Adventure Sports and Leadership Training Gz IMPORTANT Terms and Concepts 1. 3, . Aim of adventurous sport: The aim of adventurous sport is to let & 4. 5. 20 “Together auth? Physical Education—XII Adventure spor danger. These activities involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion and highly specialized gear. It gained popularity in 1990s. It has certain activities perceived as having high level of inherent ery individual experience the sheer joy or riding the space between earth and its atmosphere. These ‘experiences are unique, broad, dangerous, lfe threatening, creative hardships and most enjoying. There is a life-skll experience, totally different from general living Identification of various adventurous sports: Government agencies, maps, terrains, private agencies, search on net regarding every information is must betore planning for any adventure sport. Identify the place, feel secure about that place, protection etc. are important things to keep in mind, One must carry map while travelling. Never travel alone, always plan in small groups or with family. Complete information is necessary before going for trekking, camping, hiking, mountaineering, etc. regarding, safety measures, food, stay, trekking routes, etc. Raft: It is one of the simplest kinds of watercraft. It may be made of logs lashed together with ropes, ot any other material that floats. They may be built in any shape but usually square or rectangular. They are used as adventure or recreational purpose. Rafting: Rafting on water rapids is an exciting challenge. The crew use paddles to steer the craft through the swirling waters. A small group of people float down a river on rafts. It is the most adventurous activity. 6, Mount climbir challer 7. Conse future resour enhan 8. Conse and t specif not g of all 9. Safet carefi etc, ( sport Safet kit 10, Roc! for i lim rege 11. Hike user enjc Its anc 12. Cat natevel of inherent al exertion and every individual nosphere. These dships and most ving , maps, terrains, before planning lace, protection travelling. Never » information is |, etc. regarding, made of logs y be builtin any » of recreational use paddles to gat down a river 10. 11. 12. 13. 15. Mountaineering: It is the sport of climbing mountains to reach their peaks. Mountain climbing as a sport started in Europe when people began to ascend peaks simply for the challenge and adventure. Conservation: Judicious use of a resource in such a way that it remains available for the future generation is called conservation. Conservation is the planning and management of resources so as to secure their wide use and continuity of supply while maintaining and. enhancing their quality, value and diversity |. Conservation of environment: Its aim is to maintain the essential ecological processes and the life support system. It also preserve the diversity or variety of life forms at the specific, habitat level so that the evolution and development of life in the long run does not get disturbed. It also ensures the sustainability of resources which assumes the survival of all species in a healthy manner. . Safety measures: These are the precautionary and preventive measures. One needs to be trekking, camping and mountaineering, jury/accidents. It is must for adventurous careful while planning, packing, going for hikit etc. One must use safety measures to avoid sports. Safety saves the life of a person, therefore, before planning for adventurous sports safety kit must be given priority which includes good quality safety gear/gadgets, etc Rock climbing: It is a great adventurous sport and special climbing equipment is required for it. You start from ground and move up through some holds for a short section of the climb, You climb the rock with eye and brain coordination. Its a dangerous sport which requires lot of safety and courage to climb. Hiking: This is a popular sport and enjoyed by all participants. Hiking is @ universal activity used by man to achieve peace, exercise, the knowledge in a simple, uncomplicated and enjoyable manner. Comfortable clothes and good shoes or boots are basic requirements. It’s a walk between the farms, woods, meadows, streams and valleys. Sometimes it’s steep and very rocky. Camping: We camp for variety of reasons, but most of us camp simply to be close to nature. It is the way to enjoy it like a sport. We enjoy being with people and doing things together. People live in tents, spend nights and go for cross-country trip. It is found to be the least expensive adventure sport. Leadership: Leadership is the ability to build up confidence and the zeal among people and to create an urge in them towards some common goal. A leader is one who gives the lead, shows right path and develop cooperative attitude among the group members. Leader initiates, guides others in performing some required tasks. Qualities of a leader: In physical education and sports various opportunities are provided for accepting responsibilities. In practical field in each game there is a sports cBptain who looks after the need and interest of co-players. Various qualities developed in a leader through physical education are—making decisions, firm determination, good personality, intelligence, honesty, loyalty towards group, courageous, emotionally balanced, cooperative with broader outlook. Edging: Getting part of your foot on top with your weight pressing mainly downwards. This is called edging, Adventure Sports and Leadership Training 2116, Smearing: Pressing and bending the soft sole against the irregularity, is called ‘smearing’. Edging is easier in fairly stiff boots while smearing needs bendy soles. 