AYDA AREL, GOTHIC TOWERS AND BAROQUE MIHRAB‘ ‘THE POSE-CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE OF AEGEAN ANATOLIA. IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES “The emergence of the great provincial dynastic, fam ie who had acquired wealth and power asa side effect ‘ofthe disruption ofthe Oxoman mirregine, was a phe nomenon to be observed in most parts of the Oxoman Empire in the eighteenth centary. Most of Hse new Faas Nek vast agrarian estates oF fl, wich they had appropriated more or les illegal They also owned ‘quarters in owns es, and they were patrons of mix throws religious foundations and publiesersice works" Some ofthese famies ate well no, asthe case ith the Karaosmanoght clan which controlled. Manis, Ain, al omy and the Clhanogia family. atve in and sound Aydin, and whose architectural patronage pro- ‘duce typical family spe tn the hsch move The exes on which these families ved were usually lange farmstends in whic the master's quarters were fr ‘ied and somesimes had the appearance of strong holds, Armong sich fortified estates stil inthe Aegean region, we may cite the complex inthe vlage of Arpaz, ‘near Navi (Ggs. 3), snd the fortifications which belonged to the Canon estate in the wile of Cin- cin, near Ay (Hg 3) Clearly i as imperative forthe ‘ners of uch estates to defend their property and to maintain coatrel over the territory they commanded, The emergence ofthese provincial dynasties cineided witha period of ternal unrest characterized bya surge ‘of bandtry and popular tebelions. The Arpar strong: hol is associated wits the saga of Atcal Bel Meet 3 local rebel and ant active during the reign of Mal- ‘mod I, who eve rated the region bri, with the sup- port of the peasantry, hefore he was wapped and ext- ‘sted by government forex” “The feudal aspect ofthese fortified installations ran by trasoms, who kept bands of armed men and were often ‘ngage in blondy conflicts song themseles, as an fnachronistc quay, And yet i shouldbe taken asthe Consequence and the plyscalexpresion of an innova- tive sjstem af land property precluding capital forma- sion inthe Ouomas Eampire There were simi extab> lishmets in an ofthe empire in the Ba an provinces of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Albania, Epis, Thesilyy ane Macedonia, bat So far as is known the spread ofthis particular ype of fortified farm or esate ‘ne restricted o the Balan nd the Aegean region and {id not characterize he eastern provinces Inv many instances these frtited domains had a keep ‘or residential tomer in diret connection to the master’s house. The towers in che villages of Arpaz (ig. 2), Koval (igs. 8), cholic the province of Aydin, and ‘erkesgi near ancient Troy (ig 6) are examples. This last ower belonged tthe ir of the Grand Adel Genii Hasan Pasa, There were also isolated iowers, ruchas the one inthe sillageof Donduran, near the Car. Jan cy of Onthasia the omer fo Mis, and the socalled 1g 1 View ofthe Alea pina ofthe ibe Ape fn he ‘alte rt hu er Ro eeconic TOWERS AND MAROQUE MHRA ig 2-The Reyer Ronni Arp Behn the tree remin ‘testi wh eich pe fo “Mustafa Psa Tower near Bodrum — the ancient Halcar: rast (ig. 7). These wer scem to have derive from the same tadion asthe vernacilartower howe proper to the rural areas ofthe Aegean world” Their archetype might wel be the rural pgs, that the domestic tower forsmall castle which marked the center of such agrarian states asthe Hellenistic ltifund, the Roman farm, And the Byzantine prea’ [Neither the residential rowers nor the fortified “domaine ar evr mentioned in the manstlsof Otoan architectures yet there is evidence enough to indicate thac the Keep was the main edifice inthe easiest Ouo- ‘man palaces? This anes the question ofthe survival ‘preOttoman wypes, especially in rural areas which have been les subject renowaion. The simiaety beween medieval pois later Ouoman residential towers an their ypologcal relation