Thermodynamics Theory + Questions.0001

Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
1.
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
Theory at a Glance (For GATE, IES & PSUs)

Intensive and Extensive Properties
Intensive property: Whose value is independent of the size or extent i.e. mass of the system.
These are, e.g., pressure p and temperature T.
Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the system (upper case
letters as the symbols). e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is increased, the value of extensive
property also increases. e.g., volume V, internal energy U, enthalpy H, entropy S, etc.
Specific property: It is a special case of an intensive property. It is the value of an extensive
property per unit mass of system. (Lower case letters as symbols) eg: specific volume, density (v, ).
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

In our study of thermodynamics, we will choose a small part of the universe to which we will
apply the laws of thermodynamics.
We call this subset a SYSTEM.
The thermodynamic system is analogous to the free body diagram to which we apply the laws of
mechanics, (i.e. Newtons Laws of Motion).
The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which we focus
our attention (e.g., the water kettle or the aircraft engine).
System
Definition
System: A quantity of matter in space which is analyzed during a problem.
Surroundings: Everything external to the system.
System Boundary: A separation present between system and surrounding.
Classification of the system boundary: Real solid boundary
Imaginary boundary
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
Th
he system bou
undary may be
b further cla
assified
as::
Contrrol Mass Systtem.
Contrrol Volume Sy
ystem.
Th
he choice of booundary depends on the problem
p
beiing analyzed
d.
Ty
ypes off Syste
em
Closed System
S
(Contro
(
ol Mass System
m)
1. Its a system of fixed masss with
fixed identity.
2. Thiss type of system
s
is ussually
referred
d to as closed system..
3. Therre is no masss transfer across
a
the systtem boundarry.
4. Energy transferr may take place
into or out of the system.
Fig. A Co
ontrol Masss System
or Closed
C
Systtem
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
O
Open Sy
ystem (Contr
rol Vollume System
S
)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Its a system of fixed

f
volum
me.
Thiis type of system
s
is ussually
refeerred to as "open system
m or
a "c
control volu
ume"
Mass transfer can take place
acrooss a control volume.
Eneergy transfer may also occur
intoo or out of the system.
A control volum
me can be seen
n as a
fixeed region accross which mass
and
d energy tran
nsfers are stu
udied.
Con
ntrol Surfa
ace Its the
bou
undary of a control voolume
Fig. A Co
ontrol Volum
me System
acrooss which th
he transfer off both
or
r Open System
mass and energ
gy takes placee.
Thee mass of a co
ontrol volum
me (open systeem) may or may
m not be fix
xed.
Wh
hen the net in
nflux of mass across the control surfa
ace equals zeero then the mass of the
systtem is fixed and
a vice-verssa.
Thee identity of mass in a control
c
volum
me always ch
hanges unlik
ke the case for
f a control
mass system (cllosed system)).
Most of the engiineering deviices, in generral, represent an open sysstem or contrrol volume.
Ex
xample:
Heat exchanger - Fluid enters an
nd leaves thee system con
ntinuously with
w
the transfer of heat
across the sy
ystem bound
dary.
Pump - A continuous
c
fllow of fluid takes place th
hrough the system
s
with a transfer off mechanical
energy from
m the surroun
ndings to the system.
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
Issolated
d Syste
em
1.
2.
3.
It is a sysstem of fixed
d mass with
h same
identity and fixed energy.
e
No intera
action of masss or energy takes
place beetween the system and
d the
surround
dings.
In more informal words
w
an isoolated
system iss like a closed shop amiidst a
busy marrket.
Fig. An
n Isolated System
S
Q
Quasi-Sttatic Prrocess
Th
he processees
un
nrestrained
can
be
e
restrained
d
or
Wee need restra

ained processses in practice.
Aq
quasi staticc process is one
o in which
The dev
viation from
m thermodyn
namic
equilibriu
um is infinite
esimal.
All statess of the syste
em passes th
hrough
are equillibrium state
es.
If we rem
move the weig
ghts slowly one
o by
Fig. A quasi
q
static process
one the pressure of the gass will
displace the piston gradually. It is
quasista
atic.
On the other hand if we remove all
a the weights at once th
he piston will be kicked up
p by the gas
pressure. (This is un
nrestrained expansion) but
b we dontt consider th
hat the work
k is done
because it
i is not in a sustained manner.
In both cases
c
the systtems have un
ndergone a ch
hange of statte.
Another e.g., if a person climbs down
d
a ladder from roof to
t ground, it is a quasista
atic process.
On the otther hand if he jumps theen it is not a quasistatic process.
p
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
La
aws of Thermodynam
mics
h Law deals with therrmal equilib

brium and provides a means for measuring
The Zeroth
temperaturees.
L
deals with
w
the consservation of energy and introduces the concept of internal
The First Law
energy.
modynamics provides witth the guideliines on the coonversion heeat energy of
The Second Law of therm
matter into work. It also
o introduces the
t concept of
o entropy.
L
of therm
modynamics defines the absolute zerro of entropy
y. The entrop
py of a pure
The Third Law
crystalline substance
s
at absolute zeroo temperaturre is zero.
Summattion of 3 Laws
s
Firstly, there isnt a meaningful
m
teemperature of the sourcce from whiich we can get
g the full
conversion of
o heat to wo
ork. Only at infinite tem
mperature onee can dream of getting th
he full 1 kW
work outputt.
Secondly, more
m
interestiingly, there isnt
i
enough work availab
ble to producce 0 K. In oth
her words, 0
K is unattaiinable. This is
i precisely th
he Third law
w.
Because, wee dont know what 0 K loooks like, we havent got a starting pooint for the temperature
t
scale!! That is why all te
emperature scales are at best
b
empirica
al.
Yo
ou cant get something for nothing
g:
To get work
k output you must
m
give som
me thermal energy.
e
Yo
ou cant get something for very litttle:
To get some
e work outputt there is a minimum
m
amount of therm
mal energy th
hat needs to
be given.
5
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
Yo
ou cant get every thing
g:
However mu
uch work you
u are willing to give 0 K cant
c
be reach
hed.
Vio
olation of all
a 3 laws:
Try to get ev
verything forr nothing.
eroth Law
L
of Thermo
T
odynam
mics
Ze
If two systeems (say A an
nd B) are in thermal equ
uilibrium witth a third sy
ystem (say C)) separately
(that is A an
nd C are in th
hermal equillibrium; B an
nd C are in th
hermal equillibrium) then
n they are in
thermal equ
uilibrium themselves (tha
at is A and B will be in thermal equilib
brium).
All tem
mperature measuremen
m
nts are base
ed on Zeroth
h law of the
ermodynam
mics
In
nternatiional Te
empera
ature Sc
cale
To provide a standard
s
forr temperaturre measurem
ment taking
g into accoun
nt both theooretical and
pra
actical consid
derations, th
he Internation
nal Tempera
ature Scale (IITS) was adoopted in 1927
7. This scale
has been refin
ned and exte
ended in several revisioons, most reecently in 1990. The In
nternational
Temperature Scale
S
of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined in su
uch a way th
hat the temp
perature mea
asured on it
con
nforms with the thermod
dynamic temp
perature, thee unit of which is the kellvin, to withiin the limits
of accuracy of measuremen
nt obtainablle in 1990. The
T
ITS90 is based on the assigneed values of
tem
mperature off a number of
o reproducib
ble fixed poin
nts (Table). In
nterpolation between thee fixed-point
tem
mperatures is
i accomplisshed by form
mulas that give
g
the rela
ation between readings of
o standard
insstruments an
nd values of the ITS. In the
t range froom 0.65 to 5.0 K, ITS-90 is defined by
b equations
giv
ving the temp
perature as functions
f
of the
t vapor prressures of pa
articular helium isotopess. The range
froom 3.0 to 24.5561 K is ba
ased on meassurements ussing a helium
m constant-voolume gas th
hermometer.
In the range frrom 13.8033 to 1234.93 K,
K ITS-90 is defined by means
m
of certtain platinum
m resistance
theermometers. Above 1234
4.9 K the tem
mperature iss defined usiing Plancks equation for blackbody
rad
diation and measuremen
m
nts of the inteensity of visib
ble-spectrum
m radiation th
he absolute temperature
t
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
ale. The absoolute temperrature scale is also know

wn as Kelvin
n temperaturre scale. In defining
d
the
sca
Keelvin tempera
ature scale also, the triple point of wa
ater is taken as the stand
dard referencce point. For
aC
Carnot engin
ne operating between reseervoirs at tem
mperature and tp, tp being the triiple point of
wa
ater arbitrariily assigned the
t value of 273.16 K.
Tim
me Constan
nts: The time constant iss the amountt of time req
quired for a thermocouple
t
e to indicate
63.2% of step change
c
in te
emperature of
o a surround
ding media. Some of thee factors influ
uencing the
meeasured timee constant are sheath walll thickness, degree of inssulation com
mpaction, and
d distance of
jun
nction from the
t welded ca
an on an ung
grounded theermocouple. In
I addition, the
t velocity of
o a gas past
thee thermocoup
ple probe gre
eatly influencces the time constant
c
mea
asurement.
In general, tim
me constants for
f measurem
ment of gas can
c be estima
ated to be ten times as loong as those
forr measuremeent of liquid. The time con
nstant also varies
v
inverseely proportional to the sq
quare root of
thee velocity of the
t media.
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
W
Work a path
p
fun
nction
Woork is one of the basic mo
odes of energy
y transfer. Th
he work donee by a system
m is a path fu
unction, and
nott a point fun
nction. There
efore, work is not a pr
roperty of th
he system, and it cann
not be said
tha
at the work
k is posses
ssed by the system. It is an intera
action acrosss the bounda
ary. What is
stoored in the system is ene
ergy, but nott work. A decrease in energy of the system
s
appea
ars as work
don
ne. Therefore, work is energy in transit and
d it can be identified
i
o
only
when the
t
system
un
ndergoes a process.
p
Free Exp
pansion
n with Zero
Z
W
Work
Tra
ansfer
Fr
ree Expansio
on Let us con
nsider an insu
ulated containeer (Figure) wh
hich is divided
d into two com
mpartments A
and
d B by a thin
n diaphragm. Compartmen
nt A contains a mass of ga
as, while com
mpartment B is
i completely
eva
acuated. If thee diaphragm is punctured, the gas in A will expand into B until the
t
pressures in A and B
beccome equal. This
T
is known
n as free or unrestrained expansion.
T
The
process of free ex
xpansion is
irr
reversible.. Also work done is zeroo during freee expansion
n.
Free Expa
ansion
pd
dV-worrk or Displacement Work
W
Let the gas in the
t cylinder (Figure show
wn in below) be a system having initia
ally the pressure p1 and
vollume V1. Th
he system is in thermody
ynamic equilibrium, the state of wh
hich is described by the
cooordinates p1 , V1. The pistton is the on
nly boundary which moves due to gas pressure. Leet the piston
moove out to a new final po
osition 2, wh
hich is also a thermodyn
namic equilib
brium state specified by
preessure p2 an
nd volume V2. At any inteermediate poiint in the tra
avel of the piiston, let the pressure be
pa
and the volu
ume V. This must
m
also bee an equilibrium state, siince macrosccopic propertties p and V
8
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
sig
gnificant only.
m states. Whe
en the piston
n moves an in
nfinitesimal distance dl, and if a' bee the area of
forr equilibrium
thee piston, the force F actin
ng on the pistton F = p.a. and
a the infinitesimal amoount of work done by the
gass on the pistoon.
dW
W=
F dl
d = pad
dl = pdV
V
wh
here dV = ad
dl = infinitesimal displa
acement volu
ume. The diffferential sig
gn in dW with the line
dra
awn at the toop of it will be explained later.
l
Wh
hen the pistoon moves out from positioon 1 to positioon 2 with thee volume cha
anging from V1 to V2, the
am
mount of work
k W done by the
t system will
w be
W12 =
V2
V1
pd
dV
B
Basic
C
Conce
epts
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 1
Th
he magnitudee of the worrk done is given
g
by
thee area underr the path 1--2, as shown
n in Fig.
Sin
nce p is att all times a thermod
dynamic
cooordinate, all the states pa
assed through
h by the
sysstem as the volume cha
anges from V1 to V2
mu
ust be equiliibrium statess, and the path
p
1-2
mu
ust be qua
asi-static. The
T
piston moves
inffinitely slow
wly so that every state passed
thrrough is an equilibrium
e
state.
Th
he integration
n
pdV
can
n be perform
med only
on a quasi-sta
atic path.
Fig. Quasi-Static pdV Work

k
Heat Tra
ansfer-A
A Path Functio
on
Heeat transfer is
i a path fu
unction, thatt is, the amoount of heat transferred when a systtem changes
froom state 1 to state 2 depe
ends on the intermediate
i
e states throu
ugh which th
he system pa
asses, i.e. its
patth. Thereforee dQ is an ine
exact differen
ntial, and wee write
dQ
Q = Q12 or
Q2 Q2 Q1
Th
he displacemeent work is given
g
by
W12 =
dW =
PR
ROBLEM
MS & SO
OLUTION
NS
pdV W2 W1
Ex
xample 1
In a closed systtem, volume changes from
m 1.5m3 to 4.5 m3 and hea
at addition iss 2000 kJ. Ca
alculate the
cha
ange in interrnal energy given
g
the presssure volumee relation as
10
W
Where
p is in
n kPa and V is in m3.
p = V 2 +
V
So
olution:
10
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Work done =
V2
p.dV =
V1
Chapter 1
V2
V1
10
dV
V
1
V
= V23 V13 + 10ln 2
V1
3
4.5
1
= 4.53 1.53 + 10ln
1.5
3
= ( 91.125 3.375 ) + 10ln3

3
= [29.250 + 10.986] = 40.236 kJ
First Law of Thermodynamics:Q = W + U

2000 = 40.236 + U
U = 2000 40.236 = 1959.764 kJ

Example 2.
A fluid is contained in a cylinder piston arrangement that has a paddle that imparts work to the
fluid. The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of Hg. The paddle makes 10,000 revolutions during
which the piston moves out 0.8m. The fluid exerts a torque of 1.275 N-m one the paddle. What is net
work transfer, if the diameter of the piston is 0.6m?
Solution:
Work done by the stirring device upon the system
W1 = 2TN
= 2 1.275 10000 N-m = 80kJ
This is negative work for the system.
(Fig.)
Work done by the system upon the surroundings.
W2 = p.dV = p.(A L)
(0.6)2 0.80 = 22.9kJ

4
This is positive work for the system. Hence the net work transfer for the system.
W = W1 + W2 = - 80 + 22.9 = - 57.l kJ.
= 101.325
11
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
ASKED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions
GATE-1.
List-I
A. Heat to work
B. Heat to lift weight
C. Heat to strain energy
D. Heat to electromagnetic energy
5. Thermal radiation
6. Bimetallic strips
Codes:
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
4
6
5
(c)
3
6
4
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
(b)
(d)
List II
[GATE-1998]
Nozzle
Endothermic chemical reaction
Heat engine
Hot air balloon/evaporation
A
3
1
B
4
2
C
5
3
D
6
4
Open and Closed systems

GATE-2.
An isolated thermodynamic system executes a process, choose the correct

statement(s) form the following
[GATE-1999]
(a) No heat is transferred
(b) No work is done
(c) No mass flows across the boundary of the system
(d) No chemical reaction takes place within the system
GATE-2a. Heat and work are

(a) intensive properties
(c) point functions
[GATE-2011]
(b) extensive properties

(d) path functions
Quasi-Static Process
GATE-3.
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and

0.015 m3. It expands quasi-statically at constant temperature to a final volume
of 0.030 m3. The work output (in kJ/kg) during this process will be: [GATE-2009]
(a) 8.32
(b) 12.00
(c) 554.67
(d) 8320.00
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

GATE-4.
A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially kept in an evacuated and

insulated room. The balloon ruptures and the gas fills up the entire room.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE at the end of above process?
(a) The internal energy of the gas decreases from its initial value, but the enthalpy
remains constant
[GATE-2008]
(b) The internal energy of the gas increases from its initial value, but the enthalpy
remains constant
(c) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas remain constant
(d) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas increase
12
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
GATE-5.
Chapter 1
Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change

in potential and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[GATE-1996, IAS-2000]
(a) Pdv
(b) +Pdv
(c) vdp
(d) +vdp
pdV-work or Displacement Work

GATE-6.
In a steady state steady flow process taking place in a device with a single inlet
and a single outlet, the work done per unit mass flow rate is given by
outlet
vdp , where v is the specific volume and p is the pressure. The
inlet
expression for w given above:

(a) Is valid only if the process is both reversible and adiabatic
(b) Is valid only if the process is both reversible and isothermal
(c) Is valid for any reversible process
(d) Is incorrect; it must be =
[GATE-2008]
outlet
vdp
inlet
GATE-7.
A gas expands in a frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement. The expansion

process is very slow, and is resisted by an ambient pressure of 100 kPa. During
the expansion process, the pressure of the system (gas) remains constant at 300
kPa. The change in volume of the gas is 0.01 m3. The maximum amount of work
that could be utilized from the above process is:
[GATE-2008]
(a) 0kJ
(b) 1kJ
(c) 2kJ
(d) 3kJ
GATE-8.
For reversible adiabatic compression in a steady flow process, the work

transfer per unit mass is:
[GATE-1996]
(a) pdv
(b) vdp
(c) Tds
(d ) sdT
Previous 20-Years IES Questions

IES-1.
Which of the following are intensive properties?

[IES-2005]
1. Kinetic Energy
2. Specific Enthalpy
3. Pressure
4. Entropy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 4
IES-2.
Consider the following properties:

[IES-2009]
1. Temperature
2. Viscosity
3. Specific entropy
4. Thermal conductivity
Which of the above properties of a system is/are intensive?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-2a.
Consider the following:

1. Kinetic energy
2. Entropy
13
[IES-2007, 2010]
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
3. Thermal conductivity
4. Pressure
Which of these are intensive properties?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-3.
Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic

system?
[IES-1999]
(a) Volume
(b) Pressure
(c) Temperature
(d) Density
IES-4.
Consider the following properties:

[IES-2009]
1. Entropy
2. Viscosity
3. Temperature
4. Specific heat at constant volume
Which of the above properties of a system is/are extensive?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 4
IES-4a
Consider the following:

1. Temperature
2. Viscosity
3. Internal energy
4. Entropy
Which of these are extensive properties?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 and 4 only.
[IES-2010]

IES-5.
Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of

working substance with which interactions of heat and work are studied.
Reason (R): Energy in the form of work and heat are mutually convertible.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
[IES-2000]
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-5a
A control volume is
[IES-2010]
(a) An isolated system
(b) A closed system but heat and work can cross the boundary
(c) A specific amount of mass in space
(d) A fixed region in space where mass, heat and work can cross the boundary of that
region
Open and Closed systems

IES-6.
A closed thermodynamic system is one in which

[IES-1999, 2010, 2011]
(a) There is no energy or mass transfer across the boundary
(b) There is no mass transfer, but energy transfer exists
(c) There is no energy transfer, but mass transfer exists
(d) Both energy and mass transfer take place across the boundary, but the mass transfer
is controlled by valves
IES-7
Isothermal compression of air in a Stirling engine is an example of
14
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Chapter 1
Open system
Steady flow diabatic system
Closed system with a movable boundary
Closed system with fixed boundary
[IES-2010]
IES-8.
Which of the following is/are reversible process(es)?

[IES-2005]
1. Isentropic expansion
2. Slow heating of water from a hot source
3. Constant pressure heating of an ideal gas from a constant temperature
source
4. Evaporation of a liquid at constant temperature
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 4
IES-9.
Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a

reversible process is the most efficient process.
[IES-2001]
Reason (R): The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process
as always identically equal to the energy transfer is heat and work during the
reversal or the process.
IES-9a
Which one of the following represents open thermodynamic system?

(a) Manual ice cream freezer (b) Centrifugal pump
(c) Pressure cooker
(d) Bomb calorimeter
[IES-2011]
IES-10.
Ice kept in a well insulated thermo flask is an example of which system?

