CURSO:

ingles tcnico ii

PROFESORa: CAVAGNERI VALLE, MARLENE

INTEGRANTES:
CAMACHO SANCHEZ JORDY

AO: 2014

DEFINITION OF 'NET INCOME - NI'

In business, net income - also referred to as the bottom line,

net profit, net pay or net earnings - is an entity's income
minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an
accounting period.[citation needed] It is computed as the
residual of all revenues and gains over all expenses and losses
for the period,and has also been defined as the net increase in
shareholders' equity that results from a company's
operations.In the context of the presentation of financial
statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as
synonymous with profit and loss.
Net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit. Net
income can also be calculated by adding a company's
operating income to non-operating income and then
subtracting off taxes.

DEFINITION OF 'REVENUE'
In business, revenue or turnover is income that a company
receives from its normal business activities, usually from the
sale of goods and services to customers. In many countries
and states, revenue is referred to as turnover. Some
companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other
fees. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it
may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during
a period of time, as in "Last year, Company X had revenue of
$42 million." Profits or net income generally imply total
revenue minus total expenses in a given period. In
accounting, revenue is often referred to as the "top line" due
to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is
to be contrasted with the "bottom line" which denotes net
income.

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DEFINITION OF 'DEBIT CARD'

A debit card (also known as a bank card or check card) is a

plastic payment card that provides the cardholder electronic
access to his or her bank account(s) at a financial institution.
Some cards may bear a stored value with which a payment is
made, while most relay a message to the cardholder's bank to
withdraw funds from a payer's designated bank account. The
card, where accepted, can be used instead of cash when
making purchases. In some cases, the primary account
number is assigned exclusively for use on the Internet and
there is no physical card.
In many countries, the use of debit cards has become so
widespread that their volume has overtaken or entirely
replaced cheques and, in some instances, cash transactions.
The development of debit cards, unlike credit cards and
charge cards, has generally been country specific resulting in
a number of different systems around the world, which were
often incompatible. Since the mid-2000s, a number of
initiatives have allowed debit cards issued in one country to
be used in other countries and allowed their use for internet
and phone purchases.

DEFINITION OF 'RETAINED EARNINGS'

In accounting, retained earnings refers to the portion of net

income of a corporation that is retained by the corporation
rather than distributed to shareholders as dividends. Similarly,
if the corporation incurs a loss, then that loss reduces the
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corporation's retained earnings balance. If the balance of the

retained earnings account is negative it may be called
retained losses, accumulated losses or accumulated deficit, or
similar terminology. Retained earnings and losses are
cumulative from year to year.
If a company is publicly held, the balance of retained earnings
account that is negatively referred to as "accumulated deficit"
may appear in the Accountant's Opinion in what is called the
"Ongoing Concern" statement located at the end of required
SEC financial reporting at the end of each quarter.

DEFINITION OF 'LEVERAGE'

In finance, leverage (sometimes referred to as gearing in the

United Kingdom and Australia) is any technique to multiply
gains and losses. Most often it involves buying more of an
asset by using borrowed funds, with the belief that the income
from the asset or asset price appreciation will be more than
the cost of borrowing. Almost always this involves the risk that
borrowing costs will be larger than the income from the asset
or the value of the asset will fall, leading to incurred losses.
DEFINITION OF 'ACCREDITED INVESTOR'

Accredited investor is a term defined by various countries'

securities laws that delineates investors permitted to invest in
certain types of higher risk investments including seed
money,
limited
partnerships,
hedge
funds,
private
placements, and angel investor networks. The term generally
includes wealthy individuals and organizations such as banks,

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insurance companies, significant charities, some corporations,

endowments, and retirement plans.