to the wermacular tomer house indieate the persistence of certain types and of their auloption by suecesive eutares. Obyialy the category belongs to the Mediterranean tration and had Beet subjected to special promtion ia the Mile Ages, when the Latin seeupation of the Aegean area — Rowan ae ‘twas termed — instigated a feudal organization of the conquered territory." The type must then have been revived again in later Otloman ties under particular ats gM nine are Cacia Ditorical contingencies. The western part of Asia Minor vas conquered long after the rest ofthe peninsula, by “Turkmen enbes whe had tecome progressively sedeniary as they organized themsches nto politi ene Soon alter, the Turkmen amiraes ofthe Aegean world were taken over by the Ottomans who bila unified state and lnmposed a strong administration implemented bya code ied tand tenure stem anda weldefined fac regime, The work of Hal Inalcik ane Avdo Suge have dem. fnstrated that, whenever posible, dhe Ottoman com ‘querors chose not o interfere with the preexisting land land taxation stems; they were merely adapted 10 |slamic modalities. By 0 doing, dhey managed not to di rupt the economic structure already in operon, ind they were able wo assure the ex adherence tothe new system of dhe inhabicans of economically potent rural areas." This explains the permanence of ol etemnents indhearea ~asindiated bythe persistence of ld oper sym — and als the ural rt the eighteenth centhry ‘of cersin building pes belonging tothe pre-Ouoman period. Obviusiya settlement which as not needed to change is sctlement that will preserve is existing forms of spatial organization unl a new aet of conde tions eomes along to make them obsolete Most of the fried estes were loeated near much older setlementsthe Arpay exate stands the Foo of Jil bearing the remain ofthe Carian town of arpa another fortified mansion ix located in the village of TInebotu, the former Neapolis in Caria; and there are ‘many other. One ao often finds inthe vc of settle ‘ments with fortified estate, achaie mausoleum of the ‘ype usally ansocitel with the tombs of the early Turk ish colonists For instance, he mausoleum of Sey Bila.au Harretiest which belongs to save mentioned ins teenth-century registers, stands atthe fot ofthe hill 08 ‘hich is located the vilage of Dedekoy, one ofthe seats ff the amirate of Menteshe® fut it was aso the re fence of a branch of the Gibanogl Fai All these ‘ructures bear witnes to the continuly of habitat in the region, and offer clues tothe mode of land appropr ation atthe de ofthe Turkish conquest of western Asia This eof data gives clue as tthe manner i whieh some individuals and their families aequeed the power and social staning hat gave the oppartanity and Neense tooperate ina vay that led to the great wealth ad ae thority they acquired. For the steue attained inthe eighteenth eutury by families f notables was a conse {quence of circumstances that had made their egal ‘ccupation of formerly mi land easy, one of those cr Fig. The Kgl Toner ate en he ona The ply ich carat ade cones oa cumstances may wel have been local recognition of thee Tineage. Lineage consclouriess charscteriaes the de seendantsaf these od files, who often refer to ether trial ancestry o forebears having taken part in he com ‘ques. An ora tradition wideypread im the prosince of Adin maintains that dhe ancestors of the Cihanogia family were the chiets of ee of Turkmen momade active in the motntainons region known ax "Mazin” (a onruption of Amyaon), an portant Carian setiement, ‘This tadtion, for which no dacymentary confirmation exists, Is albo known tothe peasants living inthe sea tered vilges ofthe Mazin range, who are ready to show fff the ste — tay toll desered — where they believe the fiat habtacon ote dynasty was, The Cian ‘gh clan bas intermarred with the Aydinogl fay the would be deacendans ofthe amirae of Aydin, Sim Jar claims are made by the cescendants of