3.5.3 Example 3.4: Deflection of a Pin-Jointed Truss A pin-jointed truss ABCD is shown in Figure 3.17 in which both a vertical and a horizontal load are applied at joint B as indicated. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant deflection at joint B and the vertical deflection at joint D. Assume the cross- = sectional area of all members is equal to A and all_ members are made from the same material, i.e. have the same modulus of ~—f elasticity E 3.0mPin-Jointed Frames \17 Step 1: Evaluate the member forces. The reader should follow the procedure given in Example 3.1 to determine the following results: Horizontal component of reaction at support A Hy=-20.0kN 4 Vertical component of reaction at support A Va=-429KN | Vertical component of reaction at supportC — Ve=+ 14.29 kN 7 Use the method of sections or joint resolution as indicated in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 respectively to determine the magnitude and sense ofthe unknown member forces (ie. the P forces). The reader should complete this calculation to determine the member forces as indicated in Figure 3.18. 10OKN 20KN tye — tension member ve = compression member +715 kN zeroforce — ~20.20 KN ‘ ie 204N 414.29 kN + 14.29 kN x Ss 4.29 kN P— forces 14.29 kN Figure 3.18 Step 2: To determine the vertical deflection at joint B remove the externally applied load system and apply a unit load only in a vertical direction at joint B as shown in Figure 3.19. Use the method of sections or joint resolution as before to determine the magnitude and sense of the unknown member forces (i. the u forces). The reader should complete this calculation to determine the member forces as indicated in Figure 3.19. 10 Applied uni fad B -o7) —reroterce | oat f nw ze10 +057 +087 043 "The w forces for vertical deflection at joint B Figure 3.19118 Examples in Structural Ana The vertical deflection 5v5= )-——u This is better calculated in tabular form as shown in Table 3.3 ‘Member | Length (L) | Cross-section (4) | Modulus (E) | P forces (KN) | w forces | PL xu (Nm) AB, 5.0m A E +715 | -0.7 | 2538 BC [424m A E = 3020 | —081 [+6937 ‘AD, 40m A E +1429 | 4057 | +3258 cD 3.0m A E +1429 | +057 | +2444 BD 3.0m A E 0.0 00 0.0, Ep +0108 Table 3.3 The +ve sign indicates that the deflection is in the same direction as the applied unit load. Hence the vertical deflection 5y.5= fey =+(101.014e) | Note: Where the members have different cross-sectional areas and/or modulii of elasticity each entry in the last column of the table should be based on (PL x u)/AE and not only joint B. The reader should complete this calculation to determine the member forces as indicated in Figure 3.20. . i +0.71 zero force -0.61 A Lo +043 oi +043 0.43 ¥ The w forces for horizontal deflection at joint B Figure 3.20 ‘The horizontal deflection 1,9 “yu ‘ico [ag (0p [Cros seeion A [ Modan [ Pores aN) [ufos [ Pau Nm) a5} _50m a E Saison | +254 BO [424m c E Sa30 | 08] 4 9935 ‘ab [40m 4 z Fray [Fos [9748 co} 30m 7 E Hao es oe 7 E 0 oo [00 = + 121.00 Table 3.4Pin-Jointed Frames 19 Hence the horizontal deflection S11 “4 + (121.00/4B) — The resultant deflection at joint B can be determined from the horizontal and vertical components evaluated above, r= (toro? 4121.07) Me= 157.6048 50.15° IN = Tan"(121,00/101.01) = 50.15° 121.00/4E) (loloiae) —'57.62/4E A similar calculation can be carried out to determine the vertical deflection at joint D. The reader should complete this calculation to determine the member forces as indicated in Figure 3.21. B -o.71 +10 081 A D zero +087 +057 s § 043 1 057 The member u forces for vertical deflection at joint D Figure 3.21 PL The vertical deflection 5 vp= )-——u VPC LAE ‘Member | Length (L) | Cross-section (A) | Modulus (E) | P forces (KN) | w forces | PL xu (kNm) AB 5.0m A E ee O71 = 25.38 BC 420m A E =2020 | -08i | +6937 AD 4.0m A E + 14.29 +0.57 +3258 cD 3.0m i: E + 14.29 + 0.57 4+ 24.44 BD | 3.0m 4 E 00 EK) 00 = + 101.01 Table 3.5 Hence the vertical deflection 5 yo = ran =+(101.01/4E) |120 Examples in Structural Analysis 3.5.3.1 Fabrication Errors — (Lack-offit) During fabrication it is not unusual for a member length to be slightly too short or too long and assembly is achieved by forcing members in to place. The effect of this can be accommodated very easily in this method of analysis by adding additional terms relating to each member for which lack-of-fit applies. The dL term for the relevant members is equal to the magnitude of the error in length, ic. 4, where negative values relate to members which are too short and positive values to members which are too long. (Note: under normal applied loading the 62 term -4 ) 3.5.3.2 Changes in Temperature The effects of temperature change in members can also be accommodated in a similar manner; in this case the dL term is related to the coefficient of thermal expansion for the material, the change in temperature and the original length, ie. SL = aby where @ isthe coefficient of thermal expansion, L isthe original length, ‘Ar is the change in temperature — a reduction being considered negative and an increase being positive. Since this is an elastic analysis the principle of superposition can be used to obtain results when a combination of applied load, lack-of-fit and/or temperature difference occurs. This is illustrated in Example 3.5. 