and equipotential lines such
that the rate of flow between eaoh pair of flow lines (called llow channels) is equal and
the eneruy d]op betuen arry trrc successive potenlial lines is the same.

The distance between the flow lines is made equal to the distance between the
potential lines, thus foming a series of squares. Wtere lhe flor lines area curved, the
forned squars will be distorted, but they will be more perbc{ if the number of lines
increased.

. The

seepage rate (q) can be computed fiom the flow-net, using

Dards

Law. The flow

through lhe square ABCD (Figure 20) field or through the ffow channel containing the
square ABCD i8 as follows:

Aq

=K.i.A = K(AH /

Where, AH = energy drop betrcen the

t\p

AxX Ay.1)

equipotential lines bounding the square

ABCD; Ax and Ay are th6 length of lhe sides of ABCD

Aq-K(AH/Ax)AY
But AH = Total Head drop(total number of drops) = H/Nd

Aq=K(H/Nd)/(Ay/Ax)

K.H/Nd
. The btal flow for isotropic sdl, q
d Aq
Aq

[Ay=Axl

=(K.H/ Nd) x number of flow channol


=(K.FU Nd) x Nr

Kv)

='J( KH.KV).(H.

1*/

r The modifed flow for non-isotropic soil (where,

KH

Nd)

PhFatic Line
The phrealic line is defined, as the line within tha dam sec.tion below which there is
positive hydrostalic pressure in the dam. The hydrostatic pressure on the phtalic line is
equal to the atrnospheric pressure and hence, equal to zero. Above phreatic line, there
is a zone of capillary saturation called capillary fringe, in which the hydrostatic pressure
.

is negalive.
The appreciable ffolfl through the dam body, belolv tho phreatic line, reduces the

efiedive rreight of lhis soil, and thus reduces the shear strenglh of the soil due to pore
pressure. But on the other hand, the insignificant flow through the capillary fiinge, leads

to greater shear strengft, becaus the capillary bnsion in water leads to inqeased

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i
inter-granular pressure. The effects of the capillary fdnge are thus on a slighfly
safer
side and hence neglected.
Position of phreatic line provides the following things:

i)

lt gives us a divide line between the dry (or moist) and submerged soil. The soil
above the seepage line will be taken as dry and the soil below the seepage line
shall
be taken as submerged for @mputation of shear strength of soil.

iD

It represents the top streamline and hence, helps us in drawinE the ffow
net

iiD

The seepage line determination helps us to ensure that

it

does not cut the

downstream face ofthe dam. This is extremely necessary for preventing soffening
or
sloughing of the dam

Dete.mination of Phrcatic Line

When the dam sectbn is hqmogeneous and


Figure

prcided with a hodzontat fitter (efet

2l)

The seepage line is pqqhed down by the filter and it become very nearly
parabolic except near its junction with headwater (u/s) face.

Draw the dam section to the reasonable scale. Vertical and hdrizontal scale
should be sarne.
EOUTPOIINtrlt

UllE5r

Ftow l|(ta!?NREAtrc

ux!

flow lrNEs or SriEAN llNtg

Fls

-20
flE

cunv{ bn^wr.r utr ctr,rtne

t-- -i: -_*.8,

I =r-

t_-r

.-tr-t/
'-- /

l:rl

"^11a*o-----,-4
Fr

o.vrre _-

_HOFTZONIAL

I dRICTRIX
Pt. C rS THE

VERtkr oF
IT]E PAiASOLA

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The seepage line shall be perpendicular to the headwater face (this face of the
dam becorne an equipotential line when fully covered with wster) near its junction
point B.

Drawlhe base parabola with focus at F and produce the same so as to intelsect
the water surface at point A.

AB= 0.3 HB (CassagftrndF has proved this for reasonably f,at u/s slope)

o Draw the parabola AIJC with its focus at F.


o Correction of Bl should b@ such that Bl is perpendicular to GB.
o BIJC will represent he phreatic line.
Equation of the base oarabolai The basic property of parabola describes that the
dislance of any point on the perabola from its focus is the same as the horizontal
distance of that point from a line iF called directrix.

Consider any point P (x, y) on parabola. Let F (eft end of the horizonbl filter) be the
focus of the parabola, then the equation ofthe parabola may be written as follows:

{(f+fi=x+Po
Vvhere, the vertical line through D is the directrix and FD is the distance of the focus

from the directrix, called focal diqtance. This focal distance is generally represented as

s.
The equalion lhen

bcomes

{(f + f; =t+

The value of S can be determined in two ways.

i)

Considering lhe coordinate of point A(b, H) the equation may be written as

s={b2+H2)-b
ii) Draw a circular curve with centre A and radius AF, starting from F to the
horizontal water level line. Drop a vertical line on the base. This intersection

will provide the point D.


The parabola rnay be drawn now, which will represent the phrealic line.
The discharge may be determined using Darcy's Law.

When the dam seclion is homogeneous and Wvided wlthout frttet Felet Figure 221

Basic principls is same in this case also, but the focus will be at the toe of the
tail-water.

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,'- irinrdr,
-(o.o.i.^.".

IgCUSIF

EIlENOEP

unEctitr

F\3"^r.L - 22-

-.;

The base parabola in this case will cut the dam section at the point J and will be
extended beyond the dam seclion and the ve{ex of the parabola will be at C-

The seepage line, hovrever, etnsrge out at K, meeting lhe downstream face
tangentially there. The po ion KF is knowr as discharge face and always
remains saturated- This conection may be provided by Cassagrande's general
solution.

o The equalion for correclion is


o The value of (a+

Aa

= (a+

Aa)

I(180o

-g/400f

Aa) can be measured from the dam seclion (since it has

drawn to the scale),

c{.

will be given. So the value of

Aa

been

can be eslimated trom

the equation.

Delermination of dbcharge ftom equation of phrcatic line:


Considering a unil width of the dam let, q be the seepage discharge per unit width ofthe
dam. Applying Darcy's Law q = KiA. Here, i= dy/dx and A =yx l
q = K.dyldx.y

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No[requationofphreaticlineis{(l+f)=x+S;

hence, y = {1S2 + ZxS;

Calculate dyldx = [1/2. (S2+zx6;12i .2S1, which will provide q=

69

Problem 5: An earth dam made of hormgeneous .natedal has the folloving data:

Coeffcient of permeability of dam material

= 5x104 cm/sec

Level of top of dam

= 200.0 m

Level of deepst river bed


H.F. L. of reservoir

= 178,0 m
= 197.5 m

Wdth of lhe top of dam

=4.5m

U/s Slope

= 3:1

D/s Slope

= 2:1

Case l: Determine the phreatic line for this dam seciion (without filter) and the dischae
passing through the dam.

Case ll: Determine the phreatic line for this dam section with a horizontal filter of length
equal to 25 m, provided inward fiom the downstream toe of lhe dam, also delermine the
discharge passing through the dam

Problem 6: A flow net is plotted for a homogeneous earthen dam of height 22m and
fteeboard 2.0m. The results obtained are as fullov\rs:

Nurter

of potenlial drops = 19

Number of flow channels

=4

The dam has a horizontal flter 30m length at the dournstream end and the coefficient of
pemEability of the dam rnaterial is 5x1oa cny'sec. Calculate the disdlarge per m run of
the dam section.

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