Ergonomi Makro

Yassierli, PhD
(yassierli@mail.ti.itb.ac.id)

Foto-foto tentang apa ini?

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

THE BHOPAL DISASTER

Terjadi pada sekitar jam 1 pagi, pada 3

Desember 1984, in Kota Bhopal, India
Bocornya tangki gas metil isosianat (MIC),
suatu gas yang beracun digunakan dalam
produksi pestisida. Sekitar 20-40 ton MIC
lepas ke udara
Korban:

2,000 langsung meninggal

300,000 cacat (gannguan pernapasan, sakit mata,
pembengkakan otak, cacat lahir, masalah
neurologis, penurunan sistem kekebalan tubuh,
dan kerusakan jantung)
Ribuan hewan meninggal
Efek berkepanjangan hingga generasi ke-2
Yassierli, PhD - 2015

DAERAH YANG MENJADI KORBAN

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Mengapa?

Meshkati, 1989 (An etiological investigation of mico- and

macro ergonomic factors in the Bhopal disaster)
the Bhopal plant could literally be characterized as a
group of untrained and unprepared operators, working
with an unsafe technology in an 'unkind (working)
environment', using unfriendly hardware and unreliable
instrumentation, being assembled in an unorganized
facility, and supervised by unseasoned managers.
. management and organizational system failures
account for 80-90% of the causes of major chemical
accidents, while human errors comprise only 10-20% of
such causes.

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

The Ergonomics Three

ERGONOMICS
MICROERGONOMICS
ORGANIZATIONAL ERGONOMICS
MACROERGONOMICS

SOCIAL ERGONOMICS

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Microergonomics
Di tataran Sistem Kerja :
Diseputar sistem manusia-alat-bahan-lingkungan klimat mikro
Pengaturannya : DESAIN

DESAIN

Alat
Manusia

Bahan

Lingkungan
Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Macroergonomics :
Organizational Ergonomics
Pada tataran Perusahaan :
Berunsurkan manusia, teknologi, organisasi, lingkungan perusahaan

Pengaturannya : ORGANISASI

teknologi

lingkungan

manusia

ORGANISASI
Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Contoh Aplikasi Ergonomi Organisasi:

Rancangan alur kerja yang ergonomis

Rancangan struktur organisasi
Rancangan kebijakan organisasi : jam
kerja, shift kerja
Rancangan budaya perusahaan

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Untaian Sejarah
Bureaucracy
(1940s-1950s; Weber)
Classical
(1910-1935: Taylor, Gilbreth)

Human Relation
(1938-1950; Hawtorne)

Kelahiran STS
(1950s; Emery, &
Trist at Tavistock
Institute of Human
Relations)

Pre-Classical (Fayol)

1940s : Kelahiran Human Factors

1980s: Formalisasi Ergonomi Makro

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Tavistock Study (Aplikasi Ergonomi Makro)

Metode Konvensional (Pre-1950)

Teknologi baru (Pasca PD-II): long-wall method

Small autonomous group, hand-tools

Setiap individu mengerjakan berbagai pekerjaan, bergantian dalam tim
Setiap tim memiliki control atas pekerjaan
Pekerjaan sangat spesifik, tanpa memungkinkan job rotation
Pekerjaan shift
Kesempatan interaksi sosial sangat jarang

Composite method

Rancangan sistem kerja yang sesuai dengan psikososial dan skill pekerja

different organizational designs can utilize the same technology

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Ergonomi Makro

Perspektif/filosofis
Sub-disiplin Keilmuan
Research
Metode

... for the human factors/ergonomics profession to be truly

effective, and responsive to the foreseeable requirements of
the next two decades and beyond, there is a strong need to
integrate organizational design and management (ODAM)
factors into our research and practice.
(Hendrick and Kleiner, 2001)
Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Ergonomi Makro
= Perspektif Sosio-Teknikal

Tantangan organisasi saat ini:

Over-specialization of most jobs

Over-reliance on supervisor control
Over-centralization of information and authority
Over-reliance on individual monetary rewards
Undervaluing of human resources
Over-reliance on technology
Under-attention to the external environment
Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Ergonomi Makro
= Perspektif Sociotechnical System

Kunci implementasi STS (ergonomics way):

Innovation: creativity, learning organization

Development of human resource
Awareness of external environment
Maximizing cooperative effort: autonomous
Developing commitment
Utilizing social and technical resources effectively: joint
optimization

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Ergonomi Makro
=Analisis, Disain & Evaluasi Sistem Kerja

(Hendrick and Kleiner, 2001)

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

Macroergonomic Analysis of Structure (MAS)

(Haro & Kleiner, 2008)

Yassierli, PhD - 2015

10