3.5.4 Example 3.5: Lack-of-fit and Temperature Difference Consider the frame indicated in Example 3.4 and determine the vertical deflection at joint D assuming the existing loading and that member BC is too short by 2.0 mm, ‘member CD is too long by 1.5 mm and that members AD and CD are both subject to an increase in temperature of 5°C. Assume a@=12.0 x 10°/°C and AE = 100 x 10° KN. : 1OKN Applied load aR ar Unit load UD +7ASKN 0 20.20 KN ort ZEN oan $14.29 kn) +087 a $1429 KN ‘A D c4 429 kN 14.29 kN 2 Change in Lack-of fit dyc=-2.0 mm temperature ON AT yy = AT cp = + °C Figure 3.22 PANPin-Jointed Frames 121 ‘The dL value for member BC due to lack-of-fit A, The dL value for member CD due to lack-of-fit A. 0 mm 15mm The OL value for member AD due to temperature change = + @Lan4 ran =+(12x 10° x 4000 x 5.0) 0.24 mm Ar The 6L value for member CD due to temperature change =+ aLep4 rep =+(12 x 107° x 3000 x 5.0) 47=+0.18 mm Length | AE | Peorce | PLIAE] A, | 4; |, | PUAB+A,+ dyxu (am) | Cen) | c&N)_| comm | mm) | (mm (om) AB | 5000 _[100x10°[+7.15 | +036, 0 [ 0 [-o71 = 0.26 BC 4243 [100 x10" | = 20.20 | -0.86 | -20 | 0 | -081 +232 ‘AD | 4000 100x107 [+1429 | +057 | 0 [+024 [+057 £0.46 cp | 3000 | 100x107 | + 14.29 | +043 [+15 | +018 [+057 +120 BD | 3000 | 100x107 | 0 0 [oto [10 0 +372 Table 3.6 The vertical deflection at joint D due to combined loading, lack-of-fit and temperature change is given by: dvo=>) Fey gogo = 3.7200 { Note: Statically determinate, pin-jointed frames can accommodate small changes in geometry without any significant effect on the member forces induced by the applied load system, ie. the member forces in Example 3.5 are the same as those in Example 3.122. Examples in Structural Analysis 3.5.5 Problems: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames A series of pin-jointed frames are shown in Problems 3.17 to 3.20. Using the applied load systems and data given in each case, determine the value of the deflections indicated. Assume E = 205 kN/mm? and a= 12 x 10“/°C._ where required. ‘The cross-sectional area of all members is equal to 1500 mm”. Determine the value of the resultant deflection at joint D. Problem 3.17 The cross-sectional area of, members AB, BC and CD is equal to 500 mm?. The cross-sectional area of all other members is equal to 250 mm’. Member BE is too short by 3.0 mm. Determine the value of the vertical deflection at joint F and the horizontal deflection at joint B. 35m 3.5m t___of ie 1OkN 3.5m 3.5m ‘The cross-sectional area of members AG, BG, CF CG, FG, and EF is equal to 400 mm*. V7, The cross-sectional area of all other members is equal to 100 mm? ‘The cross-sectional area of all members is All members are subjected to a decrease in equal to 1200 mm”. ‘temperature equal to 20°C. Determine the value of the horizontal Determine the horizontal deflection at deflection at joint D. joint F. Problem 3.19 Problem 3.20Pin-Jointed Frames 123 3.5.6. Solutions: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.17 Page No. 1 The cross-sectional area of all members is equal to 1500 mm?. Determine the value of the resultant deflection at joint D. E=205 kN/mm? (3.0/5.0)=0.6 — Cos0 = (4.0/5.0) = 0.8 1500 x 205) = 307.5 x 10° kN Determine the Support Reactions Congider the rotational equilibrium of the frame: ve) EMa=0 + (12.0 x 3.0) + (50.0 x 4.0) + (100.0 x 8.0) — (Ve x 4.0) =0 1. Vy =+ 259.0 kN f Consider the horizontal equilibrium of the frame: = +ve —> IF, ee 2 Ay =-12.0KN ae the vertical equilibrium of the frame: tve fER,=0 — +V%,-50.0-50.0- 100.0 + Me=0 V4 = 200.0 ~ 259.0 Assume all unknown member forces to be tension and use joint resolution to determine the P—forces in the frame. Consider joint D: Feo . 7 tve t EF,=0 -100.0+FopSind=0 Equation (a) Poe We Ef,=0 Foe -FeoCosd=0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Fen = + 166.7 KN (Tie) 100kN From Equation (b): For =— 133.3 kN (Strut) Consider joint E: He FER =0 -1333-Fye=0 Equation (a) ave f ER =0 + Fer +2590=0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Fay =~ 133.3 KN (Strut) mm Equation ( 259.0 KN (Strut) 259.0 KN124 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.17 Page No. 2 Consider joint B: SoKN tve => EF,=0 + 12.0+ Fac=0 Equation (a) KN, wwe f EFj=0 -500-Fys=0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Foc=— 12.0 kN (Strut) ae From Equation (b): Fn =~ 50.0 KN (Strut) Consider joint C: SOkN +ve — IF, + 12.0 + 166.7Cos@ — FycCos0= 0 RN te Fac=+ 181.7 KN (Tie) g Fre 166.7 kN 259.0 KN 50kN 50kN B c eta 12.0kN 12kN) P- forces =S0.0kN + 181.7 KN + 166.7 KN ~ 259.0 kN 12.0kN = 1333 kN = 133.3 KN A E 59.0 kN 259.0 kN Vertical deflection at joint D: Apply a Unit Load in the vertical direction at joint D and determine the values of the | u-forces using joint resolution as before. u- forces Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of vpProblem Number: 17 Pin-Jointed Frames 125 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Page No. 3 Member Length (mm) | AE (KX) Paforce (KN) PLIAE (mm) (PLIAE) xu AB 3000 307.5 x 10° = 50.0 = 0.49 0 AC 5000 307.5 x10 F117 +295 +493 AE 4000 307.5 x 10° 1333 = 13 #231 BC “4000 307510" = 120 =0.16 0 cD 5000 307.5% 10" $166.7 $2.71 +453 CE 3000 307.5% 10° = 259.0 =2.53 $5.05 DE 4000 307.5% 10° = 1333 = 13 +231 Ea+ 19.13 PL Sv0= > Horizontal deflection at joint D: Apply a Unit Load FE) =+19.13mm | the u-forces using joint resolution as before. Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of 5145 the horizontal direction at joint D and determine the values of Member Length (mm) AE (uN) P-force (kN) PLIAE (mm) (PUAE) xu AB 3000 307.5 x10" = 50.0 = 049 AC 5000 307.5 x 10° 1817 $2.95 AE 4000 307.5 x 10° = 1333 = 173 BC 4000 3075 x10" =120 =0.16 cD 5000 307.510" $166.7 ¥2.71 CE 3000 307.5 x10" = 259.0 = 2.53 DE 307.5 x10" 1333 1.73 5u0- Resultant deflection at joint D = Sxp = qllo.13? + 3.46?) = 19.44 mm fox126 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.18 Page No. 1 The cross-sectional area of members AB, BC and CD equals 500 mm? The cross-sectional area of all other members is equal to 250 mm’. Member BE is too short by 3.0 mm. Determine the value of the vertical deflection at joint F and the horizontal deflection at joint B, E=205 kNimm? and a= 12x 10°C; O=45° Sin8=0.707, CosO=0.707 Length of members AB, BE and CD Lanseco = V4.0? +4.0? = 5.657 m AEsqo= (500 x 205) = 102.5 x 10°KN, — AEas0 = (250 x 205) = 51.25 x 10° KN Determine the Support Reactions Congider the rotational equilibrium of the frame: tye) EMn=0 — +(25.0 x 4.0) + (25.0 x 8.0) — (Mx 12.0) Consider the horizontal equilibrium of the frame: +ve > EF, =0 Consider the vertical equilibrium of the frame: sve fEF/=0 +Vq—25.0-25.0+ Yp=0 Assume all unknown member forces to be tension and use joint resolution to determine the P-forces in the frame. Consider joint A: xB sve fEFj/=0 +25.0+ FagSind=0 Equation (a) Fp We > EF=0 +Fae+ FagCosO=0 Equation (b) AS From Equation (a): F 4g =~35.36 KN (Strut) From Equation (b} Fp =+25.0 KN (Tie) zero 25kN Consider joint F: ve (> EF, =0 - 25.04 Fer=0 Equation (a) ave fsF=0 + Fy-25.0=0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): + 25.0 KN (Tie) From Equation (b): + 25.0 KN (Tie)Pin-Jointed Frames 127 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.18 Page No. 2 Consider joint B: we te fEF,=0 + 35,36Sind -25.0- Fy.Coso=0 Equation (a) al tve —> EF, + 35.36CosO + Fac + FarSind= 0 Equation (b) ero 25.0 KN (Strut) From Equation (a): Fou From Equation (b): Fa By symmetry: Fep =~ 35.36 kN (Strut), For =+ 25.0 KN (Tie), — 25.0 KN Fee c + 25.0 KN (Tie) B ~ 35.36 KN zero = 35.36 KN + ae KN + 7 KN ails +250 kN SHE + 25.0 kN 25.0 KN t IN a 25.0 KN P- forces Lack-of-fit (41) Vertical deflection at joint F: Apply a Unit Load in the vertical direction at joint F and determine the values of the u-forces using joint resolution as before. B -033 c -047 -047 u- forces Ni +067 cf St +o XP 0.67 Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of 5 y.¢128 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.18 Page No.3 Tengih | AE | Peforce (PUAE+ A, xu mm) | cus) | (kN). (am) AB 5657 _| 102.5 x 10° | - 35.36 + 1,83 AF 4000 _| 51.25 x10" | +25.0 +131 BC] 4000] 102.5% 10" | - 250 +032 BE 5657_| 51.25 x10" 0 +141 BE 4000 | 51.25 x 10° | + 25.0 +195 cD 5657_| 102.5 x 10° | - 35.36 +092 CE 4000 [51.25 x 10° | + 25.0 +064 DE 4000 | 51.25 10° | +25.0 + 0.64 EF 4000 | 51.25 x 10° [ + 25.0 #131 E=+ 10.33 bey Ze au =+1033mm | Horizontal deflection at joint B: Apply a Unit Load in the horizontal direction at joint B and determine the values of the w-forces using joint resolution as before. c B 10 - 033 +047 =047 =0.47 = forces 7 ‘ +033 10 A +067 aL + 0.67 E +033 . 033) 033 Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of 5p Length | AE | Peforee | PLIAE] A, (PUA A)xu (mm) (KN) (eN)_| (mm) | (mm) |_“ (mm) ‘AB | 5657 | 102.510 [3536] -195 | 0 = 092, AF 51.25 x10 | +25.0 [+ 1.95 0 eal BC 102.5x10° | 25.0 | 098 [0 £0.32 BE 51.25 x10" 0 0 =3.0 +141 BF. 51.25%10" | +250 | +195 | 0 0 cD 102.5 x 10° | ~ 35.36 | 1.95 +0.92 CE 51.25 x 10° | 25.0 | + 1.95 + 0.64 DE 51,25x10° | +25.0 | +1.95 +0.64 EF 51.25 x10" | +25.0 | + 1.95 +131 E=+5@ Member sith cia iene iemtnin inant natantPin-Jointed Frames 129 Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.19 Page No. 1 The cross-sectional area of all members is equal to 1200 mm’, Determine the value of the horizontal deflection at joint D. E= 205 kN/mm? Lpg = Lee = Lpg= 2.887 m tan™"(2.887/2.5) = 49.11° SinB= 0.756 655 AE 09 = (1200 x 205) = 246.0 x 10° KN Determine the Support Reactions Consider the rotational equilibrium of the frame: tveJEMa=0 (5.0% 7.5)- (Vex 4.33 )=0 ©. Ve =— 8.66 KN ! Consider the horizontal equilibrium of the frame: tve—* TF, =0 + An +He-5.0=0 “ Ha=5.0- Hy Consider the vertical equilibrium of the frame: ave fEF=0 © +%q-3004+%=0 +. Vy=30.048.66 2 Vy =+38.66KN tf Assume all unknown member forces to be tension and use joint resolution to determine the P-forces in the frame. Consider joint A: +ve fER,=0 + 38.66 + Fyn=0 Equation (a) tve > BR,=0 0 +Hy=0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): — 38.66 KN (Strut) From Equation (b): zero : 0 KN >130. Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.19 Page No. 2 Consider joint D: 30.04N tve—> ZF, =0 —5.0+ FoeSin30°= 0 Equation (a) ve f2Fj=0 -30.0- Fen FpsCos30° = 0 Equation (b) 30° From Equation (a): Fox = + 10.0 kN (Tie) Fep Foe From Equation (b): Fen = ~ 38.66 KN (Strut) Consider joint E: Resolve forces perpendicular and parallel to Fog and Fer 100KN +ve © LF perpendicuar = 0 — FceSin60°= 0 Equation (a) +ve \ LF paratet = 0 + Fox — Fer + FoeCos60° = 0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Fec= zero From Equation (b): Fey = + 10.0 KN (Tie) Consider joint C: 38.66 KN tve—> LF,=0 + ForSing =0 Equation (a) ve 12F,=0 - 38.66 Fac—FerCosB=0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Fer = zero fe From Equation (b): Foc = 38.66 KN (Strut) Consider joint F: Resolve forces perpendicular and parallel to Fic 10.0kN forks tye 7” EF perpendicular = 0 ~ FarSin60° = 0 Equation (a) tye \ EF pws =0 + 10.0 Fro + FarCos60°= 0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Foy = zero From Equation (b): Fg = + 10.0 KN (Tie) Consider joint B: 38.66 KN t+ve—> IF, =0 + FacSina=0 B zero (3 Feo 38.66 KN,Pin-Jointed Frames 131 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.19 Page No. 3 Horizontal deflection at joint D: Apply a Unit Load in the horizontal direction at joint D and determine the values of the u-forces using joint resolution as before. 30 KN 1LOKN + 10.0 KN ~ 38.66 KN) CUgzero E = 38.66 KN. zero_+ 10.0 kN B F —38.66kN zero, + 10,0 KN =e a | 38.66 kN 8.66 KN 173 P- forces u- forces Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of Sup Length | AE | Peforee | PLIAE (PLIAE) xu (mm) |_(kN)_|_(kN)_| (mm) (om), ‘AB__|_2500_| 246.0 x10" | — 38.66 | - 039 +068 BC__| 2500 | 246.0 «10° | - 38.66 | - 0.39 $0.68 BF | _2887_| 246.0 x10" BG 3000 _| 246.0 x10" cp__|_2500_| 246.0 x10" cE | 1443_| 246.0 x10" cr__|_3819_| 246.0 x10" DE | 2887 _| 246.0 x10" | +100 EF | 2887 | 246.0 x10 | +100 FG |_2887_| 246.010 | + 10.0 Member PL i +2.73mm <<132. Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.20 Page No. 1 The cross-sectional area of members AG, BG, CF. CG, EF, and FG is equal to 400 mm’, The cross-sectional area of all other members is equal to 100 mm?. All members are subjected to a decrease in temperature equal to 20°C. Determine the horizontal deflection at joint F. E=205 kN/mm? and @= 12 x 10°C Lag.pecrer = V3.5" +3.5° = 4950 mm? Sind5° = 0.707, Cos45°= 0.707 AE oo = (100 x 205) = 20.5 x 10° KN AE wo = (400 x 205) = 82.0 x 10° KN The 6L value for members AG, BC, CF and EF due to temperature change: Ar=- ald; (12 x 10°® x 4950 x 20.0) == 1.19 mm ‘The 6. value for all other members due to temperature change: Ap=~ ap =~ (12 x 10°® x 3500 x 20.0) == 0.84 mm Determine the Support Reactions Consider the rotational equilibrium of the frame: ve) EMy=0 = (2.07.0) + (10 x 10.5) = (Vex 7.0) =0 ¥p=+13.0KN tf Consider the horizontal equilibrium of the frame: ee 2 Hy=+2.0kKN Consider the vertical equilibrium of the frame: ave fEFj=0 + ¥,-10.04V.=0 +. Va=10.0- 13.0 Vy=-3.0KN | Assume all unknown member forces to be tension and use joint resolution to determine the P-forces in the frame. Consider joint A: Fas ye 0 + 2.0 + FygCos45? = 0 Equation (a) 3.0 + Fan + FacSin45°=0 — Equation (b) 20kN | Vase As From Equation (a): Fag = — 2.83 KN (Strut) 3.0kN From Equation (b): Fyn =+5.0 KN (Tie)Pin-Jointed Frames 133 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.20 Page No. 2 “Consider joint B: ve f2F,=0 —5.0+ FycSin4S°=0 Equation (a) +ve— IF,=0 + Fag + FrcCos45°=0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Foc = + 7.07 KN (Tie) nak From Equation (b): Foc =~ 5.0 KN (Strut) Consider joint G: Fog tve fEF/=0 + 2.83Cos45° + Fog = 0 Equation (a) 5.0KN GO Fic tve > EF,= 0 +5.0+2.83$indS° + Fig =0 Equation (b) 4ss| From Equation (a): = 2.0 KN (Strut) From Equation (b): 7.0 KN (Strut) Consider joint C: sve FEF, +2.0~7.078in45° ~ For Sin45° = 0 Equation (a) Ave —e EF,=0 — ~2.0-7.07Cos45° + FerCos45°+ Fen = 0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): 4.24 KN (Strut) From Equation (b): + 10.0 KN (Tie) Consider joint D: 1O.OKN Do rpg te oF, = 10.0 + Foe=0 Equation (a) tve fIF,=0 -Fr=0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): For = + 10.0 KN (Tie) From Equation (b): Foe = zero Consider joint E: 100KN_E a ve > EF,=0 - 10.0 ~FexCos45°=0 Fry = — 14.14 KN (Strut)134 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topie: Unit Load Method for Deflection of Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.20 Page No. 3 Horizontal deflection at joint F: Apply a Unit Load in the horizontal direction at joint F and determine the values of the w-forces using joint resolution as before. 