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Khi bn v cc nhn t khch quan tc ng n giai on ct cnh kinh t ln th nht (1961 1979) ca Hn Quc, mt s nh nghin cu nc ngoi v Vit Nam cho rng cuc Chin tranh Vit
Nam (1954 - 1975) v khch quan to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin kinh t v gii quyt mt s
vn x hi Hn Quc*. Nhng cch lun gii vn ny gia cc nh nghin cu c s khc nhau,
trong , nhiu cng trnh ch mi cp m cha c iu kin i su phn tch nhn t khch quan ny.
Vi bi vit di y, chng ti mong mun c gp phn nh vo vic phn tch tc ng ca
cuc Chin tranh Vit Nam i vi s pht trin kinh t Hn Quc trong giai on 1965 -1971.
1. Tnh hnh kinh t Hn Quc giai on 1948 - 1965 v quyt nh tham chin ti Vit Nam ca
Hn Quc
1.1.Vi nt v tnh hnh kinh t Hn Quc giai on 1948 - 1965
Ngay t khi qun i M tip qun vng t pha Nam v tuyn 38 bn o Triu Tin t tay
ngi Nht, khu vc ny tr thnh mt b phn then cht trong h thng quan h quc t thi k trt
t hai cc Yalta. Bn o Triu Tin, cng vi bn o ng Dng v khu vc Trung ng tr thnh
tuyn u xung t v tranh ginh nh hng ca hai cc, trong Lin X v M l hai i din thng
qua nhng cuc chin tranh cc b, hay cn gi l cc cuc chin tranh y nhim (proxy wars) m
Chin tranh Triu Tin (1950 - 1953) l mt in hnh. Kt qu ca cuc chin ny l tnh trng chia ct
ca bn o Triu Tin (cho n ngy nay), i km l tnh trng ph thuc ko di ca Hn Quc i vi
M trn lnh vc an ninh - quc phng v nht l kinh t cho n u thp nin 60 ca th k XX.
* Nh cc cng trnh ca Cole, Darrid v Lyman, Walden Bell v Stephanie Rosenfeld, Yoshihara Kunio,
Park Kim Ho; Trn Khnh, Hong Vn Hin...
Hong Vn Hin (2008). Qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi cu Hn Quc (1961 - 1993) v
kinh nghim i vi Vit Nam, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, tr.31-35.
2
Iain Pirie (2004). The Korean Developmental State: From Dirigisme to Neo-Liberalism,
Routledge, UK, p.66.
National Bureau of Economic Research (1975). Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic
Development: South Korea, NBER, p.18.
4
Syn Man Rhee mun gi qun sang chin trng ng Dng tham gia chng cng 8.
T duy diu hu ny xut pht mt phn t s m nh ca cuc chin tranh Triu Tin kch
thch Hn Quc tin vo hc thuyt Domino v v h nhn ra mt c hi him c ci thin
v pht trin kinh t ca t nc mnh. Nhiu ti liu chng minh Park Chung Hee sm c
gi qun sang chin trng Nam Vit Nam nhn c s hu thun trong pht trin kinh
t t pha Washington. Bin bn ghi nh mt trong nhng chuyn thm cp nh nc ln u
tin ca chnh ph Hn Quc ti th Washington vo thng 10/1961 cho thy ca
Park khi ng c Tng thng John F.Kenedy hi kin v vn Vit Nam ti Nh Trng:
Hn Quc c c triu qun c hun luyn k cng cho kiu chin tranh ny (chin tranh du
kch) Vi s ng h v gip ca Hoa K, Hn Quc s gi qun ca chnh mnh ti Vit
Nam hoc ng vin thm lnh tnh nguyn nu qun thng trc cha 9 v rng Hn Quc
sn sng gi ngay qun ti min Nam Vit Nam nu c yu cu 10. Cuc trao i trn cho
thy l do kinh t c v tr rt quan trng khi Park mc c Hn Quc c th nhn c ngoi
l ring trong chnh sch Mua hng M min Nam Vit Nam (Mt trong nhng iu kin
chnh quyn Si Gn nhn c vin tr ca M l tin vin tr ch c dng mua hng ha
ca M v qui nh 90% hng ha vin tr ca M cho chnh quyn Si Gn phi l hng ha
c xut x t M). Song John F.Kenedy t chi ngh ny, d rng Park Chung Hee
kin tr gi .
