BUT AMOR etey, Slide Collection (Non-European History) SPECIAL GUIDE SELECTED SLIDES FOR WORLD HISTORY COURSES SR ar TR ga Pe ee Ln gee eae selections of slides for use in their courses. INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES CORPORATIONThe World History Slide Collection (Non-European History) SPECIAL GUIDE SELECTED SLIDES FOR WORLD HISTORY COURSES By Stephen S. Gosch, Ph.D. Professor of History University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire Eau Claire, Wisconsin INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES CORPORATION‘This book is designed to accompany and be a part of The World History Slide Collection, produced by the Instructional Resources Corporation. Additional copies are available at the following prices, including postage and handling: single copy, $12.00; 3-5 copies, $10.00 each; 6 or more, $8.00 each. ‘The following slide sets are also available from the Instructional Resources Corporation. Please call or write for additional information. The Western the history of Western Civilization, with a 263-page Master Guide book providing captions, index and suggestions for the use of the slides. The American History Slide Collection: 2100 slides on US. history, with an accompanying 265-page guide book. “America in the Depression Years: 450 slides on the Farm Security Administration documentary pictures of America ‘made in the 1930's and 40's by a group of America’s greatest photographers. 48-page guide book. Special Guide to ‘The World History Slide Collection (Non-European History) First Printing, March 1988 Second Printing, March 1990 Copyright © 1988, 1990 All Rights Reserved Instructional Resources Corporation 1819 Bay Ridge Avenue Annapolis, MD 21403 301/263-0025, Toll free 1-800/922-1711 ICONTENTS Introduction Copying the Slides and Captions How to Prepare an Illustrated Lecture Prehistory The First Civilizations: Mesopotamia and Egypt to 500 B.C. India and Indian Influences in Asia to 1500 A.D. Chinese Civilization to 500 A.D. East Asia, 500-1500 The Rise of Islam, 600-1500 The Age of the Mongols, 1200-1400 Sub-Saharan Africa to 1500 Mesoamerica and Andean South America to 1500 Europe Discovers the World, 1450-1800 Three Islamic Empires, 1500-1800 East Asia in Early Modern Times, 1500-1800 The Middle East and Asia, 1800-1911 Africa in the Century of Imperialism, 1800-1913 Latin America, 1810-1910 East Asia in the Twentieth Century Nationalism and the Struggle for Self-Rule, 1945-1987 The Middle Eastern Crucible Latin America in the Twentieth Century Tt Page V VIL 19 20 RR 30 32 34IVINTRODUCTION The World History Slide Collection is designed to add an important visual dimension to courses in global history. Teachers and professors will find that the 2400 images in the Collection can be used to illustrate a wide variety of topics and themes in their courses. This Special Guide provides brief introductions to important topics in world history and lists the slides which instructors will find particularly valuable as they begin to make use of the Collection. The lists are organized chronologically and topically in order to integrate well with standard world history textbooks (in both the high schools and colleges), as well as with many of the course outlines in Kevin Reilly, ed., World History (New York: Marcus Wiener Publishing, 1985). Please note that in some of the lists which follow, certain slides have been recommended for use in more than one context. These slides are indicated by (*).. This book has been published as a separate volume in order to make it easy for users to consult the slide captions in the Master Guide book while using these lists. It should be emphasized that the lists of selected slides are designed to give teachers and professors immediate assistance in making initial selections of slides; as the users become more familiar with this very substantial resource, they will increasingly be able to make their own selections.COPYING THE SLIDES AND CAPTIONS Subject to the limitations set forth below, purchasers of the Collection are authorized to make copies of limited numbers of individual slides and captions for specific purposes (such as, to provide a set of slides needed for a course unit by an individual teacher, or to prepare a visual presentation or report) provided that the duplicate slides may be publicly displayed or performed only within a single educational institution (for example, within a single school or college campus), or for non-profit and non-commercial community purposes (for example, showings to community groups staged by personnel of the above institution) in the community within which such educational institution is located. ‘The duplicate slides and accompanying captions may not be sold, leased, rented, loaned or otherwise made available to any person or agency not a part of the single educational institution above described. The duplicate slides and captions must remain the property of the institution, and must not become the property of any individual. For additional information, see the section headed "Copying the Slides and Captions" in the Master Guide.HOWTO PREPARE AN ILLUSTRATED LECTURE 1. Using your selected section of this book, refer to the Master Guide and locate the captions for the slides which this book recommends. 2. Photocopy the pages on which those captions appear. Encircle or otherwise mark the selected captions on the photocopies. Of course, you can edit the captions and add your own comments or emphasis. 3. Arrange the photocopies in order and staple them. 4, Pull the selected slides from the Collection, put them in the proper order, and insert them in a projector magazine, and your lecture is ready to be presented. 5. Under the provisions of the Master Guide section headed "Copying the Slides and Captions" on Page VI, you can have the slides duplicated and keep them for future use. Or, you can just keep the photocopy pages and pull the slides from the Collection when you want to use them again. vilPREHISTORY The story of humankind began several million years ago in East Africa with the appearance of the earliest hominids. Archaeological expeditions conducted by the Leakeys and others in Tanzania and Kenya led to the discovery of remains of our earliest ancestors, members of the Australopithecine species. A more recent species of hominid, Homo erectus, is illustrated by the remains of Lantian man, found in northern China near Xian in the 1960s. The most recent findings by archaeologists suggest that anatomically modern humans emerged about 100,000 years ago. These people lived by hunting and gathering, a way of life that survives today in parts of Africa and Australia, as well as in other areas of the world. ‘The development of agriculture and stock raising in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago (the Neolithic Revolution) transformed the lives of hunters and gatherers in the most fundamental ways. The new farming economy gave rise to densely populated settlements like Jericho, and gradually spread to other regions. Agriculture seems to have begun in northern China about 5,000 B.C., probably as a result of independent discovery rather than diffusion from the Middle East. A. Human beginnings 1. Africa: A 1-2 2. China: P 14 B. Hunting and gathering 1. Africa: A 5,8 2. Australia: Z 4-7 C. Early agriculture 1. Middle East (Jericho): E 1 2. China: P 15-19, 22THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT TO 500 B.C. The world’s first civilization emerged about 3500 B.C. in the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known to the Greeks as Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq. The Sumerians, who lived in the southern part of this region, introduced a new way of life in which city-states, well-defined social classes, writing, monumental architecture, and developments in the arts and sciences were significant. During the third millennium these innovations were diffused northward and modified. Sumerian city-states such as Ur were conquered and absorbed into territorial polities originating upriver. This trend culminated in the creation of the great bureaucratic empire of Hammurabi, ca. 1700 B.C., with its capital at Babylon. A second civilization, centering on the Nile River valley, arose by 3100 B.C. Egyptian civilization had many of the features of its Mesopotamian neighbor to the east, including cities, complex governmental institutions, and a social hierarchy. Life along the Nile, however, had its own unique character. In contrast to the turbulence which dominated the Tigris-Euphrates region, Egypt was unified early and had a long tradition of stable centralized rule under the pharoahs. In addition, the Egyptians developed characteristic forms of religious expression, writing, architecture and art. Between 1700 and 500 B.C. new actors began to play important roles on the Middle Eastern stage. Indo-European invaders such as the Hittites used horse-drawn chariots to attack old empires. Then, from 900 to 600 B.C., the Assyrians developed new forms of military organization and united much of the region. Beginning around 550 B.C. the Persians created an even larger Middle Eastern empire. In the midst of the rise and fall of these imperial states, the Phoenicians created a Mediterranean-wide network of commercial ports and invented the first phonetic alphabet, At about the same time the Hebrews gave rise to the tradition of ethical monotheism. ‘A. Sumerian civilization, ca. 3500-2500 B.C.: E 2-5 B. Babylon, ca. 2000 B.C.: E 31-34 C. Egyptian civilization, ca. 3100-500 B.C. 1. Agriculture and pastoralism: E 6-8 2. The pyramids: E 10-12 3. Rulers: E 14*, 15, 17 4, Religion: E 18, 21, 16, 22*, 23*, 24-25 5. Science: E 26*, 27-28 6. Occupations: E 19, 29 7. Women: E 14*, 22*, 23*, 26*, 20D. Greater Middle Eastern civilization, ca. 1700-500 B.C. 1. 2) . The Persian empire, ca. 500 B. Map of Middle Eastern empires: E 13 The Hittites: E 36-37 . The Assyrians: E 38-39 . The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, ca. 600 B.C.: E40 46 (map), 41-45 . The Phoenicians and Carthage: E 51, 60-61 . The Hebrews and Judaism to ca. 1 A.D.: E 52-58INDIA AND INDIAN INFLUENCES IN ASIA TO 1500 A.D. Indian civilization first developed in the Indus River valley about 2500 B.C. Centering on the great cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro, this ancient civilization flourished until ‘about 1300 B.C, when it mysteriously collapsed, perhaps as a result of attacks by Indo- European warriors who entered the region at this time. ‘The Indo-Europeans, or Aryans, then took the lead in organizing the new civilization of classical India which began to emerge around 1000 B.C. The religious groundwork for the extraordinarily rich tradition of Hinduism was put in place. A fourfold classification of the population into priests (Brahmins), warriors (Kshatriyas), merchants and cultivators (Vaishyas) and laborers (Shudras) became the basis for the all-pervasive caste system. In the sixth century B.C. two new religions sprang up in India. Vardhamana Mahavira (540-468 B.C.) founded Jainism, a sect of thorough-going ascetics who were committed to nonviolence. At the same time Prince Gautama (563-483 B.C.), the future Buddha or "Enlightened One," began one of the world’s great religions; Buddhism soon became a major force in Indian life, influencing the policies of Emperor Ashoka (272-232 B.C.) and inspiring a remarkable tradition of art and architecture. By 500 A. the classical period of Indian history had played itself out. Buddhism went into decline and virtually disappeared in the land of its birth. In contrast, Hinduism flourished and gave rise to significant artistic achievement in the Dravidian south. In addition, beginning in the eighth century Islam began to spread to India from the Middle East, gradually becoming the second religion on the subcontinent. Indian religions and culture had a major impact on the rest of Asia prior to 1500. Buddhism reached Sri Lanka in the third century B.C.; this island also figures prominently in the Ramayana, the great Hindu epic which dates from about 200 A.D. ‘Throughout the first millennium Indian travellers carried Hinduism and the form of Buddhism known as the Hinayana (lesser vehicle) or Theravada (teacher's) sect to most of Southeast Asia, leaving @ lasting imprint on the cultures of Burma, Thailand, Kampuchea (Cambodia), Laos, southern Vietnam and Java, Mahayana (greater vehicle) Buddhism moved through the passes in northwestern India and then followed the Silk Route east to China (first century A.D.). It then spread to Korea (fourth century) and Japan (sixth century). Tibet became a part of the Mahayana Buddhist world soon afterwards. A. India 1. Mohenjodaro: U 1-2 2. Hinduism: U 3-5, 9, 28-31 3. Caste system: U 6-8 4, Agriculture and crafts: U 11-12, 20 5. Jainism: U 13-14 6, Buddhism: U 15-16, 22, 25-267. Ashoka: U 19 (map), 18 8 Hellenistic influences: U 17 9. Gupta dynasty: U 21 10. Hindu women: U 10; V 40 11, Harsha’s empire (map): U 27 12, Islam and the Delhi sultanate: U 32-5 B. The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia 1, Buddhism and Hinduism in Sri Lanka: X 2-4, 6,5 2. Buddhism in Thailand: X 47-51 3. Buddhism and Hinduism in Cambodia (Kampuchea): X 71-73 4, Buddhism in Laos: X 79 5. Hinduism in Vietnam: X 86 6. Buddhism and Hinduism in Java: X 153-155 C. The Spread of Mahayana Buddhism to Central and East Asia 1. China (post-Han through Yuan): Q 39-42; R 5, 11-13, 57; U 24; R73 2. Korea: O 7, 11-17, 22, 27-28 3. Japan: N 15-17, 27-28, 37-40 4, Tibetan Buddhism in Kathmandu: U 23CHINESE CIVILIZATION TO 500 A.D. ‘The first agricultural settlements in China are thought to date from as early as 5000 B.C. Neolithic cultures on the north China plain, known as the Yangshao (painted pottery) and Longshan (black pottery), left a rich legacy of finely crafted ceramics. Urban life and the other characteristics of larger-scale civilization first emerged in China ‘about 1600 B.C. Based in the Yellow River valley, the Shang dynasty (ca. 1600-1100 B.C.) produced bronze vessels and other artifacts of unsurpassed beauty. During the Zhou dynasty (ca. 1100-256 B.C.) China underwent major economic, social ‘and cultural changes. Work in bronze continued, but the development of iron tools and weapons transformed agricultural and military life. Confucius (551-479 B.C.) founded the system of thinking which became dominant in China until the twentieth century. Daoism, a philosophy (or religion) focusing on the mysteries of nature, arose at about the same time. In 221 B.C. China reached a great turning point. Qin Shi Huangdi conquered the various Chinese states, becoming the country’s "First Emperor" (the literal meaning of the ame he took for himself). Relying on his formidable armies and organizational skills, Qin Shi Huangdi founded an enduring tradition of effective centralized rule. One of the greatest accomplishments of his regime was the building of the Great Wall along the northern frontier. The pattern of efficient administration was continued and developed during the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) by a steady succession of capable rulers. Confucianism became the dominant ideology at this time and there were important breakthroughs in astronomy. The Chinese became the first people to make paper. Both literature, especially the writing of history, and the arts flourished under the Han. In the unstable conditions following the collapse of the Han empire, new trends developed. Confucianism faded somewhat while there was renewed interest in Daoist spiritualism. Buddhism, which had been introduced from India in the first century, spread widely and became an important force in Chinese life. ‘A. Physical map of China: P 5 B. Lantian Man: P 14 C. Mythological founders: P 8-13 D. Neolithic archaeology and artifacts, ca. 5000-1600 B.C.: P 15-19, 22 E. Shang dynasty 1, Oracle shells and bones: P 23-24 2. Artistry in bronze and jade: P 25-30F. Zhou dynasty 1, Rulers: P 31-32, 34-35, 45 2. Map of China, 6th century B.C.: P 43 3. Confucius and Mencius: P 37-39, 49 4, Laozi (Lao-tzu) and Daoism: P 40-42, 50 5. Technology, trade and science: P 47, 36, 48, 44 6. Artistry in bronze: P 33, 46 G. Qin dynasty 1. Qin Shi Huangdi, the "First Emperor": Q 1, 5 3. Qin Shi Huangdi’s tomb: Q 3-4 H. Han dynasty 1. Map of the Han empire: Q 9 2. Emperors: Q 7-8, 18-19 3. Confucianism and historiography: Q 13-14 4. Science and technology: Q 20-21, 25-28 5. Art: Q 10, 15-16, 22-24 I. Post-Han period, 220-500 1. Model of fortified tower: Q 29 2. Calligraphy and painting: Q 35-36 3. Daoism: Q 37-38 4, Buddhism: Q 39-42EAST ASIA, 500-1500 China experienced a renewed period of greatness during the millennium beginning in the sixth century, especially under the rule of the Sui (581-618), Tang (618-960) and Song (960-1279) dynasties. After the Sui emperors reestablished effective centralized government, the early Tang rulers extended China’s military authority deep into Central Asia. The Tang and Song centuries witnessed remarkable developments in technology, trade, poetry, landscape painting and the production of porcelain. If the brilliance of the Tang and Song faded somewhat during the succeeding periods of Mongol rule (Yuan dynasty, 1279-1368) and the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), China in 1500 nevertheless remained one of the world’s great centers of advanced civilization. ‘The slides listed below help one to appreciate the vitality and dynamism in China, ca. 500-1500. In particular, they make it possible to trace such trends as the expansion and contraction of Chinese borders, the progress in technology and trade, the rise and fall of Chinese Buddhism, the continuing importance of Daoism and Confucianism, and the flowering of the arts. While the Sui were engaged in reuniting China, two new centers of advanced civilization were taking shape in Korea and Japan. Located on China’s northeast periphery, both Korea and Japan came under the strong influence of their much larger neighbor. Yet each of these smaller centers was able to retain and develop its own distinctive traditions. The result was the emergence of a multicentered greater East Asian civilization in the centuries leading up to 1500. Note the mix of Chinese "exports" and indigenous styles in the slides which follow; Korean and Japanese art and architecture are especially revealing in this regard. A. China 1. Maps (Tang through Ming): R 8, 39, 53, 89 2. Emperors: Sui, R 1-2; Tang, R 6-7, 10, 15, 32; Song, R 36-37, 48; Yuan, R 70-1; early Ming, R 85-88 3, The Great Wall and steppe nomads: R 4, 34, 38, 49, 68-69, 90-92, 98 4, Scholar-officials (Song): R 43-47 5. Technology, science and trade: Sui, R 3; Tang, R 12, 22, 25, 27-28; Song, R 40-42; Yuan, R 72, 74-77, 84; Ming, R 93-95 6. The rise and fall of footbinding: $ 91-92 7. Buddhism: R 5, 11-13, 57; U 24; R73 8. Confucianism: R 29-30, 54-56 9. Daoism: R 14 10, Poetry and drama: R 16-18, 78 11. Ceramics, porcelains: R 19-21, 23, 65-67, 84, 117-118 12, Landscape painting: R 58-64, 79-83, 112-113 13, Tang artistry in gold: R 24 14, Ming monumental sculpture: R 104-105 15, Beijing: R 107-11010 THE RISE OF ISLAM, 600-1500 ‘Among the many developments in the world between 600 and 1500, the single most important was the emergence and rise of Islam. The new faith of the Arabs revitalized the Middle East, creating a unique and dynamic style of civilization. Baghdad, the capital of the Islamic world during the rule of the Abbasid caliphs (750-1258), became one of the great urban centers of the Afro-Eurasian ecumene. Especially during the first half of the Abbasid period, the flowering of Islamic art, architecture, science and technology testified to the new faith’s capacity to inspire a wide variety of creative activities. Islam also spread beyond the Middle East with great speed. Within a century of Muhammad’s death in 632, Muslims ruled North Africa and Spain and were fighting Christian forces in France (Battle of Tours, 732). At the same time, other Islamic armies were reaching the western border of India (present-day Pakistan) while still others were probing deep into Central Asia (Battle of Talas, 751). Somewhat later merchants and Inissionaries carried the faith down the East African coast and southward across the Sahara to West Africa, Around the year 1000 Turko-Afghan warriors won new conquests for Islam in northern India; with the establishment of the Delhi sultanate (1206-1526), Islam became aa major force on the subcontinent. Indian ports on the Bay of Bengal soon began to send Musiim merchants and missionaries to Southeast Asia. By 1400 Timur, or Tamerlane (1336- 1405), had established a major Islamic state in southwest Asia. The rate and geographical extent of Islam’s expansion was unmatched by the other religions of the premodern world. A. Islam in the Middle East and North Africa 1. The life of Muhammad: E 84-87, 89, 88 Pilgrimages, prayer and charity: E 90-94 Commerce: E 97-98, 132-133, 120 Art: E95, 99, 101-112, 147 Shi'ites and Sufis: E 125, 124, 126-127, 121-123 Higher learning and science: E 131, 134-141 rawr YK Women: E 129-130 8. Invasions and conquests: E 145-146, 148, 128, 152-154 B. Islam in the wider world 1. East Africa: A 85-86 2. Sub-Saharan West Africa: A 35-38, 40-44, 60-61 3, India: U 32-35 4, Malacca and Java: X 117, 156 5, Timur and Samarkand, ca. 1370-1450: E 149-150; W 30-31pu THE AGE OF THE MONGOLS, 1200-1400 Early in the thirteenth century Mongol warriors under the command of their great leader, Genghis Khan (1167-1227), swept out of Inner Asia to create the largest empire in world history. The borders of the vast state that Genghis left to his sons stretched from the Euphrates River and Black Sea in the west to northern China and Korea in the east. While the unity of the empire began to unravel after the death of Genghis, Mongol armies continued their offensives, capturing Russia in 1240, sacking Baghdad in 1258, and invading Japan (unsuccessfully) in 1274 and 1281. In 1279 the Mongols completed the conquest of China, which they ruled until 1368 as the Yuan dynasty. It was the first of the ‘Yuan emperors, Kublai Khan, who employed Marco Polo during the Venetian merchant's 17 years in China. Indeed, Marco Polo’s successful journey across Central Asia on the Silk Route - two generations after the death of Genghis Khan - is evidence of the enduring power of the Pax Tartarica. The huge southwest Asian empire of Timur was the last great Mongol state. Following Timur’s death, the Mongol khans were thrown on the defensive. The development of firearms gave the great Eurasian centers of civilization a decisive advantage over the steppe warriors. Although it is true that the heirs of Genghis Khan were strong enough to remain a continuing military problem for the Ming emperors in China, by the end of the seventeenth century the Mongol homeland had been conquered by the new Qing rulers in Beijing. A. Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire: R 68, 69 (map) B. The sack of Baghdad, 1258: E 128 C. The invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281: N 29-30 D. The Yuan dynasty in China, 1279-1368: R 70-75, 78-84 E. Marco Polo (1254-1324); R 76-77 F. Timur (1336-1405): E 149-150; W 30 G. The Mongols and Ming China: R 91, 9812 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA TO 1500 Sub-Saharan Africa gave rise to a rich and changing mosaic of cultures prior to the coming of the Europeans in the fifteenth century. However, gaining an understanding of the early African past poses formidable problems. Owing to the paucity of written records, the historian of traditional Africa necessarily depends on archaeological evidence and what can be inferred from the study of artifacts. These sources must be supplemented with what historians and ethnographers have learned about ways of life in Africa during more recent times. When this material is added to what can be gleaned from travellers’ accounts and oral histories, a clearer picture of the deeper African past can be brought into focus. Leaving Egypt aside, Africa’s earliest kingdoms - Kush, Axum and Ethiopia - emerged in the region of the upper Nile. However, these northeastern states were rather isolated from the rest of the continent and their example does not seem to have spread. During the first millenium A.D., expanding trade networks quickened the pace of development in Africa, Cities were founded as Arab merchants moved down the east coast, incorporating this part of the continent into the trade networks of the Middle East and the Indian Ocean. Still more significant were the camel caravans which began to travel across the Sahara carrying salt and other commodities from the north to be exchanged for gold and slaves from West Africa. The commercial activity in West Africa led to the growth of cities such as Timbuktu and Kano and to the rise of great empires of the Sudan: Ghana (ca. 800- 1200), Mali (1240-1400) and Songhai (1464-1591). By the early second millenium, trade was also having an important impact on southeastern Africa, where Zimbabwe had become a major source of gold and center of commerce. ‘The growth of commerce and the rise of states were accompanied by the spread of Islam down the East African coast and to West Africa. The new faith took permanent root in the sub-Saharan region, deeply affecting the entire way of life in the areas that it touched. (Note that some of the scenes depicted in the following slides date from the post-1500 period.) A. Human beginnings: A 1-2 B. Geographic and linguistic diversity: A 3-4, 9 C. Hunting, fishing and gathering: A 5, 8, 27-28, 55, 101, 104 D. Agriculture and herding: A 6-7, 23-26, 30-34, 56, 65 E, Early kingdoms: Kush, Axum and Ethiopia: A 11-12, 14-16 F. Technology and trade 1. Iron tools: A 10, 19-21 2. East African commerce: A 85*, 86* 3, Trans-Saharan trade: A 22, 35*, 36*, 37*, 38-39, 45-46, 50*, 51*13 4. Varieties of currency: A 105-112 G. Growth of states 1. East Africa: A 85*, 86*, 87 2. West Africa: A 35*, 38*, 47, 50*, 51*, 52*, 53, 73*, 74*, 75-76, 77*, 79* 3. Zimbabwe: A 88-89 H. The spread of Islam: A 85*, 86*, 40-44, 46, 50*, 51*, 60, 61 L. Art: A 17-18, 73%, 74, 77*, 78, 79%, 80, 90-99 J. Traditional healing: A 10014 MESOAMERICA AND ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA TO 1500 In the ancient Americas, the most advanced centers of civilization emerged in ‘Mesoamerica (in present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras) and in the central ‘Andean region of South America (present-day Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador). Intensive agriculture in these areas gave rise to highly developed states, elaborate religious traditions, monumental architecture, extensive trade networks and remarkable creativity in science and art. The new way of life first emerged in Mesoamerica among the Olmecs along the Gulf coast, and also at Monte Alban in central Mexico during the first millennium B.C. During the following millenium, the civilization of the Mayas radiated outward from its base in northern Guatemala, while the magnificent ruins at Teotihuacan are evidence of the advanced way of life in central Mexico. Beginning about 900, Toltec invaders from the north began to dominate much of central Mexico, and a mixed Toltec-Mayan civilization took shape on the Yucatan peninsula. South of the Toltec region in Mexico the Zapotecs built the striking temple complex at Mitla, before falling victim to the Mixtecs in the thirteenth century. In the following century the mighty Aztec warriors began their rise to power in Mexico's central valley; they dominated Mexico until the coming of the Europeans. In the central Andes region developments in a variety of cultures during the two millenia divided by the birth of Christ signaled the emergence of advanced civilization. The most impressive of the carly builders in the Andes were the Chavin, whose elaborate stone temple complex at Chavin de Huantar in northern Peru dates from the fourth century B.C. In southern Peru a contemporaneous culture at Paracas produced colorful textiles. Following the decline of the Chavin culture, the Mochica, with their unique pottery, and huge structures of sun-dried clay brick, emerged as dominant in northern Peru. Simultaneously, the Nazca developed their own distinctive styles of pottery and weaving in the south. After 600 A.D. the city of Tiahuanco in the Bolivian highlands emerged as the capital of a large empire which embraced the southern portion of the central Andes for the next several centuries. One of the most accomplished of the Andean cultures prior to the coming of the Europeans was the Chimu. Dominant in northern coastal Peru in the fourteenth century, the Chimu could boast of a sophisticated system of irrigated agriculture, impressive cities, pyramids of clay brick and highly skilled artisans. During the same period the Chancay culture on Peru’s central coast produced distinctive effigy vessels and weavings. During the fifteenth century, the Incas expanded rapidly from their base in the Cuzco region of Peru. Within a short time they had created a vast empire stretching north and south along the spine of the Andes. Terraced agriculture, techniques of rule, road-building and art are eloquent testimony to the high level of their civilization. A. Mesoamerica 1. The Olmecs and Monte Alban, 1200 to 150 B.« 2. Classic Mesoamerica, 150 B.C. to 900 A.D.15 a. Mayan civilization: H 14-16, 19 b. Teotihuan: H 17-18 3. Mexico, 900-1519 a, Toltec-Mayan civilization: H 26-28, 31-32 b. Mitla and the Mixtecs: H 29-30 c. Aztec civilization: H 33-37 B. Andean South America 1, Early Andean civilization, 1400 B.C.