(a) Closed system
(b) Isolated systems
[IES-2009]
(c) Open system
(d) Non-flow adiabatic system
IES-10a
Hot coffee stored in a well insulated thermos flask is an example of

(a) Isolated system
(b) Closed system
(c) Open system
(d) Non-flow diabatic system
[IES-2010]
IES10b
A thermodynamic system is considered to be an isolated one if

(a) Mass transfer and entropy change are zero
(b) Entropy change and energy transfer are zero
(c) Energy transfer and mass transfer are zero
(d) Mass transfer and volume change are zero
[IES-2011]
IES-10c.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists:
[IES-2011]
List I
List II
A. Interchange of matter is not possible in a
1. Open system
B. Any processes in which the system returns to
2. System
its original condition or state is called
C. Interchange of matter is possible in a
15
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
D. The quantity of matter under consideration in

thermodynamics is called
Code:
(a)
(c)
A
2
2
B
1
4
C
4
1
D
3
3
(b)
(d)
A
3
3
B
1
4
3. Closed system
4. Cycle
C
4
1
D
2
2
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

IES-11.
Measurement of temperature is based on which law of thermodynamics?

[IES-2009]
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics
(d) Third law of thermodynamics
IES-12.
Consider the following statements:

[IES-2003]
1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics is related to temperature
2. Entropy is related to first law of thermodynamics
3. Internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature and pressure
4. Van der Waals' equation is related to an ideal gas
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 4
IES-13.
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that

[IES-1996, 2010]
(a) Two thermodynamic systems are always in thermal equilibrium with each other.
(b) If two systems are in thermal equilibrium, then the third system will also be in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
(c) Two systems not in thermal equilibrium with a third system are also not in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
(d) When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
International Temperature Scale

IES-14.
Which one of the following correctly defines 1 K, as per the internationally

accepted definition of temperature scale?
[IES-2004]
(a) 1/100th of the difference between normal boiling point and normal freezing point of
water
(b) 1/273.15th of the normal freezing point of water
(c) 100 times the difference between the triple point of water and the normal freezing
point of water
(d) 1/273.15th of the triple point of water
IES-15.
In a new temperature scale say , the boiling and freezing points of water at
one atmosphere are 100 and 300 respectively. Correlate this scale with the
Centigrade scale. The reading of 0 on the Centigrade scale is:
[IES-2001]
(a) 0C
(b) 50C
(c) 100C
(d) 150C
16
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IES-16.
Assertion (a): If an alcohol and a mercury thermometer read exactly 0C at the

ice point and 100C at the steam point and the distance between the two points
is divided into 100 equal parts in both thermometers, the two thermometers
will give exactly the same reading at 50C.
[IES-1995]
Reason (R): Temperature scales are arbitrary.
IES-17.
Match List-I (Type of Thermometer) with List-II (Thermometric

select the correct answer using the code given below the
List-I
List-II
1. Pressure
A. Mercury-in-glass
B. Thermocouple
2. Electrical resistant
C. Thermistor
3. Volume
D. Constant volume gas
4. Induced electric voltage
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
(a)
1
4
2
3
(b)
3
2
(c)
1
2
4
3
(d)
3
4
Property) and
[IES 2007]
C
4
2
D
1
1
IES-18.
Pressure reaches a value of absolute zero

(a) At a temperature of 273 K
(b) Under vacuum condition
(c) At the earth's centre
(d) When molecular momentum of system becomes zero
[IES-2002]
IES-19.
The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain:

(a) The final value to he measured
[IES-1997, 2010]
(b) 50% of the value of the initial temperature difference
(c) 63.2% of the value of the initial temperature difference
(d) 98.8% of the value of the initial temperature difference
Work a Path Function

IES-20.
Assertion (A): Thermodynamic work is path-dependent except for an adiabatic

process.
[IES-2005]
Reason(R): It is always possible to take a system from a given initial state to
any final state by performing adiabatic work only.
IES-20a
Work transfer between the system and the surroundings

(a) Is a point function
(b) Is always given by pdv
(c) Is a function of pressure only
[IES-2011]
(d) Depends on the path followed by the system

17
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1

IES-21.
Match items in List-I (Process) with those in List-II (Characteristic) and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I
List-II
[IES-2001]
A. Throttling process
1. No work done
B. Isentropic process
2. No change in entropy
C. Free expansion
3. Constant internal energy
D. Isothermal process
4. Constant enthalpy
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
4
2
1
3
(b)
1
2
4
3
(c)
4
3
1
2
(d)
1
3
4
2
IES-22.
The heat transfer, Q, the work done W and the change in internal energy U are
all zero in the case of
[IES-1996]
(a) A rigid vessel containing steam at 150C left in the atmosphere which is at 25C.
(b) 1 kg of gas contained in an insulated cylinder expanding as the piston moves slowly
outwards.
(c) A rigid vessel containing ammonia gas connected through a valve to an evacuated
rigid vessel, the vessel, the valve and the connecting pipes being well insulated and
the valve being opened and after a time, conditions through the two vessels becoming
uniform.
(d) 1 kg of air flowing adiabatically from the atmosphere into a previously evacuated
bottle.

IES-23.
One kg of ice at 0C is completely melted into water at 0C at 1 bar pressure.

The latent heat of fusion of water is 333 kJ/kg and the densities of water and
ice at 0C are 999.0 kg/m3 and 916.0 kg/m3, respectively. What are the
approximate values of the work done and energy transferred as heat for the
process, respectively?
[IES-2007]
(a) 9.4 J and 333.0 kJ
(b) 9.4 J and 333.0 kJ
(c) 333.0 kJ and 9.4 J
(d) None of the above
IES-24.
Which one of the following is the

correct sequence of the three
processes A, B and C in the
increasing order of the amount of
work done by a gas following idealgas expansions by these processes?
18
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
IES-25.
Chapter 1
(a) A B C
(b) B A C
An ideal gas undergoes an
isothermal
expansion
from
state R to state S in a turbine
as shown in the diagram given
below:
[IES-2006]
(d) C A B
(c) A C B
The area of shaded region is

1000 Nm. What is the amount is
turbine work done during the
process?
(a) 14,000 Nm
(b) 12,000 Nm
(c) 11,000 Nm
(d) 10,000 Nm
IES-26.
[IES-2004]
Assertion (A): The area 'under' curve on pv plane,
pdv represents the work of
reversible non-flow process.
[IES-1992]
Reason (R): The area 'under' the curve Ts plane
Tds represents heat of any
reversible process.
IES-27.
If
pdv
and vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on valuation
give same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process

undergone by the system is:
[IES-2003]
(a) Isomeric
IES-28.
(b) Isentropic
(c) Isobaric
(d) Isothermal
Which one of the following expresses the reversible work done by the system
(steady flow) between states 1 and 2?
[IES-2008]
2
(a)
pdv
1
(b) vdp
(c) pdv
(d)
vdp
1
Heat Transfer-A Path Function

IES-29.
Assertion (A): The change in heat and work cannot be expressed as difference
between the end states.
[IES-1999]
Reason (R): Heat and work are both exact differentials.
19
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

IAS-1.
The following are examples of some intensive and extensive properties:

1. Pressure
2. Temperature
[IAS-1995]
3. Volume
4. Velocity
5. Electric charge
6. Magnetisation
7. Viscosity
8. Potential energy
Which one of the following sets gives the correct combination of intensive and
extensive properties?
Intensive
Extensive
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4
5, 6, 7, 8
(b) 1, 3, 5, 7
2, 4, 6, 8
(c) 1, 2, 4, 7
3, 5, 6, 8
(d) 2, 3, 6, 8
1, 4, 5, 7
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

IAS-2.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists:
[IAS-2004]
List-I
List-II
A. Reversible cycle
1. Measurement of temperature
B. Mechanical work
2. Clapeyron equation
C. Zeroth Law
3. Clausius Theorem
D. Heat
4. High grade energy
5. 3rd law of thermodynamics
6. Inexact differential
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
4
1
6
(b)
2
6
1
3
(c)
3
1
5
6
(d)
1
4
5
2
IAS-3.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer:

[IAS-2000]
List-I
List-II
A. The entropy of a pure crystalline
1. First law of thermodynamics
substance is zero at absolute zero
temperature
B. Spontaneous processes occur
2. Second law of thermodynamics
in a certain direction
C. If two bodies are in thermal
3. Third law of thermodynamics
equilibrium with a third body,
then they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other
D. The law of conservation of energy
4. Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
2
3
4
1
(b)
3
2
1
4
20
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
(c)
Chapter 1
3
(d)
International Temperature Scale

IAS-4.
A new temperature scale in degrees N is to be defined. The boiling and

freezing on this scale are 400N and 100N respectively. What will be the
reading on new scale corresponding to 60C?
[IAS-1995]
(c) 220N
(d) 280N
(a) 120N
(b) 180N

IAS-5.
In free expansion of a gas between two equilibrium states, the work transfer
involved
[IAS-2001]
(a) Can be calculated by joining the two states on p-v coordinates by any path and
estimating the area below
(b) Can be calculated by joining the two states by a quasi-static path and then finding
the area below
(c) Is zero
(d) Is equal to heat generated by friction during expansion.
IAS-6.
Work done in a free expansion process is:

(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Zero
IAS-7.
In the temperature-entropy diagram

of a vapour shown in the given figure,
the thermodynamic process shown by
the dotted line AB represents
(a) Hyperbolic expansion
(b) Free expansion
(c) Constant volume expansion
(d) Polytropic expansion
[IAS-2002]
(d) Maximum
[IAS-1995]
IAS-8.
If
pdv
and vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on valuation
give same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process

undergone by the system is:
[IAS-1997, IES-2003]
(a) Isomeric
(b) Isentropic
(c) Isobaric
(d) Isothermal
IAS-9.
For the expression
pdv
to represent the work, which of the following
conditions should apply?

[IAS-2002]
(a) The system is closed one and process takes place in non-flow system
(b) The process is non-quasi static
(c) The boundary of the system should not move in order that work may be transferred
(d) If the system is open one, it should be non-reversible
21
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
IAS-10.
IAS-11.
Chapter 1
Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change

in potential and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[IAS-2000, GATE-1996]
(a) pdv
(b) +pdv
(c) vdp
(d) +vdp
below the lists:
[IAS-2004]
List-I
List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas
1. Absolute Zero Temperature
B. Nernst simon Statement
2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson Effect
3. Quasi-Static Path
D. pdv
4. Isentropic Process
5. Dissipative Effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature during phase
change.
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
6
5
4
3
(b)
2
1
4
3
(c)
2
5
7
4
(d)
6
1
7
4

IAS-13.
Thermodynamic work is the product of

(a) Two intensive properties
(b) Two extensive properties
(c) An intensive property and change in an extensive property
(d) An extensive property and change in an intensive property
[IAS-1998]
Heat Transfer-A Path Function

IAS-14.
Match List-I (Parameter) with List-II

using the codes given below the lists:
List-I
A. Volume
B. Density
C. Pressure
D. Work
Codes:
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
2
4
1
(c)
2
3
4
1
22
(Property) and select the correct answer

List-II
1. Path function
2. Intensive property
3. Extensive property
4. Point function
A
B
C
(b)
3
2
1
(d)
2
3
1
[IAS-1999]
D
4
4
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
Answers with Explanation (Objective)

Previous 20-Years GATE Answers
GATE-1. Ans. (a)
GATE-2. Ans. (a, b, c) For an isolated system no mass and energy transfer through the system.
dQ = 0,
dW = 0,
dE = 0
or E = Constant
GATE-2a. Ans. (d)
V2
V1
V
= P1V1 ln 2
V1
GATE-3. Ans. (a) Iso-thermal work done (W) = RT1 ln
0.030
= 800 0.015 ln
0.015
= 8.32 kJ/kg
GATE-4. Ans. (c) It is free expansion. Since vacuum does not offer any resistance, there is no work
transfer involved in free expansion.
2
Here,
= 0
and Q1-2=0 therefore Q1-2 = U + W1-2 so, U = 0
GATE-5. Ans. (c) For closed system W =
+ pdv , for steady flow W = vdp
GATE-6. (c)
GATE-7. Ans. (b) W = Resistance pressure. V = 1 V = 100 0.1 kJ = 1kJ
GATE-8. Ans. (b) W = vdp
Previous 20-Years IES Answers

IES-1. Ans. (b)
IES-2. Ans. (d) Intensive property: Whose value is independent of the size or extent i.e. mass of
the system.
Specific property: It is a special case of an intensive property. It is the value of an
extensive property per unit mass of system (Lower case letters as symbols) e.g., specific
volume, density (v, ).
IES-2a.
Ans. (c) Kinetic energy
1
mv 2 depends on mass, Entropy kJ/k depends on mass so
2
Entropy is extensive property but specific entropy kJ/kg K is an intensive property.

23
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IES-3. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive
property.
IES-4. Ans. (a) Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the
system (upper case letters as the symbols) e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is
increased, the value of extensive property also increases.
IES-4a Ans. (d) The properties like temperature, viscosity which are Independent of the MASS of
the system are called Intensive property
IES-5. Ans. (d)
But remember 100% heat cant be convertible to work but 100% work can be
converted to heat. It depends on second law of thermodynamics.
A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite quantity of matter or a region in
space upon which attention is focused in the analysis of a problem.
The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which we focus
our attention
IES-5a
Ans. (d)
IES-6. Ans. (b) In closed thermodynamic system, there is no mass transfer but energy transfer
exists.
IES-7. Ans. (c)
IES-8. Ans. (d) Isentropic means reversible adiabatic. Heat transfer in any finite temp difference is
irreversible.
IES-9. Ans. (a) The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process as always
identically equal to the energy transfer is heat and work during the reversal or the
process is the correct reason for maximum efficiency because it is conservative system.
IES-9a. Ans. (b)
IES-10. Ans. (b) Isolated System - in which there is no interaction between system and the
surroundings. It is of fixed mass and energy, and hence there is no mass and energy
transfer across the system boundary.
IES-10a Ans. (a)
IES-10b. Ans. (c)
IES-10c. Ans. (d)
IES-11. Ans. (a) All temperature measurements are based on Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
IES-12. Ans. (a) Entropy - related to second law of thermodynamics.
Internal Energy (u) = f (T) only (for an ideal gas)
Van der Wall's equation related to => real gas.
IES-13. Ans. (d)
IES-14. Ans. (d)
IES-15.Ans. (d)
C 0
0 300
=
C = 150C
100 300 100 0
24
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IES-16. Ans. (b) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation for A. Temperature is
independent of thermometric property of fluid.
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18. Ans. (d) But it will occur at absolute zero temperature.
IES-19. Ans. (c) Time Constants: The time constant is the amount of time required for a
thermocouple to indicated 63.2% of step change in temperature of a surrounding media.
Some of the factors influencing the measured time constant are sheath wall thickness,
degree of insulation compaction, and distance of junction from the welded cap on an
ungrounded thermocouple. In addition, the velocity of a gas past the thermocouple probe
greatly influences the time constant measurement. In general, time constants for
measurement of gas can be estimated to be ten times as long as those for measurement
of liquid. The time constant also varies inversely proportional to the square root of the
velocity of the media.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
IES-20a Ans. (d)
IES-21. Ans. (a)
IES-22. Ans. (c) In example of (c), it is a case of free expansion heat transfer, work done, and
changes in internal energy are all zero.
m
2
IES-23. Ans. (a) Work done (W) = P V = 100 (V2 V1) = 100
1
1
= 100 kPa
= 9.1 J
999
916
IES-24. Ans. (d)
WA = pdV = 4 (2 1) = 4 kJ
1
WB = pdV = 3 (7 4) = 4.5 kJ
2
WC = pdV = 1 (12 9) = 3kJ
IES-25. Ans. (c) Turbine work = area under curve RS
= pdv = 1 bar ( 0.2 0.1) m3 + 1000 Nm
= 105 ( 0.2 0.1) Nm + 1000Nm = 11000 Nm

IES-26. Ans. (b)
IES-27. Ans. (d) Isothermal work is minimum of any process.
pv = mRT
pdv + vdp = 0[ T is constant]
pdv = vdp
2
IES-28. Ans. (b) For steady flow process, reversible work given by vdp .
1
IES-29. Ans. (c) A is true because change in heat and work are path functions and thus can't be
expressed simply as difference between the end states. R is false because both work and
heat are inexact differentials.
25
Basic Concepts
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
Previous 20-Years IAS Answers

IAS-1. Ans. (c) Intensive properties, i.e. independent of mass are pressure, temperature, velocity
and viscosity. Extensive properties, i.e. dependent on mass of system are volume, electric
charge, magnetisation, and potential energy. Thus correct choice is (c).
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
IAS-3. Ans. (c)
IAS-4. Ans. (d) The boiling and freezing points on new scale are 400 N and 100N i.e. range is
300N corresponding to 100C. Thus conversion equation is
N = 100 + 3 C = 100+ 3 60 = 100 + 180 = 280 N
IAS-5. Ans. (c)
IAS-6. Ans. (c) Since vacuum does not offer any resistance, there is no work transfer involved in
free expansion.
IAS-7. Ans. (b)
IAS-8. Ans. (d) Isothermal work is minimum of any process.
IAS-9. Ans. (a)
IAS-10. Ans. (c) For closed system W =
+ pdv , for steady flow W = vdp
IAS-12. Ans. (b) Start with D. PdV only valid for quasi-static path so choice (c) & (d) out.
Automatically C-4 then eye on A and B. Bottle filling of gas is variable flow so A-2.
IAS-13. Ans. (c) W = pdv where pressure (p) is an intensive property and volume (v) is an
extensive property
IAS-14. Ans. (a) Pressure is intensive property but such option is not there.
26
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
2.
Cha
apter 2
Firstt Law
w of T herm
modyn
namic
cs
Theo
ory at a Glance (Fo
or GAT
TE, IES
S & PS
SUs)
First Law
w of Th
hermody
ynamic
cs
Sttatement:
When a closed syste

em executes a complete cy
ycle the
sum of heat interacttions is equa
al to the sum of work
interacttions.
Mathem
matically
( Q)cyclle = (
W)cycle
The sum
mmations be
eing over the entire cycle.
Allternate sttatement::
Wh
hen a closed system undergoes a cyclle the cyclic integral of heat
h
is equal to the cyclicc integral of
woork.
Ma
athematicallly
In other word
ds for a two process cycle
Q A1
A 2 + QB2 1 = WA1 2 + WB 2 1
In
nternal Energy
y A Prroperty
y of Sys
stem
W
Which
can be
e written ass
28
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Since A and B are arbitrarily

a
ch
hosen, the con
nclusion is, as
a far as a prrocess is conccerned (A or
B) the difference Q W rema
ains a consta
ant as long as
a the initial and the fina
al states are
the sam
me. The diffe
erence depends only on th
he end points of the proccess. Note that Q and W
themseelves depend on the path followed.
f
Butt their differeence does nott.
This im
mplies that th
he difference between thee heat and woork interactioons during a process is a
propertty of the system.
This prroperty is called the energ
gy of the systtem. It is dessignated as E and is equa
al to some of
all the energies
e
at a given state.
Wee enunciate the

t FIRST LA
AW for a proccess as
Q
W
W = dE
An isollated system
m which do
oes not inter
ract with th
he surround
dings Q = 0 and W = 0.
Thereffore, E rema
ains constan
nt for such a system.
Let us reconsider
r
th
he cycle 1-2 along
a
path A and 2-1 alon
ng path B as shown
s
in fig.
Work done
d
during the path A = Area
A
under 1-A-2-3-4
1
Work done
d
during the path B = Area
A
under 1-B-2-3-4
1
Since these two are
eas are not equal,
e
the neet work interraction is tha
at shown by the shaded
area.
29
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
The nett area is 1A2B1.