other estate‘corte TOWERS AND BAROQUE MaKAIs Tes Fg The ter as prt of he amen ofthe Gand Adi (Cay Hanan otra nacre a of oy td Ton ilar nage and propor go tan ates ‘seta ck ye We et ce es owning Families and even if these claims are not valid, they are indicative of the bond — real or tive— which right exist between loeal roots and the acquisition of local wealth and authori. Ie w be noted thatthe claims wo lineage that have been advanced to justify the Figheto have vat landholdings do not correspond a the ‘stablshed ideas pertaining Wo the clasical Onin landase tem “The emergence of the ndowning dynasties of local noable also coincides roughly wit the ination ofa new kindof diplomatic relationship beoseen the Oxo ‘man Empe and the European powers. The new rel ions were the outcome ofthe Portes efforts align the country with dhe Wet, a east in the spheres of technical and aulitary knowhow. ‘Tht policy encouraged the introduction of European forms and isitons which were adopted whenever they could be made 1 fi into local eutnal patterns. The European impacton at and architecture iso be detected in the widespread use of Rococo and Inte Baroque decoration and in atempts to achiewe three-dimensional design, The new ends han and preailedin the capital ofcourse, but pron Gil circles soon Tallowed, expecially in those regions ‘which were the most expoted wo foreiga contact the Hal. an lands, for example, and Smyrna, which had become the foremost port for exportation and which howsed Iaaly large colony of Esopean merchants dl consular ‘ial ‘The new trends wete most readily adopted by the 21s ri aap inngioan rn te social groups who were motiated by wealth al socal aspiration to be asinilated into the ruling clas. These {roups tended wo adopt the idiosyneraces of those they hope oimitate. Theat explains the profusion of Ine Baroqie and Rococo featires to bef in their terior uildings made or restored by oder ofthe rch patrons ving in and around cosmopotian Sina The introduction of Wester fashions into Aegean Anatolia can also be expainel by the presence of non- Islamic communities such as he Greeks and Lesantines who worked forthe Europeass with whom they mixed and by the economie ineress that hound the Turkish produces of the interior wk the European merchants ofthe coast Those interests tere often managed without the intervention of Ottoman oficial, and this dive contact ight wel have faiinrized the provincial fons the hinterland with the cosmopolitan taste ofthe itor How else to expltin the fl for the Rococo i vllage Dullngs ordered by wealthy farmer? In the particular case ofthe" Oceldentaliing” Aegean buailng, the combination of Nester features displayed does not belong entirely to the repertory of form sd motif used bythe architects of dhe capital eit. Indeed, while the architecture of Istanbul was nepied primary by French models, the Aegean version of Westemized atchitecural decoration i ofen 3 combination of Ia: jan Baroque and elements of Gothic origin, The mira ‘ofthe Ghanogla moxue in tke village of Cincin, with ite Iypicl wisted pilasters ane & exuberant plaserwork216 Fig 8: Thema ofthe Gog mosqein he age fein ‘he pained lanseape ot he asm ae fro er ep Theil mpc pe oe es (Gg. 8), strikes the onlookers being tray Halla in ‘concept Another Gihanoga mosque at Aye also with Talsnateplsterwork inside, ss ot a terrace creed by sroin wits, The sme terraces on groin ass are used 1 the landings ofthe exterior staircases of the pos Genoese ills of Chios. The late Baroque plaster deco nition isalso haan: one need only compare the interior fof churches on Chios with a ehureh at Gesme, nea Tumi, oF with the interior of mosques in Izmir isl, which were restored in the lat eighteenth or ety nine eenth century, to see the shniaity. Some of the oldest houses in Gesme are aso evocative of the Kampos villas at Chios (Hg 9-0) " These European features in the Smyrna area mut have been a byproduct