Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
P
P
RO
OR
NA
TIO
LD
IS
A
CH
RG
0.3
0.2
0.1
PR
OP
T
OR
IO N
AL
L
VE
OC
ITY
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
For calculating transitional flow, using the Colebrook-White equation, a roughness factor of Ks = 0.3mm is
recommended as a realistic figure for newly installed concrete pipelines. However, research has indicated that for
mature foul sewers of any material the Ks value may rise well above this figure and the Water Services Association
publication Sewers for Adoption 5th Edition recommend the following:
Foul and combined sewers Ks = 1.5mm (minimum velocity should be 0.75m/ see at one third design flow)
Surface water sewers Ks = 0.6mm (minimum velocity should be 1m/sec at full pipe flow)
Hydraulic flow charts have therefore been included for the three roughness coefficients Ks of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.5mm.
200m
1m
4 cubic metres/sec
(4,000 litres/sec)
1350mm
2.8 metres/sec
0.67
1.07
Therefore
Actual discharge
Average velocity
0.67 x 4
1.07 x 2.8
Bd
Bd
Bd
min
300mm
Bc
Bc
Bc
Bc
Bc
300
300
300
DN
Y
45
Bedding class
1.5
1.9
2.2
1 Bc
Bc+200min
300
120
300
120
Bc
DN min
Bc
DN min
A unreinforced
A reinforced
o
2.6
3.4
Bedding factor
1 Bc
Bc+200min
Description
45 granular bed
Bedding factor
Bedding class
Description
180
Notes
1. Concrete cradles may extend to sides of trench.
2. Transverse steel to be 0.4% min of section at x-x (Fm 3.4).
2
3. Minimum strength concrete of 20N/mm .
4. Allow concrete to gain sufficient strength prior to trafficking.
5. Maintain pipeline flexibility by leaving gaps at pipe joints filled with compressible material.
6. Bedding beneath and at sides of pipe to be well compacted.
7. Bedding/backfill directly above pipe to be lightly compacted.
8. Dimension Y: minimum of 1/6Bc or 100mm under barrels, and 50mm minimum under sockets whichever is
greater (400mm maximum). In rock etc. use 1/4Bc and 150mm minimum under sockets.
Granular bedding
material
Key
Selected backfill
material
In-situ
concrete
225 to 525
Nominal Size
DN
225
300
375*
400
450*
500
525*
600
675*
700
750*
800
825*
900
1000
1050*
1125+
1200
1350*
1400
1500*
1600
1800
2000
2100*
2200
2400*
2500
2800
3000
EN 1916 / BS 5911-1:2002
Minimum crushing load
(Fn)
kN/m
27
36
45
48
54
60
63
72
81
84
90
96
99
108
120
126
135
144
162
168
180
192
216
240
252
264
288
300
336
360
Pipes of higher crushing strengths than those above can be manufactured in certain diameters. Details of required
strengths should be sent to the Sales Office at Mells.
2.
Fm >
Where Fm
We
Fse
=
=
=
We x Fse
Fn.
Bedding factor
Total external load (See BS EN 1295 1)
Factor or safety taken as a minimum of 1.25 (see note below)
Bc
Bd
mm
mm
225
295
300
410
375
495
450
530
525
675
600
770
mm
0.7
Wide
0.85
Wide
1.05
Wide
1.15
Wide
1.20
Wide
1.35
Wide
675
860
750
940
825
985
900
1100
1050
1265
1125
1345
1200
1450
1350
1620
1500
1740
1600
1920
1800
2090
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1.45
Wide
1.50
Wide
1.60
Wide
1.90
Wide
2.10
Wide
2.20
Wide
2.30
Wide
2.50
Wide
2.70
Wide
2.81
Wide
3.10
Wide
7.0
Bc
Bd
mm
mm
225
295
300
410
375
495
450
530
525
675
600
770
mm
0.7
Wide
0.85
Wide
1.05
Wide
1.15
Wide
1.20
Wide
1.35
Wide
675
860
750
940
825
985
900
1100
1050
1265
1125
1345
1200
1450
1350
1620
1500
1740
1600
1920
1800
2090
2.0
3.0
4.0
1.45
Wide
1.50
Wide
1.60
Wide
1.90
Wide
2.10
Wide
2.20
Wide
2.30
Wide
2.50
Wide
2.70
Wide
2.81
Wide
3.10
Wide
5.0
6.0
7.0
Te chnic al Off ic es
CPM Group Ltd, CPM House, Heath Mill Road, Wombourne,
Wolverhampton, West Midlands WV5 8AP
Tel: 01902 356220 Fax: 01902 356221
Pollington Works
Hea d Of fi
fic
ce S ales and Work s
CPM Group Ltd, Mells Road, Mells, Nr Frome,
Somerset, BA11 3PD
Tel: 01179 812791 Fax: 01179 814511
sales@cpm-group.com
ww w. cp m-g ro up. co m