24APR 16 Raw Outline for HCP

1. What is the history of research in Animal Studies focused on

elephants?
In this historical review of elephants, I will focus on their emotional
intelligence, social behaviors, and learning capabilities.
a. Emotional intelligence
i. Mourning: Intense concentration encountering carcasses of
dead relatives
ii. Female adults can recognize over 100 other female
vocalizations
iii.
b. Social behaviors, within
i. their communities
1. Family relationships are more important to females
than males.
a.
2. Recognition of family through their scent of urine,
even in captivity.
ii. Humans
iii. Solo
1. Males leave natal families and join up with same age
males until their maturity
a. Within their male societies that they have
temporarily created until maturity, the age
determines the social standing (Chiyo 1095).
c. Learning Capabilities
i. Digging wells to provide water for other animals, Using
branches as tools, and self-recognition in the mirror
(Schore 1994) (Bradshaw 428)
According to Bradshaw, from Joyce Poole
In order to achieve an understanding for those three topics of elephants, we
first must have basic knowledge of their characteristics, such as age of
maturity, familial relationships, communication and physical components
(brain, body, everything).
1. Physical characteristics:
a. Brain size
b. Trunks
c. Body mass
2. Familial relationships:
a. According to Michael Garstang, from Cynthia Moss and Joyce
Poole, research members of the Amboseli Elephant Research
Project in Kenya, describes the family units as bond groups

differing from one another mainly consisting of adult females

whom are matrilineal relatives and their immature offspring.
(Garstang 59)
3. Age and maturity:
a. Age of maturity for male elephants is fifteen. They leave their
bond group and roam on their own or with other male elephants
from other bond groups until they mate with a female from
another bond group (Bates 2)
4. Communication:
a. Low-frequency vocalizations
b. The form of communication that elephants use helps us measure
the complex cognitive skills (Wemmer 84) Elephants have an
extensive range of communication, such as low vocalization
using their trunk and nasal cavity, various combined gestures,
and chemical sensory are dependent on the environmental
changes. (Garstang 58)

2. Who are the main researchers in Animals Studies who focus on

Elephants?
a. Michael Garstang
b. Cynthia Moss
c. Patrick Chiyo
d. Joyce Poole
3. What studies have they been doing? What have they found as a result
of the studies?

Cognitive:
Byrne, Richard W., Lucy A. Bates, and Cynthia J. Moss. "Elephant Cognition in Primate

Perspective." Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews CCBR 4 (2009): 1-15. Print.
Garstang, Michael. "Elephant Sense and Sensibility." Academic Press (2015). Science
Direct. Elsevier, 20 Feb. 2015. Web. 24 Apr. 2016.

Social Behaviors:
Bradshaw, G. A., and Allan N. Schore. "How Elephants Are Opening Doors:
Developmental Neuroethology, Attachment and Social Context." Ethology 113.5 (2007):
426-36. Web.

Mccomb, K., G. Shannon, S. M. Durant, K. Sayialel, R. Slotow, J. Poole, and C. Moss.

"Leadership in Elephants: The Adaptive Value of Age." Proceedings of the Royal Society
B: Biological Sciences 278.1722 (2011): 3270-276. Web.

Emotional:
Moss, Cynthia. Elephant Memories: Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant Family.

Chicago: U of Chicago, 2012. Print.

Wemmer, Christen M., and Catherine A. Christen. Elephants and Ethics: Toward a
Morality of Coexistence. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 2008. Print.