2001 Total Cardiovascular Disease Rates by State

and Gender, Age Adjusted

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Figure 15.1a

2001 Total Cardiovascular Disease Rates by State

and Gender, Age Adjusted (continued)

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Figure 15.1b

An Epidemiological Overview
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of
death in the U.S.
In 2005 CVD accounted for approximately 38 percent
of all deaths
CVD has been the number one killer in the U.S. since
1900 except for 1918 (influenza)
More that 2,500 Americans die from CVD each day
Among women, 1 in 2.6 deaths from CVD

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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases in

American Men and Women, Ages 20 and Older

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Figure 15.2

ABC News: Cardiovascular Disease

Play
Video

| Cardiovascular Disease

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

ABC News: Cardiovascular Disease

Discussion Questions:
How does inflammation account for nearly 85% of all
heart attacks?
What test measures inflammation and how expensive
is it?
Why have physicians been hesitant to order tests to
measure inflammation?
What dietary changes are recommended to lower
inflammation?

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Artherosclerosis
Characterized by deposits of fatty substances,
cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and
fibrin in the inner lining of the artery
Hyperlipidemia abnormally high blood lipid level
Plaque the buildup of deposits in the arteries

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Coronary Heart Disease

Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack blood
supplying the heart is disrupted
Coronary thrombosis blood clot in the artery
Embolus when the blood clot is dislodged and
moves through the circulatory system
Collateral circulation - if blockage to the heart is
minor, an alternative blood flow is selected

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Angina Pectoris
Ischemia reduction of the hearts blood and oxygen
supply
The more serious the oxygen deprivation the more
severe the pain
Nitroglycerin drug used to relax (dilate) the veins
Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the
heart muscle

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Arrythmias
An irregularity in heart rhythm
Tachycardia racing heart in the absence of exercise
or anxiety
Bradycardia abnormally slow heartbeat
Fibrillation heart beat is sporadic, quivering pattern

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to
keep blood circulating normally
Affects over 5 million Americans
Damage to heart muscle may result from: rheumatic
fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular
problem
Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to
accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs
Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Congenital And Rheumatic Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children
born
May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases,
or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development
Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever
which affects connective tissue

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Stroke
Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is
interrupted
Thrombus blood clot
Embolus free flowing clot
Aneurysm bulging or burst blood vessel
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) brief interruptions
that cause temporary impairment

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Common Blood Vessel Disorders

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Figure 15.6

Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases

Risks you can control
Avoid tobacco
Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol
Maintain a healthy weight
Modify dietary habits
Exercise regularly
Control diabetes
Control blood pressure
Systolic upper number
Diastolic lower number
Manage stress
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Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases

Risks you cannot control
Heredity
Age
Gender
Race

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Women And Cardiovascular Disease

2003, CVD deaths
426,800 men
483,800 women
Estrogen
Once estrogen production stops, risk for CVD death increases
Diagnostic and therapeutic differences
Delay in diagnosing possible heart attack
Complexity in interpreting chest pain in women
Less aggressive treatment of female heart attack victims
Smaller coronary arteries in women
Gender bias in CVD research typically CVD research has been
conducted on male subjects
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New Weapons Against Heart Disease

Techniques for diagnosing heart disease
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Angiography
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single positron emission color tomography
(SPECT)
Radionuclide imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Ultrafast CT
Digital cardiac angiography (DSA)
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Angioplasty Versus Bypass Surgery

Angioplasty a thin catheter is threaded through the
blocked arteries. The catheter has a balloon on the tip
which is inflated to flatten the fatty deposits against
the wall of the artery
Coronary bypass surgery a blood vessel is taken
from another site and implanted to bypass blocked
arteries and transport blood

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aspirin For Heart Disease?

Research shows that 80 milligrams of aspirin every
other day is beneficial to heart patients due to its
blood thinning properties
Some side effects of aspirin: gastrointestinal
intolerance and a tendency for difficulty with blood
clotting
Should only be taken under the advice of your
physician

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Thrombolysis
If victim reaches an emergency room and is diagnosed
quickly, thrombolysis can be performed
Thrombolysis involves injecting an agent such as
tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to dissolve the
clot and restore some blood flow

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cardiac Rehabilitation
Every year, 1 million people survive heart attacks
Cardiac rehabilitation exercise training increases
stamina and strength, and promotes recovery

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings