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Countercurrent Packed Tower for Absorption of Ammonia Gas (Given Tee Gas (air flow) upward of 4,000 acfm at 68F or 528R and 1 atm pressure | Inlet gaseous cone. of 6,000 ppm NH (dry basis) .006 Inlet water cone of 0.0008 mole fraction NH in water xin= 0.0008 iquid flow rate = 500 Ib liquid! ft2 hr Mol Wt HzO = ML=18 Ib/lbmole |Gaseous flow rate of 500 Ib gas (air) /ft2 hr Mol Wt Gas (ait) = 29 Ibilbmole atomic wt N = 14,0087 atomic wt H = 1.0078 | /Assume Govt Emission Std Is 1,000ppm NHs (dry basis) so yout = 0.001 Find a) H= Henry's law constant from solubility data of NH, in water at 20°C b) Hog from ammonia-water data of Fellinger for 1.5" Raschig ring packing ) Liquid molar flow rate Lm (Ib moles/ft2 hr) 4) Gaseous molar flow rate Gm (Ib moles/ft2 hr) ©) Xout via Mass Balance around the absorption tower f) Number of gas phase mass transfer units Nog @) Height of packed section in tower Z = (Hog) (Nog) h) Tower Diameter (ft) 1 coofficiont Kga (Ib molesitt® hr atm) 1) Gas phase overall mass tran: }) Gas velocity in tower (flsec) ik) Gas residence time in packed section of tower (seconds) L) LUG = Liquid/Gas flow rato ratio in gallons water / ft? 1000 gas ‘m) Draw Y-X graph with equilibrium curve and tower operating n) Ammonia collection efficiency eet fa) Cale Henry's law constant Hi using equil af temperatures in 20°C range (Wb Nig per [NH Partial 7 120 1001 H20 | Pressure 7 : (mm Hg) | 3 18.2 2 138. 4 4.9 | 3 18.2 WINE = » PNHS := 4 24.9 6 47 | 3 317 75 500 | ne oe (10) 69.6) molesNH3inWater Mole fraction NH, in liquid = XNH3 XNES o> alMolesin Water Mole fraction NH, in gas phase = YNH3 Henry's Law Constant = H 0.018 0.021 roaeia 0.028 0.031 acne 0.033 0.04 YNHD=|oo4e | XS) ggg | =| OOS : : 0.8296 | Assume H = 0.7614 0.086 0.074 anaes 0.092 0.086 } aiseen Henrys law constant H is in units of (mole fraction NH, in gas phase) / (mole fraction NH in liquid phase) ‘data for NH, in water Need to define unit Ibmole Ibmole := (mole)-(453.6) a= 18.006: Ymole ns -= 17.0301 Tomole MG = 29. Wbmole Yin := 0.006 Xin := 0.0006 Yout = 0.004 out = Unknown Ptotal >= 4-atm T= 828R mig := 2 e760 0.5 12) 18.2 24.9 PNHB =| torr 50 \es.6 } WINIS, i WINH3,—400-1h 7b 48 Tomole —_Ibmole = Ysus'Xyq because the inlet phase NH, concentration Xin is low at 0.0006 fa) Hs 0.76148 ‘AmmoniaAbsorption7.med | i i i i i i i i 1 by Obtaa height of gas phase mas Wansler wal Hog = 30 (rom graph hows below) for 1.5" Raschig rings, = $00 Ib liquid /f hr, G=500Ibair/f2 hr. pp486Not__| (b) HOG 2 30-0 Figure 12.9 : Column Packing Comparison for Ammonia and Water System 36 1 G" = 500 tbyhe +t 28 4 8 | 5 in, Raschig rings ee | 4&=1in, Tellerettes 12 inset ae 4 04 a 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 1 vr « t® Source: Leva 1951 ML = 18.016gm-mole* fe) Liquid flow rate in Toole units = Cp ggg. yi Zane? Liquid flow rate in Ib units = L ML = 48.0461b-thmote” * d) Gaseous molar flow rate = Gi ace (c) um = 27.753 mole Gaseous mass flow rate=G_ | G = 600-1b-tt “ne ‘nr a MG = 29gmr-mole MG = 291b-tbmole 1 = Gmi= a baile fe.) The mass balance equation (a) Gm= 1241 'NHg into tower = NHs out of tower Xin = 0.0006 fbr Yin Gm #Xiq Lm = Yout Gm + Xout Lim Xin was given as 0.0006 to can _ (Gm) i solve for the unknown Xout Xout := (2) (Yin - Yout) + Xin H = 0.7614 Note that liquid conc Xout = 0.003706 is in mole fraction units, {e) Xout = 0.003706 not ppm (in liquids, ppm means parts per million by weight whereas in gases, ppm means ppm by mole or by gaseous volume) To graph the operating line using the liquid phase concentration X as the X axis variable we will need a linear equation relating the tower gas phase concentration Y in terms of the liquid phase concentration X, Starting at Xin = 0.0006 at the top of the tower and increasing X to Xout one can obtain the linear operating ‘equation for Y. Note that this equation represents the actual gas phase and liquid phase conc in the absorption tower (one could take a sample of the tower gases & liquids and measure the concentrations). Y (X ~ Xin) + Yout AmmoniaAbsorption7.med AmmoniaAbsorption7.med i | : Ptotal = atm is difficult to put an asterisk to denote the equilibrium cone for Y or ¥* in Mathcad, let Ystarin be the gas. phase mole fraction cone of NH, in equilibrium with the liquid water at the gaseous inlet (bottom of this tower) and lot Ystarout be the gas phase cone. of NH, in equilibrium with the liquid water at the gaseous outlet (top of tower). Using nomenclature of Xigr Kou Y8tarjy» and Ystaraye should help to reduce See aes out Ystarin = (H)-Xout in Your confu make it easier to label diagrams and tower illustrations. Yin = Yout (_¥in= Ystaria Nog = |] —————Yin= Yeut__] j,{_Yin= vstarin_) (Win ~ Vatarin) ~ (Yout~ Ystarout) | "(Wout = Ystarout) Ystarout H-Xin Ystarout = 0.00046 () NoG= 3.352 there are 3.362 gas phase mass transfer units. Note that the above equation for NOG assumes a straight equilibrium line and a straight operating line (which is an OK assumption for the absorption of dilute gas concentrations and air pollutants are usually in the dilute concentration range). = Height of Packed Tower Section HOG NOG Z=HOGNOG yg x4egeeg — (9) The height of the 1.5 inch Raschig ring packed section in the absorption tower = 10.057 ft liter: tm mole K RG == 0.082054. h)_ Tower Diameter T=828R Pos tatm gas density = pg P-Mg 3 o RG-T a a rea (8) pg = 0.078247 Ib-ft } Area = 36.1040" Diameter 2 { At@4 05 iameter =[ . Diameter =< 6.76% (Hh) Tower Diameter= 6.78 ft iy Gas Phase Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient Kea Gm = 17.244 tbmole-ft ‘ ‘hr ' : 7 KG Graphs ofthe measured Kg versus liquid or : =4 gas flow rates are provided by equipment manufacturers ion eet aeettee! for various packing typos and sizes, seas jj. Gas Velocity (superficial) in packed tower {0-hr-atm 0 Velocity ) Welociy =‘.8¢7Hse' Gas Velocity = 1.887 tsec ik) Gas Residence time in packed absorption tower section Bh nemetine (van ResidenceTime = 5.446sec TL) Liquid to gas flow rate ratio L/G in galions/1000 cf gas faced {ssa 0 el 1 Gog LIG = 9,019 gallons water 1G 0 per 1000 ft? gas ‘AmmoniaAbsorption?.med | iL i I See i i uilibrium curve and Mass Balance Operating Line j= 0.7 0005 Yotar = Gas pha ‘oeos | in mole fraction units The 8 X values shown in the matrix to the right are for the horizontal axis 001 | Yout = 0.001 Xin = 0.0006 in the graph and span the range from 002 | 0.006 out = 0.003708 cc eat ozs | Now to put the operating line equation Opsiope == Lit Beet 0030 fee Gm Ystary = (X)) 0096 YY): OpSlope-X; OpSlope = 1.6096803 09706 YY} = (OpSlope)-(Xj- Y¥Y7 = 0.006 Xz = 0.003706 ‘The operating line equation YY = 1.60968 X. is upper dash-dot line shown in below graph. The difference between the operating line & the lower solid equilibrium equation Ystar = HX line shows the NH concentration gradient driving forces the concentration gradient (y-y*) causes the NH, to move from the gas into the liquid. NH3 Equilibrium & Operating Line (m) Zz 0.006 ge Min 006 3 Nout} 003706 & 3 ‘Operating Line = YY = 1.60988 X Ystay fy Ato.004 Z yy ga = 0.002 > Yput x}n ° ~ a 0 S40 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 x X (mol fraction NH3 in iguid) Yin = 0-008 — Xqut = 0.003706 Wvt Emission Std is 1,000ppm NH (dry basis) so Yout = 0.001 Yout=0.001 Xin = 0.0006 Remember, the operating line represents the actual concentrations of NH; in the gas and liquid inside the tower and thus these are measurable parameters. Y gut and Xjq are at the top of the tower and Yin and Xout are at the bottom of the tower for countercurrent flow (see illustration on next page) (Vin ~ Yout)-100 eee ae CollectionEff = 83.333 (ny ‘AmmoniaAbsorption7 med llustration below shows the ammonia absorption inlet and outlet concentrations for a countercurrent absorption tower. Xout = 0.003706 Y = gas phase pollutant concentrations (mole fraction) X= liquid phase pollutant concentrations (mole fraction) Pilat Comment: I prefer to use Yiny Yours Xin» and Xoy: rather than Yj, Y,, Xj, and X, because I think it is too easy to forget whether the subscripts 2 and 1 indicate the top or bottom of an absorption tower. ‘AmmonizAzsorption7A.med | | | '

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