2kN ++ 10.0 KN + 10.0 KN . =20KN ero ~50KN ole 710 4N B G de - +SOKN —2.834N 13.0 kN A 20KN P- forces 3.0 kN u- forces os The dL value for members (AG, BC, CF and EF) due to temperature change: Ap= = 1.19 mm The OL value for all other members due to temperature change: Ar = — 0.84 mm Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of Sr Member | Leneth | AE | Pforce | PLIAE| 4; (PLE + A) xu (om) |__| aN) | mm | am (om) AB 3500_| 20.5x10° | +5.0 | +085 | -0.84 .! = 0.01 AG 4950_| 82.0 x10° | -2.83 | 0.17 [-1.19 =1.92 BC 4950_| 20.5 x10° | +7.07 | + 1.71 |= 1.19 .' = 037, Bg 3s00_| 820x10° | -s0 | -021 |-o84 = 0.53 cp | 3500 | 205x107 | +100 | +171 [- 084 0 cr {4950 | 82.010" = 0.26 |[—1.19 $1.02 CG 3500__| 82.0 x10" 0 | ~0.09 | ~ 0.84 = 0.93 DE. 3500 _| 20.5 x10" 0 | +1.71 | -0.84 DE 3500_| 20.5 x10" o | -084 EF 4950 _| 82.0 x10" 14 | ~0.85 | ~ 1.19 FG {3500 | 92.010" =0.30 | =084 Sur= >| Bu =-4.45 mmPin-Jointed Frames 135 3.6 Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames The method of analysis illustrated in Section 3.5 can also be adopted to determine the member forces in singly-redundant frames. Consider the frame shown in Example 3.6. 3.6.1 Example 3.6: Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frame 1 the data given, determine the member forces and support reactions for the fed frame shown in Figure 3.23. The cross-sectional area of all members is equal to 175 mm”, E=205 kN/mm? Figure 3.23 The degree-of-indeterminacy Ip = (m +r) —2n=(5+4)—(2x4)=1 ‘Assume that member BD is a redundant member and consider the original frame to be the superposition of two structures as indicated in Figures 3.24(a) and (b). The frame in Figure 3.24(b) can be represented as shown in Figure 3.25. [ @) (b) Figure 3.24 = x Feo Figure 3.25136 Examples in Structural Analysis To maintain compatibility in the length of member BD in the original frame the change in length of the diagonal BD in Figure 3.24(a) must be equal and opposite to that in Figure 3.24(b) as shown in Figure 3.26. Figure 3.26 (S%p due to P-forces) + (5”gp due to unit load forces) x Foo 0 PL ub ub ie Deku (E") vey Using joint resolution the P-forces and the u-forces can be determined as indicated in Figure 3.27. roan pe 100K 5, FR 7] 7 +10.0 kN a +10 -on bx Foo=0 A, D> '\p |, 10.0 kN zero -071 10.0kN TOKN P- forces u- forces Figure 3.27 Memper| rath | AE | Pore | PLAE] | (PUAE)xu | LIAB) xu | Member (am) |_cexs)_|_aoy_| mm) (um) (mum) | forces BC] 3000 | 35.88 x10" | + 10.00| +084 [-o71 | 0.59 oo4 | #438 cD 3000_ | 35.88 x10? | + 10.00 | +0.84 | -0.71 = 0.59 0.04 + 4.38 DA | 3000 | 35.8810 | 0 0 _[=o7 0 oo | = 502 AC 4243 _| 35.88 x10° | - 14.14 | - 1.67 | + 1.00 - 1.67 0.12 = 6.23 Bp | 4243 [ 35.88.10" | 0 0 _[+100[ 0 12 | +791 E=-285 [| 5=+036 Foon -LGee/ Lg 2.85/0.36 = + 7.91 kN (Tie)Pin-Jointed Frames 137 The final member forces = (P-forces + (u-forces x 7.91)] and are given in the last column of the table Va=+10.0~ (0.71 7.91) = 44.38 kN f Hy =+ 10.0 + zero = + 10.0 KN Vy = zero + (0.71 x 7.91) = + 5.62 kN t Hy =~ 10.0+ zero = — 10.0 kN <_ Final member forces and support reactions the data given, determine the member forces and support reactions for the jointed frame shown in Figure 3.29, The cross-sectional area of all members is equal to 140 mm?, Assume £= 205 kN/mm? 30.0 kN Figure 3.29 All member lengths Z = 3.0m AE = (140 x 205) = 28.7 x 10° KN Sin60° = 0.866 Cos60° = 0.5 Consider the applied load as two components 30,0Sin60°= 25.98 kN. | 30.0Cos60° = 15.0 kN —> The degree of indeterminacy /p = (m +r) -2n= (8 +7)—(2xT)=1138. Examples in Structural Analysis Consider the vertical reaction at support F to be redundant. The equivalent system is the superposition of the statically determinate frame and the (unit load frame x Ve) as shown in Figures 3.30 and 3.31 25.98 kN Figure 3.30 B c D Figure 3.31 Using joint resolution the P-forces and the w-forces can be detern Figures 3.32 and 3.33. : : eee nee A 15.0 IN GoG F E Figure 3.32Pin-Jointed Frames 139 a zero TT +058 “A zero vero, +088 = 058 = 058+ 0.58 u - forces zero 029 A 029° $e F Eq 10 zero os 0s Figure 3.33 Member | Uensth | AE | Peforce [PLIAE] | (PLIAE)xu | (uLIAE)xu | Member (mm) |_ kN) | kN) _| (mm (mm) (mm) | forces ‘AB | 3000 [28.710 | 0 ome [to 0 0 0 Bc {3000 [28.710 | 0 oe ao. 0 0 0 cp [ 3000 [287 «10° [0 o | +058 0 0.035 0 DE | 3000 | 28.7%10°| 0 0 [+058 0 0.035 0 DF} 3000 [28.7 10° | 0 0 . 