-1400 A.D.: H 20-25, 38-39 2. Inca civilization, ca. 1500: H 40-4416 EUROPE DISCOVERS THE WORLD, 1450-1800 During the fifteenth century European mariners embarked on the most amazing series of voyages in world history. Portugese journeys down the West African coast opened the way for bolder forays eastward into the Indian Ocean and beyond, as well as westward across the Atlantic to the Americas. In 1522 the 18 surviving members of Ferdinand Magellan's original crew became the first people to encircle the globe. ‘The results of this triumph of technology and audacity were profound. In Mesoamerica and the Andes, two great civilizations were destroyed and, amid their ruins, a new Latin ‘American civilization began to take shape. The Americas now became a key component in ‘a new global economy, dominated by the Europeans, which linked together all the major regions of the world for the first time. Huge quantities of New World precious metals and sugar were loaded on vessels destined for European ports. European shippers transported vast numbers of slaves from Africa across the Atlantic to the plantations of the Americas; European silver and gold (much of it obtained from Spanish America) found its way east to ‘Asia where it paid for the spices, textiles and porcelains sent westward across the Indian Ocean and around the Cape of Good Hope. ‘The slides listed below illustrate the epoch-making voyages of the Europeans and their repercussions in Latin America, Africa and Asia, Note the dramatic contrast between the massive European impact on Mesoamerica and South America and the much more limited effects on Africa and Asia. ‘A. European maritime technology, ca. 1500, and early Portuguese voyages: B 1; V 2; B5,B2 B. The European invasion and conquest of Mesoamerica and South America 1. Exploration and discovery: I 1-6 2. Conquest of the Aztecs: [8-15 3, Conquest of the Incas: I 16-20 C. Europeans circle the globe: ¥ 1-2 D. Latin America in the Atlantic economy - precious metals, sugar and slaves: 135-38, 42, 81, 77; B 13*, 14*, 15%; 157 E. The shaping of colonial Latin America, ca. 1500-1800 1, Colonial administration: 1 32-33, 56, 76 2. The role of the Church: I 25-29, 31, 45, 47-49 3. Urban life and higher learning: I 43-44, 82 4, European rivalries: I 40-41, 78-80, 52, 5517 5. Political protest, 1780-1800: 1 61-68 F. Europe and Africa, 1450-1800 1. Early contacts: B 3, 6; A 78; B 7-10, C3 2. The slave trade: B 13*, 14*, 15*, 16-18 G. The Portuguese in the Persian Gulf, 1554: E 160 H. Europeans in India, 1500-1800: V 1, 3-21 1. Europeans in Southeast Asia, 1500-1800: 1. Sri Lanka: X7 2. Malacca: X 117-118 3. Java: X 157-158, 161-162 J. Europeans in East Asia, 1500-1800 1. China: $ 21-23; R 100-102; S 24-25, 33-34 2. Japan: N 45-47, 58-62 K. Europeans in the Pacific 1, Manila: Y 3 2. Hawaii: ¥ 2818 (This page left blank for paging purpos: es)19 ‘THREE ISLAMIC EMPIRES, 1500-1800 Three great empires shared hegemony over the realm of Islam in early modern times. The Ottoman state (1300-1924), at its peak during the sixteenth century, embraced most of the Middle East, North Africa and the Balkan peninsula. The greatest of the Turkish sultans, Suleiman the Lawgiver (1520-66), was one of the most powerful monarchs of his age. Safavid Persia (1500-1736), the bastion of Shite Islam, occupied the region between the Ottoman lands and India. Under Shah Abbas I (1587-1629), whose court was frequently visited by European diplomats, the Safavid state reached its height of power and influence. The third great Islamic polity at this time was the Mughal empire in India (1526-1858). For nearly two centuries the early Mughal rulers, especially Akbar (1556-1605), who was the greatest of them, were able to provide India with a rare period of effective centralized government. By the eighteenth century all three of these states were in full decline. ‘The Safavids were driven from power in 1736. By the end of the century India was under de facto British control. If the unraveling of the Ottoman empire was more gradual, it was nonetheless clear in 1800 that its greatest days were deep in the past. A. The Ottoman Empire 1. The rise of the Ottomans: E 152 (map), 153-155 2. Architecture and art: E 156-157, 111, 94, 159 3. Rivalry with Europe: E 133, 160-162 4. Signs of decline: E 163 (map), 164 B. Persia 1. Safavid dynasty, 1500-1736: E 113-117, 124 2. Nadir Shah, 1736-1747: U 58* C. Mughal India 1. Mughal greatness, 1526-1707: U 37-56, 60 2. Early European contacts: V 7-9 3. Signs of decline: U 59, 58*, 57 4. British conquest: V 12-2120 EAST ASIA IN EARLY MODERN TIMES, 1500-1800 Little affected by the rise of the West in early modern times, China under the late Ming (1368-1644) and early Qing (1644-1911) emperors continued to display great vitality. Economic growth and urbanization proceeded rapidly during most of the period. The Qing rulers extended their authority to Mongolia, the Tarim Basin, Tibet and other regions. Traditional arts such as landscape painting and, to some extent, porcelain making flourished as in earlier centuries. On the other hand, by the late eighteenth century serious problems began to emerge for the Qing: rural distress, owing partly to population pressure, gave rise to peasant revolts; the effectiveness of the political system began to weaken, a development that was hastened by the expensive wars of conquest; and the still-dominant Confucian ideology began to display signs of rigidity and stagnation. The major development in Japan during this period was the unification of the country, following prolonged feudal warfare, by the three great warlords of the late sixteenth century: Oda Nabunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokagawa Ieyasu. The result was the founding of the Tokugawa shogunate (1600-1867), an event which ushered in more than two centuries of political stability and near-total isolation from the West. As in China, for much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Japan experienced a rapidly expanding economy and the growth of cities. Cultural trends during this period moved in two quite different directions. While the neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) reigned as the official philosophy of the samurai rulers, in the "floating world” of the cities the vibrant popular culture of merchants, artisans and others found expression in Bunraku (puppet theater), Kabuki theater and remarkable woodblock prints. Korean developments at this time were powerfully shaped by the devastation following from two Japanese invasions during the 1590s and further attacks by Manchu armies in the 1620s and 1630s. The Yi dynasty (1392-1910) never really recovered from these wars. Confucian values continued to dominate Korean society, at least nominally. But court politics were steeped in continuing factionalism. While there were indications of economic growth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Korean economy remained far behind that of China and Japan. A. China 1, Late Ming period, ca. 1500-1644 a. Statecraft, Beijing: R 97, 106-110 b. Painting: R 112-116 ¢. Porcelains: R 117-119 d. European contacts: § 21-23, R 100-102 e. Overthrow of the Ming: R 103 2. Early Qing period, 1644-1800 a, Emperors: $ 3-4, 11b. Science: $ 6*, 7*, 8-9 ¢. Territorial expansion: S 12 (map), 13-20 d. Art: $ 26-32 e. European contacts: $ 6*, 7*, 33-34 B. Japan 1. The sixteenth century a. European contacts: N 45-47 b. Warlords and warfare: N 48-49, 53; © 36 ©. Art: N 50-52 2. Early and middle Tokugawa periods, 1600-1800 a, Warrior rule: N 54-57, 63, 65 b. Closing the country: N 58-62 c. High culture and popular culture: N 64, 68-69, 66-67 4. Art: N 70-72 C. Korea 1. War with Japan in the 1590s: © 35-39, 40-41 2. Confucian scholar-officials: © 42-44 3. Landscape painting and porcelains: © 45-47, 49-50 a22 ‘THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA, 1800-1911 The nineteenth century was a time of trial for the once powerful empires of the Middle East and Asia. Of the major states in this vast area, only Japan was able to break the cycle of decline and subjection to the West. In the Ottoman empire a succession of sultans was unable to reverse the downward spiral; by the end of the century the remnant of the great state that Suleiman had once headed was being derided by Westerners as the "sick man of Europe." In Mughal India the century