Vo thng 3/1963, trong mt cuc gp vi cc quan chc ch cht ca chnh ph, Park
tuyn b rng Trong trng hp Hoa K yu cu gi qun ti Vit Nam ng ta s bit n
(vic ny) v c hai l do kinh t v an ninh 11. C hi ca Hn Quc n khi ti mt cuc
hp bo vo cui thng 4 nm 1964, Tng thng Johnson trnh by ln u tin chnh sch
Thm c (More Flags hay Many Flags) ku gi s h tr v mt qun s t cc ng minh
cho cuc chin tranh Vit Nam. Sau Ngoi trng M Dean Rusk chnh thc nh in
i khp th gii vo ngy 1/5/196412. Ngay sau , i s Hn Quc ti M Kim Chung-yul
nhn c ch th c bit t Park Chung Hee thng qua i s Hn Quc ti Cng ha Lin
bang c Choi Duk Shin lc ny ang thm Washington yu cu Kim Chung Yul "nhn mnh
tm quan trng ca bo v min Nam Vit Nam cho cc quan chc cao cp ca chnh ph Hoa
K v ngh vi h rng chng ta s gi qun sang Vit Nam". Thng 7 cng nm, trong mt
Robert Larsen, James Lawton Collins (1985). Allied Participation in Vietnam , Department of
the Army, Washington, D.C, p.120.
9
11
Sylvia Ellis (2004). Britain, America, and the Vietnam War, p.5 v Byung-Kook Kim, Pyngguk Kim, Ezra F Vogel (2011), Sd, p.409.
12
chuyn thm Seoul, Th trng Ngoi giao William P.Bundy thay mt chnh ph M ln u
tin chnh thc ku gi Hn Quc gi qun tham chin ti Vit Nam13.
Tuy nhin, p li li ku gi ca M, Hn Quc ch gi khong hn 2000 ngi thuc
lc lng qun y Dove Unit sang chin trng Vit Nam. Hnh ng khim tn ny l kt qu
ca vic Park vp phi s phn i t chnh trong nc do mu thun gia vic gi binh s ra
nc ngoi chin u vi s thiu ht lc lng phng th t nc. ng thi, Hn Quc
tm cch mc c nng cp Hip c phng th chung Hn Quc Hoa K nm 1954 theo
hng hai bn s t ng h tr ln nhau trong trng hp b tn cng, tc l nh Hip c Bc
i Ty Dng 14. M khng chp thun mong mun ny ca Hn Quc, ng thi mnh m
ln ting i hi Hn Quc phi gp mt chin trng min Nam Vit Nam. M va tin
hnh ku gi ln th hai vo thng 12/1964 va tm cch gy p lc vi Hn Quc v mt an
ninh quc gia, phn nh trong pht biu ca Park Chung Hee ba nm sau : Nu chng ti
hi khng quyt nh gi qun sang min Nam Vit Nam, ti cho l 2 s on chin u Hoa
K ng Hn Quc s c gi sang min Nam Vit Nammang n mt c hi khc
min Bc (Triu Tin) tn cng. D ng trc tnh hnh , Park vn cng rn nu ra 10 iu
kin M phi cam kt trc khi Hn Quc gi qun. Cc iu kin ca Park c pha M
ng thun sau hn hai thng m phn mc d iu ny lm Johnson pht . Th nhng,
vic trin khai qun tip tc b Hn Quc tr hon. Thng 4/1965, c phi vin ca tng thng
M l ng W.Averell Harriman ti Hn Quc, mang theo th ring ca Tng thng
L.Johnson gi cho Park Chung Hee ngh Hn Quc sm gi qun sang Vit Nam 15. Thng
5/1965, Park Chung Hee sang thm M theo li mi ca Tng thng L.Johnson v hai bn
tin hnh tho lun tho g nhng vn cn vng mc. Ngy 13/7/1965, M cam kt
khng ct gim qun i n tr Nam bn o Triu Tin nu khng c s tham kho trc
kin ca Hn Quc; cp thm 7 triu USD nng cp v kh cho 3 s on d b ca Hn Quc
cng nh hin i ha ton b qun i; chia s chi ph cng vi Hn Quc trong vic chuyn
qun vin chinh sang Vit Nam 16 .Mt thng sau tt c cc hot ng ngoi giao ny, 20.000
qun chin u Hn Quc (s on Mnh H) c gi sang Vit Nam.
Tuy nhin, ngay sau , nhn chuyn th st chin trng Nam Vit Nam ca B trng
Quc phng Robert Mc.Namara vo thng 10/1965, tng Westmoreland yu cu
Washington thc gic Hn Quc gi thm qun chin u do tnh hnh chin s leo thang. M
buc phi lin lc vi pha chnh ph Hn Quc nhm dn xp cho mt t chuyn qun mi
sang chin trng Vit Nam.
13
15
16
18
19
Paris, ngy 1/3/1972, qun i Hn Quc bt u rt qun ra khi min Nam Vit Nam sau 8
nm hin din.
Nm
1964
1965
20,541
20,541
15,973
261
21
4,286
1966
45,605
45,605
40,534
722
54
4,295
1967
48,839
48,839
41,877
735
83
6,144
1968
49,869
49,838
42,745
785
93
6,215
31
1969
49,755
49,720
42,772
767
85
6,096
35
1970
48,510
48,478
41,503
772
107
6,096
34
1971
45,694
45,663
42,345
662
98
2,558
31
1972
37,438
37,405
36,871
411
95
28
33
21
Bong Lee (2003). The Unfinished War: Korea, Algora Publishing, p.235.
22
Hn Quc sang xm lc Vit Nam trc tip mang v cho quc gia ny mt ngun ti chnh
v li nhun ln ti 2 t USD 23. Vn ti sao ngi Hn Quc c gng bm tr Vit Nam
c l gii trong mt cng trnh nh sau:Xc nhn ca b trng B Quc phng ch ra rng
chnh quyn Hn Quc khng th rt qun ra khi Vit Nam v Hn Quc c hng
nhng li ch kinh t khng l t vic gi qun i ti Vit Namda vo thng k t pha Hoa
K, s tin binh s Hn Quc kim c Vit Nam l khong 171 triu USD nm 1968 v 200
triu USD nm 1969. Bn cnh , c con s cho rng h tr ti chnh t pha Hoa K cho
chnh quyn Hn Quc gi thm lc lng qun s l 200 triu USD. So snh vi GNP ca
Hn Quc lc l cha ti 5,2 t USD th r rng Hn Quc khng th no rt qun ra khi
chin tranh Vit Nam24. S tin khng l ny gip to ra mt lng kiu hi to ln, ng
gp vo sc mua ca th trng trong nc cng nh to ra ngun vn to ln cho qu trinh cng
nghip ha. GNP u ngi ca Hn Quc nm 1963 ch mi l 18,161 won th n nm 1968
l 57,713 won. S tin kim c t Vit Nam tnh ra t khong 1,5 % GNP vo nm
1965, 2,2% nm 1966, v 3,7% t nm 1967 n 1969 25. Chnh nhng ngoi t mnh m Hn
Quc c c t vic tham gia chin tranh l ngun ti chnh then cht u t cng
nghip26. Bn cnh ngun ngoi t chi tr cho s c mt ca binh lnh Hn Quc chin
trng Vit Nam cng nh nhng vin tr kinh t v qun s th M to iu kin chnh tr
ht sc thun li Hn Quc c th vay thm hng trm triu USD nhng t chc ti chnh
quc t nh Ngn hng pht trin chu (ADB) vi li sut thp v thi gian di. Phn ln s
tin vay n ny Hn Quc u t di hn vo pht trin cng ngh xut khu 27. Nh vy, vn
t bn pht trin cng nghip phc v xut khu c gii quyt mt cch n tha v
mang tnh lu di.
Bng 2: Tng vin tr kinh t ca Hoa K cho Hn Quc (1964 - 1968)
(n v: USD)
Nm
1964
PL480
(vin 60.985.000
tr lng thc)
AID
(vin88,346.000
tr pht trin)
1965
59.537.000
71,904.000
1966
37.951.000
65.310.000
23
24
Remco Breuker (2009). Koreas Forgotten War: appropriating and subverting the vietnam
war in korean popular imaginings, Korean histories, p.42.
25
Sang-Dawn Lee (2003). Big Brother, Little Brother: The American Influence on Korean
Culture in the Lyndon B. Johnson Years , Lexington Books, USA, p.51.