17. Belaying: It is a simple technique which ensures that neither the leader nor the second climber fall to the ground from any significant height. Extra care is needed where the route crosses blocks to spurs in the rock. 18. Guidebook on rock climbing: Guidebook enables you to go to a crag and choose a climb to suit your ability. It provides reliable route descriptions including difficulty length, quality of rock and level of danger, as well as any other relevant detail. 19. Trekking Terrain: There are a lot of various areas in trekking terrain. It differs from place to place. The areas can be low scrub land, paths through paddy fields, pine needles, woods of oak, hidden passés between high mountains, swift rivers, etc. PRACTICE Questions === Very Short Answer Type Questions Important Questions > 1. What is Camping? places to camp. Recreation agencies ‘Ans. Camping is a popular form of outdoor Usually have information about nearby recreation. Various types of camping campsite. Permits may be required to provide opportunities throughout the camp in remote parts of national parks year for people to share low-cost outdoor co wilderness areas. There are thousands experiences in a natural environment. of campsites that are specially licensed Camping trips range from spending the by local authorities and run by holiday right in a tent at a campsite during a companies or other agencies. touring holiday to pass several weeks in | 3. What is rock climbing? a wilderness, Campers may stay at resort | Ans, Rock climbing is purely a physical skill or visit forest, desert, lakes or mountains. and courageous activity. It is a sport Some campers remain at one campsite enjoyed equally by girls and boys. In for their entire trip. From this site they rock climbing every climb is different. visit tourist attraction, participate in water Each one demands the ability to create sports or just relax. enjoy bird watching, a unique mental picture of a sequence fishing, rock collecting, photography and of move in advance. In this we have to walking. climb from the bottom of mountain to 2. How can we identify and plan for a the top, climbing upward called a ‘route’ camping trip? and ‘traverse’ (sideways portion). Getting Ans. Planning a camping trip: Campers to the top of a section of rock using just should plan trips for enough in advance to your own strength and ingenuity is an research campsites and make reserv exciting way of completing a challenging ‘There are reference sources in libraries, task and obtaining that pleasure. 22 Tagether with® Physical Education—XII 4. Mention ‘Ans. Types of meet seve have bee (@) Sedin (©) Igene (©) Meta 5. Write de rock clin Ans, Safety 1 (a) Alwas on et (0) Neve sure (© Keep of at (d) Proce lime (© Chec faste 6. What is Ans. A trek i underta common not avail African \ travel”. typically 7, How cat Mentior ‘Ans. Identiti famous of trekki Nepal a Kanchei popular Chandra Mansan Pindari and Vali = isamot The pea as exper 8, What is Ans. MountaCRAPTER-2 ADVENTURE SPORTS AND LEADERSHIP TRAINING MEANING AND OBJECTIVES OF ADVENTURE SPORTS Meaning of Adventure Sports Adventure sports are those sports which are related to unlimited thrill, excitement, entertainment and adventure. By taking part in adventure sports one can learn about himself and gather a sense of achievement or success, motivation and confidence. These sports are helpful in leading their life in a better way. Adventurous sports are such type of sports which involve extraordinary speed, height, physical exertion ing stunts. and surp Adventure Sports can be defined as outdoor sports or activities in which the participant competes in a natural environment more against himself/herself than against others. Adventure Sports are defined as activities where there is a high degree of risk to the participant. In fact, the definition of adventure sports isin its name. These are thrilling and adventurous, death defying feats achieved with a sporting mindset. Some of these sports require more athletic ability than others but it is a fact that all adventure sports need a strong mental attitude. Objectives of Adventure Sports Adventure sports are often very challenging and upto some extent have different objectives from other types of sports. These sports have foilowing objectives: 1. Develop self confidence 6. Provide exhilaration, amusement and 2. Build the concentration excitement 3. Have bonding with nature 7. Encourage creativity 4. Face the challenges against odd situations 8. Develop mental and physical fitness 5. Proper use of abundant energy 9, Improve social relations TYPES OF ACTIVITIES: CAMPING, ROCK CLIMBING, TREKKING, RIVER RAFTING AND MOUNTAINEERING i, CAMPING. ‘Camping’ means “To pass few days away from the routine life in the lap of nature along with the company of