Therefoore some worrk is derived by the cycle.
First la
aw compels that this iss possible only
o
when there
t
is also
o heat interaction betweeen
the systtem and the surrounding
gs.
In oth
her words, if
i you have
e to get wo
ork
out, yo
ou must give
e heat in.
Thus, the
t first law can be consttrued to be a statement of
o conservatioon of energy - in a broad
sense.
In the example
e
show
wn the area under
u
curve A < that und
der B
The cyccle shown ha
as negative work outputt or it will receive work from the su
urroundings.
Obviously, the net heat
h
interacttion is also neegative. Thiss implies that this cycle will
w heat the
nment. (as pe
er the sign coonvention).
environ
For a process we can
n have Q = 0 or W = 0
We can
n extract worrk without su
upplying heat (during a process) bu
ut sacrificing
g the energy
of the system.
s
We can
n add heat to the system without doin
ng work (in process)
p
wh
hich will go too increasing
the eneergy of the sy
ystem.
Energy
y of a system
m is an exte
ensive prop
perty
he internal en
nergy depend
ds only upon the initial an
nd final statees of the systtem. Internall energy of a
Th
sub
bstance does not include any energy that
t
it may possess
p
as a result
r
of its macroscopic
m
c position or
moovement. Tha
at so why in SFEE
S
(Stead
dy flow energ
gy equation) C2/2 and gz iss there.
Reecognize that h
and similarly
= u + pv
p from whicch u2 + p2 v2 = h2
u1 + p1v1 = h1
Q
QW = [(h2 + C22/2 + gZ2) - (h1+C
C12/2 + gZ1)]
= [(h2 - h1) + (C22/2 - C12/2) + g(Z2 - Z1)]
or
[W
Where C = Vellocity (m/s), h = Specific enthalpy
e
(J/k
kg), z = elevattion (m)
Bu
ut Reme
ember:
Miicroscopic vieew of a gas is a collection of particles in random mootion. Energy
y of a particle consists of
tra
anslational energy, rottational ene
ergy, vibrattional energ
gy and speciific electron
nic energy.
Alll these energ
gies summed
d over all thee particles off the gas, form
m the specifiic internal en
nergy, e , of
thee gas.
30
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Perpetua
al Motio
on Mac
chine off the First Kind-PMM
M1
Th
he first law sttates the gen
neral principlle of the consservation of energy.
e
Energ
gy is neither created nor
desstroyed, but only gets tra
ansformed froom one form to
t another.
here can be no
n machine which would
d continuoussly supply mechanical
m
woork without some other
Th
forrm of energy disappearing
g simultaneoously (Fig. sh
hown in below
w). Such a fictitious mach
hine is called
ap
perpetual mootion machine
e of the first kind, or in brrief, PMM1. A PMM1 is thus
t
impossible.
he converse of the above statementt is also tru
ue, i.e. theree can be no machine which
w
would
Th
con
ntinuously coonsume work
k without som
me other form
m of energy appearing
a
sim
multaneously
y (Fig.).
A PMM1
P
The
e Converse of
o PMM1
Enthalpy
y
Th
he enthalpy of a substance
e H is defined
d as
H = U + PV
P
It iis an extenssive propertty of a system

m and its uniit is kJ.
h = u + pv
p
Specific Enthallpy
m and its unitt is kJ/kg.

It iis an intensiive propertty of a system
Intternal energy
y change is equal to the heat transfeerred in a coonstant volum
me process involving
i
no
woork other tha
an pdv work. It is possiblle to derive an
a expression
n for the hea
at transfer in
n a constant
preessure process involving no work oth
her than pdv
v work. In su
uch a processs in a closed
d stationary
sysstem of unit mass
m
of a pure substancee.
d Q = du + pdv
At constan
nt pressure
pdv = d(pv)
Therefoore ( dQ ) = du + d ( pv )
P
or ( dQ )
or
= d(u+pv)
( dQ ) P =
dh
W
Where H = U + PV is the enthalpy, a property of system.
s
Specific enth
halpy h = H/m
m, kJ/kg and also h = u + pdv
Where h = sp
pecific enthalpy, kJ/kg
31
First Law of Thermodynamics

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
u = specific internal energy, kJ/kg

dv = change in specific volume, m3/kg.
Specific heat at constant volume
The specific heat of a substance at constant volume Cv is defined as the rate of change of
specific internal energy with respect to temperature when the volume is held constant, i.e.,
u
Cv =
T v
For a constant volume process
( u )v =
T2
C .dT
v
T1
The first law may be written for a closed stationary system composed of a unit mass of a pure
substance.
Q = u + W
or
d Q = du + d W
For a process in the absence of work other than pdv work
d W = pdv
Therefore d Q = du + pdv
Therefore, when the volume is held constant
(Q )v = ( u )v
T2
(Q )v = Cv .dT
T1
Since u, T and v are properties, Cv is a property of the system. The product m Cv is called the
heat capacity at constant volume (J/K).
Specific heat at constant pressure

The specific heat at constant pressure Cp is defined as the rate of change of specific enthalpy
with respect to temperature when the pressure is held constant.
h
CP =
T P
For a constant pressure process
( h )P
T2
.dT
T1
The first law for a closed stationary system of unit mass

dQ = du + pdv
Again, h = u + pv
Therefore dh = du + pdv + vdp
= d Q + vdp
Therefore
dQ = dh vdp
Therefore ( dQ )P = dh
32

S K Mondals
or
(Q ) p
Chapter 2
= ( h) p
Form abow equations
( Q )P
Cp
T2
.dT
T1
is a property of the system, just like Cv. The heat capacity at constant pressure is equal to m
C p (J/K).
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E

S.F.E.E. per unit mass basis
(i)
C 12
C 22
dQ
dW
+ gz1 +
= h2 +
+ gz2 +
h1 +
2
dm
2
dm
[h, W, Q should be in J/Kg and C in m/s and g in m/s2]
(ii)
C12
dQ
C22
dW
gZ1
gZ 2
h1 +
+
+
= h2 +
+
+
2000 1000 dm
2000 1000 dm
[h, W, Q should be in KJ/Kg and C in m/s and g in m/s2]
S.F.E.E. per unit time basis
dQ
C12
w1 h1 +
+ z1 g +
2
dWx
C22
= w2 h2 +
+ z2 g +
d
2
Where, w = mass flow rate (kg/s)

Steady Flow Process Involving Two Fluid Streams at the Inlet and Exit of the Control
Volume
33
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Ma
ass balance
w
A 1C
v1
A 2C
v2
+ w
2
= w
A 3C
v3
3
3
+ w
+
A 4C
v4
here v = speccific volume (m

( 3/kg)
Wh
En
nergy balan
nce
dQ
C12
C22
w1 h1 +
+ Z1 g + w2 h2 +
+ Z2 g +
2
2
dWx
C2
C2
= w3 h3 + 3 + Z3 g + w4 h4 + 4 + Z4 g +
2
2
d
ome examplle of steady

y flow proce
esses:So
Th
he following examples
e
illu
ustrate the applications of
o the steady flow energy equation in some of the
eng
gineering sysstems.
No
ozzle and Diiffuser:
An
nozzle is a device
d
which increases th
he velocity or
o K.E. of a fluid at thee expense of its pressure
droop, whereas a diffuser in
ncreases the pressure of a fluid at thee expense of its K.E. Figu
ure show in
bellow a nozzle which is insu
ulated. The steady
s
flow en
nergy equation of the con
ntrol surface gives
dWx
C2
C2
dQ
= h2 + 2 + Z 2 g +
h1 + 1 + Z1 g +
dm
dm
2
2
F
Fig.
34

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
dWx
dQ
= 0;
= 0, and the change in potential energy is zero. The equation reduces to
dm
dm
C2
C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
(a)
2
2
The continuity equation gives
AC
AC
(b)
w= 1 1 = 2 2
v1
v2
When the inlet velocity or the velocity of approach V1 is small compared to the exit velocity V2,
Equation (a) becomes
Here
C22
h1 = h2 +
2
or
C2 = 2(h1 h2 )m / s
where (h1 h2) is in J/kg.

Equations (a) and (b) hold good for a diffuser as well.
Throttling Device:
When a fluid flows through a constricted passage, like a partially opened value, an orifice, or a
porous plug, there is an appreciable drop in pressure, and the flow is said to be throttled. Figure
shown in below, the process of throttling by a prettily opened value on a fluid flowing in an insulated
pipe. In the steady-flow energy equationdWx
dQ
= 0,
=0
dm
dm
And the changes in P. E. are very small and ignored. Thus, the S.F.E.E. reduces to
C2
C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
(Fig.- Flow Through a Valve)

Often the pipe velocities in throttling are so low that the K. E. terms are also negligible. So
h1 = h2
or the enthalpy of the fluid before throttling is equal to the enthalpy of the fluid after throttling.
Turbine and Compressor:
Turbines and engines give positive power output, whereas compressors and pumps require power
input.
For a turbine (Fig. below) which is well insulated, the flow velocities are often small, and the K.E.
terms can be neglected. The S.F.E.E. then becomes
35

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
(Fig.-. Flow through a Turbine)

h1 = h2 +
dWx
dm
Wx
= h1 h2
m
The enthalpy of the fluid increase by the amount of work input.
or
Heat Exchanger:
A heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another, Figure shown in
below a steam condenser where steam condense outside the tubes and cooling water flows through
the tubes. The S.F.E.E for the C.S. gives
wc h1 + ws h2 = w c h3 + ws h4
or , ws ( h2 h4 ) = w c (h3 h1 )
Here the K.E. and P.E. terms are considered small, there is no external work done, and energy
exchange in the form of heat is confined only between the two fluids, i.e. there is no external heat
interaction or heat loss.
Fig. Figure (shows in below) a steam desuperheater where the temperature of the superheated steam is
reduced by spraying water. If w1, w2, and w3 are the mass flow rates of the injected water, of the
steam entering, and of the steam leaving, respectively, and h1, h2, and h3 are the corresponding
enthalpies, and if K.E. and P.E. terms are neglected as before, the S.F.E.E. becomes
w1h1 + w2 h2 = w3 h3
and the mass balance gives
w1 + w2 = w3
36
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Th
he above law
w is also callled as stead
dy flow ene
ergy equatiion. This can
n be applied
d to various
pra
actical situattions as work
k developing system and work absorp
ption system. Let the ma
ass flow rate
un
nity.
(1)) Work deve
eloping systtems
(a) Water turbines
In this casse Q = 0 and U = 0 and equation
e
becomes
2
C
p1 v1 +z1g + 1 = z2g + p2 v2 + W
2
(b) Steam or gas turbin
nes
In this casse generally Z can be assumed to be zero and thee equation becomes
C 2 C22
W = ( h1 h2 ) + 1
+ Q
2
orbing syste
ems
(2)) Work abso
(a) Centrifuggal water pum
mp
The system
m is shown in the Figure below
b
Fig.
he energy equ
uation now becomes,
b
In this sysstem Q = 0 and U = 0; th
C22
p1 v1 +z1g + W = z2g + p2 v2 +
2
al compress
sor In this system
s
z = 0 and the equ
uation becom
mes,
(b) Centrifuga
2
2
C1
C
+ h1 + W Q = 2 + h2
2
2
(c) Blowers In this case we have z = 0, p1 v1 = p2 v 2 and Q = 0; now thee energy simp
plifies to
37
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
C2
u1 +W = u2 + 2 ass C2 C1
2
f
the tem
mperature rise is very small and heat loss is negleected (i.e.) h
h = 0, q = 0
(d)) Fans In fans
and hence th
he energy equ
uation for fan
ns becomes,
C2
W= 2
2
essor In a reciprocating
g compressorr KE and P
PE are neglig
gibly energy
(e) Reciprocatting compre
equation app
plied to a reciprocating coompressor is
h1 Q = h 2 W
or
W = Q + ( h2 h1 )
g and absorb
bing system
ms
(3)) Non-work developing
(a) Steam boiiler In thiss system we neglect Z, KE
and W (i.e.) Z = K
KE = W = 0;; the energy
equation for a boiler beco
omes Q = (h2 h1)
(b) Steam con
ndenser In
n this system
m the work doone is zero and
a
we can also
a
assume Z
and KE
are very sma
all. Under ste
eady conditioons the chang
ge in enthalp
py is equal too heat lost by
y steam. Q =
(h1 h2) and
d this heat is also equal to the changee in enthalpy
y of cooling water
w
circulatted (i.e.) the
heat lost by steam will be
e equal to heat gained by the cooling water.
w
(c) Steam nozz
zle:
In this systeem we can assume Z an

nd W to be zero
z
and hea
at transfer which
w
is nothing but any
possible heatt loss also zero.
The eneergy equation
n for this casse becomes.
C2
C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
or
C2 = C12 + 2(h1 h2 )
(viii) Unsteady
y Flow Anallysis:Ma
any flow proccesses, such as
a filling up and
a evacuatiing gas cylind
ders, are not steady, Such
h processes
can
n be analyzed
d by the conttrol volume teechnique. Coonsider a dev
vice through which
w
a fluid
d is flowing
un
nder non-stea
ady state cond
ditions (Figu
ure-shown in below). The rate
r
at which
h the mass off fluid
witthin the conttrol volume iss accumulateed is equal too the net ratee of mass flow
w across the control
c
surrface, as giveen below:
38
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
F
Fig.
dmv
dm1 dm
d 2
= w1 w2 =
d
d
d
here mv is th
he mass of flu
uid within th
he control volume at any instant.
i
Wh
Over an
ny finite periiod of time
mv = m1 m2
Th
he rate of acccumulation off energy with
hin the contrrol volume iss equal to thee net rate of energy flow
acrross the control surface. If
I Ev is the en
nergy of fluid
d within the control
c
volum
me at any instant,
Ra
ate of energy increase = Rate
R
of energy
y inflow Ra
ate of energy outflow.
dQ
dW
dEv
C2
C2
w2 h 2 + 2 +Z2g
= w1 h1 + 1 +Z
Z1g +
equatiion... A
d
2
2
d
mC2
Ev = U +
+ mgZ
m
2
v
Wh
here m is thee mass of fluiid in the conttrol volume at
a any instantt
2
dE
d
mC
C
v =
+ mgZ =
U +
d
d
2
v
dm1 dQ
dm 2 dW
C12
C2
+
h 2 + 2 +Z2g
+Z1g
h1 +
2
2
d
d
d
( equaation........B )
Following Figu
ure shows all these energy
y flux quantitties. For any
y time interva
al, equation (B)
( becomes
2
2
C
C
Ev = Q W + h1 + 1 +Z1g dm
m1 h2 + 2 +Z2g dm2
2
2
Fig.
Equatioon (A) is gene
eral energy equation.
e
Forr steady flow,
dEv
=0
d
and the equatioon reduces For
F a closed system
s
w1 = 0,
0 w2 = 0, theen from equattion (A),
dEv dQ
dW
=
d
d
d
Orr
dEv = dQ
d dW or dQ = dE + dW
d
39
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
Floow Processess
Ex
xample of a variable flo
ow problem
m:
Va
ariable flow processes
p
may
y be analyzed
d either by th
he system tecchnique or th
he control vollume
tecchnique, as illlustrated below.
Consideer a process in
i which a ga
as bottle is filled from a pipeline
p
(Figu
ure shown in below). In
thee beginning the
t bottle con
ntains gas of mass m1 at state
s
p1, T1, v1, h1 and u1. The valve iss opened
and gas flows in
nto the bottle
e till the masss of gas in th
he bottle is m2 at state p2, T2, v2, h2 an
nd u2. The
sup
pply to the piipeline is verry large so th
hat the state of gas in the pipeline is constant at
p p ,TP , v P , h P , u P and v P .
Sy
ystem Techn
nique: Assum
me an enveloope (which is extensible) of
o gas in the pipeline
p
and the tube
wh
hich would ev
ventually entter the bottlee, as shown in
n Figure abov
ve.
Energy
y of the gas be
efore filling.
C2
E1 = m1 u1 + ( m2 m1 ) P + uP
2
Wh
here ( m2 m1 ) is the ma
ass of gas in the
t pipeline and
a tube whiich would enter the bottlee.
E2 = m2 u2
C2
E = E2 E1 = m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m1 u1 ) P + uP
2
The P.E. terms
t
are neglected. The gas in the boottle is not in
n motion, and
d so the K.E. terms have
beeen omitted.
Now, therre is a chang
ge in the volume of gas because of the
t
collapse of the envellope to zero
vollume. Then the
t work done
W = p (V2 V1 )
p
= p p 0 ( m2 m1 ) v P
= ( m2 m1 ) p p v P
Ussing the firstt for the process
Q = E + W
C2
= m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m2 m1 ) P + uP ( m2 m1 ) pP vP
2
40
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
C2
= m2 u2 m1 u1 ( m2 m1 ) P + h P
2
hich gives thee energy bala

ance for the process.
p
wh
Co
ontrol Volum
me Techniq
que: Assume a control vollume bounded by a controol surface as shown in
Fig
gure above, Applying
A
the energy equa
ation in this case, the folllowing energy
y balance ma
ay be
wrritten on a tim
me rate basiss dEv dQ
C 2 dm
m
=
+ hP + P
d
d
2 d
Sin
nce hP and CP are constan
nt, the equatiion is integra
ated to give for
f the Total process
2
C
Ev = Q + h P + P ( m2 m1 )
2
Noow
Ev = U 2 U1 = m2 u2 m1 u1
C2
Q = m2 u2 m1 u1 h P + P ( m2 m1 )
2
D
Discharg
ging an
nd Charrging a Tank
Let us considerr a tank disccharging a flu
uid into a su
upply line (Fiigure). Sincee dWx = 0 an
nd dmin = 0,
app
plying first la
aw to the con
ntrol volume,,
C2
+ gz dmout
dUV = dQ
Q + h +
2
out
Assuming K.E. and P.E. of the
t fluid to be
b small and dQ = 0
d(mu) = hdm
mdu+ udm = udm+ pv dm
d
Ag
gain
or
dm du
=
m
pv
onst.
V = vm = co
vdm + mdv = 0
dm
dv
=
m
v
du
dv
=
pv
v
d ( u + pv ) = 0
or
dQ = 0
wh
hich shows that
t
the process is adiab
batic and
quasi-static.
For cha
arging the tan
nk
41
Charging and Disc

charging a Tank

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
( hdm )
in
= UV = m2u2 m1u1
mphp = m2u2 m1u1
where the subscript p refers to the constant state of the fluid in the pipeline. If the tank is initially
empty, m1 = 0.
m p h p = m2 u2
Since
mp = m2
hp = u2
If the fluid is an ideal gas, the temperature of the gas in the tank after it is charged is given by
c pTp = cvT2
T2 = Tp
or
PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
Example 1
The work and heat transfer per degree of temperature change for a closed system is given by
dW 1
dQ 1
= kJ / C;
= kJ / C
dT 30
dT 10
Calculate the change in internal energy as its temperature increases from 125C to 245C.
Solution:
dT
dW =
30
W =
T2
dT
1
1
=
(T2 T1 ) = ( 245 125 )
30
30
T1 30
dQ =
Q=
T2
dT
10
dT
10
T1
1
( 245 125 ) = 12 kJ
10
Applying First Law of Thermodynamics

Q = W + U
U = Q W = 12 4 = 8kJ.
Example 2
Air expands from 3 bar to 1 bar in a nozzle. The initial velocity is 90 m/s. the initial temperature is
150C. Calculate the velocity of air at the exit of the nozzle.
Solution:
The system in question is an open one. First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system gives
C2
C2
w1 h1 + 1 + Z1 g + Q = w2 h2 + 2 + Z2 g + W
2
2
Since the flow is assumed to be steady.

w1 = w2
Flow in a nozzle is adiabatic flow.
42

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Hence Q = 0
Also W = 0
The datum can be selected to pass through axis; then
Z1 = Z2.
Hence
C2
C2
h1 + 1 = h2 + 2
2
2
C22
C2
( or ) = ( h1 h2 ) + 1
2
2
and
1
p
T2 = T1 2
p1
for air = 1.4
T1 = 150 + 273 = 423

0.4/1.4
1
T2 = 423
= 309 K
3
For air Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgC
Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgC.
R = 287 J/kg K = 0.287 kJ/kg K
S.F.E.E. : - We have (h1 h2) = Cp(T1 - T2)
C22
C2
902
= ( h1 h2 ) + 1 = 1.005 103 (423 309) +
2
2
2
or, C2 = 487 m / s.
Example 3
An evacuated cylinder fitted with a valve through which air from atmosphere at 760 mm Hg and
25C is allow to fill it slowly. If no heat interaction is involved, what will be the temperature of air in
the bottle when the pressure reaches 760 mm Hg?
Use the following:
(1) Internal energy of air u = u0 + 0.718T kJ/kg where
T is temperature in C.
(2) R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Solution:
Applying first law, ignoring potential and kinetic energy terms, to the vessel as control volume.
43

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Q + m i h i = m e h e + m2 u2 m1 u1 + W
Here Q = 0, W = 0, m e = 0 ( no mass leaving from control vol.)
m1 = 0 ( evacuated ) m2 = mi
hi = u2
hi = ui + pv = u0 + 0.718Ti + 0.287 (Ti + 273 )

= u0 + 0.718 25 + 0.287 298
= u0 + 103.48kJ / kg = u2
or u2 u0 = 103.48kJ / kg
u2 = u0 + 0.718T2
T2 =
u2 u0 103.48
=
= 144.2C
0.718
0.718
Example 4
A system whose mass is 4.5 kg undergoes a process and the temperature changes from 50 C to
100C. Assume that the specific heat of the system is a function of temperature only. Calculate the
heat transfer during the process for the following relation ship.
80
cn = 1.25 +
kJ / kg C [t is in oC]
t + 160
Solution:
100
100
80
=
=
Q
mc
dt
4.5
1 2
50 n
50 1.25 + t + 160 dt
100
100
dt
= 4.5 1.25dt +
0.0125t + 2.0
50
50
100
100
1

= 4.5 [1.25t ]50 +
ln ( 0.0125t + 2.0 )
0.0125
50
1
= 4.5 [1.25 50] +
(ln (1.25 + 2.0 ) ln (0.625 + 2 ))
0.0125
1
3.25
= 4.5 62.5 +
ln
= 358 kJ
0.0125 2.625
44
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
ASKED
D OBJEC
CTIVE QUESTIONS (G
GATE, IES, IAS)
P
Previou
us 20-Y
Years GATE
E Ques
stions
A
Applicatiion of First
F
Law
w to Ste
eady Flo
ow Proc
cess S.F
F.E.E
Co
ommon Data for Qu
uestions Q1
Q and Q2
2:
[GA
ATE-2009]
Th
he inlet and
d the outle
et conditions of
ste
eam for an
n adiabatic
c steam tur
rbine
are as indic
cated in the
t
figure. The
otations are as usually followed.
no
ATE-1.
GA
If mass
m
flow rate
r
of steam through the turbine is 20 kg/ss the power
r output of
the
e turbine (in
n MW) is:
(a) 12.157
GA
ATE-2.
[GA
ATE-2009]
(b) 12.941
(cc) 168.001
(d) 168.785
Asssume the ab
bove turbin
ne to be par
rt of a simp
ple Rankine
e cycle. The density of
water at the inlet to the
e pump is 1000 kg/m3. Ignoring kinetic
k
and
d potential
ene
ergy effects
s, the specifi
fic work (in kJ/kg) supp
plied to the pump is:
[G
GATE-2009]
(a) 0.293
(b) 0.35 1
(c)) 2.930
(d) 3.510
3
GA
ATE-3. The
e following
g four figures have been dra
awn to re
epresent a fictitious
the
ermodynam
mic cycle, on
n the p-v and
d T-s planess.
[G
GATE-2005]
Acc
cording to the
t
first law
w of thermodynamics, equal
e
areas are enclose
ed by
(a) Figures 1and
d 2 (b) Fig
gures 1and 3 (c) Figuress 1and 4
(d) Figures 2 and 3
45

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Internal Energy A Property of System

GATE-4.
A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed, the work required for

compression being 5000 kJ. During the process, heat interaction of 2000 kJ
causes the surroundings to the heated. The change in internal energy of the
gas during the process is:
[GATE-2004]
(a) 7000 kJ
(b) 3000 kJ
(c) + 3000 kJ
(d) + 7000 kJ
GATE-4a. The contents of a well-insulated tank are heated by a resistor of 23 in
which 10 A current is flowing. Consider the tank along with its contents
as a thermodynamic system. The work done by the system and the heat
transfer to the system are positive. The rates of heat (Q), work (W) and
change in internal energy ( U) during the process in kW are [GATE-2011]
(a) Q = 0, W = 2.3, U = +2.3
(b) Q = +2.3, W = 0, U = +2.3
(c) Q = 2.3, W = 0, U = 2.3
(d) Q = 0, W = +2.3, U = 2.3
Discharging and Charging a Tank

GATE-5.
A rigid, insulated tank is initially

evacuated. The tank is connected with a
supply line through which air (assumed to
be ideal gas with constant specific heats)
passes at I MPa, 350C. A valve connected
with the supply line is opened and the tank
is charged with air until the final pressure
inside the tank reaches I MPa. The final
temperature inside the tank
(A) Is greater than 350C
(B) Is less than 350C
(C) Is equal to 350C
(D) May be greater than, less than, or equal to
350C, depending on the volume of the tank

IES-1.
Which one of the following sets of thermodynamic laws/relations is directly

involved in determining the final properties during an adiabatic mixing
process?
[IES-2000]
(a) The first and second laws of thermodynamics
(b) The second law of thermodynamics and steady flow relations
(c) Perfect gas relationship and steady flow relations
(d) The first law of thermodynamics and perfect gas relationship
46

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
IES-2.
Two blocks which are at different states are brought into contact with each
other and allowed to reach a final state of thermal equilibrium. The final
temperature attained is specified by the
[IES-1998]
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics
(d) Third law of thermodynamics
IES-3.
For a closed system, the difference between the heat added to the system and
the work done by the system is equal to the change in
[IES-1992]
(a) Enthalpy
(b) Entropy
(c) Temperature
(d) Internal energy
IES-4.
An ideal cycle is shown in the figure. Its

thermal efficiency is given by
IES-5.
v3
1
v
(a)1 1
p2
1
p1
v3
1
1 v1
(b) 1
p2
1
p1
(c)1
(b) 1
( v3 v1 ) p1
( p2 p1 ) v1
1 ( v3 v1 ) p1
( p2 p1 ) v1
[IES-1998]
Which one of the following is correct?

The cyclic integral of (Q W ) for a process is:
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Zero
[IES-2007]
(d) Unpredictable
IES-6.
A closed system undergoes a process 1-2 for which the values of Q1-2 and W1-2 are
+20 kJ and +50 kJ, respectively. If the system is returned to state, 1, and Q2-1 is [IES-2005]
10 kJ, what is the value of the work W2-1?
(a) + 20 kJ
(b) 40 kJ
(c) 80 kJ
(d) +40 kJ
IES-7.
A gas is compressed in a cylinder by a movable piston to a volume one-half of

its original volume. During the process, 300 kJ heat left the gas and the
internal energy remained same. What is the work done on the gas?
[IES-2005]
(a) 100kNm
(b) 150 kNm
(c) 200 kNm
(d) 300 kNm
IES-8.
In a steady-flow adiabatic turbine, the changes in the internal energy,

enthalpy, kinetic energy and potential energy of the working fluid, from inlet
to exit, are -100 kJ/kg, -140 kJ/kg, -10 kJ/kg and 0 kJ/kg respectively. Which one
of the following gives the amount of work developed by the turbine? [IES-2004]
(a) 100 kJ/kg
(b) 110 kJ/kg
(c) 140 kJ/kg
(d) 150 kJ/kg
47

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
IES-9.
Gas contained in a closed system consisting of piston cylinder arrangement is

expanded. Work done by the gas during expansion is 50 kJ. Decrease in
internal energy of the gas during expansion is 30 kJ. Heat transfer during the
process is equal to:
[IES-2003]
(a) 20 kJ
(b) +20 kJ
(c) 80 kJ
(d) +80 kJ
IES-10.
A system while undergoing a cycle

[IES-2001]
A B C D A has the values of heat and work transfers as given in the Table:
Process
Q kJ/min
W kJ/min
AB
BC
CD
DA
+687
-269
-199
+75
+474
0
-180
0
The power developed in kW is, nearly,

(a) 4.9
(b) 24.5
(c) 49
IES-11.
(d) 98
The values of heat transfer and work transfer for four processes of a
thermodynamic cycle are given below:
[IES-1994]
Process
1
2
3
4
Heat Transfer (kJ)
Work Transfer (kJ)
300
Zero
-100
Zero
300
250
-100
-250
The thermal efficiency and work ratio for the cycle will be respectively.
(a) 33% and 0.66 (b) 66% and 0.36.
(c) 36% and 0.66
(d) 33% and 0.36.
IES-12.
A tank containing air is stirred by a paddle wheel. The work input to the
paddle wheel is 9000 kJ and the heat transferred to the surroundings from the
tank is 3000 kJ. The external work done by the system is:
[IES-1999]
(a) Zero
(b) 3000 kJ
(c) 6000 kJ
(d) 9000 kJ

IES-13.
For a simple closed system of constant composition, the difference between the
net heat and work interactions is identifiable as the change in
[IES-2003]
(a) Enthalpy
(b) Entropy
(c) Flow energy
(d) Internal energy
IES-14.
Assertion (A): The internal energy depends on the internal state of a body, as
determined by its temperature, pressure and composition.
[IES-2006]
Reason (R): Internal energy of a substance does not include any energy that it
may possess as a result of its macroscopic position or movement.
48

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
IES-15.
Change in internal energy in a reversible process occurring in a closed system

is equal to the heat transferred if the process occurs at constant:
[IES-2005]
(a) Pressure
(b) Volume
(c) Temperature
(d) Enthalpy
IES-16.
170 kJ of heat is supplied to a system at constant volume. Then the system

rejects 180 kJ of heat at constant pressure and 40 kJ of work is done on it. The
system is finally brought to its original state by adiabatic process. If the initial
value of internal energy is 100 kJ, then which one of the following statements
is correct?
[IES-2004]
(a) The highest value of internal energy occurs at the end of the constant volume process
(b) The highest value of internal energy occurs at the end of constant pressure process.
(c) The highest value of internal energy occurs after adiabatic expansion
(d) Internal energy is equal at all points
IES-17.
85 kJ of heat is supplied to a closed system at constant volume. During the next

process, the system rejects 90 kJ of heat at constant pressure while 20 kJ of
work is done on it. The system is brought to the original state by an adiabatic
process. The initial internal energy is 100 kJ. Then what is the quantity of
work transfer during the process?
[IES-2009]
(a) 30 kJ
(b) 25 kJ
(c) 20 kJ
(d) 15 kJ
IES-17a
A closed system receives 60 kJ heat but its internal energy decreases by 30 kJ. Then the
[IES-2010]
work done by the system is
(a) 90 kJ
(b) 30 kJ
(c) 30 kJ
(d) 90 kJ
IES-18.
A system undergoes a process during which the heat transfer to the system per
degree increase in temperature is given by the equation:
[IES-2004]
dQ/dT = 2 kJ/C The work done by the system per degree increase in
temperature is given by the equation dW/dT = 2 0.1 T, where T is in C. If
during the process, the temperature of water varies from 100C to 150C, what
will be the change in internal energy?
(a) 125 kJ
(b) 250 kJ
(c) 625 kJ
(d) 1250 kJ
IES-19.
When a system is taken from state A to

state B along the path A-C-B, 180 kJ of
heat flows into the system and it does 130
kJ of work (see figure given):
How much heat will flow into the system
along the path A-D-B if the work done by
it along the path is 40 kJ?
(a) 40 kJ
(b) 60 kJ
(c) 90 kJ
(d) 135 kJ
IES-20.
[IES-1997]
The internal energy of a certain system is a function of temperature alone and

is given by the formula E = 25 + 0.25t kJ. If this system executes a process for
which the work done by it per degree temperature increase is 0.75 kJ/K, then
the heat interaction per degree temperature increase, in kJ, is:
[IES-1995]
(a) 1.00
(b) 0.50
(c) 0.50
(d ) 1.00
49

S K Mondals
IES-21.
Chapter 2
When a gas is heated at constant pressure, the percentage of the energy

supplied, which goes as the internal energy of the gas is:
[IES-1992]
(a) More for a diatomic gas than for triatomic gas
(b) Same for monatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases but less than 100%
(c) 100% for all gases
(d) Less for triatomic gas than for a diatomic gas
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1

IES-22.

[IES-2000]
1. The first law of thermodynamics is a law of conservation of energy.
2. Perpetual motion machine of the first kind converts energy into equivalent
work.
3. A closed system does not exchange work or energy with its surroundings.
4. The second law of thermodynamics stipulates the law of conservation of
energy and entropy.
Which of the statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Enthalpy
IES-23.
Assertion (A): If the enthalpy of a closed system decreases by 25 kJ while the

system receives 30 kJ of energy by heat transfer, the work done by the system
is 55 kJ.
[IES-2001]
Reason (R): The first law energy balance for a closed system is (notations have
their usual meaning) E = Q W
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A

Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
A is true but R is false
A is false but R is true

IES-24.
IES-25.
Which one of the following is the steady flow energy equation for a boiler?
(a) h1 +
v12
v2
= h2 + 2
2 gJ
2 gJ
(b) Q = ( h2 h1 )
(c) h1 +
v12
v2
+ Q = h2 + 2
2 gJ
2 gJ
(d) Ws = ( h2 h1 ) + Q
[IES-2005]
A 4 kW, 20 litre water heater is switched on for 10 minutes. The heat capacity
Cp for water is 4 kJ/kg K. Assuming all the electrical energy has gone into
heating the water, what is the increase of the water temperature?
[IES-2008]
(a) 15C
(b) 20C
(c) 26C
(d) 30C
Discharging and Charging a Tank

50

S K Mondals
IES-26.
Chapter 2
An insulated tank initially contains 0.25 kg of a gas with an internal energy of

200 kJ/kg .Additional gas with an internal energy of 300 kJ/kg and an enthalpy
of 400 kJ/kg enters the tank until the total mass of gas contained is 1 kg. What
is the final internal energy(in kJ/kg) of the gas in the tank?
[IES-2007]
(a) 250
(b) 275
(c) 350
(d) None of the above

IAS-1.
A system executes a cycle during which there are four heat transfers: Q12 = 220
kJ, Q23 = -25kJ, Q34 = -180 kJ, Q41 = 50 kJ. The work during three of the
processes is W12 = 15kJ, W23 = -10 kJ, W34 = 60kJ. The work during the process 4 1 is:
[IAS-2003]
(a) - 230 kJ
(b) 0 kJ
(c) 230 kJ
(d) 130 kJ
IAS-2.
Two ideal heat engine cycles

are represented in the given
figure. Assume VQ = QR, PQ =
QS and UP =PR =RT. If the
work interaction for the
rectangular cycle (WVUR) is
48 Nm, then the work
interaction for the other cycle
PST is:
(a) 12Nm
(b) 18 Nm
(c) 24 Nm
(d) 36 Nm
IAS-2001]
IAS-3.
A reversible heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs delivers a
work output of 54 kJ while it rejects a heat of 66 kJ. The efficiency of this
engine is:
[IAS-1998]
(a) 0.45
(b) 0.66
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.82
IAS-4.
If a heat engine gives an output of 3 kW when the input is 10,000 J/s, then the
thermal efficiency of the engine will be:
[IAS-1995]
(a) 20%
(b) 30%
(c) 70%
(d) 76.7%
IAS-5.
In an adiabatic process, 5000J of work is performed on a system. The system

returns to its original state while 1000J of heat is added. The work done during
the non-adiabatic process is:
[IAS-1997]
(a) + 4000J
(b) - 4000J
(c) + 6000J
(d) - 6000J
IAS-6.
In a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four processes, the heat and work are
as follows:
[IAS-1996]
Q: + 30, - 10, -20, + 5
W: + 3, 10, - 8, 0
The thermal efficiency of the cycle will be:
(a) Zero
(b) 7.15%
(c) 14.33%
(d) 28.6%
51

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
IAS-7.
Match List-I (Devices) with List-II (Thermodynamic equations) and select the
correct answer using the codes below the lists:
[IAS-1996]
List-I
List-II
A. Turbine
1. W = h2 h1
B. Nozzle
2. h1 = h2
C. Valve
3. h1 = h2 + V2/2
D. Compressor
4. W = h1 h2
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
4
3
2
1
(b)
2
3
1
4
(c)
4
3
1
2
(d)
3
2
4
1
IAS-8.
Given that the path 1-2-3, a system

absorbs 100kJ as heat and does
60kJ work while along the path 14-3 it does 20kJ work (see figure
given). The heat absorbed during
the cycle 1-4-3 is:
(a) - 140 Kj
(b) - 80 kJ
(c) - 40kJ
(d) + 60 kJ
IAS-9.
The given figure shows the

variation
of
force
in
an
elementary
system
which
undergoes a process during
which the plunger position
changes from 0 to 3 m. lf the
internal energy of the system at
the end of the process is 2.5 J
higher, then the heat absorbed
during the process is:
(a) 15 J
(b) 20 J
IAS-10.
[IAS 1994]
(c) 25 J
[IAS-1994]
(d) 30 J
The efficiency of a reversible

cyclic process undergone by a
substance as shown in the given
diagram is:
(a) 0.40
(b) 0.55
(c) 0.60
(d) 0.80
[IAS 1994]

IAS-11.
Which one of the following is the correct expression for change in the internal
energy for a small temperature change T for an ideal gas?
[IAS-2007]
(a) U = Cv T
(b) U = C p T
52

S K Mondals
(c)
U =
Cp
Cv
Chapter 2
(d) U = C p Cv T
IAS-12.
The heat transferred in a thermodynamic cycle of a system consisting of four

processes is successively 0, 8, 6 and -4 units. The net change in the internal
energy of the system will be:
[IAS-1999]
(a) 8
(b) Zero
(c) 10
(d) 10
IAS-13.
During a process with heat and work interactions, the internal energy of a
system increases by 30 kJ. The amounts of heat and work interactions are
respectively
[IAS-1999]
(a) - 50 kJ and - 80 kJ
(b) -50 kJ and 80 kJ
(c) 50 kJ and 80 kJ
(d) 50 kJ and - 80 kJ
IAS-14.
A mixture of gases expands from 0.03 m3 to 0.06 m3 at a constant pressure of 1

MPa and absorbs 84 kJ of heat during the process. The change in internal
energy of the mixture is:
[IAS 1994]
(a) 30 kJ
(b) 54 kJ
(c) 84 kJ
(d) 114 kJ
IAS-15.
In an adiabatic process 6000 J of work is performed on a system. In the nonadiabatic process by which the system returns to its original state 1000J of
heat is added to the system. What is the work done during non-adiabatic
process?
[IAS-2004]
(a) + 7000 J
(b) - 7000 J
(c) + 5000 J
(d) - 5000 J
Enthalpy
IAS-16.
The fundamental unit of enthalpy is:

(a) MLT-2
(b) ML-2T-1
(c) ML2T-2
[IAS 1994]
(d) ML3T-2

IAS-17.
In a test of a water-jacketed compressor, the shaft work required is 90 kN-m/kg

of air compressed. During compression, increase in enthalpy of air is 30 kJ/kg
of air and increase in enthalpy of circulating cooling water is 40 kJ/ kg of air.
The change is velocity is negligible. The amount of heat lost to the atmosphere
from the compressor per kg of air is:
[IAS-2000]
(a) 20kJ
(b) 60kJ
(c) 80 kJ
(d) 120kJ
IAS-18.
When air is compressed, the enthalpy is increased from 100 to 200 kJ/kg. Heat
lost during this compression is 50 kJ/kg. Neglecting kinetic and potential
energies, the power required for a mass flow of 2 kg/s of air through the
compressor will be:
[IAS-1997]
(a) 300 kW
(b) 200 kW
(c) 100 kW
(d) 50 kW
53

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Variable Flow Processes

IAS-19.
below Lists:
[IAS-2004]
List-I
List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas
1. Absolute zero temperature
B. Nernst Simon statement
2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson effect
3. Quasistatic path
D.
pdv
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IAS-20.
4. Isenthalpic process
A
6
2
B
5
5
C
4
7
5. Dissipative effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature
change
A
B
C
(b)
2
1
4
(d)
6
1
7
D
3
4
during phase
D
3
4
A gas chamber is divided into two parts by means of a partition wall. On one
side, nitrogen gas at 2 bar pressure and 20C is present. On the other side,
nitrogen gas at 3.5 bar pressure and 35C is present. The chamber is rigid and
thermally insulated from the surroundings. Now, if the partition is removed,
(a) High pressure nitrogen will get throttled
[IAS-1997]
(b) Mechanical work, will be done at the expense of internal energy
(c) Work will be done on low pressure nitrogen
(d) Internal energy of nitrogen will be conserved
54

S K Mondals
Chapter 2

C12
C2
gZ1
gZ2
dQ
dW
+
+
= h2 + 1 +
+
2000 1000 dm
2000 1000 dm
2
160
9.81 10
100 2 9.81 6 dW
3200 +
+
= 2600 +
+
+
2000
1000
2000
1000
dm
dW
600 + 7.8 + 0.04 = +
dm
GATE-1. Ans. (a)
h1 +
GATE-2. Ans. (c)
W = (P2 P1 ) =
1
( 3000 70 ) kJ/kg = 2.93
1000
GATE-3. Ans. (a) Fig-1 & 2 both are power cycle, so equal areas but fig-3 & 4 are reverse power
cycle, so area is not meant something.
GATE-4. Ans. (c)
dQ = du + dw
Q = u2 u1 + W or 2000 = u2 u1 5000 or u2 u1 = 3000kJ
GATE-4a. Ans. (a) Q = 0, W = 2.3, U =
+2.3
Tank is well insulated so Q = 0
Work is given to the system in
the form of electric current.
So, W = I2 R = 102 23 = 2300 W = 2.3 kW

By 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Q1 2
= U2 U1 + W1 2
0 = U 2 U1 2.3
U = 2.3 kW
GATE-5. Ans (a) The final Temp. (T2)=
T1

IES-1. Ans. (a) If we adiabatically mix two liquid then perfect gas law is not necessary. But entropy
change in the universe must be calculated by Second law of thermodynamics. Final
entropy of then system is also a property. That so why we need second law.
IES-2. Ans. (b) Using conservation of energy law we may find final temperature.
IES-3. Ans. (d) From First law of thermodynamics, for a closed system the net energy transferred
as heat Q and as work W is equal to the change in internal energy, U, i.e. Q W = U
55
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
IES-4. Ans. (c)) Total heat addition

a
is coonstant volum
me heat addiition, Q12 = cv (T2 T1 )
Tottal heat rejection is consta
ant pressure heat rejectioon, Q31 = c p (T3 T1)
Now
w from equattion of state
P
P1 P2
=
( v = const.) or T2 = 2 T1
P1
T1 T2
and
d
v
v1 v 3
=
( p = const.)) or T3 = 3 T1
v1
T1 T3
c (T T )
Q31
(T T )
= 1 p 3 1 = 1 3 1
cv (T2 T1)
Q12
(T2 T1)
Effiiciency, = 1
v3
T1 T1
v
= 1 (v 3 v1) p1
or = 1 1
( p2 p1) v1
P2
T1 T1
P1
IES-5. Ans. (c
c) It is du = Q
W, as u is a thermoodynamic prooperty and itts cyclic integ
gral must be
zeroo.
W
or Q1 2 + Q2 1 = W1 2 + W2 1
IES-6. Ans. (b) dQ = dW
or 20 + ( 10 ) = 50 + W21
or W21 = 40kJ
IES-7. Ans. (d) dQ = du + dw as u = const.