26
Jinwung Kim (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in
Conflict, Indiana University Pres, USA, p.451.
27
1967
44.378.000
52.640.000
1968
55.927.000
49.929.000
Ngun: The Bank of Korea, Economic Statistic Yearbook 1973, p. 214. Trch li t Sang-Dawn
Lee (2003), Big Brother, Little Brother: The American Influence on Korean Culture in the
Lyndon B. Johnson Years , Lexington Books, USA, p.65.
Th hai, M m ca nhiu th trng thng mi tim nng cho Hn Quc i
ly vic Hn Quc duy tr s hin din qun vin chinh ti Vit Nam.
y l mt s c qua c li (quid pro quo) cho nhng i qun (Hn Quc) c gi
ti Vit Nam, Hoa K ng nhp mt t l ln cc hng ha c yu cu h tr cho chnh
quyn Si Gn v qun i Hoa K n tr y t Hn Quc 28. Th trng tim nng u
tin c m rng ca n hng ha v dch v t Hn Quc chnh l min Nam Vit Nam.
Sn phm cng nghip ca Hn Quc bt u t chn vo th trng Vit Nam v ngay lp tc
ng mt vai tr v cng quan trng i vi chnh sch cng nghip ha nh hng xut khu
ca Hn Quc. Nhn nhn vn ny, nh nghin cu Iain Pirie cho rng: Chnh ci th
trng b khng ch khng b cnh tranh ny l ni cc cng ty Hn Quc bt u xut khu
sn phm cng nghip vi s lng ln. Nam Vit Nam chim ti 94,3 % xut khu thp ca
Hn Quc, 51% xut khu trang thit b vn ti, 40,8% xut khu my mc khng s dng in
v 40,9% xut khu ha cht. Gi tr thc t ca nhng xut khu ny khng ch l lin quan
ti vn tin bc m cn l ci nn tng cho s thit lp xu th i su vo cng nghip
trong nhng nm 70 ca th k 2029. Hng ha Hn Quc xut sang Vit Nam gm nhng mt
hng sau:
Bng 3: Cc mt hng xut khu ca Hn Quc sang min Nam Vit Nam (1966 - 1967)
Mt hng
Nng phm
ung
1,7
44,3
In n v xut bn
1,5
32,84
Ch phm ha cht
0,53
40,87
Ch phm thp
45,87
94,29
My mc khng dng in
15,53
40,77
Trang thit b vn ti
9,5
51,75
Knh, t st,
3,91
32,98
3,54
16,53
28
29
Ngun: Seiji Naya (1971), The Viet Nam war and some aspects of its economic impact on Asian
countries, The Developing Economies, Volume 9, Issue 1, p.43.
Th trng bo b tip theo l M cng c m thng thong cho cc doanh nghip
Hn Quc. Cuc chin tranh phi ngha Vit Nam trc tip to ra mt mi trng c li
cho cc cng ty Hn Quc xm nhp vo th trng Hoa K 30v Hn Quc nhn c bit
l trong chnh sch Mua hng M ca chnh ph M . Ngoi cc thnh cng bc u, vic
xut khu qua M trong giai on ny ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thit lp cc quan
h lu di gia cc c nhn, cc cng ty Hn Quc vi cc c nhn, cc cng ty M, iu ny
duy tr mc tng tc kinh t lun pht trin gia Hn Quc vi Hoa K trong sut 30
nm tip theo v sau 31. Mc d M phi chu mt s thit hi v kinh t do s bng n
nhp khu, nhng nhn chung ng thi rng tay tip nhn hng ha Hn Quc khng gy nh
hng qu nhiu ti mt nn kinh t khng l nh M. Cn i vi Hn Quc, s khi u
thun li l vng mi bo chng cho s pht trin di hn ca quc gia ny.
Th ba, vic cc th trng tim nng m ca trc tip dn ti tc ng i vi hot
ng xut khu, c bit l xut khu sn phm cng nghip vi s tng trng mnh m di
hn.