colleagues, friends or members of any group.” Camping is usually enjoyed in combination with activities such as hiking, trekking, mountaineering, rock climbing etc. There may be various types of camping such as scout camp, NCC camp, NSS camp, sports camp, adventure camp and social camp etc. li, ROCK CLIMBING. Rock climbing is one of the most dangerous sports activity which requires a strong mental control, agility, flexibility, endurance and various coordinative abilities such as balance, coordination, reaction, ability and rhythm etc. In fact itis an activity in which participants climb on natural rock formations or on artificial rock walls. TREKKING. Trekking is an adventure sports. It is not an easy task to do trekking, Indeed, it needs a lot of courage, confidence and a strong physique. A trek is a long journey on foot, especially in the mountains. Trekking refers to making the long and difficult journey on the mountains for pleasure or sport. Trekking is a part of adventure travel and expedition Types of Trekking: a) Easy Trekking, It is offered to beginners. There is no difficult climbing. b) Moderate Trekking. Moderate treks are slightly difficult and challenging than easy treks. ¢)_ Strenuous Trekking. These treks ascent to high altitudes usually up to 5000m. They also involve some steep climbing. d) Difficult Trekking. Some steep ascents to high altitudes are involved in this type of trekking. wyRIVER RAFTING. It is really a thrilling sports activity. Itis also popularly known as white water rafting, River rafting became popular during the mid 1970s. It involves the use of a raft for navigating through rs. The river rafting experience gives a complete detachment from the normal world ‘These are the following Grades of difficulty which indicated how demanding some paths of river may be: Grade I. Small areas, easy waves, flat water. Grade 11. Rough water, rocks and some maneuvering. Grade Ill. Difficult passages, bubbled water, may require significant maneuv level, experienced and strong paddling are required. Grade IV. Large waves, rocks, sharp maneuvers may be required. Grade V. Large waves, large volume of water, needs precise maneuvering, advanced experience is needed, Grade VI. Huge waves. This level is very tough which demands great physical and mental toughness. There may be injury or death. v, MOUNTAINEERING. Mountaineering is an adventurous sport that combines climbing and hiking up mountains or mountain terrains. It may involve in normal rocky or snowy environments. It challenges an individual's capabilities and skills. n addition to this, itis also a great way to be in the lap of nature. It is also considered as a form of relaxation and exercise. MATERIAL REQUIRED AND SAFETY MEASURES A. CAMPING a) Materials or Equipments Required © First aid kit * Sunscreen for protecting the skin * Tent or other type of shelter * Personal care products and towel Hammer to drive tent stakes into the soil * Cooking implements * Sleeping bag or blanket for warmth * Multi-tool or knife « Sleeping pad to be placed under the * Insect repellent sleeping bag ‘ Ignition device or matchbox * Flash light or lantern Razor blades * Axe or saw for firewood for a camp-fire « Plastic bags * Rain coat « Sufficient amount of food substances Hiking boots ; © Bags for handling waster b) Safety Measures Pack a first aid kit for any emergency during camping Learn the ABC'S of treating emergencies. Attend to a victim until medical help arrives Before leaving for camping, find out the weather report. When you reach at camp site watch the sky for changes ‘* Reach early at the camp site, Try to reach at camp site with enough day light to check over the complete site + Avoid areas of natural hazards for camping. * Inspect the site. It should be levelled property + Build fires in safe area. Fuel-burniig appliances should be far away from the tent. Never use a flame inside the tent. Instead of a candle light use flash light. ‘= Ensure that you have an area fora fire that cannot spread. Close the entrance of your tent while entering or leaving. Don't leave the waste products in open area. Recycle them. Beware when encountering wildlife. Maintain the cleanliness around the camp site, Make sure to extinguish fire completely. Beware of the poisonous plants as they may be allergic 22/ / B. ROCK CLIMBING a) Materials or Equipments Required = Arope * Aharness '* Good quality climbing shoes © Tight fitting clothing * Ahelmet * Tapes for fingers to avoid abrasions b) Safety Measures 7 « When you are out for rock climbing always check both the climber’s and belay’s harness buckles are doubled back. « Before starting climbing always check knots. ‘¢ When climbing a rock always wear a helmet. It protects your head from falling rocks. ‘© Make sure that the climbing is long enough to reach the anchors, So for the purpose of safety use a long rope. ‘© While belaying always pay attention to the leader. ‘= Before you climb make sure that you should bring enough gear with you. ‘« When you are leading always make sure that the rope is over your leg rather than between them: So, if you climb with the rope over your leg it will provide you sufficient safety. * Check your knots, harness buckle, belay etc. Frequently. » Take some time with each step. # Avoid the tendency to rely completely on the hands and arms and learn to trust on your feet. . Trekking Materials or Equipments Required * Belay devices Carabiners * Belaying Gloves * Webbing * Chalk Bag ‘+Food material and cooking utensils # Clothing as per requirement of your stay and season in which trekking is to be performed + First aid box * Sleeping baggage/bag © A good pair of shoes and socks *Rope «Wind cheater if any season b) Safety Measures Candle or flash light ‘* Matchbox Chalk *Soap Paper dishes, safety pins Tent mattress #Stove « Avoid trekking trip during rainy season, specially don’t stay at the summit during lighting Tape the required material such as water, match box, food stuffs, small knife and rope etc. Even forgetting a small thing can make a big difference in trekking trip. «See the weather report of that area. Avoid trekking during bad weather or climate conditions. ‘Take multi-pocket carry bag for trekking trips. The bag should be spacious to carry the important trekking essentials. + To prevent insect bite do wear full sleeves shirts and full pants. + Wear proper footwear so that you don't slip while trekking on mountains. + Don’t eat leaves, flowers etc. While trekking. They may be poisonous. « The persons suffering from heart and lung ailments should not go for trekking because they may fall prey to acute mountain sickness. D. RIVER RAFTING a) Materials or Equipments Required A swim suit ‘© Additional clothings (T-shirts, shorts) # Sunshade or cap Sun glasses 2/3+ Plastic bags for wet things Sunscreen lotion eHelmet Personal medication ‘all kitchen and camping equipments. * Life jacket or vest ‘Tennis shoes and socks * First aid box ‘Flash light * Waterproof bags b) Safety Measures # You should avoid going for river rafting alone. You should have enough capabilities as a swimmer. You should have proper knowledge about the classification of the river. * Whenever you go for river rafting always wear life vest and helmet. # Before going for river rafting, check the equipment to make sure that everything is in place and nothing has become defective. + If itis going dark, don’t raft. So end your trip before darkness falls. * Drink plenty of liquids before, during and after the rafting because rafters can easily forget to stay hydrated. *When you feel tired during rafting paddle in the water. E. MOUNTAINEERING a) Materials or Equipments Required significant to remember the rule of not dragging their #Sleeping bag * Over boots required for expeditions to «Inflatable pad mountains above 16,000 feet. elce axe, hammer * Sunglasses ‘Crampons with 12 spikes Sun hats # Harness with adjustable leg loops Face mask # Locking carabiners Light gloves, mild gloves and heavy * Climbing helmet gloves ‘Ski or trekking poles Sun skirt «Snow shoes * Insulated mug * Mountaineering shoes and socks Personal first aid kit. ‘*Spoon, water bottles, bowl, pee bottle ‘Lip screen, sunscreen b) Safety Measures * Drink water frequently for prevention of dehydration. * You should have good physical fitness and physical con ‘© Be aware of your surroundings and be mindful of fellow mountaineers. You should stay dry and warm for prevention of hypothermia. «Before going for mountaineering you must go for weather forecast. @ First Aid Kit «If you feel attitude sickness it will be appropriate for you to descend immediately. n. IDENTIFICATION AND USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are derived from the environment. Some natural resources are necessary for our survival while most of them are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources can be classified into renewable resources and non-renewable resources. a) b) Renewable Resources. Renewable Resources are those natural resources which are filled again naturally such as sunlight, air and wind etc. These resources are renewed natdrally. Non-renewable Résources. Non-Renewable resources are those natural resources which are either formed very slowly or are not formed naturally in the environment. For example minerals and fossil fuels are called non-renewable resources. 2aUse of Natural Resources Natural resources are nature's gift to human beings to help them to live a comfortable and peaceful life. Various natural resources can be identified which are not used properly by human beings. Some of these resources are mentioned below: Water. It is the most significant natural resource which should be used properly. It is used for daily needs such as cleaning utensils, cleanliness, flushing in toilet, irrigating the garden plants etc. Close the open taps of water immediately after use to avoid wastage. Natural Gas. It should be used properly. There are several households which use natural gas for heating water in their homes. Fuels. There are limited amount of fossil fuels on our earth, So, ifit is not used properly it can get over and the coming generations will have to face a number of problems. Forest. Forests are not used properly because there is uncontrolled felling of forests. In fact there is deforestation at a very large scale. So, all these resources should be used in a judicious manner, CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT Meaning of Conservation of Environment Conservation of environment simply implies the sustainable use as well as the management of natural resources such as wildlife, water, air, energy and earth deposits. Actually the aim of conservation of environment is the balanced and appropriate use of natural resources so that neither the environment is affected nor the coming generations are deprived of them. Conservation of natural resources usually focuses on the needs and interest of human beings. ‘Suggestions for Conservation of Environment The efforts for conservation of environment i.e. natural resources should be made at all levels, means in streets, villages, cities, schools, colleges, offices, states, at national and international level. Some vital suggestions in this regard are mentioned below: Conservation of Forests i) Plantation should be encouraged, i) Cut the trees properly for food. Take dry branches only and do not damage or cut the enti tree, i iii) Make the fence around the field by plantation so that environment could be saved. iv) For construction of houses, the use of wood should be in a balanced way. Conservation of Water i) Lay stress on rain water harvesting. zi li) Use the ground water in a proper way. Set up water purifying plants which purifies water flowing out of industries. Efforts should be made to stop all the processes causing water pollution. Don’t keep the water taps open while washing clothes, shaving and brushing teeth etc.\ vi) Check and stop any leakage in water taps/pipes. Conservation of Energy i) Switch off bulbs, tube lights, fans and other electric appliances when not in use. Use the solar water heater, solar cooker and solar lights instead of coal, LPG and woods Renewable sources of energy including Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Biogas etc should be used instead of fossil fuels. iv) Wearing warm clothes is an alternative to heaters. v) Try to minimise the number of vehicles to be used. Conservation of Food i) Enhance the sustainable agriculture, ji) Lay stress on judicious‘use of chemicals. iii) Lay stress on proper storage of food grains. 2/8‘Suggestions for Conservation of Environment to the Persons Related to Adventure Sports Don’t leave any eatables near the roadside for wild animals. Don’t wash your clothes in water streams. Don't leave any non-biodegradable waste,product during adventure sports. Used plastics should not be disposed off in valleys or mountains ete. Don’t defecate or urinate near river banks. Don’t litter mountains while trekking, hiking or mountaineering. vii) Don’t leave burning embers or fire while camping. viii) Don’t remove or cut trees. ix) Refrain from polluting water with human and kitchen waste. x) Don’t dispose of one time used rain coats, slippers and shoes in valleys or mountains etc. CREATING LEADERS THROUGH PHYSICAL EDUCATION Meaning and Definition of Leadership Leadership had existed from the very beginning of human beings. It can also be seen in the world of animals. In fact, the upliftment of a society depends upon the quality of leadership available to it. Leadership is the ability to intentionally provide positive influences on the behaviour of others. The leaders should possess qualities that are sought for and admired by the followers. A leader must initiate an activity, under the group's needs, and carry the activity to completion Leadership Qualities 1) Energetic 9) Good Health 2) Friendliness and Affection 10) Dedication and Determination 3) Decisiveness 11) High Motor Capacity 4) Technically Skilled 12) Respect for other People 5) Intelligent 13) Social 6) Teaching Skill 14) Logical and Decision-maker 7) Creative 15) Morality and Loyalty 8) Interest in Research 16) Good Communicator Process for Creating or Making Leader through Physical Education For creating or making the effective and efficient leaders in the field of physical education, stress must be laid down on the following points: 1) The foremost point for work in this area is to analyse which leadership skills are already well developed among the students and which are required for further development. 2) After that, identify the students or group of students whose leadership skills you most want to improve. 3) For improving leadership skills some of the approaches mentioned below can be used properly: ‘+ Offer the students a range of leadership roles such as supervising and managing sports activities, ‘+ Provide them some leadership courses. Make sure that any course you run lead to an application of the knowledge, skill and understanding in a valuable context. * Give them opportunities to.continue developing their skill Recognise the leaders by giving them a cap, top or other uniform. This will be @ force of motivation for other students. 4) It is also necessary to have faith and confidence in students. Show them that you believe that they can improve their leadership skills. 5) Give them some reward for improvement and give more responsibility to successful students. 6) The last but not the least step is to improve the leadership skills through physical education is to start again. Make proper analysis of successes then look at the areas where there is a room for further improvement, 2/6