ofthe sige that ‘vale on Chios under the influence of the Genoese ‘sho rll cnn de mi teenth century when tas 9 ype me a Repent, Sth mee ig 10 Tne ear Fora (Phoce) Nett eembance‘conic: TowERs AND BAROQUE MIRARS conquered by the Ottomans. But even under Ottoman Fue, the Haan influence was maintained, a8 the new privilege class was comprised ofthe local notables who hhad intermaried.widh the Talis. ‘This enixing of Genoese with loealfaies hal 28 ome amor result architecture disinet in its acquired Renaisaince and Baroque traits trom thatof the other islands The portof Chios was important unl Smyrna sarpased it and had had close es with Gene and other ports along the coast, such a the two Fogas, bth former Genoese clo- bea. When Biya eeu the Forcier export port And the economy of Chios consequent declined, host ff uadesmen and artisans Mocked to coastal Anatola and Sanya where they prospered" In addition to she Genoese heritage in its post Genoese form, one should not overtook the impact of the image implanted in the Aegean bythe Latins. The ‘andes ofthe Knights of Saint Jobin dorsinated the land Sseape of te bay at Smyrna and on Rhodes. The tower of| the Arpar esate, which is reminiscent of the Naillae tower on Rhodes, was restored tits present fon by a ‘oup of Rhodian crasmen ater 183. The Gikanogin tower at Kogarl acquired, mont probably after twas re stored inthe early nineteenth century, an aspect more ‘evocative of Gothie towers than ofthe local got. ‘Generalizations about the multifceted Ottoman real lrg ae rity, expecially generalizations abou the conto politn Aegean world. This partclany true ofthe e- fod that runs from the mid eighteenth century (and pethaps earlier) tothe inal collape ofthe empire 8 p= od marked by inorations that were never Gul novel and by revivals which may be mere survials. The new barons and their architectural expressions combined diachronic elemens; anachronism anilpated deeper twansformations and therefore should be vewed as the beginning of new formulations. Istenb, Tasks ores 2 Mt a Th eg of Tm ce Sate, ‘sled onan Pasion, 89). ‘heuer ofthe din (cable) nthe eighth cen See abo Oa: mont npr Spon Ankara {Sririeon XV yin hse rn Ii le gees ve yGk Haneda ar” lar 16s (Rh tbs Naga, Me ie Pe Ayn Ma (Toyo, 190) pp. 12 2 The morgue deed 138 and beseng an arp i the ‘te of As end fhe ha hag, peta he a7 es tn and moe idl phe prsacil iing he Rae per in Oneonta 161s hs ig hop shang ‘pub scaslopue ant the Cina preon [yds Arh “Une ferme dome dae lage Arps 3 ‘yhn,” i rational Conf Saal nd ao ty of Tey Ian 21-2 ga 158, Poo laa, dito itn ttt Cha a” Bohol 1. Arjan Songer Tipton, ok 1 (Ankara, Ipc Sc Francs 1 Aru Dura Ain a1 dn, 158): Geoge Reppert fon cm he Ian then 828059 8 Lemon, a Gh Tse Ase vo Pri SD) 9.299, ‘Aen rel, “Rod prada Ona Eas Mg 1Gyinde balanan “Ms Pat Ra nda” ar ae ens Ss yn na ‘Ayo eo ta eve eke glee” Kit ae fg TE" Arma Soan gunn, 1), mann {or enapte, ithe Hasherger, “eee Tung {in Halen Wap Atria eri 18), (pL; Pere Gril sets oar igs semaines” hung Fe Pra evo 56 {Uo}, p19 faucets Mae thine oe oye ge Cnr (6) 1 fot ete id a re a ne nyt ea Rew ean ognos, "The Frahih tein Greece, 184-1,"inA Try of Cas Rte 1 Wal a HW ind (ade, 12) p. 25-74, Deby, Le ee {Gabe een) hw cine Cups fe ade ty ti Stn 196 (en 7 {Se eal ade Pos Lan The eel emer ‘SGreceAProble Chola Futon” Maton ton a ee) 12943 trate “The Probl af he Reason Sveen Bra tie aod oma Ton” Pani te Pen ‘el Rte Cnps Me PE ch, bitmap eden s gen Adnan ton ded {BY ce) an bearing he nn of No sn Bey ‘nano the Meme sanyo ps it theory it he Na ley Sour (By Part Sse ar eto ‘inane 12-2 Jaws Iablr Miele 2 [tatu 194) so be rea a Sobace ead of See, since Soba ea ighring age aot so ‘Gane any For cans the get se Ac “fora gem Dedetiyars balunan Mestsegalen le ea Hy at re hal” per a heats v0 ARE lection emp of Heh Tih al fin Sir ing nen Cn om 1s, ourthe ance af Cos ee Arlt Sth, These 6, Gh orn, Ck ra, Dc Hardy (Ae 188, pp 2