0 0.035 0 ce {3000 [28.7 10° | 0 0 |=058 0 0.035 0 ca] 3000 [28.710 | 0 0 | F058 0 0.035 0 BG | 3000 | 28.710" | - 30.00 | —3.14 | 0 0 0 = 30.00 Z=zero_ | E=+0i8 = 010.18 = zero ‘The final member forces = [P-forces + (u-forces x 0)] and are given in the last column of the table. Vq=+2598kN f Hg =~ 15.0 KN «— All other reactions are equal to zero. 25.98 kN B c D 15.0 kN zero zero Final member forces and support reactions zero = 300KN ero nero, zero zero zero zero A 15.0KN A&G F & ero 25.98 kN zero zero Figure 3.34140. Examples in Structural Analysis 3.6.3 Problems: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Using the data given in the singly-redundant, pin-jointed frames shown in Problems 3.21 to 3.24, determine the support reactions and the member forces due to the applied loads. Assume E = 205 kN/mm? and = 12 x 10°C where required. SOKN 100 kN SO kN The cross-sectional area of members AH, GH, EF and FG is equal to 200 mm’. ‘The cross-sectional area of all other members is equal to 500 mm, The support at G settles by 12. mm, Problem 3.21 ‘The cross-sectional D area of all members is equal to 180 mm’, Problem 3.22 3.0m 6.0m ‘The cross-sectional area of member BD is equal to 100 mm’, ‘The cross-sectional area of all other Aly members is equal to 300 mm’, 4 Member AD is too long by 1.5 mm = and all members are subject to an + increase in temperature of 10°C. E Ye 4 = : pe c Ma Vs Ye 7 Problem 3.23 BR 25KN The cross-sectional area of all members is equal to 150 mm’, 20m 20m ha 4s\D___ Member BD is 2.0 mm too short 4, AS Problem 3.24 Va YoPin-Jointed Frames 141 3.6.4 Solutions: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.21 The cross-sectional area of members AH, GH, EF and FG is equal to 200 mm? The cross-sectional area of all other members is equal to 500 mm?. The support at G settles by 12 mm. E= 205 kN/mm? Lap,uc.06, ve = V3.0" +3.0? = 4.243 m SinO= 3.0/4.243)=0.707 Cos = (3.0/4.243) = 0.707 200 x 205) = 41.0 x 10? KN (500 x 205) = 102.5 x 10°kN Consider the vertical reaction at support G to be redundant. The equivalent system is the superposition of the statically determinate frame and the (unit load frame x V¢) as shown: SOKN 100 kN SOKN142. Examples in Structural Analysis Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.21 Page No. 2 Determine the Support Reactions for the statically determinate frame. Consider the rotational equilibrium of the frame: ve EMy=0 — + (50.0 x 3.0) + (100 x 6.0) + (50.0 x 9.0) - (15.0 x 3.0) — (Vel x 12.0) =0 2. Vel = + 96.25 KN Consider the horizontal equilibrium of the frame: tve—> SF=0 + Hy! - 15.0 =0 oH =+15.0KN > Consider the vertical equilibrium of the frame: avef Skj=0 + V,'—50.0- 100.0- 50.0 + He'=0 +. Vq'=200.0 - 96.25 =+ 103.75 kN Assume all unknown member forces to be tension and use joint resolution to determine the P-forces in the frame. Consider joint A: + 103.75 + FanSin=0 Equation (a) Fao : a +15.0+ Fan + FagCos8=0 — Equation (b) 150K Ae, vt As From Equation (a): Fp =~ 146.70 kN (Strut) 103.75 KN From Equation (b): Fu 88.75 kN (Tie) Consider joint H: tve f EF, + Fan =0 Equation (a) Fou tye —» EF, =0 - 88.75 + Fon=0 Equation (b) 88.75 kN Fou 7 From Equation (a) ero el From Equation (b): 88.75 KN (Tie) Consider joint B: SOKN tvef a = 30.0 + 146.7Cos0— FcCos6 = 0 Equation (a) By Fac tve > BI,=0 + 146.7Sin0 + Fa Sind + Fac= 0 Equation (b) 146.7 kN From : 76.0 KN (Tie) 157.45 kN (Strut)Pin-Jointed Frames 143 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number Consider joint C: 100.0 kN 157.45 kN Cl rw Fea Consider joint G: 100.0 kN 76.0 kN 8875IN G Fig Consider joint F: § 96.25 KN. = 146.7 KN 103.75 kN 3.21 Equation (a) + 157.45 + Kop =0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Fea =~ 100.0 kN (Strut) From Equation (b): Fen =~ 157.45 KN (Strut) tvef EF=0 — - 100.0+76.0 Sind + FpcSind=0 Equation (a) tve EF, =0 88.75 ~ 76.0Cos8 + FocCos6 + Fra = 0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): Fog = + 65.42 KN (Tie) From Equation (b): Fy = + 96.25 KN (Tie) Equ = 96.23 + Fes =0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): zero From Equation (b): ¢ = + 96.25 KN (Tie) = 96.25 ~ FxCost Fox =~ 136.12 kN (Strut) SOKN 100 kN SOKN B aE D> CISTAS AN Se ISTAS INR 154 reo ff v6saaks | Stagtran P= forces co CIO me Hh sarin SZoocsanthes scant Cartas sare wSedrscasiy Eee ssi 96.25 kN144° Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.21 Page No. 4 Apply a Unit Load in the vertical direction at support G and determine the values of the forces using joint resolution as before. u- forces E os (6yq due to P-forces) + (5g due to unit forces) x Vo =~ 12.0 mm PL ul ic. Yeu + [Eu] « ve=- 12.0 Le" Le") ° PL ub Ve={-120- y2u|/y! : ( aE Vi aE Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of Ve Member | Leah] AE | Porce | PUAE| , | (PLIAE) xu | (uLlAE) xu | Member enn (mm) |__ (kN) (kN) _|_ (mm) (mm) (mm) forces AB | 4243_| 102.5 x10° | =146.70 | -607 = 4293 | +0021 | = 7040 AH 3000_| 41.0x10° | +88.75 | +6.49 = 3.247 + 0.018 +34.79| BC 3000_| 102.5 x10° | -157.45 | -4.61 = 4.608 + 0.029 = 49.53 BG 4243 | 102.5 x10° | +76.00 | 43.15 = 2.224 + 0.021 = 0.30 BH 3000_| 102.5 x10° 0 o 0 0 zero. cD 3000_| 102.5 x10° | -157.45 | ~4.61 — 4.608 + 0.029 — 49.53 Ca] ~3000_[ 102.5x10° | -100.00 | -293 |_0 0 0 = 100.0 DE 4243 | 102.5 x10? [ -136.12 | -5.63 | +0.71 = 3.984 + 0.021 = 59.82 DG | 4243 [102.5 x10 | 465.42 | 12.71 | -0.71 | —1.915 | +0021 | 1088 DF | 3000 [1025x107] 0 om aa0 0 0 zero EF | 3000 | 410 x10 | 196.25 | +704 | 0.50 | —3.521 roo | +4229) FG 3000 [41.0 x10" | 496.25 | +7.04 |-0.50 | —3.521 +0018 | +4229] GH 3000_| 41.0x10° | +88.75 | +6.49 | ~0.50 = 3.247. + 0.018 +3479) E=-35.16 | B= +0215 PL u. Vo= {12.0 - Yu] Su =[- 12.0 - (35.169) /0.215 = + 107.76 kN on [-120- FP thn 120-3516) t The final member forces = [P-forces + (w-forces x 107.76)] and are given in the last column of the table V4 = 103.75 ~ (0.5 x 107.76) =+ 49.87 KN fy Hy = + 15.0 KN > Vi, = 96.25 —(0.5 x 107.76) =+ 42.37 kNPin-Jointed Frames 145 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.22 Page No. 1 {200 The cross-sectional area of all members is equal to 180 mm’. E= 205 kN/mm? Lap,co= 3.606 m — Larne =3.162m Ler = 6.708 m Sinar= (3.0/3.606)= 0.832 Cosr= (2.0/3.606) = 0.555 894 Cosf= (3.016.708) = 0.447 Cos@ = (1.0/3.162) = 0.316 Consider member CF to be redundant. The equivalent system is the superposition of the statically determinate frame and the (unit load frame x Fcr) as shown: D u-forces }x Fer146 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution ‘opic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Page No. 2 Determine the Support Reactions for the statically determinate frame. Consider the rotational equilibrium of the frame: ve ,)EMa=0 + (40.0 x 3.0) - (Yo' x 12.0)=0 c Vol =+10.0KN f Consider the horizontal equilibrium of the frame: tve > EF,=0 + Ha’ Hy! =20r0 Consider the vertical equilibrium of the frame: tye fEF/=0 + Va'-40.0+ Mo=0 2 Val =40.0 ~ 10.0 “yyas300Kn ft ‘Assume all unknown member forces to be tension and use joint resolution to determine the P-forces in the frame. Consider joint A: : ave EF, + 30.0 + Fap Coser — FarCosO=0 — Equation (a)) Bye —> EF, =0 + FapSina + Far Sind=0 Equation (b)} From Equation (a): Fan =~ 36.06 KN (Strut) rr From Equation (b): Fr = + 31.6 KN (Tie) Consider joint F: ‘ve fEF,=0 — +31.6Cos@ — 40.0+ Fyp=0 Equation (a) For tye —» BF, =0 —31.6Sind+ Fer =0 Equation (b) o| F F Prom Equation (a): Foe = + 30.0 KN (Tie) From Equation (b): Fox = + 30.0 KN (Tie) 31.6KN 40.0 kN Consider joint B: svefEF,=0 ~30.0 +36.06 Cosa FaeCosh= B Equation (a) “2B tve > EF,=0 +36.06Sina+ Fee SinB+ Fac=0 36.06 XN Fo Equation (b) 30.0 kN From Equation (a); Foye, =~ 22.34 KN (Strut) From Equation (b): Fyc = — 10.0 KN (Strut)Pin-Jointed Frames 147 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.22 Page No. 3 Consider joint E: aaa | tve > ZF, =0 ~30.0 + 22.34Sinf + Fo:Sind= 0 Equation (a) Tor +ve fEF,=0 -22.34Cosf + FCos0 + Fer = 0 30,0 kN Equation (b) From Equation (a): = + 10.57 KN (Tie) From Equation (b): + 6.65 KN (Tie) Consider joint D: te EF,=0 -10.57Sin8 - FepSina=0 Foo . | | Fen = ~ 12.06 KN (Strut) 10.57 kN 4A - 68 10.0 kN 234kN — +6.65KN > +10S7KN78 +30.0kN E 10.0kN Apply a Unit Load at joints F and C in the direction of member FC and determine the values of the u-forces using joint resolution as before. A mA tb u- forces zero148° Examples in Structural Analysis Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.22 Page No. 4 (Sic due to P-forces) + (Sye due to unit forces) x Fer = 0 ie. vou + (x) x Fer=0 wel ul Fer =~ af yee Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of Fer Teagin | AE | Pforce | PLIAE HAE) xu | LIAB) xa | Member emer | Mame | any [ao [om || my" | Ye | ree AB 3606 | 36.9 x10* | -36.06 | - 3.52 0 0 0 & AE 3162_| 36.9 x10* | + 31.60 | + 2.71 0 0 0 Bcd kh BC 6000 | 36.9 x10* | -10.00 | - 1.63 | -0.89 + 1.454 +0.130 ki BE. 6708 _| 36.9 x10* | -22.34 | - 4.06 | 1.00 = 4.061 +0.182 BE 3000 | 36.9 x10? | + 30.00 | +244 | -0.45 = 1.090 +0016 cp 3606 [369 x10* | -1206 | —1i8 [0 0 o CE] 3000369 x10" | +665 | +054] —0as | 028 | +o.016 cr | -o108[369x107| 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 182 DE] 3162] 369x107 [+1057 | F091 | 0 ° o EF 6000_| 36.9 x10” | + 30.00 | + 4.88 | - 0.89. = 4.361 + 0.130 + [== 830 [b= + 0056 Fo ~ yea ew =~ (~ 8.30)/0.656 = + 12.65 KN (Tie) The final member forces = [P-forces + (w-forces x 12.65)] and are given in the last column of the table Vy=+30.0KN ft Hy=zero Vy=+10.0KN fPin-Jointed Frames 149 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.23 Page No. 1 The cross-sectional area of member BD is equal to 100 m The cross-sectional area of all other members is equal to 300 mm”, Member AD is too long by 1.5 mm and all members are subject to an increase in temperature of 10°C. E=205kNimm* a= 12x 10°C Lxnsc=3.162m — Lanco=3.041m — Lap = 0.5 m The SL value for all members due to temperature change: Arapac =~ abr =~ (12 x 10° x 3162 x 10.0) = + 0.38 mm Araven =~ @LAr =~ (12 x 107% x 3041 x 10.0) = + 0.36 mm Ango =~ abr =~ (12 x 10° x $00 x 10.0) = + 0.06 mm Sinar= (1.073.162) = 0.316 Coser = (3.0/3.162) = 0.949 Sind = (0.5/3.041) = 0.164 Cos6 = (3.0/3.041) = 0.987 AE \eo = (100 x 205) = 20.5 x 10° KN AE-309 = (300 x 205) = 61.5 x 10° KN Consider member BD to be redundan The equivalent system is the superposition of the statically determinate frame and the (unit load frame x Fpp) as shown:150 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution ‘Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.23 Page No. 2 Determine the Support Reactions for the statically determinate frame. Consider the rotational equilibrium of the frame: tye JEM,=0 + (30.0 « 3.0) — (Ve' x 6.0) =0 2 Ve =+15.0kN f Consider the horizontal equilibrium of the frame: +ve—> EF=0 +Hy' +He'=0 He =—Hy’ Congider the vertical equilibrium of the frame: =) EFy=0 +V,'-30.0+ Ver=0 Va’ =30.0-15.0 ‘Assume all unknown member forces to be tension and use joint resolution to determine the P-forces in the frame. Consider joint B: 30.04 ve f2R,=0 — -30.0—FaaSina - FacSina=0 Equation (a) 4ve > BF, =0 — FeqCosar + FgcCosar= 0 Equation (b) From Equation (a): an Fac From Equation (b): — 47.47 KN (Strut) — 47.47 KN (Strut) Consider joint A: anavin te fEF/=0. +15.0-47.47Sina + FapSin ‘egy OTE ERR O Ha 47.47Cosat + FxpCost ‘AD Equation (a) 0 Equation (b) From Equations (a): Fan = zero From Equation (b): Hy=+ 45.0 KN He=—45.0 kNPin-Jointed Frames 151 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.23 Page No.3 Consider j +ve f EF,=0 +15.0-47.47Sina + FepSind=0 — Equation (a) Fep=70r0 30kN B = 47.47 KN 47.47 KN 4TATRN Fes ao A5.OKN c 1S.0KN 1S0KN Apply a Unit Load at joints B and D in the direction of member BD and determine the values of the w-forces using joint resolution as before. B = 1.58 kN +304 (dap due to P-forces) + (dp due to unit forces) x Fan = 0 ie Y(Bea +4 }n + (res) x Feo =0 +. Fos (2 A, 14 }u/ Stew152 Examples in Structural Analys Solution Topie: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.23 Page No. 4 PL fi ‘The term (4 +A +4, ) is evaluated separately here for convenience, normally this would be incorporated in one table. vente |] a ee | [ee] [OE AB 3162_| 61.5x10° | ~ 47.47 0 +10 +0.38 — 2.06 BC 3162 | 61.5x10° | - 47.47 oO 410 +0.38 ~ 2.06 BD 500 20.5 x10" 0 0 +10 +0.06, + 0.06 cD 3041 61.5 x10" 0 0 0 +10 + 0.36, +036 DA 3041 | 61.5 x10" 0 0 +15 +10 + 0.36, + 1.86 Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of F pp Length | ae | PLAE (PLIAE +4, + 4,) xu | (ULIAE) xu | Member Member | om) | any [2] foot am | ree AB 3162_| 61.5x10° | -2.06 | -1.58 + 3.261 + 0.129 BC 3162_| 61.5x10° | -2.06 | -1.58 + 3.261 + 0.129 BD [500 | 20510 | +0.06 [+ 1,00] + 0.060 0024 eo | 3001 [ 61s x10" | 0.36 [3.04 E1110 0457 [233974 DA. 3041 | 61.5x10 | + 1.86 | + 3.04 +5671 +0457 | 3397" (Ea H13.363 Est 1.196 13.363/1.196 = ~ 11.17 KN (Strut) oo uL Feo=- >(% +A +4) De The final member forces = [P-forces + (w-forces x (-)11.17)] and are given in the last column of the table V4 =+15.0-+ zero =+ 15.0 kN t Hy=+ 45.0 ~ (1.5 x (11.17) =+ 61.76 kN > Vo=+ 15.0 + zero =+ 15.0 KN i He =~ 45.0 + (1.5 x (11.17) =- 61.76 KNPin-Jointed Frames 153 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.24 Page No. 1 The cross-sectional area of all members is equal to 150 mm’, Member BD is 2.0 mm too short. E=205 kN/mm? AE\3= (150 x 205) = 30.75 x 10° kN D Sin 45° = 0.707 . Hy Cos 45°= 0.707 vw Consider member AB to be redundant. ‘The equivalent system is the superposition of the statically determinate frame and the (unit load frame x Fas) as own: vy" (u- forces) x Fan154 Examples in Structural Analysis: Solution ‘Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.24 Page No. 2 ‘Assume all unknown member forces t determine the P-forces in the frame. Consider joint B: Foc +ve—> EF,=0 + 25.0 + Fan Cos?=0 Equation (a) ave fEF,=0 + Fuc— Fun Sin@=0 Equation (b) Fup =~ 35.36 KN (Strut) 25.0 kN Fyc = — 25.0 kN (Strut) From Equation (a): Fao From Equation (b) Consider joint C: Equation (a) : Equation (b) Ve=-25.0N | From Equation (a): From Equation (b): Consider joint D: 35.36 KN +ve tur, —35.36Sind + Vo’ Equation (a) tye = EF, = 0 +35,36Cos0+ Ho’ Equation (b) Ho) From Equation (a): 25.0 kN From Equation (b): 25.0kN <— 25.0 KN P- forces Lack-of-fit 25kN + dyy =~ 2.0. mm = 35.36 KN 4Pin-Jointed Frames 155 Solution Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.24 Page No. 3 Apply a Unit Load at joints A and B in the direction of member AB and determine the values of the w-forces using joint resolution as before. 142 c u- forces evaluated separately here for convenience, normally this would be incorporated in one table. ember | Lenath | AE (PLIAB) (PLIAE +A) Member | “(mm |_ (kX) (mmm) (cum) AB | 2000 | 30.75 210° 0 0 BC | _2000 | 30.75 x10" 1.6 1.683 BD 2000 _| 30.75 x10" = 2.30, = 4.30156 Examples in Structural Analysis Solution ‘Topic: Unit Load Method for Singly-Redundant Pin-Jointed Frames Problem Number: 3.24 Page No. 4 Complete the Unit Load table to determine the value of Fax, Member | Lenath [AE [(PLIAE+a) |, | (PLIAE +A, ) xu | (uL/AE) xu | Member (mm) _|_(kN) (am) (um) (mm) forces ‘AB [2000 [30.75 x10" 0 +100 0 +0065 | +2538 Bc [2000 [30.75 x10 |= 1.63 | + 1.42 =2:315 +oi31__| +1087 Bp __| 2000 [30.75 x10 |= 430 | + 1.00 = 4.300 +0065 | —9.99 E=- 6615 | E=+0.261 The final member forces = column of the table Fun=~ x(Z+4) 1/ Shu =- 601500261 = 25.34 KN (Tie) [P-forces + (u-forces x 25.37)] and are given in the last Vq=zero~ (0.71 x2534)=—1799kN Hy He ero ~ (0.71 x 25.34)=—17.99kN + 25.0 + (1.42 x 25.34)=+10.98kN tf zero 25.0 — (0.71 x 25.34 25.0 + (0.71 x 25.34) +7.01 KN =7.01KN 4