1.

0 Introduction

A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently

observed in open channel flow such as rivers andspillways. When liquid at high velocity
discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface.
The rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of
the flow's initial kinetic energy into an increase in potential energy, with some energy
irreversibly lost through turbulence to heat. In an open channel flow, this manifests as the fast
flow rapidly slowing and piling up on top of itself similar to how a shockwave forms.
The phenomenon is dependent upon the initial fluid speed. If the initial speed of the fluid is
below the critical speed, then no jump is possible. For initial flow speeds which are not
significantly above the critical speed, the transition appears as an undulating wave.
As the initial flow speed increases further, the transition becomes more abrupt, until at
high enough speeds, the transition front will break and curl back upon itself. When this
happens, the jump can be accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment, and
surface undulations, or waves.

In spite of the apparent complexity of the flow transition, application of simple analytic
tools to a two dimensional analysis is effective in providing analytic results which closely
parallel both field and laboratory results. Analysis shows:

Height of the jump: the relationship between the depths before and after the
jump as a function of flow rate

Location of the jump on a natural or an engineered structure

Character of the jump: undular or abrupt

Figure 1.0 Hydraulic Jump Machine

2.0 Objective
To examine and exhibit some of the characteristics of the hydraulic jump.

3.0 Theory

Direction of flow

Figure 1: Schematic of a hydraulic jump

The hydraulic jump equation can be expressed as:

Upstream (subscript
1) and downstream
(subscript 2) of the
hydraulic jump can be modeled using the specific energy equation:

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing

Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia
EMM 3304 Applied Fluid Mechanics
The critical depth of the flow,
yc = (q2/g)^-3

Where;
q
F

=
=

discharge per unit width (= Q/b)

Froude number

specific energy

flow depth

hL

head loss

4.0 Apparatus
Multipurpose teaching flume

5.0 Procedure
1. The internal width of the open channel was measuread.
2. The pump was turn on and a discharge was allowed to flow into the channel.
3. The discharge was measured by the volumetric method and find q.
4. The value of yc was determined and set the upstream sluice gate such that
the opening is less than yc.
5. The downstream sluice gate was adjusted to produce a stable hydraulic jump
in the channel.
6. The experiment was repeated with two other flow rates.