DEFINITION OF 'LIABILITY'
In financial accounting, a liability is defined as an obligation of
an entity arising from past transactions or events, the
settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of
assets, provision of services or other yielding of economic
benefits in the future.
A liability is defined by the following characteristics:
Any type of borrowing from persons or banks for
improving a business or personal income that is payable
during short or long time;
A duty or responsibility to others that entails settlement
by future transfer or use of assets, provision of services,
or other transaction yielding an economic benefit, at a
specified or determinable date, on occurrence of a
specified event, or on demand;
A duty or responsibility that obligates the entity to
another, leaving it little or no discretion to avoid
settlement; and,
A transaction or event obligating the entity that has
already occurred.
DEFINITION OF 'RESEARCH REPORT'

Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a

systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge,
including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use
of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is

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used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of

previous work, solve new or existing problems, support
theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may
also be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the
validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research
may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a
whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to
applied
research)
are
documentation,
discovery,
interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of
methods and systems for the advancement of human
knowledge.
Approaches
to
research
depend
on
epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and
between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of
research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social,
business, marketing, practitioner research, etc.

DEFINITION OF 'CASH FLOW'

Cash flow is the movement of money into or out of a

business, project, or financial product. It is usually measured
during a specified, limited period of time. Measurement of
cash flow can be used for calculating other parameters that
give information on a company's value and situation. Cash
flow can be used, for example, for calculating parameters: it
discloses cash movements over the period.

to determine a project's rate of return or value. The time

of cash flows into and out of projects are used as inputs in
financial models such as internal rate of return and net
present value.

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to determine problems with a business's liquidity. Being

profitable does not necessarily mean being liquid. A
company can fail because of a shortage of cash even while
profitable.

as an alternative measure of a business's profits when it

is believed thataccrual accounting concepts do not
represent economic realities. For instance, a company may
be notionally profitable but generating little operational
cash (as may be the case for a company that barters its
products rather than selling for cash). In such a case, the
company may be deriving additional operating cash by
issuing shares or raising additional debt finance.

cash flow can be used to evaluate the 'quality' of income

generated by accrual accounting. When net income is
composed of large non-cash items it is considered low
quality.

to evaluate the risks within a financial product, e.g.,

matching cash requirements, evaluating default risk, reinvestment requirements, etc.

DEFINITION OF 'OVERDRAFT

An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank

account and the available balance goes below zero. In this
situation the account is said to be "overdrawn". If there is a
prior agreement with the account provider for an overdraft,
and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft
limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If
the negative balance exceeds the agreed terms, then

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additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may

apply.

DEFINITION OF "WORKING CAPITAL"

Working capital (abbreviated WC) is a financial metric which

represents operating liquidity available to a business,
organization or other entity, including governmental entity.
Along with fixed assets such as plant and equipment, working
capital is considered a part of operating capital. Gross working
capital equals to current assets. Working capital is calculated
as current assets minus current liabilities. If current assets are
less than current liabilities, an entity has a working capital
deficiency, also called a working capital deficit.
A company can be endowed with assets and profitability but
short of liquidity if its assets cannot readily be converted into
cash. Positive working capital is required to ensure that a firm
is able to continue its operations and that it has sufficient
funds to satisfy both maturing short-term debt and upcoming
operational expenses. The management of working capital
involves managing inventories, accounts receivable and
payable, and cash.

DEFINITION OF "RETURN ON EQUITY - ROE"

The amount of net income returned as a percentage of

shareholders equity. Return on equity measures a
corporation's profitability by revealing how much profit a
company generates with the money shareholders have
invested.
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ROE is expressed as a percentage and calculated as:

Return on Equity = Net Income/Shareholder's Equity
Net income is for the full fiscal year (before dividends paid to
common stock holders but after dividends to preferred stock.)
Shareholder's equity does not include preferred shares.
Also known as "return on net worth" (RONW).

DEFINITION OF 'COST OF CAPITAL'

In accounting, the cost of capital is the cost of a company's

funds (both debt and equity), or, from an investor's point of
view "the shareholder's required return on a portfolio
company's existing securities". It is used to evaluate new
projects of a company. It is the minimum return that investors
expect for providing capital to the company, thus setting a
benchmark that a new project has to meet.