K hoch 5 nm ln th hai (1967 1971) ca Hn Quc gn nh ph hp hon ton
vi nhng iu kin thun li mi ca nn kinh t k t khi tham gia chin tranh Vit Nam. Hn
Quc ra chin lc Cng nghip ha nh hng xut khu (EOI), bao gm nhng ni dung
tp trung khuyn khch, h tr cho mc tiu xut khu. Tt c b my chnh tr v kinh t gn
nh hot ng ht cng sut cho vic y mnh cng nghip ha xut khu hng ha nhm
gi vng nhng th trng va c m ca, ch yu l th trng Vit Nam Cng ha v M.
Cc s liu cho thy Vit Nam Cng ha nhp n 94% tng s thp v 52% thit b vn ti
Hn Quc xut khu ra bn ngoi, cn xut khu ca Hn Quc sang M t nm 1964 1972
tng 21 ln: t 35,6 triu tng ln 760 triu USD 32. Bn cnh , M cn dnh cho cc cng ty
Hn Quc nhiu hp ng quan trng lin quan ti lnh vc cung ng dch v v xy dng c
bn ti min Nam Vit Nam, to tin cho xut khu xy dng tr thnh mt trong nhng mi
nhn ca nn kinh t Hn Quc trong nhng thp nin tip theo. Nn kinh t nh hng xut
khu ca Hn Quc xy dng nn mng vng chc trong nhng nm thng s khc lit ca
chin tranh Vit Nam ang ln n nh im. R rng, chin ph v nhng li ch kinh t m
M mang li l nhng ng lc quan trng chnh ph Hn Quc thc hin c c m
30
31
32
Kisung Park (2008). Military authoritarian regimes and economic development: The ROKs
economic take-off under Park Chung Hee, Masters Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, USA, p.
33 -34.
34
35
36
Sung Min Kim (2002). ROK-U.S Security relations: The China factor and a turning point,
Masters Thesis, Naval postgraduate school, USA, p.30.
1. Kim Hyung-A (2004). Korea's Development under Park Chung Hee: Rapid Industrialization,
1961-1979.
2.Remco Breuker (2009). Koreas Forgotten War: appropriating and subverting the vietnam
war in korean popular imaginings, Korean histories
3. Hong Vn Hin (2008). Qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi cu Hn Quc (1961 - 1993)
v kinh nghim i vi Vit Nam, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni.
4. Bi Th Kim Hu (2010). Quan h Hn Quc Hoa K (1961 -1993), Lun n Tin s, i
hc Hu.
5. Sylvia Ellis (2004). Britain, America, and the Vietnam War.
6. Jinwung Kim (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in
Conflict, Indiana University Pres, USA.
7. Sung Min Kim (2002). ROK-U.S Security relations: The China factor and a turning point,
Masters Thesis, Naval postgraduate school, USA, p.30.
8. Byung-Kook Kim, Pyng-guk Kim, Ezra F Vogel (2011). The Park Chung Hee Era: The
Transformation of South Korea , Harvard University Press.
9. Robert Larsen, James Lawton Collins (1985). Allied Participation in Vietnam , Department of
the Army, Washington, D.C.
10. Bong Lee (2003). The Unfinished War: Korea, Algora Publishing.
11. Sang-Dawn Lee (2003). Big Brother, Little Brother: The American Influence on Korean
Culture in the Lyndon B. Johnson Years , Lexington Books, USA.
12. National Bureau of Economic Research (1975). Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic
Development: South Korea, NBER.
13. Memorandum of Conversation (14/10/1961). National Security Files, Countries Series,
Korea, Park Visit, 11/61-12/61.
14. Kisung Park (2008). Military authoritarian regimes and economic development: The ROKs
economic take-off under Park Chung Hee, Masters Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, USA.
15. Orlando J. Prez (2000). Post-invasion Panama: The Challenges of Democratization in the
New World Order, Lexington Books.
16. Iain Pirie (2004). The Korean Developmental State: From Dirigisme to Neo-Liberalism,
Routledge, UK.
Abstract: The 1960s experienced the rapid development of South Koreas economy from a nation
confronting a wide range of difficulties to a center of manufacturing and exporting merchandise in the
region. The rise of South Korea was the achivement caused by an active and well-prepared internal
improvement process as well as influenced by many of the external factors, in which the Vietnam War
played an important role as an economic catalyst. In this paper, we attempt to initially analyse short-term
and long-term influences of the Vietnam war on the development of South Koreas economy in the period
1965 1971, which brings about a different approach in studying miracle on the Han River.
Keywords: Vietnam, Korean economy, economic aid, USA