began with the British in firm control. Following the failure of the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857-58, India was formally incorporated into the British Empire, becoming the most valuable jewel in Queen Victoria’s crown. While the impact of the British on India was not entirely negative, India’s position in the world had declined sharply since the time of Akbar and Aurangzeb. ‘The collapse of Qing China was even more spectacular. Easily defeated by the British in the Opium War (1839-42), the Qing were compelled to open their country to trade with the West, Weak leadership in Beijing, massive internal unrest and continued pressure on China by powerful outsiders (including Japan) spelled the end of the dynasty. A military revolt in 1911 was the final straw; the world’s oldest continuous civilization was now plunged into a period of uncertainty. Japan was the great exception. To be sure, the Tokugawa were forced to open their doors to the West in the 1850s, a step which quickly led to internal chaos and the demise of the shoguns. But the 1868 Meiji Restoration brought to power a coalition of samurai- modernizers who were determined to transform the country so that it would be able to meet ‘the West on equal terms. Amazingly, the Meiji oligarchs succeeded. By the turn of the century Japan was well launched on the path of modernization and had emerged as a major player in the game of imperial expansion in East Asia (Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95; Russo- Japanese War, 1940-05). A. The decline of the Ottoman empire: E 164-174 B. India under British rule 1. Colonial administration and administrators: V 13, 22, 26-28, 34-35 (map), 36-39, 41, 47 2. Economy and society a. Economy: V 51-53 b. Society: V 40, 42-46, 49, 56 3. The growth of nationalism a, Ram Mohan Roy: V 54 b. Sepoy Rebellion, 1857-58: V 29-33 c. Lucknow newspaper: V 48 4d. Rabindrinath Tagore: V 55C. Colonial Southeast Asia 1. Burma: X 35-37, 39 2. Thailand: X 52-58 3. Vietnam: $ 97, X 83-85, 114-116 4, Malaya: X 119-128, 131-132 5. Singapore: X 139-143 6. Indonesia: X 152, 157-166, 180-184 2 Y S14 7. The Philippin« D. The collapse of the Chinese empire 1. The Opium War, 1839-42: S 35-36, 40-41, 43, 47, 49-50 ‘The Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864: $ 63-72 The Arrow War, 1856-60: S 55-62, 74 The treaty ports: $ 77-79 2 3e: 4. 5. Christian missionaries: $ 86-89 6. The self-strengthening movement: $ 73, 82, 94-96, 98 7. The Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95: S 99-100. 8. "Slicing the Chinese melon": $ 101 (map), 102, 104-105 9. The "hundred-day reform" movement, 1898: S 83, 106-107 10. The Boxer Rebellion, 1900-01: S 108-117 11. On the eve of revolution: S 91-92, 121-128 E. Exceptional Japan 1, The art of the late Tokugawa period: N 73-76 2. The opening of Japan and the fall of the Tokugawa, 1853-68: N 77-78 3. The Meiji Restoration and modernization: N 89-94 4, Imperialism and militarism: N 95-103; S 99-100 F. The opening of Korea: © 57-6424 AFRICA IN THE CENTURY OF IMPERIALISM, 1800-1913 ‘The major trend in nineteenth century Africa was the spread of European control over virtually the entire continent. In 1913 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained outside the grasp of the powerful intruders. However, the "new imperialism" only became significant after the 1870s. Prior to that time most of Africa was unaffected by the Europeans, notwithstanding the great harm done by the slave trade. During the first three quarters of the nineteenth century traditional patterns of life - constantly evolving, to be sure - continued to shape the lives of most Africans. Thus in West Africa the key development of the first half of the century was the series of Islamic holy wars (jihads) waged by Fulani pastoralists, while in central and East Africa the flourishing trade in ivory and slaves continued in the hands of Arab and Swahili merchants. In northern and southern Africa the picture looked significantly different. In Egypt Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) emerged as Africa’s first modernizing ruler until he en- countered opposition from the British in the 1840s. To the west, Algeria came under French rule beginning in 1830. At the other end of the continent the British replaced the Dutch in the Cape Colony in 1815, an event which led the Afrikaner colonists, the Boers, to embark on the Great Trek northward into what would become the republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. ‘The 1870s marked the beginning of the European "scramble for Africa." During the following two decades the British and the French took the lead in carving the continent into colonies ruled from the capitals of Europe. African traditions came under increasing assault as the interior of the continent was absorbed into the global economy. As the twentieth century began, a bitterly fought war raged between the Boers and the British in South Africa (Boer War, 1899-1902), Although the Boers were defeated, their influence grew following the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. In the following decade the structures of racial discrimination known later as apartheid (apartness) were established. A. West Africa, ca. 1800-1870: A 45-49, 56, 59, 63-70, 90-92 B. North and northeast Africa 1. Algeria: F 10-18 2. Egypt: F 28-39 3. The Sudan: F 42-44 4, Ethiopia: F 50-54 C. South Africa, ca. 1800-1850: C 5-825 D. The Europeans in Sub-Saharan Africa 1. Exploration: B 23-31 2. Conquest and resistance: B 32-36, 58-61, 64-73, 76-78 3. Colonial rule: B 77, 81-83, 92-93, 103, 105-106 4. Christian missions: B 38-40 E. South Africa and the Boer War: C 9-3826 LATIN AMERICA, 1810-1910 Latin America broke free from the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the 1820s. In the Spanish colonies (Mexico and most of South America apart from Brazil) protracted warfare from 1810 to 1824 preceded the establishment of independent states. The struggle in Mexico, led in the early phases by radical priests, brought independence in 1821 and the declaration of a republic in 1824. Risings in Buenos Aires in 1810 and in Caracas in 1811 signaled the beginning of armed conflict in South America; the resulting wars ended in favor of the rebels following the victory of Simon Bolivar’s forces over the Spanish at Ayacucho, Peru, in 1824, Brazil gained its freedom from Portugal when Dom Pedro, the son of the Portuguese king and the regent in Brazil, declared for independence in 1822. A long list of problems faced the new states of Latin America in 1830. The power of military strongmen (caudillos), the prevalence of great estates, the growth of regional tensions and the emergence of national rivalries impeded genuine national development for the next fifty years. In addition, the continuing dependence on the export of primary products such as wheat, guano, and coffee, coupled with heavy borrowing from British investors, strengthened the long-standing tradition of economic subservience to outsiders. These economic trends continued and intensified after 1870, as Latin America became more fully incorporated into the global economy. The growth in the export of Chilean nitrates, Brazilian coffee and rubber, Cuban sugar and tobacco and Central American bananas benefited a small number of wealthy landowners and their allies, both domestic and foreign, but few others. While by the end of the century there had been some economic progress in Latin America, the overall structure of the economy was deeply flawed. A growing influence on events in Latin America during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was U.S. foreign policy. From the proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) through the Mexican War (1846-48) and the Spanish-American War (1898) to the early twentieth century projections of U.S. power into Central America (creation of Panama, 1903; occupation of Nicaragua, 1909-33), the Great Power to the north profoundly affected its southern neighbors. A. Gaining independence, 1810-1824 1. Mexico: 53-8 2. Spanish South America: J 9-22 3. Brazil: 323-26 B. Problems of independence, 1830-1870 1. Map of Latin America in 1830: K 2 2. Military rule (caudillismo), great estates, regionalism, national rivalries: K 4-11, 13, 15-16, 42-43; L 77-79 3. Economic trends: K 19, 14, 17, 39-41; L 1527 C. Dependency in the world economy, 1870-1910 1. Introduction: L 1-6 2. Agriculture: L 17-18, 26, 48, 50-51, 63*, 76, 84 3. Mining: L 27, 75, 77*, 78*, 79*, 81 4. Light industry: L 19, 28, 85, 91 5. Newcomers: L 11, 65, 70, 74 6. Finance and fashion: L 20, 66 7. Popular protest: L 16, 30 D. The United States in Latin America 1. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823: K 1 2. The Mexican War, 1846-48: K 20-29 3. Cuba, a "bully pear": L 43, 48-49, 52-58 4. Central America: L 44, 59-62, 63%, 64 5. W.R. Grace and Peru: L 86-89EAST ASIA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ‘The twentieth century has been a time of extraordinary change in China, Japan and Korea. Conditions in these countries today are vastly different from what they were at the beginning of the century. In 1911 the Qing, the last of China’s imperial dynasties, was overthrown and a new and unstable republican regime was established. Following a period of warlord rule, in 1927 Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang (KMT) succeeded in organizing a national government which lasted for about two decades. However, the Nationalist regime was plagued by corruption, landlordism, Japanese aggression (Manchurian incident, 1931; full- scale invasion, 1937) and the rising tide of Chinese communism. The Second World War was enormously destructive in China and further weakened Chiang’s government. His forces were overwhelmed by those of Mao Zedong in the 1946-49 civil war which brought the communists to power. The founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 marked the beginning of the attempt to transform China into a society which is both modern and socialist. While there has been considerable progress along these lines during the intervening four decades, the post-Mao leadership (1976-present) appears to be giving the goal of modernization greater priority than that of socialism. What this means for the future of the world’s most populous country is unclear. ‘The new century began for Japan with a stunning military victory over tsarist Russia (Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05), a feat that greatly contributed to the island nation’s growing importance in East Asia and the Pacific during the next several decades. In the 1930s the liberalism of the Taisho period (1912-26) gave way to rightist nationalism and militarism; China was invaded in 1937 and Pearl Harbor was attacked at the end of 1941. ‘The resulting Pacific War was bitterly fought and led to the devastation of Japan. Following the war the U.S. occupied Japan until 1952, overseeing major political and economic reforms. Since then, the astonishing growth of Japan’s economy has transformed the country into one of the world’s most modern societies. Korea was one of Japan’s principal victims during the first half of the twentieth century. Japan took control of Korea in 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, and ruled the ‘country harshly until the end of the Second World War. Korea then came under the joint ‘occupation of the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1948 the country was divided into the Korean People’s Democratic Republic (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea); hostilities between the two led to war in 1950 (Korean War, 1950-53). After bitter fighting (in which U.S. and Chinese troops played major roles), the conflict ended ina stalemate, In recent decades South Korea has emerged as a showcase of capitalist industry despite its unstable political system. A. China 1. The collapse of the Qing dynasty, 1900-11: S 115-117, 123-125, 128 2. Republican China in turmoil, 1912-49 a. Warlord rule, 1912-27: T 1-3, 7, 11-13 b. The rise and fall of Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, 1927-49: T 14, 16, 17, 22- 23, 26, 29, 33, 38-41, 43, 47-48,29 3, Revolutionary China, 1949-87 a. China "stands up", 1949-65: T 50-53, 55, 57, 60, 66, 75, 67-68 b. The Cultural Revolution, 1966-76: T 71, 73-76, 78, 80-81 . Since Mao: T 82, 84, 86, 89, 95, 98 . Japan 1. Japan in the world, 1904-1921: N 99-102, 106 (map), 107 (map), 108-109 2. The triumph of militarism in the 1930s: N 111-120 3. The Pacific War, 1941-45: N 121-125, 127-130, 135, 142, 138, 146-147, 149 4, The Occupation period, 1945-52: N 150-152, 160, 153-156 5. Contemporary Japan: N 157-159, 161-171 . Korea 1. Under Japanese rule, 1905-45: 0 61-66 2. South Korea since 1945: O 67-75, 77-79, 87, 91-9330 NATIONALISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SELF-RULE, 1945-1987 Nationalism has been one of the most potent political forces in the twentieth century. Heightened national consciousness in colonial India, Southeast Asia and Africa - one of the unintended consequences of Western rule - led to the rise of popular movements for independence. ‘The result was the collapse of the European overseas empires and the emergence of a host of new states whose leaders, however, immediately faced a bewildering maze of daunting problems. The nationalist movement in India first became a major threat to the British during the 1920s and 1930s as a result of the leadership of Mohandas K. Gandhi. It was Gandhi who brought the Indian masses into the national movement and it was this development which forced the British to finally leave in 1947. However, independent India found itself in grave difficulty. The assassination of Gandhi (by a Hindu fanatic) in 1948 was part of the bitter conflict between Hindus and Muslims, a conflict which had already led to massive sectarian violence, the partition of India and the creation of Muslim Pakistan. While India’s great post-independence leader, Jawaharlal Nehru, was a major figure in global affairs until his death in 1964, the country’s record in overcoming the many obstacles to modernization has been mixed. In Southeast Asia powerful movements against colonialism emerged at the end of the Second World War, most notably in Indonesia and Vietnam. Heavy fighting in Indonesia ended in 1949 with the departure of the Dutch. In Vietnam the communist-led Viet Minh defeated the French at Dienbienphu in 1954. However, as the French withdrew from the country, the United States took the lead in establishing an anti-communist regime in Saigon; fighting quickly resumed. Despite a major effort by the U.S. to uphold the Saigon regime, the Vietnamese communists ultimately prevailed, uniting the country in 1975. ‘The struggle for independence in Africa intensified in the mid-1950s. Algerian rebels took to the field in 1954, forcing the French to withdraw in 1962. South of the Sahara Dr. Kwame Nkrumah led the movement against the British in the Gold Coast, becoming independent Ghana’s first prime minister in 1957. Within a few years major African states such as Nigeria, Zaire, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia had also become independent, although the Portuguese hung on in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau until the mid-1970s. White rule ended in Southern Rhodesia with the proclamation of the state of Zimbabwe in 1980. A related struggle, the movement of South African blacks for an end to apartheid, has become increasingly strong during the 1980s. A. South Asia 1. The struggle for independence in India: V 57-66, N 126, V 67-68 2. Independent India: V 69-71, 77-78, 79*, 80-84, 86-93 3, Pakistan: W 5-8, V 79*, W 11-12, 14 4, Bangladesh: X 17-21, 26B. Southeast Asia: 1. Indonesia: X 170-178 2. The First Vietnam War, 1945-54: X 90-91, 89, 92, 88, 93-94 3. The US. in Vietnam, 1955-1975: X 95-110 . Africa 1. Algeria: G 66-70 2. Ghana: D 20-21 3. Nigeria: D 22-25 4, Zaire: D 29-34 5. Kenya: D 35-38 6. Uganda: D 40 7. Zambia: D 42 8 Zimbabwe: D 43-44 9. The struggle against apartheid in South Africa: D 45-57 10. Namibia: D 58 3132 ‘THE MIDDLE EASTERN CRUCIBLE Events moved at a dizzying pace in the Middle East in the early twentieth century. The major new development was the final disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, a victim of its alliance with the Central Powers in the First World War. By the mid-1920s Mustapha Kemal, the Turkish nationalist leader who was also known as Ataturk, had begun to transform the newly constituted Republic of Turkey into the first modern nation state in the Middle East. In the Arab lands vacated by the Turks a conflict quickly developed between, on the one hand, the British and the French, who came into the region under the auspices of the League of Nations, and, on the other, Arab nationalist groups whose strength grew steadily during the 1920s and 1930s. While Egypt and Iraq were able to establish their formal independence during the interwar period, the Europeans remained dominant in the region through the Second World War. Arab nationalists also came into increasing conflict with the growing number of European Jews who had become Zionists and had begun to emigrate to Palestine before the turn of the century. Fleeing an upsurge of anti-Semitic prejudice in Europe - a development which became especially fearsome during the Nazi era (1933-45) - the Zionists sought to establish a "national home" for Jews. Bitter conflict between Arab and Jew resulted. If the birth of the independent state of Israel in 1948 was the realization of the Zionists’ dream, for the Arabs it was a nightmare come true. Following the 1948-49 Arab-Israeli War, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled the new Jewish state. They settled in refugee camps in nearby Arab countries where they found support for their goal of reestablishing Palestine as their home, a kind of "Zionism in reverse." A series of wars between Israel and its Arab neighbors followed: the Suez Crisis, 1956; the "Six-Day War", 1967; the October War, 1973; and the Israeli invasions of Lebanon, 1978 and 1982. The Arab states closest to Israel - Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia - all achieved full political independence shortly after the Second World War; each has undergone partial modernization since then. The goal of modernization, however, is more controversial in the Middle East than in any other region in the world. Among the most striking developments in the area during the past two decades has been the remarkable revitalization in Islam, clearly a reaction against the trend toward the new way of life. In 1979 the Islamic resurgence won its most dramatic victory when the modernizing and harshly authoritarian regime of Shah Reza Mohammed Pahlavi was overthrown as a result of massive popular demonstrations inspired by the fundamentalist Shiite ideals of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. During the 1980s Islam has continued to grow in importance throughout the region. A. From the Ottoman empire to the Turkish republic: E 173-175, 177-184 B, The European presence: E 176 C. The rise of Arab nationalism: F 40, 41; E 187, 186 D. The emergence of Zionism, 1896-1918: E 189-191, 188, 192E. Zionists and Arabs in Palestine, ca. 1920-40: E 191-201 F. The birth of Israel, 1946-48: G 5-11 G. Modern Israel in peace and war: G 12-19 H. Egypt since 1952: G 20-27 L Jordan: G 28-31 J. Syria, the PLO and the tragedy of Lebanon: G 32, 34-41 K. Saudi Arabia: G 47-48 L. The Iranian revolution: G 52-59LATIN AMERICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Latin America was launched into the maelstrom of the twentieth century by the Mexican Revolution of 1911. From the 1880s Mexico had been ruled by General Porfirio Diaz, a repressive leader whose policies favored foreign economic interests and did little to alleviate the massive poverty in the country. Armed rebellion forced Diaz into exile in 1911 and marked the beginning of a decade of political instability as various groups fought for control of the new regime. A new constitution in 1917 provided for land reform, guarantees for labor, a secular education system, and a reduced role for both the church and foreign economic interests. With the accession of Alvaro Obreg6n to the presidency in 1920 the revolution entered into a period of relative stability and consolidation. A final burst of revolutionary legislation in 1930 under Lazaro Cardenas provided for major new land reforms and the expropriation of foreign-owned railways and oil fields. In South America beginning in the 1930s a major new trend in political life was the emergence of authoritarian reformers, often called "populists," such as Getulio Vargas, who dominated Brazilian politics from 1930 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1954, and Juan Perén, who led Argentina from 1946 to 1955 and then briefly again in the early 1970s. During the past two decades repressive military regimes have often been in power, as in Brazil (1964-84), Chile (1973-1987) and Argentina (1976-83). Perhaps the most important event in Latin America since 1945 was the Cuban Revolution. Coming to power in 1959, Fidel Castro and his fellow revolutionaries have attempted to restructure Cuban life in ways that will benefit the rural masses and urban workers. The interest among other Latin Americans in the Cuban experiment, as well as the Cuban desire to assist revolutionaries elsewhere, caused concern in Washington and led to the introduction of such policies as the Alliance for Progress and stepped-up counterinsurgency. During the 1980s the attention of U.S. policy makers has been focused most closely on Central America. In 1979 a popular revolution in Nicaragua brought the leftist government of the Sandinistas to power, a development that the Reagan administration has attempted to reverse during its two terms in office. In neighboring El Salvador leftist guerrillas occupy large areas of the countryside while the government of José Napoleén Duarte, with little ‘meaningful popular support, is subordinate to the Salvadoran armed forces. A. The transformation of Mexico, 1900-1940 1. The collapse of the Diaz regime, 1900-1910: L 21, 23, 25-33 2. A decade of revolution, 1910-1920: L 34-42; M 9-16 3. Consolidating and reforming the new order, 1920-1940: M 17-28 B. South America, 1930-1987 1. Brazil a. The Vargas years, 1930-45; 1951-54: M 86-94b. Contemporary Brazil: M 98-108 2. Argentina a, The Per6n years, 1946-55; 1973-74: M 49-57 b. From military rule to democracy, 1976-87: M 58-60 3. Chile: M 117-127 C. The Cuban revolution: M 63, 68, 71-84 D. The Alliance for Progress and the practice of counterinsurgency: M 110-111 E. Central America in conflict 1. Map: M 131 2. Nicaragua: M 132-140, 146-147 3. El Salvador: M 141-145 35