DEFINITION OF 'RAW MATERIALS'

A raw material or feedstock is basic material used in the

production of goods, energy, finished products or intermediate
materials that are themselves feedstock for finished products.
As feedstock, the term connotes it is a bottleneck asset critical
to the production of other products. For example, crude oil is a
feedstock raw material providing finished products in the fuel,
plastic, industrial chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

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The term "raw material" is used to denote material is in an

unprocessed or minimally processed state; e.g., raw latex,
coal, raw biomass, iron ore, logs, crude oil, air or seawater.
The use of raw material by non-human species includes twigs
and found objects as used by birds to make nests.

DEFINITION OF 'STOP ORDER'

An order to buy or sell a security when its price surpasses a

particular point, thus ensuring a greater probability of
achieving a predetermined entry or exit price, limiting the
investor's loss or locking in his or her profit. Once the price
surpasses the predefined entry/exit point, the stop order
becomes a market order.
Also referred to as a "stop" and/or "stop-loss order."
Investors commonly use a stop order before leaving for
holidays or entering a situation where they are unable to
monitor their portfolio for an extended period.
Stops are not a 100% guarantee of getting the desired
entry/exit points. For instance, if a stock gaps down, the
trader's stop order will be triggered (or filled) at a price
significantly lower than expected.
Traders who use technical analysis will place stop orders
below major moving averages, trendlines, swing highs, swing
lows or other key support or resistance

DEFINITION OF 'EPS'

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The Health Care Providers, EPS, were created in 1997 and are
different from EsSalud companies whose sole purpose is to
provide care services for health, to own and third party
infrastructure, subject to the controls indicated by the
Superintendency Institutions Health Care Providers, SEPS.
The health plan that offers an EPS is complementary to the
coverage provided EsSalud, so workers who join the system
remain unchanged EPS chances of going to EsSalud, if they so
choose.
Benefits and procedures
The EPS provides outpatient hospital care, emergency,
maternity, dental, ophthalmological and oncological you when
you need it. Additionally covers the need for surgical
prosthesis and mental health as well as yearly preventive
care, well-baby and immunization and preparation for
childbirth - psycho.

DEFINITION OF 'PRODUCT'

When a person comes to an establishment or visit a website

to make a purchase such as a camera, not only requests
information on specifications and price, but also comparative
information requests a number of other brands as well as the
advantages and benefits that can report both to Shoot and
your physical movement, and certainly inform whether there
then any offer or discount on the price.
The answers that the customer receives will provide a
comparative idea about the product you offer him and he
sued for not referring solely to the size, specifications and

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price, but to a broader set of features that call product

attributes.

DEFINITION OF 'CONTRACT'

A fixed price contract provides for a fixed period of time and

the exact services listed the company paid a fee. For example,
the contract could indicate that the customer pays $ 500 per
month and in return the company reconciles the bank account
and manages the function of paying bills. Any other financial
responsibilities remain with the customer. Audit firms hold
these contracts with clients who have accountants on staff,
but need services accounting firm for more complex work.

DEFINITION OF 'SERVICE'

Accounting services are designed so that they constitute a

real administrative support, on which the businessman or
trader can perform purely productive activity, with the
confidence which has a specialist company that is responsible
for making accounting tasks timely and within the existing
legislation.

Restatement: Preparation of annual accounting for

inactive or little movement in the year to comply with the
presentation of financial statements to control entities
companies.

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 Preparation of monthly accounting: companies and

businesses that need external accounting service,
delivering every month the basic financial reports and
additional information that the client requires.
Review processes and accounting and tax information:
We provide service review processes and information for
possible errors for debugging, in order that the company
managers have the assurance that the accounting work
is framed within the laws and regulations and prevent
future observations or penalties.

Permanent advice: We can advise timely visits,

telephone or by sending necessary information in real
time care.

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