Theerefore du = 0 or dQ = dw
d = 300kNm
IES-8. Ans. (d)
V2
Q Wx = h +
+ gz
2
O Wx = 140 10 + 0
or Wx = 150 kJ / kg
Cha
ange of internal energy = -100 kJ/kg is superfluous data.
IES-9. Ans. (b) Q = E+ W
E = 30 kJ (ddecrease in in
nternal energ
gy)
(
done by the system
m)
W = + 50 kJ (work
Q = 30 + 50 = + 20 kJ
IES-10. Ans. (a
a) Net work =
74 180 kJ/m
min = 294 kJ
J/min = 294/6
60 kJ/s = 4.9 kW
dW =47
IES-11. Ans. (b
b)
th =
Work done 3000 100

= 0..66
=
300
heaat added
Woork ratio =
( + w) ( w) = 550 350 = 0.366

5
550
( + w)
IES-12. Ans. (a) This iss a case of constant voolume

process or an
n is isochooric process.. By
perrforming worrk on the sysstem tempera
ature
can
n be raised. In an irrev
versible constant
volu
ume process, the system
m doesn't perrform
worrk on the surrrounding at the expense of its
inteernal energy.
56
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T
odyna
amics
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 2
IES-13. Ans. (d
d)
IES-14. Ans. (a)
( The interrnal energy depends
d
only
y upon the in
nitial and fin
nal states of the system.
Inteernal energy
y of a substa
ance does noot include an
ny energy th
hat it may possess
p
as a
resu
ult of its ma
acroscopic position or movement.
m
T
That
so why in SFEE v2/2
/ and gz is
there.
If in
nternal energ
gy include poosition or movement then
n why this v2/2
/ and gz term
ms is there.
Bur Remembe
er:
Miccroscopic view of a gas is a collectioon of particlles in randoom motion. Energy
E
of a
parrticle consists of transla
ational energy, rotatio
onal energy
y, vibration
nal energy
and
d specific ellectronic en
nergy. All th
hese energies summed oveer all the parrticles of the
gass, form the sp
pecific interna
al energy, e , of the gas.
IES-15. Ans. (b
b) dQ = dU + pdV
if V is con s tan t
( dQ )v = ( dU)v
IES-16. Ans. (a
a)
Q2 = 180
0kJ = u + W = u + ( 40))
U1 = 100kJ, U2 = 100
0 + 170 = 270
0 kJ,
U3 = 270 180 + 40 = 130 kJ
IES-17. Ans. (d
d)
IES-17a.
For the process

p
1-2
dQ = +85 , dW = 0
For the process
p
2-3
dQ = -90 kJ, dW = -20kJ
For the process
p
3-1
dQ = 0, dW = ?
For a cycclic process
dQ = dW
85-90+
+0 = 0-20+ dW
W
-5 = -20+ dW
5 = +15kJ
dW = -20+5
An
ns. (a)
dQ = dU + dW
d
or 60 = 30 + dW
or dW = 90 KJ
57

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
IES-18. Ans. (c)

dQ = du + dw
2.dt = du + ( 2 0.1T ) dT
150
0.1
0.1
1502 1002 = 625kJ
T 2 =
100
2
2
IES-19. Ans. (c) Change of internal energy from A to B along path ACB = 180 - 130 = 50 kJ. It will
be same even along path ADB. Heat flow along ADB = 40 + 50 = 90 kJ.
or
du = 0.1TdT =
IES-20. Ans. (d) dQ = dE + dW
Given: E = 25 + 0.25t kJ and
or
dQ dE dW
=
+
dt
dt
dt
dW
= 0.75 kJ / k
dt
dE
= 0.25 kJ / K
dt
dQ dE dW
Therefore
=
+
= 0.25 + 0.75 kJ / K = 1.00 kJ / K
dt
dt
dt
then
IES-21. Ans. (a)

IES-22. Ans. (a) A closed system does exchange work or energy with its surroundings. option 3 is
wrong. 4. The law of conservation of entropy is imaginary so option 4 is also wrong.
IES-23. Ans. (a)
v2
v2
dQ
dw
IES-24. Ans. (b) h1 + 1 + gz1 +
= h2 + 2 + gz 2 +
=0
2
dm
2
dm
dw
=0
For boiler v1, v2 is negligible and z1 = z2 and
dm
dQ
or
= ( h2 h1 )
dm
IES-25. Ans. (d)
mCP T = ( 4 10 60 )
20 4 T = 2400
T = 30C
IES-26. Ans. (c) Enthalpy of additional gas will be converted to internal energy.
Uf= miui+(mf-mi)hp = 0.25x200+(1-0.25)x400 = 350 kJ
As total mass = 1kg, uf=350 kJ/kg
Note: You cannot simply use adiabatic mixing law here because it is not closed system.
This is a problem of variable flow process. If you calculate in following way it will be
wrong.
Final internal energy of gas(mixture) is
m u + m2 u2
u= 1 1
m1 + m2
kJ
kJ
(0.25kg) 200
+ (0.75kg) 300 kg
kg
u=
(0.25 + 0.75)kG
u = 275
kJ
kg
58

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
It is valid for closed system only.

IAS-1. Ans. (b)
dQ = dW
or 220 -25 -180 +50 = 15 -10 +60 +W4-1
IAS-2. Ans. (c) Area under p-v diagram is represent work.
Areas PTS=
IAS-3. Ans. (a) =
1
1
Area (WVUR) Work PTS= 48 =24 Nm
2
2
work output
work out put
54
=
=
= 0.45
Heat input
work output + heat rejection 54 + 66
IAS-4. Ans. (b) Thermal efficiency =
W 3 103 watts
=
= 0.3 = 30%
Q
10.000 J/s
IAS-5. Ans. (c)

Q1 2 = (U2 U1 ) + W12
or 0 = (U2 U1 ) + ( 5000 ) or (U2 U1 ) = 5000 J
Q21 = (U1 U2 ) + W21
or W21 = Q21 (U1 U2 ) = Q21 + (U2 U1 ) = 1000 + 5000 = 6000 J
IAS-6. Ans. (c) Net work output = 3 + 10 8 = 5 unit
Therefore efficiency, =
and Heat added = 30 + 5 = 35 unit
5
100% = 14.33%
35
IAS-7. Ans. (a)

IAS-8. Ans. (d) Q123 = U13 + W123 or, 100 = U13 + 60 or, U13 = 40 kJ
And Q143 = U13 + W143 = 40+20 = 60 kJ
IAS-9.Ans. (b) Total work = 5 3 +
IAS-10. Ans. (c) Efficiency =
1
5 1 = 17.5 J or W = du + W = 2.5 + 17.5 = 20 J
2
Area under 500 and 1500

Area under 0 and 1500
1
{(5 1) + (4 2)} (1500 500)
2
1
{(5 1) + (4 2)} (1500 500) + (5 1) 500
2
3000
= 0.6
5000
IAS-11. Ans. (a)

IAS-12. Ans. (b) Internal energy is a property of a system so
du = 0
IAS-13. Ans. (a) dQ = du + dW if du = +30kJ then dQ = 50kJ and dW = 80kJ

IAS-14. Ans. (b) W = du + W = du + pdV
or 84 103J = du + 1 106 (0.06 0.03) = du +30 kJ or du = 83 30 = 54 kJ

59

S K Mondals
Chapter 2
IAS-15. Ans. (a) Q1-2 = U2 U1 +W1-2

Or 0 = U2 U1 - 6000
or U2 U1 = +6000
Q2-1 = U1-U2+W2-1
or W2-1 = Q2-1 - (U1-U2)
=1000+6000=7000J
IAS-16. Ans. (c)

IAS-17. Ans. (a) Energy balance gives as
dW
dQ
= ( h )air + ( h ) water +
dm
dm
dQ
or
= 90 30 40
dm
= 20kJ / kg of air compressed.
IAS-18. Ans. (a)
dQ
dw
= m ( h2 ) +
dt
dt
dw
dQ
or
= m ( h1 h2 ) +
= 2 (100 200 ) 50 2 = 300kW
dt
dt
i.e. 300kW work have to given to the system.
m ( h1 ) +
IAS-19. Ans. (b)

IAS-20. Ans. (a)
60
Second Law of Thermodynamics

S K Mondals
3.
Chapter 3

The first law of thermodynamics states that a certain energy balance will hold when a system
undergoes a change of state or a thermodynamic process. But it does not give any information on
whether that change of state or the process is at all feasible or not. The first law cannot indicate
whether a metallic bar of uniform temperature can spontaneously become warmer at one end and
cooler at the other. All that the law can state is that if this process did occur, the energy gained by
one end would be exactly equal to that lost by the other. It is the second law of thermodynamics
which provides the criterion as to the probability of various processes.
Regarding Heat Transfer and Work Transfer

(a)
Heat transfer and work transfer are the energy interactions. A closed system and its
surroundings can interact in two ways: by heat transfer and by work transfer.
Thermodynamics studies how these interactions bring about property changes in a system.
(b)
The same effect in a closed system can be brought about either by heat transfer or by work
transfer. Whether heat transfer or work transfer has taken place depends on what constitutes
the system.
(c)
Both heat transfer and work transfer are boundary phenomena. Both are observed at
the boundaries of the system, and both represent energy crossing the boundaries of the system.
(d)
It is wrong to say 'total heat' or 'heat content' of a closed system, because heat or work is not
a property of the system. Heat, like work, cannot be stored by the system. Both heat and
work are the energy is transit.

(e)
Heat transfer is the energy interaction due to temperature difference only. All other energy
interactions may be termed as work transfer.
(f)
Both heat and work are path functions and inexact differentials. The magnitude of
heat transfer or work transfer depends upon the path the system follows during the change of
state.
(g)
Heat transfer takes place according to second law of thermodynamics as it tells about the
direction and amount of heat flow that is possible between two reservoirs.
62
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
Q
Qualitatiive Diffference
e between Hea
at and Work
W
Thermoodynamic deffinition of woork:

Positivee work is done by a system when thee sole effec
ct external to
t the system
m could be
reduced
d to the rise of
o a weight.
Thermoodynamic deffinition of heeat:
It is th
he energy in
n transition
n between th
he system an
nd the surrou
undings by virtue
v
of the
differen
nce in temperrature.
Siign Conv
ventions
s
Work done
d
BY the system
s
is +ve
e
Obviously work don
ne ON the sysstem is ve
Heat giiven TO the system
s
is +v
ve
Obviously Heat reje
ected by the system
s
is v
ve
Heeat and work are not comp

pletely intercchangeable forms
f
of energy. When woork is convertted into
hea
at, we alway
ys have
W =Q
but when heat is converted into work in
n a complete closed
c
cycle process
p
Q >W
Th
he arrow indicates the direction of energy transform
mation.
Wo
ork is said too be a high grade
g
energ
gy and heat is
i low grade
e energy. Th
he complete conversion
c
of low grade en
nergy into high grade eneergy in a cycle is impossib
ble.
HEAT
T and WORK
K are NOT pr
roperties beecause they depend
d
on thee
63

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
path and end states.

HEAT and WORK are not properties because their net change
in a cycle is not zero.
Heat and work are inexact differentials. Their change cannot be written as differences between
their end states.
Thus
Similarly
1
2
Q Q2 Q1 and is shown as 1 Q2 or Q12

W W2 W1 and is shown as 1W2 or W12
Note. The operator is used to denote inexact differentials and operator d is used to denote exact
differentials.
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law

There are two statements of the second law of thermodynamics, the Kelvin-Planck statement, and
the Clausius statement. The Kelvin-Planck statement pertains to heat engines.
The Clausius statement pertains to refrigerators/heat pumps .
Kelvin-Planck statement of second law

It is impossible to construct a device (engine) operating in a cycle that will produce no effect other
than extraction of heat from a single reservoir and convert all of it into work.
Mathematically, Kelvin-Planck statement can be written as:
Wcycle 0 (for a single reservoir)

Clausius statement of second law
It is impossible to transfer heat in a cyclic process from low temperature to high temperature
without work from external source.
Reversible and Irreversible Processes

A process is reversible with respect to the system and surroundings if the system and the
surroundings can be restored to their respective initial states by reversing the direction of the
process, that is, by reversing the heat transfer and work transfer. The process is irreversible if it
cannot fulfill this criterion.
64
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
C
Clausius
s' Theo
orem
Let a system be
b taken from
m an equilib
brium state i to another equilibrium state f by foollowing the
rev
versible path
h i-f(Figure). Let a reverssible adiabatiic i-a be draw
wn through i and anotheer reversible
adiiabatic b-f bee drawn thro
ough f. Then a reversiblee isothermal a-b is drawn
n in such a way
w that the
areea under i-a-b-f is equal to
t the area under
u
i-f. App
plying the firsst law for
Processs i f
Qi f = U f U i + Wif
Processs i a b f
Qiabf
= U f U i + Wiabf
i
Since
Wif = Wiabf
Qi f = Qiabf
= Qia + Qab + Qbf
Since
Qia = 0 and
d Qbf = 0
Qif = Qab
Fig. Rev
versible Patth Substitutted
by Two
o Reversible
e Adiabatics
and a Reversible
e Isothermall
Heeat transferreed in the process i-f is equ

ual to the hea
at transferreed in the isoth
hermal proceess a-b.
Th
hus any reveersible path may
m
be subsstituted by a reversible zigzag path, between th
he same end
sta
ates, consistiing of a rev
versible adia
abatic follow
wed by a rev
versible isotthermal and then by a
rev
versible adia
abatic, such that
t
the hea
at transferred during thee isothermal process is the
t
same as
tha
at transferred during the original proccess.
Let a smooth closed
c
curve representing
g a reversiblee cycle (Fig below.)
b
be considered. Leet the closed
cyccle be divided
d into a larg
ge number off strips by means
m
of reversible adiaba
atics. Each strip may be
cloosed at the toop and bottom
m by reversib
ble isotherma
als. The origiinal closed cy
ycle is thus reeplaced by a
zig
gzag closed path
p
consistiing of altern
nate adiabatiic and isotheermal processses, such th
hat the heat
tra
ansferred durring all the isothermal prrocesses is eq
qual to the heat
h
transferrred in the orriginal cycle.
Th
hus the origin
nal cycle is replaced by a large number of Carnot cycles. If th
he adiabatics are close to
onee another an
nd the numbe
er of Carnot cycles
c
is larg
ge, the saw-tooothed zig-za
ag line will cooincide with
thee original cyccle.
65
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
F
Fig.
A Reverssible Cycle Split
S
into a Large Num
mber of Carn
not Cycles
a
dQ1 heat is absorb
bed reversiblly at T1, an
nd dQ2 heat is rejected
For the elemeental cycle abcd
versibly at T2
rev
dQ1
dQ2
=
T1
T2
If h
heat supplied
d is taken as positive and
d heat rejecteed as negative
dQ1 dQ2
+
=0
T2
T1
Sim
milarly, for th
he elementall cycle efgh
dQ3 dQ4
+
=0
T3
T4
If ssimilar equattions are wriitten for all th

he elementall Carnot cycles, then for the
t whole original cycle
dQ3
dQ4
d Q1
dQ2
+
+
+
+ ... = 0
T1
T2
T3
T4
or
dQ
d
=0
T
Th
he cyclic inttegral of d Q/T for a re
eversible cy
ycle is equall to zero. Th
his is known as
a Clausius'
theeorem. The leetter R emph
hasizes the fa
act that the equation is va
alid only for a reversible cycle.
c
66

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
Thus the original cycle is replaced by a large number of Carnot cycles. If the adiabatics are close to
one another and the number of Carnot cycles is large, the saw-toothed zig-zag line will coincide with
the original cycle.
Refrigerator and Heat Pump [with RAC]

Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
II Law basically a negative statement (like most laws in society). The two statements look
distinct. We shall prove that violation of one makes the other statement violation too.
Let us suspect the Clausius statement-it may be possible to transfer heat from a body at colder
to a body at hotter temperature without supply of work
Let us have a heat engine operating

between T1 as source and T2 as a sink. Let
this heat engine reject exactly the same Q2
(as the pseudo-Clausius device) to the
reservoir at T2. To do this an amount of Q1
needs to be drawn from the reservoir at T1.
There will also be a W = Q1 Q2.
Combine the two. The reservoir at T2 has not undergone any change (Q2 was taken out and by
pseudo-Clausius device and put back by the engine). Reservoir 1 has given out a net Q1-Q2. We got
work output of W. Q1-Q2 is converted to W with no net heat rejection. This is violation of KelvinPlanck statement.
67

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
Let us assume that Clausius statement is true and suspect Kelvin-Planck statement
Pseudo Kelvin Planck engine requires only

Q1Q2 as the heat interaction to give out W
(because it does not reject any heat) which
drives the Clausius heat pump
Combining the two yields:
The reservoir at T1 receives Q1 but gives
out Q1Q2 implying a net delivery of Q2
to it.
Q2 has been transferred from T2 to T1
without the supply of any work!!
A violation of Clausius statement
Moral: If an engine/refrigerator violates one version of II Law, it violates the other one too.
All reversible engine operating between the same two fixed temperatures will have the same
and COP.
If there exists a reversible engine/ or a refrigerator which can do better than that, it will violate the
Clausius statement.
Let us presume that the HP is super efficient!! For
the same work given out by the engine E, it can pick
up an extra Q from the low temperature source and
deliver over to reservoir at T1 . The net effect is this
extra has Q been transferred from T2 to T1 with no
external work expenditure. Clearly, a violation of
Clausius statement!!
SUM UP
Heat supplied = Q1; Source temperature = T1 ; Sink temperature = T2
Maximum possible efficiency = W/Q1= (T1 T2)/T1
Work done = W = Q1(T1 T2)/T1
68
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
Carnot Engine
E
with
w sam
me effic
ciency or
o same
e work output
o
T1 Q1
=
T2 Q2
Sin
nce,
T1 T2 Q1 Q2
=
T2
Q2
T1 T2 = (Q1 Q2 )
T2
Q2
T2 T3 = (Q2 Q3 )
T3
T
= (Q2 Q3 ) 2
Q2
Q3
For sam
me work ou
utput
W1 = W2
Q1 Q 2 = Q2 Q3
T1 T2 = T2 T3
For sam
me efficiency
1 = 2
orr 1
T
T2
= 1 3
T1
T2
o T2 = T1 T3
or
Whic
ch is the
t
mo
ore effe
ective way
w
to increase the
efficiency off a Carn
not engiine: to increase
e T1 keeping T2
stant; orr to decrrease T2 keeping
g T1 con
nstant?
cons
Th
he efficiency of
o a Carnot engine is giveen by
= 1
T2
T1
If T2 is constan
nt

T2
= 2
T1 T2 T1

AS
S T1 increasess, increasess, and the sloope
d
(Fiigure). If T1 is
i constant,
decreases
T1 T2
69
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3

1
=
T1
T2 T1

As T2 decreasess, increasess, but the slo
ope
r
consttant (Figure)).
remains
T2 T1
Also
Since

T2
T1
= 2
= 2 and
T1
T1 T2 T1
T2 T1

T1 > T2 ,
>
T2 T1 T1 T2
So, the more effective

e
way
y to increasse the efficieency is to deecrease T2. Alternatively
A
y, let T2 be
deccreased by T with T1 rem
maining the same
s
1 = 1
T2 T
T1
If T1 is increase
ed by the sam
me T, T2 rem
maining the same
s
2 = 1
T2
T1 + T
The
en
1 2 =
T2
T T
2
T1 + T
T1
(T
=
Sin
nce
T2 ) T + ( T )
T1 (T1 + T )
T1 > T2 , ( 1 2 ) > 0
Th
he moree effectiv
ve way to increease thee cycle efficiency
e
y is
d
decrea
ase T2.
70
to

S K Mondals
Chapter 3

Example 1.
An inventor claims that his petrol engine operating between temperatures of 2000C and 600C will
produce 1 kWhr consuming 150g of petrol having 45000 kJ/kg calorific value. Check the validity of
the claim.
Solution:
By Carnot's theorem, the thermal efficiency of a reversible cycle engine which cannot be exceeded
is given by
T T2 2273 873
max = 1
=
= 0.616 or 61.6%
2273
T1
Actual thermal efficiency is given by
1 103 3600
= 0.53 or 53%
t =
0.15 45000 103
Since actual efficiency is less than the maximum obtainable, the inventor's claim is feasible.
Example 2.
Two reversible engines takes 2400 kJ per minute from a reservoir at 750 K and develops 400 kJ of
work per minute when executing complete cycles.The engines reject heat two reservoirs at 650 K and
550 K. Find the heat rejected to each sink.
Solution:
QA + QB = 2400
QA2 + QB2 = 2000
QA QA2
QA
750 650
= 0.1333
750
QA = 1.1539QA 2
71

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
Similarly
QB = 1.3636QB 2
i.e. 1.1539Q A 2 + 1.3636QB 2 = 2400kJ
Q A 2 = 2000 QB 2
i.e. 1.1539 2000 QB 2 + 1.3636QB 2 = 2400kJ .

0.2091QB 2 = 92
QB 2 = 440kJ and QA 2 = 1560kJ
Example 3.
A solar powerd heat pump receives heat from a solar collector at temperature Th, uses the entire
energy for pumping heat from cold atmosphere at temperature Tc to a room at temperature Ta. The
three heat transfer rates are Qh, Qa and Qc respectively. Derive an expression for the minimum ratio
Qh/Qc, in terms of the three temperatures.
If Th = 400 K, Ta = 300 K, Tc = 200 K, Qc = 12 kW, what is the minimum Qh? If the collector captures
0.2 kW/m2, what is the minimum collector area required?
Solution:
Let Qh, Qa and Qc be the quantity of heat transferred from solar collector, room and atmosphere
respectively.
Qa = Qh + Qc
Qa Qc = Qh
or,
COPHP =
Ta
Qa
Q + Qc
= h
and also
Ta Tc
Qa Qc
Qh
Qh + Qc
Ta
=
Qh
Ta Tc
Qc
Ta
T Ta + Tc
Tc
=
1 = a
=
Qh Ta Tc
Ta Tc
Ta Tc
Qh =
Qh (Ta Tc )
=
Qc
Tc
Qc (Ta Tc )
Area =
Tc
12 ( 300 200 )
200
= 6kW
6
= 30m2
0.2
72

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
Example 4.
A reversible engine works between 3 thermal reservoirs A, B and C. The engine absorbs an equal
amount of heat from the reservoirs A and B, maintained at temperatures of T1 and T2 respectively
and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir C maintained at T3. The efficiency of this engine is times
the efficiency of reversible engine operating between reservoirs A and C only. Show that
T1
2T
= ( 2 1) + 1 (1 )
T2
T3
Solution:
1 =
W1
2Q1
2 =
T1 T3
T1
T1 T3
T1
1 = 2 =
The cycle is reversible so S = 0

Q Q
Q
1+ 1 = 2
T1 T2 T3
Also, 2Q1 = W1 + Q2
Combining above equations we have
Q1 Q1 2Q1 W1
+
=
T1 T2
T3
T T3
W1
= 1
2Q1
T1
73

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
T T3
W1 = 2Q1 1
T1
( T1 T3 )
Q1 Q1 2Q1
+
=
1
T1 T2
T3
T1
1
1
2 2 2
+
=
+
T1 T2 T3 T3 T1
T1 2T1
=
(1 ) + ( 2 1)
T2
T3
Example 5.
Ice is to be made from water supplied at 15C by the process shown in figure. The final temperature
of the ice is -10C, and the final temperature of the water that is used as cooling water in the
condenser is 30C.
Determine the minimum work required to produce 1000 kg of ice.

Solution:
Quantity of ice produced = 1000 kg.
Specific heat of ice = 2070 J/kg K
Specific heat of water = 4198 J/kgK
Latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg
15 + ( 10 )
Mean temperature of ice bath =
= 2.5 C
2
15 + 30
= 22.5 C
Mean temperature of condenser bath =
2
Q2 = 1000 4198(15 - 2.5) + 1000 335 103 +1000 2070(2.5 + 10) = 413.35MJ
For a reversible refrigerator system
T
Q T
Q
1 L = 1 2 ; L = 2 ;
TH
Q1 TH
Q1
Q1 = Q2
TH
22.5 + 273
= 413.35 106
= 443.36 MJ
TL
2.5 + 273
Minimum work required = Q1 Q2 = 443.36 - 413.35 = 30.01 MJ.
74

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
75

S K Mondals
Chapter 3

IES-1.
Which one of the following is correct on basis of the second law of

thermodynamics?
[IES 2007]
(a) For any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
(b) S =qrev/T at constant temperature
(c) Efficiency of the Stirling cycle is more than that of a Carnot cycle
(d) E=q+w
(The symbols have their usual meaning)
IES-2.
Assertion (A): Second law of thermodynamics is called the law of degradation

of energy.
[IES-1999]
Reason (R): Energy does not degrade each time it flows through a finite
temperature difference.
IES-3.
Heat transfer takes place according to

(a) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
(c) Second Law of Thermodynamics
IES-3a.

[IES-2010]
1. Slow heating of water from an electric heater.
2. Isentropic expansion of air.
3. Evaporation of a liquid from a heat source at the evaporation temperature.
4. Constant pressure heating of a gas by a constant temperature source.
Which of these processes is/are reversible?
(a) 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-3b.

[IES-2010]
1. Boiling of water from a heat source at the same boiling temperature.
2. Theoretical isothermal compression of a gas.
3. Theoretical polytropic compression process with heat rejection to
atmosphere.
4. Diffusion of two ideal gases into each other at constant pressure and
temperature.
Which of these processes are irreversible?
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 3 and 4 only
76
[IES-1996]
(b) First Law of Thermodynamics
(d) Third Law of Thermodynamics.

S K Mondals
Chapter 3

IES-4.

The definition of
1. Temperature is due to Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
2. Entropy is due to First Law of Thermodynamics.
3. Internal energy is due to Second Law of Thermodynamics.
4. Reversibility is due to Kelvin-Planck's statement.
Of these statements
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(b) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
(c) 1 alone is correct
(d) 2 alone is correct
[IES-1993]
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law

IES-5.
Assertion (A): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter
system without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
Reason (R): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be
transferred from a cold to a hot body.
[IES-1999]
Clausius' Theorem
IES-6.
A steam power plant is shown in

figure,
(a) The
cycle
violates
first
and
second laws of thermodynamics.

(b) The cycle does not satisfy the
condition of Clausius inequality.
(c) The cycle only violates the second
laws of thermodynamics
(d) The cycle satisfies the Clausius
inequality
[IES-1992]
IES-7.
An inventor says that his new concept of an engine, while working between
temperature limits of 27C and 327C rejects 45% of heat absorbed from the
source. His engine is then equivalent to which one of the following engines?
(a) Carnot engine
(b) Diesel engine
[IES-2009]
(c) An impossible engine
(d) Ericsson engine
77

S K Mondals
IES-7a
Chapter 3
An inventor states that his new engine rejects to the sink 40% of heat absorbed
from the source while the source and sink temperatures are 327 C and 27 C
respectively. His engine is therefore equivalent to
[IES-2010]
(a) Joule engine
(b) Stirling engine
(c) Impossible engine
(d) Carnot engine

IES-8.
Assertion (A): Efficiency of a reversible engine operating between temperature

[IES-2002]
limits T1 and T2 is maximum.
Reason (R): Efficiency of a reversible engine is greater than that of an
irreversible engine.
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output

IES-9.
A reversible engine operates between temperatures T1, and T2, The energy
rejected by this engine is received by a second reversible engine at
temperature T2 and rejected to a reservoir at temperature T3. If the efficiencies
of the engines are same then the relationship between T1, T2 and T3 is given by:
[IES-2002]
(a) T2
(T1 + T3 )
2
(b) T2
(T
2
1
+ T32
(c) T2
= T1T3
(d)
T2 =
(T1 + 2T3 )
2
IES-10.
A reversible engine operates between temperatures 900 K & T2 (T2 < 900 K), &
another reversible engine between T2 & 400 K (T2 > 400 K) in series. What is the
value of T2 if work outputs of both the engines are equal?
[IES-2005]
(a) 600 K
(b) 625 K
(c) 650 K
(d) 675 K
IES-10a.
An engine operates between temperature limits of 900 K and T2 and another

between T2 and 400 K. For both to be equally efficient, the value of T2 will be
(a) 700 K
(b) 600 K
(c) 750 K
(d) 650
[IES-2010]
IES-11.
Two reversible engine operate between thermal reservoirs at 1200 K, T2K and
300 K such that 1st engine receives heat from 1200 K reservoir and rejects heat
to thermal reservoir at T2K, while the 2nd engine receives heat from thermal
reservoir at T2K and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir at 300 K. The
efficiency of both the engines is equal.
[IES-2004]
What is the value of temperature T2?
(a) 400 K
(b) 500 K
IES-12.
(c) 600 K
(d) 700 K
A series combination of two Carnots engines operate between the

temperatures of 180C and 20C. If the engines produce equal amount of work,
then what is the intermediate temperature?
[IES-2009]
78

S K Mondals
(a) 80C
Chapter 3
(b) 90C
(c) 100C
(d) 110C
IES-13.
An engine working on Carnot cycle rejects 40% of absorbed heat from the
source, while the sink temperature is maintained at 27C, then what is the
source temperature?
[IES-2009]
(a) 750C
(b) 477C
(c) 203C
(d) 67.5C
IES-13a
A Carnot engine rejects 30% of absorbed that to a sink at 30 C. The

temperature of the heat source is
[IES-2010]
(a) 100 C
(b) 433 C
(c) 737 C
(d) 1010 C
IES-14.
A reversible heat engine rejects 50 percent of the heat supplied during a cycle
of operation. If this engine is reversed and operates as a heat pump, then what
is its coefficient of performance?
[IES-2009]
(a) 1.0
(b) 1.5
(c) 2.0
(d) 2.5
IES-15. A heat engine is supplied with 250 kJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature of
227C; the heat is rejected at 27C, the cycle is reversible, then what amount of
heat is rejected?
[IES-2009]
(a) 250 kJ/s
(b) 200 kJ/s
(c) 180 kJ/s
(d) 150 kJ/s
IES-16.
One reversible heat engine operates between 1600 K and T2 K, and another
reversible heat engine operates between T2K and 400 K. If both the engines
have the same heat input and output, then the temperature T2 must be equal
to:
[IES-1993]
(a) 1000
(b) 1200
(c) 1400
(d) 800

IAS-1.
Assertion (A): No machine would continuously supply work without

expenditure of some other form of energy.
[IAS-2001]
Reason (R): Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can only be
transformed from one form into another.

IAS-2.
A heat engine is supplied with 250 KJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature
of 227C. The heat is rejected at 27C. The cycle is reversible, if the amount of
heat rejected is:
[IAS-1995]
(a) 273 KJ/s
(b) 200 KJ/s
(c) 180 KJ/s
(d) 150 KJ/s.
79

S K Mondals
IAS-3.
Chapter 3
A reversible engine En as shown

in the given figure draws 300
kcal from 200 K reservoir and
does 50 kcal of work during a
cycle.
The
sum
of
heat
interactions with the other two
reservoir is given by:
(a) Q1 + Q2 = + 250 kcal
(b) Q1 + Q2 = 250 kcal
(c) Q1 + Q2 = + 350 kcal
(d) Q1 + Q2 = 350 kcal
[IAS-1996]
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output

IAS-4.

[IAS-2007]
1. Amount of work from cascaded Carnot engines corresponding to fixed
temperature difference falls as one goes to lower absolute level of
temperature.
2. On the enthalpy-entropy diagram, constant pressure lines diverge as the
entropy increases.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
IAS-5.
In a cyclic heat engine operating between a source temperature of 600C and a

sink temperature of 20C, the least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of
the engine is:
[IAS 1994]
(a) 0.460 kW
(b) 0.505 kW
(c) 0.588 kW
(d) 0.650 kW

IES-1. Ans. (a)
IES-2. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.
IES-3. Ans. (c) Heat transfer takes place according to second law of thermodynamics as it tells
about the direction and amount of heat flow that is possible between two reservoirs.
IES-3a.
Ans. (b) All spontaneous processes are irreversible. Statement-1 and statement-4 heat is
transferred with a finite temperature difference they are irreversible.
IES-3b.
Ans. (d) Any natural process carried out with a finite temperature gradient is an
irreversible process. All spontaneous processes are irreversible. Statement -4 is a
spontaneous process.
IES-4. Ans. (c) Out of 4 definitions given, only first definition is correct and balance three are
wrong.
IES-5. Ans. (b) A and R are true. A is the Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics.
Spontaneously means without change in surroundings.
If question comes like following then answer will be (a).
80

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
Assertion (A): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be transferred
from a cold to a hot body.
Reason (R): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter system
without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
IES-6. Ans. (d)
300
T
= 0.5
IES-7. Ans. (c) Carnot efficiency of engine = = 1 2 = 1
600
T1
IES-7a
But according to the inventors Claim

Efficiency of engine = 1-0.45 = 0.55
Efficiency of Actual Engine cannot be greater then Carnot efficiency. So this is an
impossible engine.
Ans. (c) We know Carnot efficiency
carnot = 1
T2
T1
300
1
=
= 0.5
600
2
carnot = 50% But inventor claims 60% efficiency (means 40% heat rejection). It is then
impossible.
IES-8. Ans. (a)
IES-9. Ans. (c)
IES-10. Ans. (c) Figure from another question
W1 = W2
or Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3 or T1 T2 = T2 T3 or T2 =
IES-10a.
Ans. (b)
When equally efficiency
T
T2
= 1 3
T1
T2
or T2 = T1T3 = 900 400 = 600 K
IES-11. Ans. (c)

1 = 2
or 1
T2
300
= 1
1200
T2
or T2 = 1200 300 = 600K
81
T1 + T3 900 + 400
=
= 650K
2
2
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 3
IES-12. Ans. (c
c)
Sou
urce Tempera
ature = T1,
Inte
ermediate Temperature = T
Sin
nk Temperatu
ure = T2
W1 = W2
T
T
Q1 1 = Q2 1 2
T
T1
T1
T1
T2
T T2
1 = 1 1 = 1
T T1
T
T
T
T1 + T2
T + T2
180 + 20
0
=2
=
= 100C
T = 1
2
2
T
IES-13. Ans. (b
b) Sink temp
perature = 27
7C = 27 + 27
73 = 300K
It is given that engine rejeccts 40% of ab
bsorbed heat from the
sou
urce
Q
Q
Forr a carnot cyccle engine 1 = 2
T2
T1
Q 0.4
4Q
30
00
=
T=
= 750K = 477C
T
30
00
0..4
IES-13a
Ans. (c)
Q1 Q2
=
T1 T2
or T1 = T2
Q1
Q
= 30
03 1 = 1010 K = 737 o C
Q2
0.3Q1
Q1 Q2
=
T1
T2
Q
0.5 Q1
1 =
T1
T2
IES-14. Ans. (c
c)
T2
= 0.5
T1
If the engine is reversed an

nd operated as
a the Heat
Pum
mp.
Theen COP coeffficient of perfformance
T1
=
T1 T2
1
1
=
=2
T2
5
1 0.5
1
T1
IES-15. Ans. (d
d) Heat supp
plied by the Heat
H
Engine = Q1 = 250 kJ/sec
k
Sou
urce tempera
ature = 227C = 500 K
Sin
nk temperatu
ure = 27C = 300K
3
82

S K Mondals
Chapter 3
250 Q2
=
Q2 = 250 0.6 = 150kJ / sec
500 300
IES-16. Ans. (d) Two reversible heat engines operate between limits of
T2 and 400K
1600K and T2;
Both have the same heat input and output,
T1 T2
1600 T2 T2 400
is same for both or
=
or T2 = 800 K
T1
1600
T2
i.e.

