MariaMorenoPerez

Period2nd
April11th2016

Genomes,Chromosomes,andDNAWebQuest

Topic:GenomesandChromosomes

1.

Whatisagenome?
Agenomeisanorganism'scompletesetofDNA(includingallofitsgenes)
Eachgenomecontainsinfoneededtobuildandmaintainorganism

2.

Onthelefthandside,clickoncellsandDNA.Explorethissitetoanswerthefollowing
questions:

a.

Whatisachromosome?
InnucleusofacelltheDNAmoleculeisinthreadlikestructuresthosearechromosomes
TheyaremadeupofDNAtightlycoiledmanytimesaroundproteinscalledhistonesthat
supportthestructure

b.

Whenarechromosomesvisible?
Aren'tvisibleincellsnucleus
TheDNAthatmakesupchromosomesbecomesmoretightlypackedduringcelldivision
andthenyoucanseeitunderamicroscope

c.

Whatisacentromere?
Acentromereisaconstrictionpointforthechromosomes,locationofthecentromere
oneachchromogivescharacteristicshapeandusedtohelpdescribelocationingenes
Dividesthechromosomesinto2sectionsorarms
ShortoneistheParm
LongoneQarm

d.

Howmanychromosomesdopeoplehave?
46,eachcellhas23pairs

3.

Whatisakaryotype?
Isanorganizedprofileofaperson'schromosomes
2chromospecifygender,XXfemaleandXYmaletherestarearrangedpairs122from
largesttosmallest

4.

Matchthechromosomestocompletethekaryotype(turnonhintsforhelp).Isthekaryotype
fromamaleorfemale?Howdoyouknow?

MariaMorenoPerez
Period2nd
April11th2016
Itsamale,maleshaveXYchromosomes

5.

Predictwhatwouldhappenifapersonhastheincorrectnumberofchromosomes.Write
yourpredictionhere.
Ifthereisaincorrectnumberthenthatmayresultingeneticdisorder

Asaclassyoudeterminedthatchromosomesmustbeduplicatedbeforethecellcandivide.
ThisprocessiscalledDNAReplication.

Topic:DNAReplication
Goto
:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/shockwave.html

Click:
DNAreplication(upperleft)andthenclickunzipReadthescript,answerthequestions
below,andthen,clickOK.

1.
Inarealcell,whatdoestheDNAmoleculedobeforeitunzips?
Thecellmoleculeunwindsfromspoolsmadeofproteinthenuntwists
DNAlookslikealadder

2.
Whatmoleculesbreaktherungs(bases)apart?
Enzymes,specialproteinsmoveupladderandbreakthem

Drag
thecorrectbasesovertosynthesizethenewDNAhalves.
Readscript,answerquestions,andthenclickOK.

3.
Howmanybasepairsareintherealhumangenome?
3pairs
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

Goto
:

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/

Click
onPlayDNAGameClicknextandreadingeachpage,continuetoclicknextuntilyou
cometothegame.Clickonorganism#1andmatchthebasepairsasfastasyoucan!Itis
hard.
ClickNextandthenclickoneachorganismuntilyouidentifytheonethatbelongsto
chromosome#1continueplayingthegamewiththeothertwochromosomes,fillinginthe
chartbelow.

MariaMorenoPerez
Period2nd
April11th2016

Becareful,otherteamsmaygetdifferentresults.

Chromosome#

Howmany
chromosomes?

Howmany
basepairs?

Howmany
genes?

Whatisthe
organism?

20

2,500

22,000

HouseMouse

4.4

3,900

Mycobacterium

278

13,700

Malaria
Mosquito

Topic:Mutations

Typeofmutation

Description

Effectonresultingprotein

Substitution

Mutationtheexchangesonebase
foranother

changeacodonthatencodesa
differentaminoacidcausesmall
changeonprotein
changeacodonthatencodesthe
sameaminoacidcausenochange
changeanaminoacidcodingtostop
codoncauseincompleteprotein

Insertion

Mutationsinwhichextrabase
pairsareinsertedintonewplacein
DNA

Altergenesothatmessageisno
longercorrectlyparsed

Deletion

MutationinwhichsectionsofDNA
islostordeleted

Altergenesothatmessageisno
longercorrectlyparsed

Frameshift

CauseCodonstobeparsed
incorrectly

Generatestruncatedproteinsthatare

MariaMorenoPerez
Period2nd
April11th2016
uselessisuninformative