IAS-1. Ans. (a)
IAS-2. Ans. (d)
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
Q1 Q2
=
T1
T2
Q = W
300 + Q1 + Q2 = 50
IAS-4. Ans. (b) For reversible cycle
T1 T2 T3
=
=
Q1 Q2 T3
or
T1 T2 Q1 Q2
=
T2
Q2
or T1 T2 = (Q1 Q2 )
Similarly
T2
Q2
T2 T3 = ( Q2 Q3 )
T3
Q3
If T1 T2 = T2 T3 then Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3
or W1 = W2
IAS-5. Ans. (b) Reversible engine has maximum efficiency where
Therefore least heat rejection per kW net output,

W
1
Q2 =
T2 =
293 = 0.505 kW
T1 T2
873 293
83
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
W
=
=
=
T1 T2
T1 T2 T1 T2
Enttropy
S K Mondals
4.
Cha
apter 4
Entro
opy
Theo
ory at a Glance (Fo
or GAT
TE, IES
S & PS
SUs)
Tw
wo Reve
ersible Adiabati
A
c Paths cannot Intersec
ct Each Other
Let it be assum
med that two
o reversible adiabatics
a
AC and BC in
ntersect each
h other at point C (Fig.).
A be drawn in such a wa
ay that it inteersects the reeversible adiabatics at A
Let a reversiblee isotherm AB
e processes AB,
A BC, and CA
C together constitute
c
a reversible cy
ycle, and the
and B. The three reversible
r
th
he net work output in a cycle. But such
s
a cycle is impossiblle, since net
areea included represents
woork is being produced
p
in a cycle by a heat
h
engine by
b exchangin
ng heat with a single reseervoir in the
proocess AB, which
w
violattes the Kelv
vin-Planck statement
s
o the secon
of
nd law. Theerefore, the
asssumption of the intersection of the reversible
r
ad
diabatics is Fig.
F
wrong. Through
T
one point, there
can
n pass only one
o reversiblee adiabatic.
nce two consstant propertty lines can never intersect each otther, it is infferred that a reversible
Sin
adiiabatic path must represe
ent some prooperty, which
h is yet to be identified.
i
83
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
The Property of Entropy
dQ
ds =
Reversible
dS is an exact differential because S is a point function and a property. The subscript R in

dQ indicates that heat dQ is transferred reversibly.
S
s = J / kg K
m
It is an extensive property, and has the unit J/K. The specific entropy is an intensive property and
has unit J/kgK
The change of entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of availability of heat for
transformation into work.
If the system is taken from an initial equilibrium state i to a final equilibrium state f by an
irreversible path, since entropy is a point or state function, and the entropy change is independent of
the path followed, the non-reversible path is to be replaced by a reversible path to integrate for the
evaluation of entropy change in the irreversible process
Sf Si =
dQrev
= ( S )irrev path
T
Integration can be performed only on a reversible path.
84
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
Th
hen for any cy
ycle
dQ
ds
Sin
nce entropy is
i a property and the cycliic integral off any property is zero
dQ
T
Th
his equation is
i known as the
t inequalitty of Clausiu
us. It providess the criterion of the reverrsibility of a
cyccle.
If
dQ
= 0 , the cyclle is reversibble,
T
d
dQ
< 0, the cycle isi irreversibble and possible
T
85
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
dQ
> 0 , the cycle is impossible, since it violates the second law.
T
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process
Flow of current through a resistance when a battery discharges through a resistance heat is
dissipated. You cant recharge the battery by supplying heat back to the resistance element!!
Pickpocket
!!!Marriage!!!!.............................................are irreversible Process.
Applications of Entropy Principle

(S1-S2)irreversible > (S1-S2)reversible
An irreversible process generates more entropy than a reversible process.
An irreversible engine cant produce more work than a reversible one.
An irreversible heat pump will always need more work than a reversible heat pump.
An irreversible expansion will produce less work than a reversible expansion
An irreversible compression will need more work than a reversible compression.
86
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
Maximum Work
W
Obtainable fr
rom two Finite
F
Bod
dies at tem
mperature
es T1 and
T2
Let us consideer two inden
ntical finite bodies
b
of con
nstant heat capacity at temperaturee T1 and T2
resspectively, T1 being high
her than T2. If the two bodies
b
are meerely brough
ht together in
nto thermal
con
ntact, deliverring no work,, the final tem
mperature Tf reached wou
uld be the maximum
T + T2
Tf = 1
2
ne is operated
d between th
he two bodies acting as thermal
t
enerrgy reservoirrs (shown in
If a heat engin
Fig
g. below), parrt of the hea
at withdrawn
n from body 1 is converted to work W by the heat engine, and
thee remainder is rejected to
t body 2. Th
he lowest atttainable fina
al temperaturre Tf corresp
ponds to the
dellivery of the largest possiible amount of
o work, and is associated
d with a reverrsible process.
A
As work is deelivered by th
he heat engin
ne, the temp
perature of body 1 will bee decreasing and that of
bod
dy 2 will be increasing.
i
When
W
both th
he bodies atta
ain the final temperaturee Tf, the heatt engine will
stoop operating. Let the bodiies remain att constant pressure and undergo
u
no ch
hange of phase.
Fig.
Total heat with
hdrawn from body 1
Q1 = Cp ( T1 Tf )
Wh
here Cp is thee heat capaciity of the twoo bodies at coonstant presssure.
Total heat rejeccted to body 2
Q2 = Cp (Tf T2)
A
Amount of tootal work dellivered by thee heat enginee
W = Q1 Q2
= Cp (T1 + T2 - 2T
Tf)
For given valuees of Cp, T1 and
a
T2, the magnitude
m
off work W dep
pends on Tf. Work obtain
nable will be
ma
aximum when
n Tf is minim
mum.
Noow, for body 1,
1 entropy ch
hange S1 is given
g
by
T
Tf
dT
f
S1 = C p
= C pln
T1
T1
T
For body 2, enttropy change S2 would be
Tf
Tf
dT
S2 = C p
= C pln
T2
T
T2
nce the work
king fluid ope
erating in thee heat engine cycle does not undergo any entropy
y change, S
Sin
of tthe working fluid in heat engine = dS
d = 0 . Applying the entrropy principlle
87
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
Suniv 0
C pln
Tf
T1
C pln
+ C pln
Tf2
T1T2
Tf
T2
nimum
From abovee Eq. for Tf to be a min
C pln
n
Tf2
T1 .T2
=0
Tf2
= 0 = ln 1
or
ln
Tf = T1 .T2
T1T2
For W to be
e a maximum
m, Tf will be T1 .T2 . From
m abow Equattion
Wmax = C p (T1 + T2 2 T1T2 ) = C p ( T1 T2 )2
Th
he final temp
peratures of the
t two bodiees, initially at
a T1 and T2, can range from
f
(T1 + T2)/2 with no
dellivery of work
k to
T1 .T2 with
w
maximu
um delivery of
o work.
Maximu
um Work Obtainable from a Finite Bo
ody and a TER :-
Let one of the bodies consiidered in thee previous seection be a thermal

t
enerrgy reservoirr. The finite
bod
dy has a therrmal capacity
y Cp and is at
a temperaturre T and the TER is at teemperature T0, such that
T > T0. Let (Q - W). Then
F
Fig.
Ma
aximum Worrk Obtainable
e When One of the Bodiess is a TER.
88
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
T0
SBody = C p
T
T
dT
= C pln
n 0
T
T
SHE =
dss = 0
STER =
Q W
To
T0 Q W
+
T
To
By the entropy principle,.
Suniv = C pln
l
Suniv 0
C pln
T0 Q W
0
+
T
To
or
C pln
T0 W Q
To
T
or
T
W Q
C pln
l 0
T
To
or
W Q + T0C pln
Wmax = Q + T0C pln
or
T
Wmax = C p (T T0 ) T0ln
n
To
To
T
To
T
Processses Exhibiiting Exte

ernal Mec
chanical Ir
rreversibility :on of Work :: Let us con
nsider the isoothermal disssipation of work
w
through
[i] Isothermall Dissipatio
a ssystem into the internall energy of a reservoir, as
a in the flow of an elecctric current through a
ressistor in conttact with a re
eservoir (Fig.in below.) At
A steady statte, the intern
nal energy of the resistor
and hence its teemperature is
i constant. So,
S by first la
aw:
W=Q
he flow of currrent represents work trransfer. At steady
s
state the work is dissipated isothermally
Th
intto heat transsfer to the surroundings. Since the surrroundings absorb
a
Q unitt of heat at temperature
t
T,
89
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
(Fig.. )
Q W
=
T T
At stea
ady state, Ssys = 0
Ssurr =
W
T
he irreversible process is thus
t
accompa
anied by an entropy
e
increease of the un
niverse.
Th
Suni
u v = Ssys + Ssurr =
[ii]] Adiabatic
c Dissipation of Work :: Let W be the
t stirring work
w
supplied to a viscou
us thermally
inssulated liquid, which is dissipated adiabatically
a
into interna
al energy inccrease of thee liquid, the
tem
mperature off which incre
eases from Ti to Tf ( show
wn in fig beloow). Since th
here is no flow
w of heat to
or from the surrroundings.
(
(Fig.
)
To calculate th
he entropy ch
hange of the system, thee original irreversible patth (dotted lin
ne) must be
rep
placed by a reversible
r
on
ne between the
t
same end
d states, i an
nd f. Let us replace the irreversible
perrformance off work by a reversible
r
isoobaric flow off heat from a series of resservoirs rang
ging from Ti
to Tf to cause th
he same chan
nge in the sta
ate of the sysstem. The entropy changee of the systeem will be
C p dT
Tf
dQ
Ssys = f
=f
= C p ln
T
Ti
Ri T
Ri
here Cp is thee heat capaccity of the liq
quid.
wh
Suniv = Ssys + Ssurr = C pln
n
Tf
Ti
Entropy Genera
ation
Irreversible Processses increase the

t entropy of
o the universse.
Reversiible Processe
es do not effecct the entrop
py of the univ
verse.
Impossible Processe
es decrease th
he entropy off the universse.
Suniverse = 0
90
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Entropy Generation in the universe is a measure of lost of work.
S Universe = S System + S Surroundings

The losses will keep increasing.
The sin keeps accumulating.
Damage to environment keeps increasing.
When the entropy of the universe goes so high, then some one has to come and set it right. HE
SAYS HE WILL COME. Every religion confirms this.
Let us all wait.
Cheer up, things are not that bad yet!!
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional

law of Nature
The second law indicates the direction in which a process takes place. A process always occurs in
such a direction as to cause an increase in the entropy of the universe.
91
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Summary
1.
Clausius theorem:
2.
S f Si =
dQ
=0
T rev.
dQ rev
= ( s ) irrev . path .
T
Integration can be performed only on a reversible path.
4.
dQ
0
T
At the equilibrium state. The system is at the peak of the entropy hill. (isolated)
5.
Tds = du + Pdv
6.
Tds = dh Vdp
7.
Famous relation S = K lnW
3.
8.
Clausius Inequality:
where K =Boltzmann constant

W = thermodynamic probability
General case of change of entropy of a Gas.
P
V
S2 S1 = m Cv ln 2 + CP ln 2
P1
V1
Initial condition of gas P1, V1, T1, S1 and

Final condition of gas P2, V2, T2, S2
9. Process and property change Table:
92
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4

Example 1.
5 kg of air is compressed in a reversible polytrophic process from 1 bar and 40C to 10 bar with an
index of compression 1.25. Calculate the entropy change during the process.
Solution:T2 p2
=
T1 p1
n 1
n
n 1
0.25
p n
10 1.25
= ( 273 + 40 )
T2 = T1 2
p
1
1
Therefore T2 = 496 K
2
dT
vdp
dT
dp
= Cp
R
T
T
T
p
1
1
1
1
2 1 = C p
T
p
=1.005ln 2 R ln 2
T
1
p1
496
= 1.005ln
0.287 ln(10)
313
= 0.4627 0.6608
= 0.1981 kJ / kg K .
Total change in entropy = 5 (-0.1981) = - 0.9905 kJ/K (Reduction).
(Hence heat is rejected during the process).
Example 2.
Two compartments of an insulated vessel each of 3 m3 contain air at 0.7 MPa, 95C and 0.35 MPa,
205C. If the removed, find the change in entropy, if the two portions mix completely and
adiabatically.
Solution:
93
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
m1 =
p1V1
0.7 106 3
=
= 19.883 kg
RT1 287 ( 273 + 95 )
m2 =
p2V2
0.35 106 3
=
= 7.654 kg
RT2
287 ( 273 + 205 )
Assuming specific heat to be constant

Tf =
Cv (m1T1 + m2T2 )
Cv (m1 + m2 )
S1 = m1Cv ln
Tf
T1
= 398.6 K = 125.6C
= 19.883 1005 ln
398.6
= 1595J / K
368
398.6
= 1396.6J / K
478
S = 1595 1397 = 198J / K
S2 = 7.654 1005 ln
94
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions
GATE-1.
A 1500 W electrical heater is used to heat 20 kg of water (Cp = 4186 J/kg K) in an

insulated bucket, from a temperature of 30C to 80C. If the heater temperature
is only infinitesimally larger than the water temperature during the process,
the change in entropy for heater is.. J/k and for water ............. J/K.
[GATE-1994]
Entropy Generation in a Closed System

GATE-1A An ideal gas of mass m and temperature T1 undergoes a reversible isothermal
process from an initial pressure P1 to final pressure P2. The heat loss during the
process is Q. The entropy change S of the gas is
P
P
P Q
(a) mR ln 2
(b) mR ln 1
(c) mR ln 2
(d ) zero
[GATE-2012]
P
P
1
2
P1 T1
Data for Q2 and Q3 are given below. Solve the problems and choose
correct answers.
Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial
condition of 2 bar, 298 K and 1 m3. In a particular process, the gas slowly expands under
isothermal condition, until the volume becomes 2m3. Heat exchange occurs with the
atmosphere at 298 K during this process.
GATE-2.
The work interaction for the Nitrogen gas is:

(a) 200 kJ
(b) 138.6 kJ
(c) 2 kJ
[GATE-2003]
(d) 200 kJ
GATE-3.
The entropy change for the Universe during the process in kJ/K is: [GATE-2003]
(a) 0.4652
(b) 0.0067
(c) 0
(d) 0.6711
GATE-4.
If a closed system is undergoing an irreversible process, the entropy of the

system
[GATE-2009]
(a) Must increase
(b) Always remains constant
(c) Must decrease
(d) Can increase, decrease or remain constant

law of Nature
GATE-5.
One kilogram of water at room temperature is brought into contact with a high
temperature thermal reservoir. The entropy change of the universe is:
(a) Equal to entropy change of the reservoir
[GATE-2010]
95
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
(b) Equal to entropy change of water

(c) Equal to zero
(d) Always positive
Common Data for Questions GATE-6 and GATE-7:

In an experimental set-up, air flows between two stations P and Q adiabatically. The
direction of flow depends on the pressure and temperature conditions maintained at P
and Q. The conditions at station P are 150 kPa and 350 K. The temperature at station Q is
300 K.
The following are the properties and relations pertaining to air:
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K;
Specific heat at constant volume, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K;
Characteristic gas constant, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Enthalpy, h = cpT
Internal energy, u = cvT
GATE-6.
If the pressure at station Q is 50 kPa, the change in entropy (sQ sP ) in kJ/kg

K is
(a) 0.155
GATE-7.
(b) 0
(c) 0.160
[GATE-2011]
(d) 0.355
If the air has to flow from station P to station Q, the maximum possible value of
pressure in kPa at station Q is close to
[GATE-2011]
(a) 50
(b) 87
(c) 128
(d) 150

Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other
IES-1.
The relation ds =
dQ
, where s represents entropy, Q represents heat and T
T
represents temperature (absolute), holds good in which one of the following

processes?
[IES-2009]
(a) Reversible processes only
(b) Irreversible processes only
(c) Both reversible and irreversible processes
(d) All real processes
IES-2.
IES-2a.
Which of the following statement is correct?

[IES-2008]
(a) The increase in entropy is obtained from a given quantity of heat transfer at a low
temperature.
(b) The change in entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of the availability of
heat for transformation into work.
(c) The entropy represents the maximum amount of work obtainable per degree drop in
temperature
(d) All of the above
A heat engine receives 1000 kW of heat at a constant temperature of 285C
and rejects 492 kW of heat at 5C. Consider the following thermodynamic
cycles in this regard:
[IES-2000]
1. Carnot cycle
2. Reversible cycle 3. Irreversible cycle
96
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Which of these cycles could possible be executed by the engine?

(a) 1 alone
(b) 3 alone
(c) 1 and 2
(d) None of 1, 2 and 3
The Property of Entropy

IES-3.
Assigning the basic dimensions to mass, length, time and temperature

respectively as M, L, T and (Temperature), what are the dimensions of
entropy?
[IES-2007]
(a) M LT-2
(b) M L2 T-1 -1
(c) M L2 T-2-1
(d) M L3T-2 -1
IES-4.
A Carnot engine operates between 327C and 27C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of work, what is the entropy change during heat addition?
[IES-2008]
(a) 0.5 kJ/K
(b) 1.0 kJ/K
(c) 1.5 kJ/K
(d) 2.0 kJ/K
Temperature-Entropy Plot
IES-4a
Isentropic flow is
[IES-2011]
(a) Irreversible adiabatic flow

(c) Ideal fluid flow
IES-5.
(b) Reversible adiabatic flow

(d) Frictionless reversible flow
A system comprising of a pure

substance executes reversibly a
cycle 1 -2 -3 -4 -1 consisting of two
isentropic and two isochoric
processes as shown in the Fig. 1.
Which one of the following is the
correct representation of this cycle
on the temperature entropy
coordinates?
[IES-2002]
97
Enttropy
S K Mondals
IES-6.
Cha
apter 4
A cycle of pressure
p
volume
dia
agram is sh
hown in th
he given
Fig
g.
I,
Same
S
cyc
cle
on
tem
mperature-e
entropy
diagram
willl be represe
ented by:
[IES-1995]
IES-7.
An ideal air standard cycle

c
is
given
sho
own
in
the
tem
mperature-e
entropy diagram.
[IES-1997]
98
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
The
e same cyc
cle, when re
epresented on the pre
essure-volum
me coordin
nates takes
the
e form
IES-8.
Ma
atch figures
s of Colum
mn-I with th
hose given in Column
n-II and se
elect given
bellow the colu
umns:
[IES-1994]
Collumn-I (p-v diagram)
Colum
mn-II (T-s diagram)
Cod
des:
(a)
(c)
IES-9.
A
1
3
B
2
1
C
3
2
(b)
(d)
A
2
3
B
3
2
C
1
1
A cyclic
c
proce
ess ABCD shown
s
in
the
e V-T diagra
am perform
med with
a constant
c
ma
ass of an id
deal gas.
The
e process of
o p-V diagr
ram will
be as shown in
n
[IES-1992]
99
Enttropy
S K Mondals
IES-10.
Thr
ree process
ses are repr
resented on
n the p-v an
nd T-s diagr
rams in the
e following
figu
ures. Match
h processess in the tw
wo diagramss and selec
ct the corre
ect answer
usiing the code
es given bellow the diag
grams:
[IES-1994]
Cod
des:
(a)
(c)
IES-11.
Cha
apter 4
A
1
3
B
2
2
C
3
1
(b)
(d)
A
2
1
B
3
3
C
1
2
Tw
wo polytropiic processes undergon
ne by a perffect gas are
e shown be
elow in the
pre
essure-volum
me co-ordin
nates.
[IES-2008]
Wh
hich represe
entation sho
ows correcttly the abov
ve processess on the tem
mperature
enttropy co-ord
dinates?
100
0
Entropy
S K Mondals
IES-12.
Chapter 4
Assertion (A): If a graph is plotted for absolute temperature as a function of

entropy, the area under the curve would give the amount of heat supplied.
Reason (R): Entropy represents the maximum fraction of work obtainable from
heat per degree drop in temperature.
[IES-1998]
The Inequality of Clausius

IES-13.
For real thermodynamic cycle:
(a)
IES-14.
(c)
dQ
=0
T
Q
T
=0
(b)
Q
T
<0
(c)
Q
T
>0
For an irreversible cycle:
(a)
IES-16.
(b)
[IES-2005]
dQ
<0
T
(d)
For a thermodynamic cycle to be irreversible, it is necessary that
(a)
IES-15.
dQ
> 0 but <
T
dQ
0
T
(b)
(d)
dQ
=
T
[IES-1998]
Q
T
[IES-1994, 2011]
dQ
>0
T
(c)
dQ
<0
T
(d)
dQ
0
T
If a system undergoes an irreversible adiabatic process, then (symbols have

usual meanings)
[IES-1997]
dQ
= 0 and S > 0
T
dQ
(c)
> 0 and S = 0
T
(a)
dQ
= 0 and S = 0
T
dQ
(d)
< 0 and S < 0
T
(b)
101
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process

IES-17.

[IES-1998]
In an irreversible process
1. Entropy always increases.
2. The sum of the entropy of all the bodies taking part in a process always
increases.
3. Once created, entropy cannot be destroyed.
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 2 are correct
(b) 1 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
(d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
IES-18.

[IES-1997]
When a perfect gas enclosed in a cylinder piston device executes a reversible
adiabatic expansion process,
1. Its entropy will increase
2. Its entropy change will be zero
3. The entropy change of the surroundings will be zero
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 3 are correct
(b) 2 alone is correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
(d) 1 alone is correct
IES-19.
A system of 100 kg mass undergoes a process in which its specific entropy

increases from 0.3 kJ/kg-K to 0.4 kJ/kg-K. At the same time, the entropy of the
surroundings decreases from 80 kJ/K to 75 kJ/K. The process is:
[IES-1997]
(a) Reversible and isothermal
(b) Irreversible
(c) Reversible
(d) Impossible
IES-20.
Which one of the following temperature entropy diagrams of steam shows the
reversible and irreversible processes correctly?
[IES-1996]

IES-21.
A Carnot engine operates between 27C and 327C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of Work, What is the entropy change during heat addition?
[IES-2005]
102
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
(a) 0.5 kJ/K
(b) 1.0 kJ/K
(c) 1.5 kJ/K
(d) 2.0 kJ/K
IES-22.
The entropy of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the entropies of

constituents evaluated at:
[IES-2005]
(a) Temperature and pressure of the mixture
(b) Temperature of the mixture and the partial pressure of the constituents
(c) Temperature and volume of the mixture
(d) Pressure and volume of the mixture
IES-23.
The heat added to a closed system during a reversible process is given by

Q = T + T 2 , where and are constants. The entropy change of the system
as its temperature changes from T1 to T2 is equal to:
[IES-2000]
(b) (T2 T1 ) + T22 T12 / T1

2
(a) + (T2 T1 )
T2
+ 2 (T2 T1 )
T1
(c) T22 T12 + T23 T13 / T12

2
2
( d ) ln
IES-24.
One kg of air is subjected to the following processes:

[IES-2004]
1. Air expands isothermally from 6 bar to 3 bar.
2. Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
3. Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three
fold
In which of the above processes, the change in entropy will be positive?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-25.
A reversible heat engine receives 6 kJ of heat from thermal reservoir at

temperature 800 K, and 8 kJ of heat from another thermal reservoir at
temperature 600 K. If it rejects heat to a third thermal reservoir at
temperature 100 K, then the thermal efficiency of the engine is approximately
equal to:
[IES-2002]
(a) 65%
(b) 75%
(c) 80%
(d) 85%
IES-26.
A reversible engine exceeding 630 cycles per minute drawn heat from two
constant temperature reservoirs at 1200 K and 800 K rejects heat to constant
temperature at 400 K. The engine develops work 100kW and rejects 3200 KJ
heat per minute. The ratio of heat drawn from two reservoirs
(a) 1
IES-27.
(b) 1.5
(c) 3
Q1200
is nearly.
Q800
[IES-1992]
(d) 10.5
In which one of the following situations the entropy change will be negative
(a) Air expands isothermally from 6 bars to 3 bars
[IES-2000]
(b) Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
(c) Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three folds
(d) Air expands isentropically from 6 bars to 3 bars
103
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
Entropy and Direction

n: The Second Law a Direc
ctional
aw of Nature
la
IES-28.
IES-29
A mass
m
M of a fluid at tem
mperature T1 is mixed
d with an eq
qual mass of
o the same
fluiid at tempe
erature T2. The
T
resultan
nt change in
n entropy of
o the universe is:
[IES-1992]
(a) Zero
(b) Negliigible
(c) Alwayss negative
(d) Always positive
p
Increase in
n entropy off a system represents
r
(a) Increase in availabiliity of energy (b) Increasse in tempera
ature
e in pressure
(d) Degrad
dation of energy
(c) Decrease
[IES-2011]
Previo
ous 20
0-Years
s IAS Quest
Q
ions
Tw
wo Reve
ersible Adiabati
A
c Paths cannot Intersec
ct Each Other
IA
AS-1.
Wh
hich one of the
t
followin
ng is the cor
rrect statem
ment?
Tw
wo adiabatic
c will:
(a) Intersect at absolute zerro temperature
(b) Never interssect
(c) Become orth
hogonal at ab
bsolute zero temperature
t
(d) Become parallel at absollute zero tem
mperature
[IAS-2007]
The Prop
perty of
o Entro
opy
IA
AS-2.
Heat flows be
etween two
o reservoirss having te
emperature
es 1000 K and
a
500 K,
resspectively. If
I the entrop
py change of
o the cold reservoir
r
iss 10 kJ/K, th
hen what is
the
e entropy ch
hange for th
he hot reser
rvoir?
[IAS-2004]
(a) 10 kJ/K
(b) 5 kJ/K
(c)) 5 kJ/K
(d) 10 kJ/K
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
IA
AS-3.
An ideal cyclle is shown

n in the
giv
ven pressure
e-volume diiagram:
[IAS-1997]
104
4
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
The
e same cyclle on temperature-entr
ropy diagram will be re
epresented as:
IA
AS-4.
The
e
therma
al
efficien
ncy
of
t
the
hyp
pothetical heat
h
engine
e cycle show
wn
in the
t
given figure is:
(a) 0.5
(b) 0.45
0
(c) 0.35
(d) 0.25
[IAS-2000]
AS-5.
IA
Wh
hich one of the followiing pairs be
est expresses a relatio
onship similar to that
exp
pressed in the pair
r pressure
e-volume for a the
ermodynam
mic system
und
dergoing a process?
[IAS-1995]
(a) Enthalpy-en
ntropy
(b) Pressu
ure-enthalpy
P
mperature
(d) Tempeerature-entroopy
(c) Pressure-tem
IA
AS-6.
An ideal gas contained

c
in
n a rigid ta
ank
is cooled
c
such
h that T2 < and P2 <P1 In
the
e
given
ure
entro
opy
temperatu
dia
agram,
th
his
processs
path
is
rep
presented by the line la
abelled.
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
[IAS-1999]
105
5
Enttropy
S K Mondals
IA
AS-7.
Cha
apter 4
In the T-S diiagram shown in the

figu
ure, which one of the
e following
is represented
r
d by the area
a
under
the
e curve?
(a) Total work done
d
during the process
(b) Total heat absorbed during the
process
d
the
(c) Total heatt rejected during
process
(d) Degree of irreversibility
[IAS-2004]
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
IA
AS-8.
Cla
ausius inequ
uality is sta
ated as
(a)
IA
AS-9.
Q < 0
(b)
[IAS-2001]
Q = 0
(c))
>0
(d)
For
r real therm
modynamic cycle:
(a)
dQ
> 0 butt <
T
(b)
[IAS-2003]
dQ
<0
T
(c))
dQ
=0
T
(d)
dQ
=
T
IA
AS-10(i). If a system undergoes an
a irreversiible adiabatic processs, then (sym
mbols have
usu
ual meaning
gs)
[IAS-1999]
dQ
= 0 an
nd S > 0
T
dQ
(c)
> 0 an
nd S = 0
T
(a)
dQ
= 0 and S = 0
T
dQ
(d)
< 0 and S < 0
T
(b)
IA
AS-10(ii). A cyclic
c
heat engine rece
eives 600 kJ of heat fr
rom a 1000 K source and
a
rejects
450
0 kJ to a 300
3
K sink. The quanttity
resspectively
(a) 2.1 kJ/K and
d 70%
nd 70%
(c) + 0.9 kJ/K an
dQ
a
and
efficien
ncy of the engine
e
are
T
(b)) 0.9 kJ/K and
a 25%
(d)) 2.1 kJ/K and
a 25%
[IAS-2001]
A
Applicattions off Entrop
py Prin
nciple
IA
AS-11.
Wh
hich one of the
t
followin
ng statemen
nts is not co
orrect?
[IAS-2003]
(a) Change in entropy
e
durin
ng a reversiblle adiabatic process
p
is zerro
(b) Entropy increases with the
t addition of heat
ansion processs
(c) Throttling is a constant entropy expa
hen a gas is heated under
u
consta
ant pressure given by
(d) Change in entropy wh
s2 s1 = mC
C p log e
IA
AS-12.
T2
T1
Asssertion (A): Entropy ch

hange for a reversible adiabatic
a
pr
rocess is zero.
106
6
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Reason (R): There is no heat transfer in an adiabatic process.

[IAS 1994]
Entropy Generation in a Closed System

IAS-13.
1600 kJ of energy is transferred from a heat reservoir at 800 K to another heat

reservoir at 400 K. The amount of entropy generated during the process would
be:
[IAS-2000]
(a) 6 kJ/k
(b) 4 kJ/k
(c) 2kJ/k
(d) Zero
IAS-14.
An electric motor of 5 kW is subjected to a braking test for 1 hour. The heat

generated by the frictional forces in the process is transferred to the
surroundings at 20C. The resulting entropy change will be:
[IAS-1998]
(a) 22.1 kJ/K
(b) 30.2 kJ/K
(c) 61.4 kJ/K
(d) 82.1 kJ/K

law of Nature
IAS-15.
M1 kg of water at T1 is isobarically and adiabatically mixed with M2 kg of water

at T2 (T1 > T2). The entropy change of the universe is:
[IAS-2004]
(a) Necessarily positive
(b) Necessarily negative
(c) Always zero
(d) Negative or positive but not zero
IAS-16.
In which one of the following processes is there an increase in entropy with no

degradation of energy?
[IAS-1996]
(a) Polytropic expansion
(b) Isothermal expansion
(c) Isochoric heat addition
(d) Isobaric heat addition
107
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4

GATE-1. Ans. 11858 J/K, 12787 J/K.
GATE-1A Ans. (b)

2
GATE-2. Ans. (b) w1 2 = mRT In 2 = p In 2 = 200 1 In kJ = 138.6 kJ
1
1
1
GATE-3. Ans. (c) It is reversible process so ( S )universe = 0
GATE-4. Ans. (d)
GATE-5. Ans. (d) It is a case of spontaneous process i.e. irrepressibility involved that so why
entropy change of the universe is positive.
GATE-6. Ans. (c)
TQ = 300 K,
PQ = 50 kPa
TP = 350 K,
PP = 150 kPa
T
P
SQ SP = c P ln Q R ln Q
TP
PP
300
50
SQ SP = 1.005 ln
0.287 ln
350
150
SQ SP = 0.160 kJ/kg-K
GATE-7. Ans. (b) If air has to flow from station
P to station Q adiabatically means no
entropy change in surroundings,
then
SQ SP 0
c P ln
TQ
TP
R ln
PQ
PP
PQ
300
1.005 ln
0.287 ln
0
350
150
P
0.287 ln Q 0.15492
150
PQ 87.43
So, Ans. is PQ = 87 kPa
108
P
0.15492 0.287 ln Q 0
150
P
ln Q 0.53979
150
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
Previious 20-Yearrs IES Answ

wers
dQ
T R
Rev
IES-1. Ans. (a)) Remember ds =
IES-2. Ans. (b
b) The chang
ge of entropy
y may be regarded as a measure
m
of th
he rate of av
vailability of
hea
at for transformation intoo work.
IES-2a Ans. (b
b)
S gen =
1000
492
+
= 0.02233kkW / K
(285
(
+ 273) (5 + 273)
So cycle is im
mpossible Cy
ycle
See in both the case Carrnot Cycle an
nd Reversiblee cycle entrop
py change of the
t
Universe wiill be zero.
Irreversible cycle entrop
py change willl be positive.
IES-3. Ans. (c))

IES-4. Ans. (b)
Q1 Q1 Q1 Q2
W
=
=
=
T1 T1
T1 T2
T1 T2
Q1 = 600kJ
Thee entropy ch
hange durin
ng heat add
dition
Q1 600
=
=
= 1 kJ
k /K
T1 600
IES-4a
Ans. (b)
IES-5. Ans. (c))
IES-6. Ans. (b)
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. Ans. (c))
IES-9. Ans. (d) AB constan
nt pressure heat
h
addition.
IES-10. Ans. (c) XA consstant pressu
ure heat rejeection. XB = const. temp
p. heat rejecction. XC =
isen
ntropic heat rejection.
r
IES-11. Ans. (b
b)
IES-12. Ans. (b
b)
IES-13. Ans. (b
b)
b)
IES-14. Ans. (b
IES-15. Ans. (c
c)
109
9
Enttropy
S K Mondals
IES-16. Ans. (a
a)
IES-17.
Cha
apter 4
dQ
= 0 does not neccessarily meaans reversiblle process. If dQ = 0 .
T
Ans. (c) In irreversible

i
heat
rejeection
process
enttropy
decreases. In an irreverrsible
y of the univ
verse
process entropy
ways increasses i.e. sum
m of
alw
systtem + su
urroundings will
incrreases.
Con
nsider the prrocess 34 iff it is
irreeversible prrocess then also
entropy will deccrease.
IES-18. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible adiabaticc expansion, entropy chan
nge is zero and no changee in entropy
of surroundings
s
s.
b) Entropy in
ncrease in prrocess = 100 (0.4 0.3) = 10 kJ/kg
IES-19. Ans. (b
Enttropy change
e of surround
dings = 5 kJ/K
K
Thu
us net entrop
py increases and
a the proceess is irreverrsible.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible process entropy
e
chan
nge is zero an
nd in four figu
ures it is rep
presented by
stra
aight vertical line. Howev
ver, in irreveersible processs, entropy in
ncreases in all
a processes
(exp
pansion as well
w as compression).
IES-21. Ans. (b
b)
( T1 T2 ) S = W
or S =
300
= 1 kJ / k
600 300
IES-22. Ans. (c
c)
T
dQ 1 + 2 T
IES-23. Ans. (d
d)
dT
=
T = ln 2 + 2 (T2 T1 )
T
T
T1
T1
T1
T1
IES-24. Ans. (c
c)
IES-25. Ans. (d
d)
110
0
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Q
6
= 2
800 100
Q
8
= 4
600 100
Q + Q4
= 1 2
Q1 + Q3
3 4
+
4
3 = 0.85
= 1
6+8
IES-26. Ans. (d) Refer to given figure, as given
Engine work developed = 100 kW
= 100 1000 60
= 6 106 J/min.
Qs = total heat supplied
Thus,
= 6 106 +3.2 106

= 9.2 106 J/min.
Let reservoir at 1200 K supply Qs1 J/min.
Therefore reservoir at 800 o K will supply. Qs2 = 9.2 106 Qs1
Also, by data the engine is a reversible heat engine completing 600 cycles/min. and
therefore entropy change after every complete cycle is zero.
Thus,
or
Qs1 Qs2 QR
+
=0
1200 800 400
Qs1
9.2 106 Q 6 3.2 106
+
=0
1200
800
400
2Qs1 + 3(9.2 106 Qs1 ) 6 3.2 106
=0
2400
or
Qs1 = 3 9.3 106 6 3.2 106

= 8.4 106 J/min
Qs2 = 9.2 106 8.4 106
= 0.8 106 J/min

8.4
Hence ratio =
=10.5
0.8
IES-27. Ans. (b) It is isobaric compression.
111
Enttropy
S K Mondals
Cha
apter 4
IES-28. Ans. (d
d)
IES-29
Ans. (d)
Previious 20
0-Yearrs IAS Answ
wers
IA
AS-1. Ans. (b)
IA
AS-2. Ans. (b)
+Q
= 10
0
500
or Q = 5000 kJ
Q 5000
S1 =
=
= 5kJ / k
1000 1000
1
t thesystem
m is +ive
Heat added to
Heat rejecteed from the syystem is -ive
S2 =
IA
AS-3. Ans. (d)
1
( 5 1) ( 800 40
00 )
Work done
d
area1 2 3
=
= 2
= 0.25
IA
AS-4. Ans. (d) =
Heat ad
dded areaunder curve 2 3
( 5 1) 800
IA
AS-5. Ans. (d) That so wh
hy we are usin
ng pv or T
s diagram.
IA
AS-6. Ans. (a))
IA
AS-7. Ans. (b
b)
IA
AS-8. Ans. (d)
IA
AS-9. Ans. (b)
112
2
Entropy
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
dQ
= 0 does not necessarily means reversible process. If dQ = 0 .
T
Q Q2
Q
450
= 1 2 = 1
= 0.25 = 25%
IAS-10(ii). Ans. (b) = 1
600
Q1
Q1
IAS-10(i). Ans. (a)
IAS-11. Ans. (c) Throttling is a constant enthalpy expansion process.

IAS-12. Ans. (b)
dQ dQ 1600 1600
= 2kJ / K
IAS-13. Ans. (c) Entropy generated = dsat 400K dsat 800K =
400 800 400
800
Q 5 3600
=
kJ / K = 61.4kJ / K
IAS-14. Ans. (c) S =
T
293
IAS-15. Ans. (a)
IAS-16. Ans. (b)
113
Availability, Irreversibility
S K Mondals
5.
Chapter 5

That part of the low grade energy which is available for conversion is referred to as available energy, while the
part which, according to the second law, must be rejected, is known as unavailable energy.
Availability
The availability of a given system is defined as the maximum useful work that can be obtained in a
process in which the system comes to equilibrium with the surroundings or attains a dead state.
Clearly, the availability of a system depends on the condition of the system as well as those of the
surroundings.
Availability:
Yields the maximum work producing potential or the minimum work requirement of a process
Allows evaluation and quantitative comparison of options in a sustainability context
Availability = Maximum possible work-Irreversibility
W useful = W rev I
Irreversibility
The actual work done by a system is always less than the idealized reversible work, and the
difference between the two is called the irreversibility of the process.
I = Wmax W
This is also sometimes referred to as 'degradation' or 'dissipation'.
Availability and Irreversibility

1.
Available Energy (A. E.)

T
T0
T
= Wmax = Q1 1 = mcp 1 0 dT
T1
T
T0
= (T1 T0 ) S
Where To is surroundings temperature.

112
S K Mondals
= u u T (S S
1
change of volume is present there.
= h h T (S S
1
Chapter 5
(For closed system), it is NOT ( 1 2) because
(For steady flow system), it is (A1-A2) as in steady state
no change in volume in C.V.

(i.e. change in availability in steady flow)
2.
Decrease in Available Energy
= T0 [ S S ]
3.
Take S and S both positive quantity.
Availability function
C
A = h T0S +
+ gz
2
= u T0S + P0V
For open system
For closed system
Availability = maximum useful work.

For steady flow
C12
Availability = A1 A0 = ( h1 h0 ) T0 ( S1 S0 ) +
+ gz
2
For closed system
Availability = 1 0 = u1 u0 T0 ( S1 S0 ) + P0 ( V1 V0 )
4.
Unavailable Energy (U.E.)
= T0 ( S1 S2 )
5.
Increase in unavailable Energy = Loss in availability
6.
Irreversibility
= T0 ( S )Univ
113

Thermodynamics Theory + Questions.0001

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Thermodynamics Theory + Questions.0001

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Basic Concepts

Theory at a Glance (For GATE, IES & PSUs)

Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

Its a system of fixed

Wee need restra

h Law deals with therrmal equilib

ale. The absoolute temperrature scale is also know

Fig. Quasi-Static pdV Work

= ( 91.125 3.375 ) + 10ln3

= [29.250 + 10.986] = 40.236 kJ

First Law of Thermodynamics:Q = W + U

U = 2000 40.236 = 1959.764 kJ

(0.6)2 0.80 = 22.9kJ

ASKED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)

Open and Closed systems

An isolated thermodynamic system executes a process, choose the correct

GATE-2a. Heat and work are

(b) extensive properties

A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and

Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially kept in an evacuated and

Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change

pdV-work or Displacement Work

vdp , where v is the specific volume and p is the pressure. The

expression for w given above:

(d) Is incorrect; it must be =

A gas expands in a frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement. The expansion

For reversible adiabatic compression in a steady flow process, the work

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

Which of the following are intensive properties?

Consider the following properties:

Consider the following:

Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic

Consider the following properties:

Consider the following:

Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of

Open and Closed systems

A closed thermodynamic system is one in which

Isothermal compression of air in a Stirling engine is an example of

Which of the following is/are reversible process(es)?

Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a

Which one of the following represents open thermodynamic system?

Ice kept in a well insulated thermo flask is an example of which system?

Hot coffee stored in a well insulated thermos flask is an example of

A thermodynamic system is considered to be an isolated one if

D. The quantity of matter under consideration in

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Measurement of temperature is based on which law of thermodynamics?

Consider the following statements:

Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that

International Temperature Scale

Which one of the following correctly defines 1 K, as per the internationally

Assertion (a): If an alcohol and a mercury thermometer read exactly 0C at the

Match List-I (Type of Thermometer) with List-II (Thermometric

Pressure reaches a value of absolute zero

The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain:

Work a Path Function

Assertion (A): Thermodynamic work is path-dependent except for an adiabatic

Work transfer between the system and the surroundings

(c) Is a function of pressure only

(d) Depends on the path followed by the system

Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer