Electronic Communications - Principles and Systems - W. D. Stanley & J. M. Jeffords PDF

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Electronic Communications: Principles and

Systems
by W. D. Stanley & J. M. Jeffords1
Created by
Manish Rajput
B.tech
Others
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University,Katra,J&K
College Teacher
Rakesh Kumar Jha
Cross-Checked by
Chaya Ravindra
October 27, 2014
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Electronic Communications: Principles and Systems
Author: W. D. Stanley & J. M. Jeffords
Publisher: Cengage Learning, New Delhi
Edition: 2
Year: 2009
ISBN: 9788131503546
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Introduction
11
2 Spectral Analysis I Fourier Series
18
3 Spectral Analysis II Fourier Transform and Pulse Spectra
26
4 Communication Filters and Signal Transmission
34
5 Frequency Generation and Translation
36
6 Amplitude Modulation Methods
46
7 Angle modulation methods
56
8 Pulse modulation and Time division multiplexing
67
9 Digital communication I Binary Systems
73
10 Digital communication II M ary system
80
11 Computer Data communication
83
12 Noise in Communication systems
85
13 Performance of Modulation systems with noise
96
14 Transmission lines and waves
105
15 Introduction to Antennas
113
16 Communication link analysis and Design
118
17 Satellite communication
126
19 Wireless Network communication
133
20 Optical communication
137
21 Consumer communication systems
141
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Determine Wavelength . . . .
Determine Wavelength . . . .
dB Power gain . . . . . . . .
Absolute Power gain . . . . .
Voltage gain . . . . . . . . .
dB gain and loss . . . . . . .
Signal Level . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate gains . . . . . . . .
Power level . . . . . . . . . .
Signal level and gain . . . . .
S N ratio . . . . . . . . . . .
Signal terminology . . . . . .
Express function . . . . . . .
Spectral process . . . . . . .
Fourier series . . . . . . . . .
Power in a Fourier series . . .
Spectral Rollof . . . . . . . .
Table of fourier series . . . .
Spectral component . . . . .
Two sided spectrum . . . . .
Fourier Transform . . . . . .
Fourier Transform . . . . . .
Amplitude spectrum . . . . .
Baseband pulse function . . .
Sketch spectrum . . . . . . .
RF pulse functions . . . . . .
RFpulse amplitude spectrum
Spectrum analyser . . . . . .
5
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11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
15
16
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
Amplitude response . . . . . . . . . . .
Parrale resonant circuit . . . . . . . . .
Determine Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . .
Oscillator circuits . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crystal controlled portable transmitter .
PLL loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency conversion . . . . . . . . . .
Double conversion system . . . . . . . .
Reciever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reciever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commercial FM reciever . . . . . . . . .
Transmission Bandwidth . . . . . . . .
Transmission Bandwidth . . . . . . . .
SSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Product Detectio of DSB and SSB . . .
Product Detection . . . . . . . . . . . .
Product detection of DSB and SSB . . .
Envelop Detection of conventional FM .
Envelop detection of conventionall FM .
Modulation Factor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine Amplitude of sidebands . . .
Envelop detector . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine power . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Antenna rms voltage and current . . . .
Determine power . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rms voltage and current . . . . . . . . .
single tone angle modulation . . . . . .
Spectrum of tone modulated FM signal
Maximum phase deviation . . . . . . . .
Equation for FM signal . . . . . . . . .
Equation for signal . . . . . . . . . . .
Expression for composite FM . . . . . .
Expression for PM signal . . . . . . . .
Transmission bandwidth . . . . . . . . .
6
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34
34
35
36
37
37
38
39
39
41
42
44
44
44
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
52
53
54
56
57
57
58
58
58
59
59
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
10.1
10.2
10.5
10.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.1
12.2
12.3
Transmission bandwidth . . . . . . . .
Approximate transmission bandwidth
Transmission bandwidth . . . . . . .
Determine transmission bandwidth . .
Determine bandwidth . . . . . . . . .
Frequency tripler . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instantaneous frequency . . . . . . . .
Transmitter design . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine output frequency . . . . . .
Frequency division modulation . . . .
sampling rate . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sampling rate . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine total number of samples . .
List frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pulse amplitude modulation . . . . .
Minimum bandwidth for PAM . . . .
Nyquist rate based . . . . . . . . . . .
PWM minimum nyquist rate . . . . .
possible PCM words . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum number of bits . . . . . . .
Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quantization error . . . . . . . . . . .
A to D converter . . . . . . . . . . . .
Micro compression law encoder . . . .
PCM TDM system . . . . . . . . . . .
NRZ L PCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NRZ L PCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NRZ L PCM bandwidth . . . . . . . .
Channel capcity . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum channel capacity . . . . . .
Shannon limit . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Processor bandwidth . . . . . . . . . .
DDR SDRAM bandwidth . . . . . . .
Memory bandwidth . . . . . . . . . .
Mean square and rms values . . . . .
rms voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
net rms voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
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60
60
61
61
62
62
63
63
65
66
67
67
68
68
69
70
71
71
73
73
74
75
76
76
77
78
78
78
80
80
81
81
83
83
84
85
85
86
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.6.1
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12
15.2
15.3
Noise power . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
output noise power . . . . . . . . . . .
rms noise voltage . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power spectral density . . . . . . . . .
white noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
output noise power . . . . . . . . . . .
low noise amplifier . . . . . . . . . . .
effective noise temperature . . . . . .
RF amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
output S to ratio . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalent noise temperature . . . . .
Net noise figure . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cascaded system . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noise temperature and noise figure . .
AC system comparison . . . . . . . . .
Receiver processing gain . . . . . . . .
signal to noise ratio . . . . . . . . . .
signal to noise ratio . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum number of bits . . . . . . .
Binary digital communication system .
PSK signal to noise ratio . . . . . . .
input average carrier power . . . . . .
PSK required reciever power . . . . .
Length of line . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length of line . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length of line . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characteristic impedance . . . . . . .
Velocity of propagation . . . . . . . .
Dielectric costant . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coaxial cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mismached load impedance . . . . . .
Load power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lossless transmission line . . . . . . .
Loss less transmission line . . . . . .
Lossless transmission line . . . . . . .
Plane wave propagation . . . . . . . .
Distance of boundary . . . . . . . . .
max dB gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
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86
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100
101
102
103
105
105
106
106
107
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108
108
109
110
110
111
111
113
113
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.11
15.12
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
19.2
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
Power gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
satellite system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiation resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parabolic reflector . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effective area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recieived power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dB approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Path loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
path loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum transmitted power required . . .
Required transmitted power . . . . . . . . .
range of transmission . . . . . . . . . . . .
Received power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distance to the target . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pulse radar system . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Doppler shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Speed of automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Angle of refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Declination offset angle . . . . . . . . . . .
Satellite transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gain required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gain required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diameter of ground station uplink antenna
Distance from earth station . . . . . . . . .
Determine C to N ratio . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine C to N ratio . . . . . . . . . . .
First 10 channel in hop sequence . . . . . .
Part of FHSS frame . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FHSS frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waveform of DBPSK . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waveform of DQPSK . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency of the laser . . . . . . . . . . . .
Angle of refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Responsivity of photodiode . . . . . . . . .
Responsivity of photodiode . . . . . . . . .
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114
114
115
115
116
117
118
119
119
120
121
121
122
122
123
123
124
124
125
126
126
127
127
128
128
129
129
130
133
133
134
134
135
137
137
138
138
139
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
20.6
20.7
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
Loss in cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loss of multimode cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
difference between stereo FM and monaural FM . .
Monochrome TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deviation ratio in TV channel . . . . . . . . . . .
Transmission bandwidth of monaural television FM
10
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139
139
141
142
142
142
Chapter 1
Introduction
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Determine Wavelength

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e 4
3 // ex 1.1
4 c =3*10^8;
// i n m/ s
5 f =1*10^6;
// i n Hz
6 lembda = c / f ;
7 disp ( lembda , Wavelength ( i n m) : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Determine Wavelength

1 clc ;
2
3 // p a g e 4
4 // ex 1.2
5 c =3*10^8;
// i n m/ s
6 f =100*10^6;
// i n Hz
7 lembda = c / f ;
8 disp ( lembda , Wavelength ( i n m) : ) ;
11
Scilab code Exa 1.3 dB Power gain

1 clc ;
2
3 // p a g e 9
4 // ex 1.3
5 G =175;
// a b s o l u t e g a i n
6 Gdb =10* log10 (175) ;
// d e c i b e l l g a i n
7 disp ( dB ,Gdb ,+ The d e c i b e l l power g a i n
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Absolute Power gain

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e 9
3 // ex 1.4
4 Gdb =28;
5 G =10^( Gdb /10) ;
// A b s o l u t e power g a i n
6 disp (G , The a b s o l u t e power g a i n i s : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.5 Voltage gain

1
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8
clc ;
// p a g e 10
// ex 1.5
Gdb =28;
G =10^( Gdb /10) ; // A b s o l u t e power g a i n
Av = G ^0.5; // V o l t a g e g a i n
disp ( Av , The v o l t a g e g a i n i s : ) ;
12
i s : );
Scilab code Exa 1.6 dB gain and loss

1
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11
clc ;
// p a g e 10
// ex 1.6
G =0.28; // A b s o l u t e g a i n
Gdb =10* log10 ( G ) ;
disp ( dB ,Gdb ,+ D e c i b e l l g a i n i s ) ;
P1 =1;
P2 =.28; // 28 % o f i n p u t power
Ldb =10* log10 ( P1 / P2 ) ; //dB l o s s
disp ( dB ,Ldb ,+ D e c i b e l l l o s s i s : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Signal Level

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e 11
3 // ex 1.7
4
5 PmW =100; // power i n mW
6 PdBm =10* log10 ( PmW /1) ;
//P i n dBm l e v e l
7 disp ( dBm , PdBm ,+ ( a ) .
Power i n dBm l e v e l i s : ) ;
8 PdBW = PdBm -30;
//P i n dBW l e v e l
9 disp ( dBW , PdBW ,+ ( b ) .
Power i n dBW l e v e l i s : ) ;
10 PdBf = PdBm +120;
// Pin dBf l e v e l
11 disp ( dBf , PdBf ,+ ( c )
Power i n dBf l e v e l i s : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.8 Calculate gains

13
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clc ;
// p a g e 13
// ex 1.8
G1 =5000;
L =2000;
G2 =400;
G = G1 *(1/ L ) * G2 ;
// A b s o l u t e g a i n
disp (G , ( a ) Net a b s o l u t e g a i n i s : ) ;
GdB =10* log10 ( G ) ; // System d e c i b e l l g a i n
disp ( dB ,GdB ,+ ( b ) System D e c i b e l g a i n i s : ) ;
G1dB =10* log10 ( G1 ) ;
LdB =10* log10 ( L ) ;
G2dB =10* log10 ( G2 ) ;
disp ( ( c )
I n d i v i d u a l s t a g e g a i n s a r e : );
disp ( G1dB , G1dB= ) ;
disp ( LdB , LdB= ) ;
disp ( G2dB , G2dB= ) ;
GdB = G1dB - LdB + G2dB ;
disp ( dB ,GdB ,+ The n e t dB g a i n i s : ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.9 Power level

1
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11
clc ;
// p a g e 13
// ex 1.9
G1 =5000;
L =2000;
G2 =400;
Ps =0.1; // i n mW
P1 = G1 * Ps ; // i n mW
disp ( mW ,P1 , ( a ) Power l e v e l P1 i s : ) ;
P2 = P1 / L ; // i n mW
14
12 disp ( mW ,P2 , L i n e o u t p u t power P2 : ) ;

13 Po = G2 * P2 ;
// i n mW
14 disp ( mW ,Po , System o u t p u t power Po : ) ;
15 PsdBm =10* log10 ( Ps /1) ;
16 G1dB =10* log10 ( G1 ) ;
17 LdB =10* log10 ( L ) ;
18 G2dB =10* log10 ( G2 ) ;
19 disp ( ( b )
Output power power l e v e l s i n dBm a r e ) ;
20 P1dBm = PsdBm + G1dB ;
21 disp ( dBm , P1dBm , P1 (dBm)= ) ;
22 P2dBm = P1dBm - LdB ;
23 disp ( dBm , P2dBm , P2 (dBm)= ) ;
24 PodBm = P2dBm + G2dB ;
25 disp ( dBm , PodBm , Po (dBm)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.10 Signal level and gain

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clc ;
// p a g e 14
// ex 1.10
function [ V ]= voltage ( PdBm )
P =1*10^( -3) *(10^( PdBm /10) ) ;
V =(75* P ) ^0.5;
endfunction
S =10; //dBm
G1 =13; //dB
L1 =26; //dB
G2 =20; //dB
L2 =29; //dB
disp ( ( a ) The o u t p u t l e v e l s a r e ) ;
PdBm = S ;
V = voltage ( PdBm ) ;
disp (V , i n V o l t s : , PdBm , 1 . S i g n a l s o u r c e i n dBm : ) ;
PdBm = S + G1 ;
15
19 V = voltage ( PdBm ) ;
20 disp (V , i n V o l t s : , PdBm , 2 . L i n e A m p l i f i e r i n dBm : )
21
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30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
;
PdBm = S + G1 - L1 ;
disp (V , i n V o l t s : , PdBm , 3 . C a b l e s e c t i o n A i n dBm :
);
PdBm = S + G1 - L1 + G2 ;
disp (V , i n V o l t s : , PdBm , 4 . B o o s t e r a m p l i f i e r i n dBm
: );
PdBm = S + G1 - L1 + G2 - L2 ;
disp (V , i n V o l t s : , PdBm , 5 . C a b l e s e c t i o n B i n dBm :
);
disp ( ( b ) . The o u t p u t power t o g e t a v o l t a g e o f 6V
);
V =6;
// v o l t s
R =75; //ohm
Po =( V ^2) / R ;
disp ( W ,Po ,) ;
PodBm =10* log10 ( Po *1000/1) ;
disp ( dBm , PodBm , power i n dBm ) ;
GrdB = PodBm - PdBm ;
disp ( dB , GrdB , The r e q u i r e d g a i n i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.11 S N ratio

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc ;
// p a g e 17
// ex 1.11
P =5;
// I n mW
N =100*10^ -6; // i n mW
S2N = P / N ;
16
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
disp ( S2N , ( a )
Absolute s i g n a l to n o i s e r a t i o : );
S2NdB =10* log10 ( S2N ) ;
disp ( dB , S2NdB , ( b )
dB s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o i s :
)
PdBm =10* log10 ( P /1) ;
disp ( dBm , PdBm , ( c )
S i g n a l Power i s ) ;
NdBm =10* log10 ( N /1) ;
disp ( dBm , NdBm , N o i s e power i s ) ;
S2NdB = PdBm - NdBm ;
disp ( dB , S2NdB , D e c i n e l S/N r a t i o i s ) ;
17
Chapter 2
Spectral Analysis I Fourier
Series
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Signal terminology

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc ;
// p a g e no 31
// p r o b l e m 2 . 1
// v ( t ) =12 c o o s ( 2 p i 2 0 0 0 t )
A =12;
// i n v o l t s
disp ( V ,A , ( a ) The a m p l i t u d e i s i d e t i f i e d a s ) ;
w =2* %pi *2000;
disp ( r a d / s ,w , ( b ) The r a d i a n f r e q u i n c y i s ) ;
f = w /(2* %pi ) ;
disp ( Hz ,f , ( c ) The c y c l i c f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
T =1/ f ;
disp ( s ,T , ( d ) The p e r i o d i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Express function
18
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc ;
// p a g e no 32
// p r o b l e m 2 . 2
// i ( t ) =4 c o s 5 0 t + 3 s i n 5 0 t
A =4;
B =3;
C = sqrt ( A ^2+ B ^2) ; // r i g h t t r i a n g l e
theta = -1* atan (3/4) ; // i n r a d
disp ( r a d , theta , ( a ) The c u r r e n t i s e x p r e s s e d a s 5
c o s ( 5 0 t + t h e t a ) , where t h e t a i s ) ;
phi = acot (3/4) ; // from f i g u r e 2 . 5 i n r a d i a n
disp ( r a d ,phi , ( b ) The c u r r e n t i s e x p r e s s e d a s 5
s i n ( 5 0 t+p h i ) , where p h i i s ) ;
phi = phi *180/ %pi ;
disp ( d e g r e e ,phi , o r ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Spectral process

1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc ;
// p a g e no 37
// p r o b l e m 2 . 3
T =12.5*10^ -6; // i n s e c
f0 =0;
// dc
f1 =1/ T *10^ -3;
// i n kHz
f2 = f0 +2* f1 ;
f3 = f0 +3* f1 ;
f4 = f0 +4* f1 ;
disp ( kHz ,f4 , f3 , f2 , f1 , f0 , The l o w e s t f i v e
f r e q u e n c i e s a r e ( i n kH ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Fourier series

19
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17
clc ;
// p a g e no 40
// p r o b l e m 2 . 4
// a l l f r e q u e n c i e s a r e i n Hz
f =0;
f1 =500; // f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q .
f2 =1000; f3 =1500; // h a r m o n i c s
disp ( f3 , f2 , f1 ,f , ( a ) The f r e q u e n c i e s i n s i g n a l a r e
);
// f o r p l o t
fHz =[0:1600];
Cn =[5 zeros (1: f1 -1) 8 zeros ( f1 +1: f2 -1) 6 zeros ( f2 +1:
f3 -1) 3 zeros ( f3 +1:1600) ]
clf
plot2d ( fHz , Cn ,[3] , rect =[ -0.5 ,0 ,1550 ,10])
xtitle ( L i n e a r a m p l i t u d e s p e c t r u m , f , Hz , Cn (V) )
xgrid
disp ( ( c ) The r e q u i r e d bandwidth i s 1 5 0 0 Hz ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Power in a Fourier series

1
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10
11
12
13
clc ;
// p a g e no 43
// p r o b l e m 2 . 5
// A l l v o l t a g e s a r e i n V
// A l l power i n w a t t s
R =5; //ohm
C0 =5; // dc v a l u e
C1 =8;
C2 =6;
C3 =3;
// v o l t s
Vrms = sqrt ( C0 ^2+0.5*( C1 ^2+ C2 ^2+ C3 ^2) ) ; // rms v o l t a g e
disp ( Vrms , ( a ) The rms v a l u e o f v o l t a g e i s ) ;
20
14 P = Vrms ^2/ R ;
// w a t t s
15 disp ( W ,P , ( b )
The a v e r a g e power d i s s i p a t e d
16
17
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19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
in
resistor is )
P0 = C0 ^2/ R ;
disp ( P0 , ( c ) The dc power i s ) ;
P1 = C1 ^2/(2* R ) ;
disp ( P1 , The power i n f u n d a m e n t a l i s ) ;
P2 = C2 ^2/(2* R ) ;
P3 = C3 ^2/(2* R ) ;
disp ( P3 , P2 , The s e c o n d and t h i r d h a r m o n i c s a r e ) ;
// f o r p l o t
fHz =[0:1600];
f2 =1000; f3 =1500;
Pn =[ P0 zeros (1: f1 -1) P1 zeros ( f1 +1: f2 -1) P2 zeros ( f2
+1: f3 -1) P3 zeros ( f3 +1:1600) ]
clf
plot2d ( fHz , Pn ,[3] , rect =[0 ,0 ,1600 ,8])
xtitle ( Power s p e c t r u m , f , Hz , Pn (W) )
xgrid
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Spectral Rollof

1 clc ;
2
3 // p a g e no 48
4 // p r o b l e m 2 . 6
5 // A l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n Hz
6 // There i s no dc component
7 T =4*10^ -3;
8 f1 =1/ T ;
9 disp ( f1 , The f u n d m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
10 // The f u n c t i o n have o n l y odd numbered c o mp o n e n t s
11 disp (9* f1 ,7* f1 ,5* f1 ,3* f1 , f1 , The f i v e l o w e s t
f r e q u e n c i e s a r e );
21
12
disp ( ( b )
The r o l l o f f
r a t e i s 6dB/ o c t a v e ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Table of fourier series

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29
clc ;
// p a g e no 51
// p r o b l e m 2 . 7
// A l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n kHz
// The t i m e i s i n ms
// Power i n WATTS
// A l l v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
T =0.2; //ms
f1 =1/ T ;
disp ( f1 , The f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
// There a r e o n l y odd numbered h a r m o n i c s
Ap2p =40; // peak t o peak
R =50; //ohm
A = Ap2p /2;
C1 =4* A / %pi ;
C3 =4* A /(3* %pi ) ;
C5 =4* A /(5* %pi ) ;
disp ( r e s p e c t i v e l y ,C5 , C3 , C1 , The m a g n i t u d e o f
f u n d a m e n t a l , t h i r d and f i f t h h a r m o n i c s a r e ) ;
function [ Pn ]= Power ( Cn , R )
Pn = Cn ^2/(2* R ) ;
endfunction
P1 = Power ( C1 , R ) ;
P3 = Power ( C3 , R ) ;
P5 = Power ( C5 , R ) ;
// power i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f u n c t i o n Power
d e f i n e d above
disp ( F r e q u e n c y A m p l i t u d e
Power )
table ={ f1 , C1 , P1 ;3* f1 , C3 , P3 ;5* f1 , C5 , P5 };
disp ( table ) ;
22
Scilab code Exa 2.8 Spectral component

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clc ;
// p a g e no 52
// p r o b l e m 2 . 8
// The t i m e i s i n ms
// Power i n WATTS
// f o l l o w i n g v a l u e s a r e c o p i e d from Ex27
T =0.2; //ms
f1 =1/ T ;
// There a r e o n l y odd numbered h a r m o n i c s
Ap2p =40; // peak t o peak
R =50; //ohm
A = Ap2p /2;
C1 =4* A / %pi ;
C3 =4* A /(3* %pi ) ;
C5 =4* A /(5* %pi ) ;
function [ Pn ]= Power ( Cn , R )
Pn = Cn ^2/(2* R ) ;
endfunction
P1 = Power ( C1 , R ) ;
P3 = Power ( C3 , R ) ;
P5 = Power ( C5 , R ) ;
// Ex28
Vrms = A ;
P = Vrms ^2/ R ;
disp ( W ,P , T o t a l power i s ) ;
P135 = P1 + P3 + P5
disp ( P135 , Power o f f u n d a m e n t a l , t h i r d and f i f t h
23
harmonics i s );
33 prcnt = P135 / P *100;
34 disp ( prcnt , The p e r c e n t o f power i s
);
Scilab code Exa 2.9 Two sided spectrum

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clc ;
clear all ;
// p a g e no 54
// p r o b l e m 2 . 9
f0 =0;
f2 =1000; f3 =1500; // h a r m o n i c s
// V a l u e s from ex 2 . 4
C =[5 8 6 3] // V a l u e s i n V o l t s
// V a l u e s from ex 2 . 5
P =[5 6.4 3.6 .9];
// p o w e e r i n w a t t s
clf ;
// p l o t two s i d e d l i n e a r a m p l i t u d e s p e c t r u m
fHz = -1510:10^ -2:1510;
// xa x i s m a t r i x
//Ya x i s m a t r i x
Cn =[ C (1) ]
for i =2:4
Cn =[ zeros ( -500+10^ -2:10^ -2:0 -10^ -2) Cn zeros
(0+10^ -2:10^ -2:500 -10^ -2) ]
Cn =[ C ( i ) /2 Cn C ( i ) /2];
end
Cn =[ zeros ( -10+10^ -2:10^ -2:0) Cn zeros
(0:10^ -2:10 -10^ -2) ]
subplot (211)
plot2d ( fHz , Cn ,[2] , rect =[ -2000 ,0 ,2000 ,6])
xtitle ( Twos i d e d L i n e a r a m p l i t u d e s p e c t r u m , f , Hz ,
Vn (V) )
xgrid
24
27
28 // p l o t two power s p e c t r u m
29 fHz = -1510:10^ -2:1510;
// xa x i s m a t r i x
30 //Ya x i s m a t r i x
31 Pn =[ P (1) ]
32 for i =2:4
33
Pn =[ zeros ( -500+10^ -2:10^ -2:0 -10^ -2) Pn zeros
(0+10^ -2:10^ -2:500 -10^ -2) ]

Pn =[ P ( i ) /2 Pn P ( i ) /2];
34
35 end
36 Pn =[ zeros ( -10+10^ -2:10^ -2:0) Pn zeros
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40
(0:10^ -2:10 -10^ -2) ]

subplot (212)
plot2d ( fHz , Pn ,[6] , rect =[ -2000 ,0 ,2000 ,6])
xtitle ( Twos i d e d power ] s p e c t r u m , f , Hz , Pn (W) )
xgrid
25
Chapter 3
Spectral Analysis II Fourier
Transform and Pulse Spectra
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Fourier Transform

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3 // c h a p t e r 3
4 // p a g e no 75
5 // e x a m p l e 3 . 1
6 A =1
// a r b i t r a r y v a l u e p r o v i d e d
7 T =10
//T r e p r e s e n t s t a u ( a r b i t r a r y
8
9
10
value provided
)
// p l o t f o r non p e r i o d i c p u l s e
t = -2* T :.001:2* T ;
vt =[ zeros ( -2* T :.001: - T /2) A * ones ( - T /2+.001:.001: T
/2 -.001) zeros ( T /2:.001:2* T ) ]
clf
subplot (211)
plot2d (t , vt ,[2] , rect =[ -2* T ,0 ,2* T , A +1])
xtitle ( ( a ) Non p e r i o d i c p u l s e , t , v ( t ) )
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15
16 // p l o t f o r a m p l i t u d e spectum
17 f = -4/ T :.001:4/ T ;
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18 Vf =[]
19 for i =1: length ( f )
20
if f ( i ) ==0 then
21
Vf =[ Vf A * T ];
// a c c o r d i n g t o L H o p i t a l s
r u l e s i n ( x ) / x=1 a t l i m x>0
else
Vf =[ Vf A * T * sin ( %pi * f ( i ) * T ) /( %pi * f ( i ) * T ) ]
22
23
24 end
25 end
26 subplot (212)
27 plot2d (f , Vf ,[5])
28 xtitle ( ( b ) A m p l i t u d e s p e c t r u m , f , V( f ) )
29 xgrid
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Fourier Transform

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3 // c h a p t e r 3
4 // p a g e no 76
5 // e x a m p l e 3 . 2
6 // p l o t f o r i m p u l s e f u n c t i o n
7 t = -2:.001:2;
8 vt =[ zeros ( -2:.001:0 -.001) 1 zeros (0+.001:.001:2) ]
// i m p u l s e f u n c t i o n m a t r i x
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clf
subplot (211)
plot2d (t , vt ,[2] , rect =[ -2 ,0 ,2 ,2])
a = gca () ; // Handle on a x e s e n t i t y
a . x_location = o r i g i n ;
a . y_location = o r i g i n ;
xtitle ( ( a ) U n i t I m p u l s e f u n c t i o n , t , v ( t ) )
// p l o t f o r a m p l i t u d e spectum
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f = -2:.001:2;
Vf =[ ones ( -2:.001:2) ]
subplot (212)
plot2d (f , Vf ,[5])
xtitle ( ( b ) A m p l i t u d e s p e c t r u m , f , V( f ) )
xgrid
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Amplitude spectrum

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3 // c h a p t e r 3
4 // p a g e no 82
5 // e x a m p l e 3 . 3
6 A =20;
// V o l t s
7 T =1*10^ -3;
// s e c o n d
8 function Vf = Fourier_transform (f ,T , A )
9
if f ==0 then
10
Vf = A * T ;
11
else
12
Vf = A * T * sin ( %pi * f * T ) /( %pi * f * T ) ;
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14
end
15 endfunction
16 mprintf ( ( a ) E q u a t i o n f o r f o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m
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21
i s \n V( f
)=%. 2 f s i n (%. 3 f p i f ) / (%. 3 f p i f ) ,A *T ,T , T ) ;
// P a r t b C a l c u l a t i o n
f =[0 500 1000 1500];
for i =1:4
Vf ( i ) = Fourier_transform ( f ( i ) ,T , A )
end
28
22 // P a r t c c a l c u l a t i o n
23 RdB =20* log10 ( Vf ./ .02)
24 // R e s u l t T a b l e
25 mprintf ( \ n f ( Hz )
V( f ) i n V
RdB\n )
26 for i =1:4
27
mprintf ( %5i
%f
%f \n ,f ( i ) , Vf ( i ) , RdB ( i ) )
28 end
29 // A l l v a l u e s a r e p r e c i s e
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Baseband pulse function

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clc ;
clear all ;
// c h a p t e r 3
// p a g e no 85
// e x a m p l e 3 . 4
A =20;
// V o l t s
T =1*10^ -3;
// s e c o n d s
f =[ -3/ T :3/ T ];
// i n kHz
Vf =[]
for i =1: length ( f )
if f ( i ) ==0 then
Vf =[ Vf A * T ];
else
Vf =[ Vf A * T * sin ( %pi * f ( i ) * T ) /( %pi * f ( i ) * T ) ];
end
end
clf ;
xtitle ( A m p l i t u d e Spectrum , f , Hz , V( f ) ) ;
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xgrid
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Sketch spectrum

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clc ;
clear all ;
// c h a p t e r 3
// p a g e no 86
// e x a m p l e 3 . 5
A =20;
// V o l t s
T =5*10^ -3;
// p e r i o d i n s e c o n d s
tau =1*10^ -3;
// p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c o n d
d = tau / T ;
// duty c y c l e
f1 =1/ T ;
// Fundamental f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// f o r p l o t
n =[ -14:15];
// i n Hz
Vf =[]
for i =1: length ( n )
if n ( i ) ==0 then
Vf ( i *200) = A * d ;
else
Vf ( i *200) = A * d * sin ( %pi * d * n ( i ) ) /( %pi * d * n ( i ) )
end
// t o g e t t h e m a g n i t u d e s o f c o m p o n e nt s
if Vf ( i *200) <0 then
Vf ( i *200) = - Vf ( i *200)
end
end
f = -3000:3000 -1
clf ;
plot2d (f , Vf ,[5] , rect =[ -3000 ,0 ,3000 ,5])
30
32 a . y_location = o r i g i n ;
33
34 xtitle ( A m p l i t u d e Spectrum , f , Hz , Vn ) ;
35 xgrid
Scilab code Exa 3.6 RF pulse functions

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clc ;
clear all ;
// c h a p t e r 3
// p a g e no 89
// e x a m p l e 3 . 6
A =1
// a r b i t r a r y v a l u e p r o v i d e d
Tau =10^ -3
// i n s e c o n d s
fc =30*10^6; // c e n t r e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// p l o t f o r a m p l i t u d e spectum
f = -3/ Tau :3/ Tau ;
Vf =[]
for i =1: length ( f )
if f ( i ) ==0 then
Vf =[ Vf A * Tau ];
// a c c o r d i n g t o L H o p i t a l s
r u l e s i n ( x ) / x=1 a t l i m x>0
else
Vf =[ Vf A * Tau * sin ( %pi * f ( i ) * Tau ) /( %pi * f ( i )
* Tau ) ]
end
end
f = f + fc
// s h i f t i n g
f = f .*10^ -6
//MHz
clf
xtitle ( A m p l i t u d e s p e c t r u m , f , MHz , V r f ( f ) )
xgrid
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Scilab code Exa 3.7 RFpulse amplitude spectrum

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clc ;
clear all ;
// c h a p t e r 3
// p a g e no 89
// e x a m p l e 3 . 7
A =1;
// a r b i t r a r y v a u l e
T =(1+4) *10^ -3;
// p e r i o d i n s e c o n d s
tau =1*10^ -3;
// p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c o n d
fc =30*10^6;
// c e n t r e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
d = tau / T ;
// duty c y c l e
f1 =1/ T ;
// Fundamental f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// f o r p l o t
n =[ -14:15];
// i n Hz
Vf =[]
for i =1: length ( n )
if n ( i ) ==0 then
Vf ( i *200) = A * d ;
else
Vf ( i *200) = A * d * sin ( %pi * d * n ( i ) ) /( %pi * d * n ( i ) )
end
end
f = -3000:3000 -1
f = f + fc ;
// S h i f t i n g by f c
f = f *10^ -6;
// i n MHz
clf ;
xtitle ( A m p l i t u d e Spectrum , f , MHz , Vn ) ;
xgrid
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Scilab code Exa 3.8 Spectrum analyser

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3 // c h a p t e r 3
4 // p a g e no 90
5 // e x a m p l e 3 . 8
6 mprintf ( ( a ) The RF b u r s t f r e q u e n c y i s 500 MHz\n ) ;
7 mprintf ( ( b ) The p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n r a t e i s 1 MHz\n )
;
8 f0 =10*10^6;
// Z e r o c r o s s i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
9 tau =1/ f0 ;
// i n s e c o n d
10 mprintf ( ( c ) The p u l s e w i d t h i s %. 1 f m i c r o s e c o n d \n
, tau *10^6) ;
33
Chapter 4
Communication Filters and
Signal Transmission
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Amplitude response

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3 // c h a p t e r 4
4 // p a g e no 120
5 // e x a m p l e 4 . 5
6 f =[500 2000 10000];
// f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
7 Af =1 ./ sqrt (1+( f ./1000) ^8) ;
// L i n e a r a m p l i t u d e
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response
AdBf =20* log10 ( Af ) ;
mprintf (
f , Hz
A( f )
for i =1:3
mprintf ( %5i Hz
%. 5 f
) , AdBf ( i ) )
end
AdB( f ) \n )
%. 3 f dB\n ,f ( i ) , Af ( i
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Parrale resonant circuit

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clc ;
clear all ;
// c h a p t e r 4
// p a g e no 123
// e x a m p l e 4 . 6
L =4*10^ -6;
// Henry
C =9*10^ -12; // Farad
R =20*10^3;
//ohm
f0 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ;
// f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
mprintf ( ( a ) The r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y i s f 0=%. 2 f MHz\
n , f0 *10^ -6)
Q = R * sqrt ( C / L )
mprintf ( ( b ) The Q i s %i \n ,Q ) ;
B = f0 / Q ;
mprintf ( ( c ) The 3dB bandwidth i s B=%i KHz\n ,B
*10^ -3) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Determine Bandwidth

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3 // c h a p t e r 4
4 // p a g e no 125
5 // e x a m p l e 4 . 7
6 // m i s p r i n t e d e x a m p l e number
7 pulse_width =2*10^ -6;
// s e c o n d
8 rise_time =10*10^ -9;
// s e c o n d
9 B =.5/ pulse_width ;
// i n Hz
10 mprintf ( ( a ) The a p r o x i m a t e bandwidth f o r
r e p r o d u c t i o n i s B=%i
KHz\n ,B *10^ -3)
11 B =.5/ rise_time ;
12 mprintf ( ( b ) The a p r o x i m a t e bandwidth f o r
r e p r o d u c t i o n i s B=%i
coarse
MHz\n ,B *10^ -6)
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fine
Chapter 5
Frequency Generation and
Translation
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Oscillator circuits

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clc ;
// p a g e no 147
// p r o b no . 5 . 1
// r e f e r f i g 5 . 7
// The c a p a c i t a n c e i n pF
C1 =200;
C2 =2400;
C3 =8;
t =1/ C1 +1/ C2 +1/ C3 ; // t e m p e r a r y v a r i a b l e
Ceq =1/ t ; // pF
Ceq = Ceq *10^ -12; // I n Farad
L =2*10^ -6; // I n H
f0 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * Ceq ) ) *10^ -6; // IN MHz
disp ( MHz ,f0 , ( a ) The o s c i l l a t i o n f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
f0 =1/(2* %pi * sqrt ( L * C3 *10^ -12) ) *10^ -6; // IN MHz
disp ( MHz ,f0 , ( b ) Assuming Ceq C3 , t h e
o s c i l l a t i o n f r e q u e n c y i s );
17 B = - C1 / C2 ;
// b a s e d on eq 5 . 3
18 disp (B , ( c ) The f e e d b a c k f r a c t i o n i s ) ;
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19 A =1/ B ;
20 disp (A , The g a i n
i s );
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Crystal controlled portable transmitter

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 148
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 2
4 function [ f ]= frequency ( f0 ,k ,T , T0 )
5
f = f0 + k * f0 *( T - T0 ) ;
6 endfunction ;
7 k =40*10^ -6;
8 f =148;
9 fmax = frequency (f ,k ,32 ,20) ;
10 fmin = frequency (f ,k , -8 ,20) ;
11 disp ( Mhz , fmax , The maximum p o s s i b l e
12
frequency ,
fmax= ) ;
disp ( Mhz , fmin , The maximum p o s s i b l e f r e q u e n c y ,
f m i n= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.3 PLL loop

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clc ;
// p a g e no 150
// p r o b no . 5 . 3
// R e f e r f i g u r e 510
N =5;
M =8;
fi =4; // i n MHz
f0 = M / N * fi ;
disp ( MHz ,f0 , ( a ) The o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y i s f 0= ) ;
f1 = fi / N ;
disp ( MHz ,f1 , ( b ) The f r e q u e n c y f 1 i s ) ;
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12 f2 = f0 / M ;
13 disp ( MHz ,f2 , The f r e q u e n c y f 2 i s ) ;
14 // The two f r e q u e n c i e s a r e same a s r e q u i r e d
Scilab code Exa 5.5 mixer

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clc ;
clear all ;
// p a g e no 152
// p r o b no . 5 . 5
// f o r i n p u t s p e c t r u m
f =[ -20:.001:20];
// x a x i s
V =[1 zeros ( -20+.001:.001:20 -.001) 1];
clf ;
subplot (211) ;
plot2d (f ,V ,[5] , rect =[ -130 ,0 ,130 ,2])
xtitle ( I n p u t Spectrum , f , kHz , ) ;
xgrid
// f o r o u t p u t s p e c t r u m
f =[ -120:.01:120];
// x a x i s
V =[1 zeros ( -120+.01:.01: -80 -.01) 1 zeros
( -80+.01:0.01:80 -0.01) 1 zeros
(80+.01:.01:120 -.01) 1]
subplot (212) ;
plot2d (f ,V ,[5] , rect =[ -130 ,0 ,130 ,2])
xtitle ( Output Spectrum , f , kHz , ) ;
xgrid
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// y a x i s
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Frequency conversion

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clc ;
clear all ;
// p a g e no 157
// p r o b no . 5 . 6
fLO =110;
//MHz
// f o r V2 ( f )
f =[0:.01:231+.01];
// x a x i s
function V = pulse ()
V =[]
for i =1:.005:1.5
V =[ V i ]
end
endfunction
V2 =[ zeros (0:.01:120 - fLO -.01) pulse () zeros (121 - fLO
+.01:.01:120+ fLO -.01) pulse () 0];
// y a x i s
clf ;
subplot (211) ;
plot2d (f , V2 ,[5] , rect =[0 ,0 ,240 ,2])
xtitle ( S p e c t r a l d i a g r a m , f , MHz , V2 ( f ) ) ;
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21 // f o r V3 ( f )
22 f =[0:.01:11+.01];
// x a x i s
23 V3 =[ zeros (0:.01:120 - fLO -.01) pulse () 0];
axis
24 subplot (212) ;
25 plot2d (f , V3 ,[5] , rect =[0 ,0 ,20 ,2])
26 xtitle ( S p e c t r a l Diagram , f , MHz , V3 ( f ) ) ;

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// y
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clc ;
clear all ;
// p a g e no 158
// p r o b no . 5 . 7
fLO =40;
//MHz
// f u n c t i o n f o r a s c e n d i n g p u l s e
function V = pulse_a ()
V =[]
for i =1:.005:2
V =[ V i ]
end
endfunction
// f u n c t i o n f o r d e s c e n d i n g p u l s e
function V = pulse_d ()
V =[]
for i =2: -.005:1
V =[ V i ]
end
endfunction
// f o r V2 ( f )
f =[0:.01:48+.01];
// x a x i s
V2 =[ zeros (0:.01: -8+ fLO -.01) pulse_d () zeros ( -6+ fLO

+.01:.01:6+ fLO -.01) pulse_a () 0];
// y a x i s
clf ;
subplot (211) ;
plot2d (f , V2 ,[5] , rect =[0 ,0 ,50 ,2])
xtitle ( S p e c t r a l d i a g r a m , f , MHz , V2 ( f ) ) ;
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31 // f o r V3 ( f )
32 f =[0:.01:48+.01];
// x a x i s
33
34 V3 =[ zeros (0:.01:6+ fLO -.01) pulse_a () 0];
axis
35 subplot (212) ;
36 plot2d (f , V3 ,[5] , rect =[0 ,0 ,50 ,2])
40
// y
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xtitle ( S p e c t r a l Diagram , f , MHz , V3 ( f ) ) ;

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clc ;
clear all ;
// p a g e no 159
// p r o b no . 5 . 8
// f u n c t i o n f o r a s c e n d i n g p u l s e
function V = pulse_a ()
V =[]
for i =1:.005:1.5
V =[ V i ]
end
endfunction
// f u n c t i o n f o r d e s c e n d i n g p u l s e
function V = pulse_d ()
V =[]
for i =1.5: -.005:1
V =[ V i ]
end
endfunction
fLO =200 -10;
// f o r fLO=190 MHz
f =[0:.01:10.5+.01];
// x a x i s
V =[ zeros (0:.01:199.5 - fLO -.01) pulse_a () 0];

// y
axis
clf ;
subplot (211) ;
plot2d (f ,V ,[5] , rect =[0 ,0 ,12 ,2])
xtitle ( S p e c t r a l d i a g r a m : f o r fLO=190 , f , MHz , V( f )
);
41
30
31 // f o r fLO=210
32 fLO =200+10;
//MHz
33 f =[0:.01:10.5+.01];
// x a x i s
34
35 V =[ zeros (0:.01: -200.5+ fLO -.01) pulse_d () 0];
36
37
38
//
y axis
subplot (212) ;
plot2d (f ,V ,[5] , rect =[0 ,0 ,12 ,2])
xtitle ( S p e c t r a l Diagram : f o r fLO=210 , f , MHz , V( f )
);
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Double conversion system

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3 // p a g e no 160
4 // p r o b no . 5 . 9
5
6 // f u n c t i o n f o r a s c e n d i n g p u l s e
7 function V = pulse_a ()
8
V =[]
9
for i =1:.005:1.5
10
V =[ V i ]
11
end
12 endfunction
13 // f u n c t i o n f o r d e s c e n d i n g p u l s e
14 function V = pulse_d ()
15
V =[]
16
for i =1.5: -.005:1
17
V =[ V i ]
18
end
19 endfunction
20 // p l o t s o f p a g e 161
21 // s p e c t r u m a t p o i n t 1
42
22 f1 =[17.5 -.01:.01:20.5+.01];
// x a x i s
23
24 V1 =[0 pulse_d () zeros (18.5+.01:.01:19.5 -.01) pulse_a
() 0];
// y a x i s
25 clf ;
26 subplot (221) ;
27 plot2d ( f1 , V1 ,[5] , rect =[17 ,0 ,21 ,2])
28 xtitle ( Spectrum a t P o i n t 1 , f , MHz , ) ;
29
31 f2 =[17.5 -.01:.01:20.5+.01];
// x a x i s
32
33 V2 =[0 zeros (17.5:.01:19.5 -.01) pulse_a () 0];
y axis
34 subplot (222) ;
35 plot2d ( f2 , V2 ,[5] , rect =[17 ,0 ,21 ,2])
37
39 f3 =[359.5 -.01:.01:400.5+.01];
// x a x i s
40
41 V3 =[0 pulse_d () zeros (360.5+.01:.01:399.5 -.01)
pulse_a () 0];
// y a x i s
42 subplot (223) ;
43 plot2d ( f3 , V3 ,[5] , rect =[359 ,0 ,401 ,2])
45
47 f4 =[359.5 -.01:.01:400.5+.01];
// x a x i s
48
49 V4 =[0 zeros (359.5:.01:399.5 -.01) pulse_a () 0];
// y a x i s
50 subplot (224) ;
51 plot2d ( f4 , V4 ,[5] , rect =[359 ,0 ,401 ,2])
43
//
Scilab code Exa 5.10 Reciever

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc ;
// p a g e no 167
// p r o b no . 5 . 1 0
// A l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n MHz
fc =40;
fIF =5
fLO = fc + fIF ;
disp ( fLO , ( a ) The LO f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
fImage = fLO + fIF ;
disp ( fImage , ( b ) The image f r e q u e n c y i s
);
Scilab code Exa 5.11 Reciever

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc ;
// p a g e no 167
// p r o b no . 5 . 1 1
// A l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n MHz
fc =40;
fIF =5
fLO = fc - fIF ;
disp ( fLO , ( a ) The LO f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
fImage = fLO - fIF ;
disp ( fImage , ( b ) The image f r e q u e n c y i s
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Commercial FM reciever

1 clc ;
44
);
2 // p a g e no 167
3 // p r o b no . 5 . 1 2
4 // A l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n Hz
5 B =200*10^3; // The bandwidth a l l o c a t e d by FCC ( i n Hz )
6 fl =88*10^6; fh =108*10^6;
//FM b r o a d c a s t band low and
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
h i g h end f r e q
Q = fl / B ;
disp (Q , ( a ) At t h e low end o f FM band ,Q r e q u i r e d
i s );
Q = fh / B ;
disp (Q ,
At t h e h i g h end o f FM band ,Q r e q u i r e d
i s );
fIF =10.7*10^6; // IF f r e q u w n c y ( i n Hz )
Q = fIF / B ;
disp (Q , ( b ) At t h e IF f r e q u e n c y ,Q r e q u i r e d i s ) ;
disp ( ( c )
S i g n a l f r e q = 88 t o 108 MHz )
disp (
LO f r e q = 9 8 . 7 t o 1 1 8 . 7 MHz )
disp (
Image f r e q = 1 0 9 . 4 t o 1 2 9 . 4MHz )
disp ( ( d )
S i g n a l f r e q = 88 t o 108 MHz )
disp (
LO f r e q = 7 7 . 3 t o 9 7 . 3 MHz )
disp (
Image f r e q = 6 6 . 6 t o 8 6 . 6MHz )
45
Chapter 6
Amplitude Modulation
Methods
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Transmission Bandwidth

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 186
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 1
4 // A l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n kHz
5 fc =1*10^3; // i n kHz
6 W =15;
7 DSBl = fc - W ;
// l o w e s t f r e q o f DSB s i g n a l
8 DSBh = fc + W ;
// h i g h e s t f r e q o f DSB s i g n a l
9 disp ( DSBh , t o , DSBl , ( a )
The r a n g e o f f r e q
);
10 BT =2* W ;
11 disp ( BT , ( b )
T r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth i s
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Transmission Bandwidth

1 clc ;
46
);
i s from
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 186
5 // p r o b no . 6 . 2
7 fi =250;
// i n p u t f r e q
8 LSB =[ fi -1; fi -3; fi -5];
9 USB =[ fi +1; fi +3; fi +5];
10 disp ( LSB , and LSB : ,USB , ( a )
The u p p e r s i d e b a n d and
l o w e r s i d e b a n d ,USB : ) ;
11 BT =2*5;
12 disp ( BT , The n e t t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.3 SSB

1 clc ;
2 // p a g e no 190
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 3
5 fc =1*10^3; // i n kHz
6 W =15;
7 LSBl = fc - W ;
// l o w e s t f r e q o f LSB
8 USBh = fc + W ;
// h i g h e s t f r e q o f USB
9 disp ( fc , t o , LSBl , ( a )
The r a n g e o f
f o r LSB i s
disp ( USBh , t o
f o r USB i s
11 BT = W ;
12 disp ( BT , ( b )
10
from ) ;
,fc , ( b )
from ) ;
f r e q ( i n kHz )
The r a n g e o f f r e q ( i n kHz )
T r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth i s
Scilab code Exa 6.4 SSB

1 clc ;
47
);
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// p a g e no 190
// p r o b no . 6 . 4
fi =250; // i n p u t f r e q
LSB =[ fi -1 fi -3 fi -5];
USB =[ fi +1 fi +3 fi +5];
disp ( LSB , ( a ) For LSB t r a n s m i s s i o n f r e q a r e ) ;
disp ( USB , ( b ) For USB t r a n s m i s s i o n f r e q a r e ) ;
W =5;
BT = W ;
disp ( BT , ( c ) The t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Product Detectio of DSB and SSB

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc ;
// p a g e no 195
// p r o b no . 6 . 5
// r e f e r Ex 6 . 4
fi =250; // i n p u t f r e q
LSB =[ fi -1 fi -3 fi -5]; // from Ex 6 . 4
//
fc =250; // c a r r i e r f r e q
f0sum = fc + LSB ;
f0diff = fc - LSB ;
disp ( f0sum , f0diff , ( a ) The o u t p u t f r e q u e n c i e s ( i n
kHz ) a r e ) ;
13 disp ( f0diff , ( b )
At low p a s s f i l t e r , t h e a c t u a l
f r e q u e n c i e s ( i n kHz ) a r e ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Product Detection

1 clc ;
48
2 // p a g e no 195
3 // p r o b no . 6 . 6
5 fi =250;
// i n p u t f r e q
6 USB =[ fi +1 fi +3 fi +5]; // from Ex 6 . 4
7 //
8 fc =250;
// c a r r i e r f r e q
9 f0sum = fc + USB ;
10 f0diff = USB - fc ;
11 disp ( f0sum , f0diff , ( a )
The o u t p u t f r e q u e n c i e s ( i n
kHz ) a r e ) ;
At low p a s s f i l t e r , t h e a c t u a l
f r e q u e n c i e s ( i n kHz ) a r e ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Product detection of DSB and SSB

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc ;
// p a g e no 195
// p r o b no . 6 . 7
// r e f e r Ex 6 . 4
fi =250; // i n p u t f r e q
LSB =[ fi -1 fi -3 fi -5]; // from Ex 6 . 7
//
fc =250.1; // c a r r i e r f r e q
f0sum = fc + LSB ;
f0diff = fc - LSB ;
disp ( f0sum , f0diff , ( a ) The o u t p u t f r e q u e n c i e s ( i n
kHz ) a r e ) ;
At low p a s s f i l t e r , t h e f r e q u e n c i e s
( i n kHz ) a r e ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Envelop Detection of conventional FM

49
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc ;
close () ;
// p a g e no 200
// p r o b no . 6 . 8
fc =250; // c a r r i e r f r e q
LSB =[ fc -1 fc -3 fc -5];
USB =[ fc +1 fc +3 fc +5];
disp ( fc , c a r r i e r : ,USB , USB : ,LSB , ( a ) The s p e c t r u m
c o n t a i n s f o l l o w i n g f r e q . LSB : ) ;
10 W =5;
11 BT =2* W ;
12 disp ( BT , The t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Envelop detection of conventionall FM

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 200
4 // p r o b no . 6 . 9
5 // A l l v o l t a g e i n V
6 m =0.6;
// m o d u l a t i o n f a c t o r
7 A =100;
// peak c a r r i e r l e v e l ( i n V)
8 Vmax = A *(1+ m ) ;
9 Vmin = A *(1 - m ) ;
10 disp ( Vmin , Vmin : , Vmax , Vmax : , The maximum and
minimum v a l u e s o f p o s i t i v e e n v e l o p e i s )
Scilab code Exa 6.10 Modulation Factor

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 201
50
4 // p r o b no . 6 . 1 0
6 Ratio =.5/2;
// R a t i o=Vmin/Vmax
7 m =(1 - Ratio ) /(1+ Ratio ) ;
// m o d u l a t i o n f a c t o r
8 disp (m , The m o d u l a t i o n f a c t o r i s ) ;
9 disp ( m *100 , The %age m o d u l a t i o n i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.11 Determine Amplitude of sidebands

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 201
4 // p r o b no . 6 . 1 1
6 function { As ]= sideband_amplitude (m , A )
7
As = m * A /2; // As : s i d e b a n d a m p l i t u d e
8
//m: m o d u l a t i o n f a c t o r
9
//A : c a r r i e r a m p l i t u d e
10 endfunction
11 A =10;
12 m =0;
13 disp ( sideband_amplitude (m , A ) , ( a ) For m=0 , s i d e b a n d
14
15
16
17
amplitude i s );
m =0.5;
disp ( sideband_amplitude (m , A ) , ( b ) For m= 0 . 5 ,
sideband amplitude i s );
m =1;
disp ( sideband_amplitude (m , A ) , ( c ) For m=1 , s i d e b a n d
amplitude i s );
Scilab code Exa 6.12 Envelop detector

1 clc ;
51
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 203
4 // p r o b no . 6 . 1 2
5 fc =455;
// i n kHz
6 Tc =(1/ fc ) *10^3;
// i n m i c r o s e c
7 disp ( m i c r o s ,Tc , ( a )
The c a r r i e r p e r i o d i s ) ;
8 tau =10* Tc ;
// i n m i c r o s e c
9 disp ( m i c r o s ,tau , The t i m e c o n s t a n t i s s e l e c t e d 10
10
11
12
13
14
15
Tc : ) ;
C =0.01*10^ -6; // i n F
R =( tau *10^ -6) / C ; //ohm
disp ( ohm ,R , R i s d e t e r m i n e d ) ;
W =5; // i n kHz
Tm =1/ W *10^3; // m i c r o s e c
disp ( m i c r o s e c ,Tm , The s h o r t e s t m o d u l a t i o n p e r i o d
Tm= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.14 Determine power

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc ;
close () ;
// p a g e no 208
// p r o b no . 6 . 1 4
A =200; // i n V o l t s
R =50;
// i n ohm
P = A ^2/(4* R ) ; // i n W
disp ( W ,P , ( a )
The s v e r a g e power i s ) ;
Pp = A ^2/(2* R ) ; // i n W
disp ( W ,Pp , ( b )
The peak e n v e l o p power i s
Scilab code Exa 6.15 Antenna rms voltage and current

1 clc ;
52
);
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 208
4 // p r o b no . 6 . 1 5
5 P =1000;
// i n w a t t s
6 R =50;
// i n ohm
7 Vrms = sqrt ( R * P ) ;
// i n V
8 Irms = sqrt ( P / R ) ;
// i n A
9 disp ( V , Vrms , The unmodulated rms c a r r i e r
10
voltage
i s );
disp ( A , Irms , The unmodulated rms c a r r i e r c u r r e n t
i s );
Scilab code Exa 6.16 Determine power

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 209
4 // p r o b no . 6 . 1 6
5 // A l l power i n Watts
6 global ( Pc )
7 Pc =1000;
8 funcprot (0)
// t o a v o i d f u n c t i o n w a r n i n g s
9 function [ P ]= avg_P ( m )
// f u n c t i o n
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
a v e r a g e power
P =(1+( m ^2/2) ) * Pc ;
endfunction
function [ Pp ]= peak_P ( m )
power
Pp =(1+ m ) ^2* Pc ;
endfunction
function [ Psb ]= SB_P ( m )
power
Psb = avg_P ( m ) - Pc ;
endfunction
function display ( m )
for total
// f u n c t i o n f o r peak
// f u n c t i o n f o r SB
// f u n c t i o n f o r
53
displaying table
19
table =[ m *100 avg_P ( m ) peak_P ( m ) SB_P ( m ) ];
20
disp ( table ) ;
21 endfunction
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
disp ( Summary f o r t h e r e s u l t i s d i s p l a y e d i n t h e
t a b l e );
disp ( Modn % Avg Pwr Peak Pwr SB Pwe ) ;
m =0;
// f o r m=0
display ( m ) ;
m =0.5;
// f o r m=0.5
display ( m ) ;
m =1;
// f o r m=1
display ( m ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.17 rms voltage and current

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clc ;
close () ;
// p a g e no 210
// p r o b no . 6 . 1 7
// A l l power i n Watts
// A l l c u r r e n t i n ampere
R =50;
m =0.5;
P =1125; // f o r m=0.5
Vrms = sqrt ( R * P ) ;
Irms = sqrt ( P / R ) ;
disp ( A , Irms , V , Vrms , ( a )
Irms a r e : );
m =1;
P =1500; // For m=1
Vrms = sqrt ( R * P ) ;
Irms = sqrt ( P / R ) ;
54
For m= 0 . 5 , Vrms and
18
disp ( A , Irms , V , Vrms , ( b )

a r e : );
55
For m=1 , Vrms and I r m s
Chapter 7
Angle modulation methods
Scilab code Exa 7.1 single tone angle modulation

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 227
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 1
5 t = linspace (0 ,20) ;
6 function { theta ]= theta ( t )
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
i n s t a n t a n i o u s phase
theta =3* %pi * t ^2;
endfunction
function { fs ]= frequency ( t )
i n s t a n t a n i o u s phase
Ws =6* %pi * t ;
fs = Ws /(2* %pi ) ;
endfunction
subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
plot (t , theta ,1) ;
xtitle ( P l o t 1 : I n s t a n t a n i o u s s i g n a l p h a s e , t , t h e t a
,1) ;
fs = frequency ( t ) ;
subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
plot (t , fs ,2) ;
56
19
xtitle ( P l o t 2 : F r e q u e n c y , t , f s ,1) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Spectrum of tone modulated FM signal

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 230
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 2
5 // v ( t ) =80 c o s [ ( 2 %pi 1 0 8 t ) +20 s i n ( 2 %pi 1 0 3 t ) ]
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
eq
// v ( t )=A c o s [ Wc t+B s i n (Wm t ) ]
eq7 27
// c o m p a r i n g t h e a b o v e 2 e q u a t i o n s we g e t
A =80;
// v o l t s
fc =10^8; // Hz
fm =10^3; // Hz
B =20;
disp ( Hz ,fc , ( a ) The c a r r i e r c y c l i c f r e q u e n c y i s )
;
disp ( Hz ,fm , ( b ) The m o d u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s ) ;
disp (B , ( c ) The m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i s ) ;
delta_f = B * fm ;
disp ( Hz , delta_f , ( d ) The f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n i s )
;
R =50; //ohm
P = A ^2/(2* R ) ;
disp ( W ,P , ( e ) The a v e r a g e power i s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Maximum phase deviation

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 230
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 3
57
// from ex 7 . 2
// v ( t ) =80 c o s [ ( 2 %pi 1 0 8 t ) +20 s i n ( 2 %pi 1 0 3 t ) ]
eq
7 B =20;
8 delta_theta = B ;
// f o r PM
9 disp ( delta_theta , The maximum p h a s e d e v i a t i o n f o r PM
i s );
5
6
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Equation for FM signal

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 231
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 4
5 disp ( The e q u a t i o n becomes ) ;
6 disp ( v ( t ) =80 c o s [ ( 2 %pi 1 0 8 t ) +10 s i n ( 4 %pi 1 0 3 t
) ] );
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Equation for signal

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 231
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 5
5 disp ( The e q u a t i o n becomes ) ;
6 disp ( v ( t ) =80 c o s [ ( 2 %pi 1 0 8 t ) +20 s i n ( 4 %pi 1 0 3 t
) ] );
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Expression for composite FM
58
1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 231
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 6
5 delta_f =12;
// kHz
6 fm =4;
// kHz
7 B = delta_f / fm ;
// m o d u l a t i n g i n d e x f o r FM
8 disp ( The e x p r e s s i o n i s ) ;
9 mprintf ( v ( t )=A c o s [ ( 2 p i 1 0 8 t )+%i s i n ( %i 2 p i
1 0 3 t ) ] ,B , fm ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Expression for PM signal

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 231
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 7
5 delta_theta =6;
// kHz
6 fm =5;
// kHz
7 disp ( The e x p r e s s i o n i s ) ;
8 mprintf ( v ( t )=A c o s [ ( 2 p i 1 0 8 t )+%i s i n ( %i 2 p i
1 0 3 t ) ] , delta_theta , fm ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.8 Transmission bandwidth

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 235
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 8
5 delta_f =400;
// Hz
6 fm =2000;
// Hz
7 B = delta_f / fm ;
//
8 disp (B , The m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x
59
i s );
9 disp ( ( For B<=2.5 , t h e s i g n a l i s NBFM) ) ;

10 Bt =2* fm ;
11 mprintf ( The t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth Bt= %i Hz , Bt )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc ;
close () ;
// p a g e no 235
// p r o b no . 7 . 9
delta_f =8000;
// Hz
fm =100;
// Hz
B = delta_f / fm ;
//
disp (B , The m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x i s ) ;
disp ( ( For B>=50 , t h e s i g n a l i s VWBFM) ) ;
Bt =2* delta_f ;
mprintf ( The t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth Bt= %i Hz , Bt )
Scilab code Exa 7.10 Approximate transmission bandwidth

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clc ;
close () ;
// p a g e no 238
// p r o b no . 7 . 1 0
delta_f =6;
// kHz
W =2;
// kHz
D = delta_f / W ;
// d e v i a t i o n r a t i o
disp (D , The d e v i a t i o n r a t i o i s ) ;
Bt =2*( delta_f + W ) ;
// carsom s r u l e i s a p p l i c a b l e
mprintf ( The t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth Bt= %i kHz , Bt )
60

1 clc ;
2 clear all ;
3 close () ;
4 // p a g e no 239
5 // p r o b no . 7 . 1 1
6 W =2;
// kHz ( a s i n ex 7 . 1 0 )
7 delta_theta =3;
8 Bt =2*(1+ delta_theta ) * W ;
// a p p l y i n g carsom s r u l e
9 mprintf ( The t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth Bt= %i kHz , Bt )
Scilab code Exa 7.12 Determine transmission bandwidth

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clc ;
close () ;
// p a g e no 239
// p r o b no . 7 . 1 2
delta_f =75;
// kHz
fm =[.025 .075 .75 1.5 5 10 15]
// i n kHz
function B = Beta ( fm , delta_f )
B = delta_f *(1 ./ fm ) ;
endfunction
function Bt = Bandwidth ( fm , delta_f )
Bt (1:3) = 2 * delta_f ;
for i =4:7
Bt ( i ) = 2 *( delta_f + fm ( i ) ) ;
end
endfunction
B = Beta ( fm , delta_f ) ;
Bt = Bandwidth ( fm , delta_f ) ;
disp ( T a b l e 7 . 2 ) ;
disp ( fm ( kHz )
Beta
Bt ( kHz ) ) ;
for i =1:7
mprintf ( %4 . 3 f
, fm ( i ) ) ;
61
22 mprintf ( %4 . 1 f
,B ( i ) ) ;
23 mprintf ( %i \n , Bt ( i ) ) ;
24 end
25 plot ( fm , Bt ) ;
26 xtitle ( Bandwidth o f FM , fm , kHz , Bt , kHz )
Scilab code Exa 7.13 Determine bandwidth

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 // p a g e no 240
4 // p r o b no . 7 . 1 3
5 delta_f =75;
// kHz
6 fm =[.025 .075 .75 1.5 5 10 15]
// i n kHz ( From prob
7.12)
7 delta_theta = delta_f / fm (7) ;
8 Bt =12* fm ;
9 disp ( delta_theta , D e l t a t h e t a= ) ;
10 plot ( fm , Bt ) ;
11 xtitle ( Bandwidth o f PM , fm , kHz , Bt , kHz )
Scilab code Exa 7.14 Frequency tripler

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clc ;
close () ;
// p a g e no 242
// p r o b no . 7 . 1 4
delta_f1 =2;
// kHz
fc1 =100;
// kHz
W =5;
// kHz
fc2 =3* fc1 ;
disp ( fc2 , ( a ) The o u t p u t c e n t e r f r e q u e n c y = ) ;
delta_f2 =3* delta_f1 ;
62
disp ( delta_f2 , ( b ) The o u t p u t f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n=

);
12 D1 = delta_f1 / W ;
13 D2 =3* D1 ;
14 disp ( D2 , ( c )
The o u t p u t d e v i a t i o n r a t i o = ) ;
11
Scilab code Exa 7.16 Instantaneous frequency

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clc ;
close () ;
// p a g e no 248
// p r o b no . 7 . 1 6
Kf =4;
// kHz /V
f0 =100; // kHz
// P a r t a
vm =2;
// V o l t s
delta_f = Kf * vm ; // kHz
f = f0 + delta_f ;
// kHz
disp (f , C o r r e s p o n d i n g f r e q u w n c y t o t h i s
delta_f , ( a ) The c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y
// P a r t b
vm = -3;
// V o l t s
delta_f = Kf * vm ; // kHz
f = f0 + delta_f ;
// kHz
disp (f , C o r r e s p o n d i n g f r e q u w n c y t o t h i s
delta_f , ( b ) I n t h i s c a s e , t h e c h a n g e
f r e q u e n c y i s );
Scilab code Exa 7.17 Transmitter design

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
63
input i s ,
i s );
input i s ,
in
4 // p a g e no 248
5 // p r o b no . 7 . 1 7
7 fci =100;
// b a s i c c e n t e r f r e q u e n c y
8 fco =100000;
// o u t p u t c e n t e r f r e q u e n c y
9 delta_f =(3000/3072) *0.025;
//maximum f r e q u e n c y
d e v i a t i o n at modulator
10 W =15;
11 D = delta_f / W ;
12 Bt =2* W ;
13 table_row1 =[ fci delta_f D Bt ];
// At p o i n t A
14 function [ table ]= table ( table_row , multiplier )
15
table = [ table_row (1:3) * multiplier , table_row (4) ]
16
17 endfunction
18 table_row2 =[ table ( table_row1 ,4) ];
// a t p o i n t B
// a t p o i n t C
// a t p o i n t D
21
22 function [ table1 ]= table1 ( table_row , multiplier )
23
table1 (1:3) = [ table_row (1:3) * multiplier ];
24
Bt =2*( table1 (2) + W ) ; // A p p l y i n g c a r s o n s r u l e Bt
25
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32
33
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37
=2( d e l t a f +W)
table1 (4) = [ Bt ];
endfunction
table_row5 =[ table1 ( table_row4 ,3) ];
// a t p o i n t E
, c a r s o n s r u l e a p p l i e d from h e r e
table_row6 =[( fco /16) table_row5 (2:4) ];
// a t p o i n t
F , c e n t e r f r e q u e n c y a f t e r mixer
// a t p o i n t G
// a t p o i n t H
table_row9 = table_row8 ;
// a t p o i n t I
D
Bt ) ;
disp ( P o i n t
fc
delta f
function display ( Point , t_row )
mprintf ( %c
%8 . 0 i , Point , t_row (1) ) ;
for i =2:4
mprintf (
%3 . 4 f , t_row ( i ) ) ;
64
38 end
39 mprintf ( \n )
40 endfunction
41 display ( A , table_row1 () ) ;
42 display ( B , table_row2 () ) ;
43 display ( C , table_row3 () ) ;
44 display ( D , table_row4 () ) ;
45 display ( E , table_row5 () ) ;
46 display ( F , table_row6 () ) ;
47 display ( G , table_row7 () ) ;
48 display ( H , table_row8 () ) ;
49 display ( I , table_row9 () ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.18 Determine output frequency

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 258
// p r o b no . 7 . 1 8
Kd =2;
//V/ kHz
fc =100;
// p a r t a
f =102.5;
delta_f =f - fc ;
vd = Kd * delta_f ;
//V
disp ( vd , ( a ) The f i r s t c a s e r e s u l t i s ) ;
// p a r t b
f =98.5;
delta_f =f - fc ;
vd = Kd * delta_f ;
//V
disp ( vd , ( a ) The s e c o n d c a s e r e s u l t i s ) ;
65
Scilab code Exa 7.19 Frequency division modulation

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 261
// p r o b no . 7 . 1 9
// A l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n Hz
D =5;
fc =[400 560 730 960];
// C e n t e r f r e q u e n c y
delta_f =0.075 .* fc ;
// f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n
W = delta_f ./ D ;
// m o d u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
Bt =2 .*( delta_f + W ) ; // Bandwidth
fl = fc - Bt /2;
// Lower f r e q u e n c y
fh = fc + Bt /2;
// H i g h e r f r e q u e n c y
figure
x =[301:1100];
y =[1.5];
y =[ y zeros (302: fl (1) ) ]
for i =1:3
y =[ y ones ( fl ( i ) : fh ( i ) ) ];
y =[ y zeros ( fh ( i ) +1: fl ( i +1) ) ];
end
y =[ y ones ( fl (4) : fh (4) ) ];
y =[ y zeros ( fh (4) :1100) ];
plot (x , y ) ;
xtitle ( C o m p o s i t e b a s e b a n d s p e c t r u m , f , Hz ) ;
delta_frt = D *1046;
Brt =2*( delta_frt +1046) ;
disp ( Hz ,Brt , ( b ) The RF t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth i s
);
66
Chapter 8
Pulse modulation and Time
division multiplexing
Scilab code Exa 8.1 sampling rate

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 277
5 // p r o b no . 8 . 1
6 W =5000;
// Hz
7 fs =2* W ;
8 mprintf ( ( a )
The minimum s a m p l i n g r a t e
i s %i
s a m p l e s p e r s e c o n d . \ n , fs ) ;
9 T =1/ fs ;
// s e c o n d
10 mprintf ( ( b ) Maximum i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n s a m p l e s
%f s e c o n d s ,T ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.2 Sampling rate

1 clc ;
67
is
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 277
5 // p r o b no . 8 . 2
6 W =5000;
// Hz
7 fs =1.25*2* W ;
8 mprintf ( ( a )
The s a m p l i n g r a t e i s %i Hz . \ n , fs ) ;
9 T =1/ fs ;
// s e c o n d
10 mprintf ( ( b ) Maximum i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n s a m p l e s i s %f
s e c o n d s ,T ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3 Determine total number of samples

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10
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 277
// p r o b no . 8 . 3
W =5000;
// Hz
fs =1.25*2* W ;
tp =30*60;
// s e c o n d s
N = fs * tp ;
// s a m p l e s
mprintf ( T o t a l number o f s a m p l e s i s %i ,N ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.5 List frequencies

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 281
5 // p r o b no . 8 . 5
6 // A l l f r e q u e n c i e s
7 f =1;
i n kHz
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8 T =0.1;
//ms
9 fs =1/ T ;
10 mprintf ( The p o s i t i v e
f r e q u e n c i e s b e l o w 45 kHz a r e \
n %i \n ,f ) ;
11 for i =1:1:100
12
x = fs * i ;
// x i s a v a r i a b l e
13
if (( x + f ) < 45)
14
mprintf ( %i
, %i \n ,x -f , x + f ) ;
15
else
16
break () ;
17
end
18 end
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Pulse amplitude modulation

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 284
// p r o b no . 8 . 6
// A l l t i m e i n m i l l i s e c o n d
fs =5;
tau =0.04;
//ms
T =1/ fs ;
//ms
d = tau / T ;
// f o r p l o t
f =[ -2:.1:28 -.1];
Pn1 =[ ones (1 ,50) ];
Pn =[ Pn1 ];
for i =1:5
Pn =[ Pn Pn1 *(1 - d * i ) ];
end
ps1 =[ ones (1 ,20) ];
for i =1:10
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ps1 =[1 - i *0.1 ps1 1 - i *0.1];

end
ps1 =[ ps1 zeros (1:10) ];
ps =[ ps1 ];
for i =1:5
ps =[ ps ps1 ];
end
Vs = ps .* Pn ;
clf ;
plot2d (f , Vs ,[5]) ;
xtitle ( ( a ) Spectrum o f s i g n a l a f t e r s a m p l i n g , $ f ,
kHz$ , $Vs ( f ) $ ) ;
K1 =0.5;
Bt = K1 / tau ;
mprintf ( ( b ) Bandwidth r e q u i r e d f o r K1=%i i s %0 . 1 f
kHz \n ,K1 , Bt ) ;
K1 =1;
Bt = K1 / tau ;
mprintf ( Bandwidth r e q u i r e d f o r K1=%i i s %i kHz ,K1 ,
Bt ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.7 Minimum bandwidth for PAM

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 288
// p r o b no . 8 . 7
k =7;
W =1;
Bt = k * W ;
printf ( Minimum Bandwidth i s %i kHz , Bt ) ;
70
Scilab code Exa 8.8 Nyquist rate based

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14
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 288
// p r o b no . 8 . 8
W =1;
fs =1.25*2* W ;
Tf =1/ fs ;
mprintf ( ( a ) The s a m p l i n g r a t e i s %. 1 f kHz \n , fs ) ;
mprintf ( The f r a m e t i m e i s %. 1 f ms\n , Tf ) ;
tau = Tf /16; //ms
Bt =0.5/ tau ;
mprintf ( The p u l s e w i d t h i s %i m i c r o s e c o n d \n , tau
*10^3) ;
15 mprintf ( The c o m p o s i t e b a s e b a n d bandwidth i s %i kHz \
n , Bt ) ;
16 Bt =2* Bt ;
17 mprintf ( ( b ) The RF bandwidth i s %i kHz \n , Bt ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.9 PWM minimum nyquist rate

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 290
5 // p r o b no . 8 . 9
6 // A l l f r e q u e n c i e s
7 W =10;
8 fs =2* W ;
i n kHz
71
9 Tf =1/ fs ;
10 mprintf ( ( a ) The minimum s a m p l i n g r a t e
11
12
13
14
15
i s %i kHz\n ,
fs ) ;
mprintf ( The f r a m e t i m e i s %i m i c r o s e c o n d \n , Tf
*10^3) ;
tr =0.01* Tf //ms
Bt =0.5/ tr ;
mprintf ( The maximum r i s e t i m e i s %. 1 f m i c r o s e c o n d \
n , tr *10^3) ;
mprintf ( The a p p r o x i m a t e t r a n s m i s s i o n bandwidth i s
%i kHz \n , Bt ) ;
72
Chapter 9
Digital communication I Binary
Systems
Scilab code Exa 9.1 possible PCM words

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 304
5 // p r o b no . 9 . 1
6 bits =4;
7 printf ( ( a ) M=%i v a l u e s \n ,2^ bits ) ;
8 bits =8;
9 printf ( ( b ) M=%i v a l u e s \n ,2^ bits ) ;
10 bits =16;
11 printf ( ( c ) M=%i v a l u e s \n ,2^ bits ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Minimum number of bits

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
73
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 304
5 // p r o b no . 9 . 2
6 N = log2 (100) ;
7 printf ( ( a ) N=%. 2 f
b i t s \n ,N ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.3 Quantization

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 309
// p r o b no . 9 . 3
// i n p u t g r a p h
t =[0:.1:15 -.1];
y =[(1/9) *(0:.1:1) ^2 (1/8) *(1.1:.1:1.9) ^2.1];
y =[ y (7/8) * sin (2* %pi * t (21:150) /18.5) ];
plot (t , y ) ;
y =8* y ;
// q u a n t i z e d form
y1 =[];
for i =1:10:150
for m = -7:7
if y ( i ) < m +0.5 then
break () ;
end
end
y1 =[ y1 m * ones (1:10) ]
end
y1 = y1 ./8;
plot2d (t , y1 ,[5]) ;
74
28 // Some o p e r a t i o n s on e n t i t i e s c r e a t e d by p l o t 2 d
29 a = gca () ;
30 a . isoview = o f f ;
31 a . children // l i s t t h e c h i l d r e n o f t h e a x e s
32 xtitle ( Analog and q u a n t i z e d s i g n a l s , t , ms ,
...
Normalised s i g n a l l e v e l )
33 xgrid ()
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Quantization error

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 310
5 // p r o b no . 9 . 4
6 N =8;
7 Vfs =20;
// V o l t s
8 delta_Xu =2^ - N ;
9 mprintf ( ( a )
The n o r m a l i s e d
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
unipolar step s i z e i s
%f\n , delta_Xu ) ;
delta_vu = delta_Xu * Vfs ;
mprintf ( ( b ) The a c t u a l s t e p s i z e i s %. 2 f mV\n ,
delta_vu *10^3) ;
Xumax =1 - delta_Xu ;
mprintf ( ( c ) The n o r m a l i z e d maximum q u a n t i z e d l e v e l
i s %f\n , Xumax ) ;
vumax = Xumax * Vfs ;
mprintf ( ( d ) The a c t u a l maximum q u a n t i z e d l e v e l i s
%f V\n , vumax ) ;
Eu = delta_Xu /2;
mprintf ( ( e ) The n o r m a l i z e d peak e r r o r i s %f\n , Eu
);
eu = Eu * Vfs ;
mprintf ( ( f ) The a c t u a l peak e r r o r i s %. 2 f mV , eu
*10^3) ;
75
Scilab code Exa 9.5 A to D converter

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 311
5 // p r o b no . 9 . 5
6 Vfs =10;
// V o l t s
7 N =8;
8 delta_Xb =2^( - N +1) ;
9 mprintf ( ( a )
The n o r m a l i s e d
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
b i p o l a r s t e p s i z e i s %f
\n , delta_Xb ) ;
delta_vb = delta_Xb * Vfs ;
mprintf ( ( b ) The a c t u a l s t e p s i z e i s %. 2 f mV\n ,
delta_vb *10^3) ;
Xbmax =1 - delta_Xb ;
mprintf ( ( c ) The n o r m a l i z e d maximum q u a n t i z e d l e v e l
i s %f\n , Xbmax ) ;
vbmax = Xbmax * Vfs ;
mprintf ( ( d ) The a c t u a l maximum q u a n t i z e d l e v e l i s
%f V\n , vbmax ) ;
Eb = delta_Xb /2;
mprintf ( ( e ) The n o r m a l i z e d peak e r r o r i s %f\n , Eb
);
eb = Eb * Vfs ;
mprintf ( ( f ) The a c t u a l peak e r r o r i s %. 2 f mV , eb
*10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.6 Micro compression law encoder

1 clc ;
76
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 313
5 // p r o b no . 9 . 6
6 Vimax =16;
// V o l t s
7 Vomax =2;
// V o l t s
8 m =255;
//meu
9 vi =[2 4 8 16];
10 vo = Vomax * log (1+ m * vi / Vimax ) / log (1+ m ) ;
11 table =[ vi vo ];
12 mprintf ( v i (V)
vo (V) ) ;
13 disp ( table ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.7 PCM TDM system

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 319
// p r o b no . 9 . 7
// a l l t i m e i n ms
// a l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n kHz
W =5;
N =8; // b i t s
k =19+1; // word
fs =2* W ;
mprintf ( f s =%i kHz \n , fs ) ;
Tf =1/ fs ;
mprintf ( Tf=%. 1 f ms\n , Tf ) ;
Tw = Tf / k ;
mprintf ( Tw=%i m i c r o s e c o n d \n , Tw *10^3) ;
tau = Tw / N ;
mprintf ( t a u=%. 3 f m i c r o s e c o n d \n , tau *10^3) ;
Bt =0.5/ tau ;
mprintf ( Bt=%ikHz , Bt ) ;
77
Scilab code Exa 9.8 NRZ L PCM

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 323
5 // p r o b no . 9 . 8
6 // a l l f r e q u e n c i e s i n kHz
7 R =200;
// k b i t s / s
8 Bt = R ;
// kHz
9 mprintf ( Bt=%ikHz , Bt ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.9 NRZ L PCM

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 326
5 // p r o b no . 9 . 9
7 R =200;
// k b i t s / s
8 delta_f =150;
// f 1 f 0
9 Bt = delta_f + R ;
// kHz
Scilab code Exa 9.10 NRZ L PCM bandwidth

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
78
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 329
5 // p r o b no . 9 . 1 0
7 R =200;
// k b i t s / s
8 Bt = R ;
// kHz
79
Chapter 10
Digital communication II M
ary system
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Channel capcity

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5
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7
8
9
10
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 350
// p r o b no . 1 0 . 1
B =4;
// kHz
C =2* B ;
mprintf ( ( a ) C=% i k b i t s / s \n ,C ) ;
C =2* B * log2 (4) ;
mprintf ( ( b ) f o r 4 l e v e l e n c o d i n g ,C=% i k b i t s / s \n ,C
);
11 C =2* B * log2 (128) ;
12 mprintf ( ( c ) f o r 128 l e v e l e n c o d i n g ,C=% i k b i t s / s ,C
);
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Maximum channel capacity

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 351
// p r o b no . 1 0 . 2
B =4;
// kHz
SNdb =[20 30 40];
// S /N i n db
SN =10 .^( SNdb ./10) ; // a b s o l u t e S /N
C = B .* log2 (1+ SN ) ;
mprintf ( S /N( db )
out =[ SNdb C ];
disp ( out ) ;
C( k b i t s / s ) \n ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.5 Shannon limit

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 352
// p r o b no . 1 0 . 5
B =20;
// kHz
C =160; // kb / s
M =2^( C / B /2) ;
mprintf ( ( a ) Number o f e n c o d i n g l e v e l s
SN =2^( C / B ) -1;
SNdb =10* log10 ( SN )
// S /N i n db
mprintf ( ( b ) S /N= %i
,M= %i \n ,M ) ;
S /N( db )=%. 2 f dB ,SN , SNdb ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.6 QPSK

1 clc ;
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2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 356
5 // p r o b no . 1 0 . 6
6 R =1;
//Mb/ s
7 Bt = R /2;
//MHz
8 mprintf ( Bt= %i kHz , Bt *10^3) ;
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Chapter 11
Computer Data communication
Scilab code Exa 11.7 Processor bandwidth

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 379
5 // p r o b no . 1 1 . 7
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7 B =800*64;
//Mb/ s
8 mprintf ( Bandwidth= %i Mb/ s
or
%i MB/ s ,B , B /8) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.8 DDR SDRAM bandwidth

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 379
5 // p r o b no . 1 1 . 8
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7 B =400*64;
//Mb/ s
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mprintf ( Memory bus bandwidth = %i Mb/ s

,B , B /8) ;
or
%i MB/ s
or
%i MB/ s
Scilab code Exa 11.9 Memory bandwidth

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 379
5 // p r o b no . 1 1 . 9
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7 B =128*400;
//Mb/ s
8 mprintf ( Memory bus bandwidth = %i Mb/ s
,B , B /8) ;
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Chapter 12
Noise in Communication
systems
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Mean square and rms values

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 400
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 1
B =10^6; // Hz
R =[1 100 10000] .*10^3 //ohm
Vrms =(16*10^ -21* B .* R ) ^0.5; // v o l t s
mprintf ( R (Kohm )
Vrms ( micro V) ) ;
out =[ R .*10^ -3 Vrms .*10^6];
disp ( out ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.2 rms voltage

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
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3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 401
5 // p r o b no . 1 2 . 2
6 B =10^6;
// Hz
7 R =10^7 ; //ohm
8 Vrms =(16*10^ -21* B * R ) ^0.5;
// v o l t s
9 G =5000;
// g a i n
10 vorms = Vrms * G ;
11 mprintf ( vorms=%. 1 f V , vorms ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.3 net rms voltage

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 403
5 // p r o b no . 1 2 . 3
6 B =2*10^6;
// Hz
7 Req =6*10^6 ; //ohm
8 Vrms =(16*10^ -21* B * Req ) ^0.5;
// v o l t s
9 mprintf ( vrms=%. 1 f micro V , Vrms *10^6) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.4 Noise power

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 405
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 4
B =2*10^6; // Hz
R =50 ; //ohm
kT0 =4*10^ -21;
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10 Nav = kT0 * B ;
11 mprintf ( N o i s e power=%. 0 f fW , Nav *10^15) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.5 output noise power

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 406
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 5
B =2*10^6; // Hz
R =50 ; //ohm
G =10^6; // g a i n
kT0 =4*10^ -21;
Nav = kT0 * B ;
No = G * Nav ;
mprintf ( o u t p u t N o i s e power=%. 0 f nW , No *10^9) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.6 rms noise voltage

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 406
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 6
// d a t a from ex 1 2 . 5
B =2*10^6; // Hz
R =50 ; //ohm
G =10^6; // g a i n
kT0 =4*10^ -21;
Nav = kT0 * B ;
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13 No = G * Nav ;
14 // e x 1 2 . 6
15 Vrms =( No *50) ^0.5;
16 mprintf ( Vrms=%. 1 f micro V , Vrms *10^6) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.7 Power spectral density

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 408
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 7
R =50 ; //ohm
G =10^8; // g a i n
kT0 =4*10^ -21;
So = G * kT0 ;
mprintf ( Output s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y So ( f )=%. 0 f fW/Hz ,
So *10^15) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.8 white noise

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 409
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 8
ns =6*10^ -18;
//W/Hz
k =1.38*10^ -23;
Ts = ns / k ;
mprintf ( ( a ) E q u i l a n t s o u r c e t e m p e r a t u r e i s Ts=%. 0 f
K\n , Ts ) ;
10 Gdb =43;
// g a i n i n dB
11 G =10^( Gdb /10) ;
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12 mprintf ( ( b ) A b s o l u t e g a i n G=%. 3 f \n ,G ) ;
13 G =20*10^3;
// Approximate
14 Si = ns ;
15 So = G * Si ;
16 mprintf ( Output s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y So ( f )=%. 0 f fW/Hz\n
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, So *10^15) ;
B =12*10^6;
// Hz
no = So ;
No = no * B ;
mprintf ( ( c ) T o t a l Output N o i s e power , No=%. 3 f micro
W , No *10^6) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.9 output noise power

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 409
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 9
Gdb1 =10;
Gdb2 =15;
Gdb3 =25;
Gdb = Gdb1 + Gdb2 + Gdb3 ; // n e t g a i n i n dB
G =10^( Gdb /10) ;
mprintf ( A b s o l u t e g a i n G=%i \n ,G ) ;
B =10^4;
// Hz
ni =10^ -12; //pW/Hz
No = ni * G * B ;
mprintf ( Output N o i s e power , No=%i mW , No *10^3) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.10 low noise amplifier

1 clc ;
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close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 412
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 1 0
Te =50;
//K
T0 =290;
//K
F =1+ Te / T0 ;
mprintf ( ( a ) N o i s e f i g u r e , F=%. 3 f \n ,F ) ;
Fdb =10* log10 ( F ) ;
mprintf ( ( b ) D e c i b e l v a l u e , Fdb=%. 3 f dB , Fdb ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.11 effective noise temperature

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 412
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 1 1
Fdb =5;
T0 =290; //K
F =10^( Fdb /10) ;
mprintf ( N o i s e f i g u r e , F=%. 3 f \n ,F ) ;
Te =( F -1) * T0 ;
mprintf ( N o i s e T e m p e r a t u r e , Te=%i K , Te ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.12 RF amplifier

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 413
5 // p r o b no . 1 2 . 1 2
6 T0 =290;
//K
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7 Fdb =9;
8 F =10^( Fdb /10) ;
9 mprintf ( A b s o l u t e N o i s e f i g u r e , F=%. 3 f =8( Approx ) \n ,
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F);
F =8;
// Approximate
Te =( F -1) * T0 ;
mprintf ( N o i s e T e m p e r a t u r e , Te=%i K \n , Te ) ;
Ti = T0 ;
k =1.38*10^ -23;
// Boltzmann s C o n s t a n t
B =2*10^6; // Hz
Ni = k * Ti * B ; //W
mprintf ( ( a ) I n p u t s o u r c e N o i s e r a t i o , Ni=%i fW\n
, Ni *10^15) ;
Pi =8*10^ -12;
//W
SNinput = Pi / Ni ;
mprintf ( ( b ) I n p u t s o u r c e s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o S :
Ninput=%. 0 f \n , SNinput ) ;
mprintf ( C o r r e s p o n d i n g dB v a l u e S ; Ninput ( db )=%. 0 f
dB\n ,10* log10 ( SNinput ) ) ;
Gdb =50;
G =10^( Gdb /10) ;
Po = G * Pi ; //W
mprintf ( ( c ) The o u t p u t s i g n a l power , Po=%i nW\n , Po
*10^9) ;
Tsys = Ti + Te ;
No = G * k * Tsys * B ; //W
mprintf ( ( d ) o u t p u t n o i s e power No=%. 2 f nw\n , No
*10^9) ;
SNoutput = Po / No ;
mprintf ( ( e ) Output s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o S : Noutput=
%. 0 f \n , SNoutput ) ;
mprintf ( C o r r e s p o n d i n g dB v a l u e S ; Noutput ( db )=%. 0 f
dB\n ,10* log10 ( SNoutput ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.13 output S to ratio

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 414
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 1 3
// Data from ex 12
T0 =290; //K
Fdb =9;
F =10^( Fdb /10) ;
F =8;
// Approximate
Te =( F -1) * T0 ;
Ti = T0 ;
k =1.38*10^ -23;
// Boltzmann s C o n s t a n t
B =2*10^6; // Hz
Ni = k * Ti * B ; //W
Pi =8*10^ -12;
//W
SNinput = Pi / Ni ;
SNinputdb =10* log10 ( SNinput ) ;
// Ex13 c a l c u l a t i o n
SNoutputdB = SNinputdb - Fdb ;
mprintf ( S : Noutput ( db )=%. 0 f dB\n , SNoutputdB ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.14 Equivalent noise temperature

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 418
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 1 4
// A b s o l u t e g a i n s
G1 =20;
G2 =15;
G3 =12;
//Temp i n K
Te1 =100;
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12 Te2 =200;
13 Te3 =300;
14 Te = Te1 + Te2 / G1 + Te3 / G1 / G2
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16 mprintf ( N o i s e T e m p e r a t u r e
, Te=%. 0 f K\n , Te ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.15 Net noise figure

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 418
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 1 5
// A b s o l u t e g a i n s
G1 =20;
G2 =15;
G3 =12;
//Temp i n K
Te1 =100;
Te2 =200;
Te3 =300;
// N o i s e f i g u r e s
F1 =1+ Te1 /290;
F2 =1+ Te2 /290;
F3 =1+ Te3 /290;
F = F1 +( F2 -1) / G1 +( F3 -1) / G1 / G2 ;
mprintf ( N o i s e f i g u r e , F=%. 4 f \n ,F ) ;
Te =( F -1) *290;
mprintf ( N o i s e T e m p e r a t u r e , Te=%. 0 f K\n , Te ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.16 Cascaded system

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 419
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 1 6
Ldb =6.02; // db
L =10^( Ldb /10) ;
mprintf ( A b s l o u t e l o s s , L=%. 0 f \n ,L ) ;
Tp =290; //K
// N o i s e temp (K)
TeL =( L -1) * Tp ;
Tepre =50;
Terec =200;
Gpre =10^(20/10) ;
Te = TeL + L * Tepre + L * Terec / Gpre ;
mprintf ( N o i s e T e m p e r a t u r e , Te=%. 0 f K\n , Te ) ;
// N o i s e f i g u r e s
F =1+ Te /290;
mprintf ( N o i s e f i g u r e
mprintf ( N o i s e f i g u r e
);
, F=%. 4 f \n ,F ) ;
, F ( dB )=%. 3 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( F )
Scilab code Exa 12.17 Noise temperature and noise figure

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 419
// p r o b no . 1 2 . 1 7
Ldb =6.02; // db
L =10^( Ldb /10) ;
mprintf ( A b s l o u t e l o s s
Tp =290; //K
// N o i s e temp (K)
, L=%. 0 f \n ,L ) ;
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11 TeL =( L -1) * Tp ;
12 Tepre =50;
13 Terec =200;
14 Gpre =10^(20/10) ;
15 Te = Tepre + TeL / Gpre + L * Terec / Gpre ;
16 mprintf ( ( a ) N o i s e T e m p e r a t u r e , Te=%. 1 f K\n , Te ) ;
17
18 // N o i s e f i g u r e s
19 F =1+ Te /290;
20 mprintf ( ( b ) N o i s e f i g u r e , F=%. 2 f \n ,F ) ;
21 mprintf ( N o i s e f i g u r e , F ( dB )=%. 3 f
dB\n ,10* log10 ( F )
);
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Chapter 13
Performance of Modulation
systems with noise
Scilab code Exa 13.1 AC system comparison

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 442
// p r o b no . 1 3 . 1
Gb =1;
mprintf ( ( a ) SSB : Gb=%i \n , Gb ) ;
mprintf (
GbdB=%i dB\n ,10* log10 ( Gb ) ) ;
mprintf ( ( b ) DSB : Gb=%i \n , Gb ) ;
mprintf (
GbdB=%i dB\n ,10* log10 ( Gb ) ) ;
m =0.5;
Gb = m ^2/(2+ m ^2) ;
mprintf ( ( c ) AM(m= . 5 ) : Gb=%. 3 f \n , Gb ) ;
mprintf (
GbdB=%. 3 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( Gb ) ) ;
m =1;
Gb = m ^2/(2+ m ^2) ;
mprintf ( ( d ) AM(m=1) : Gb=%. 3 f \n , Gb ) ;
mprintf (
GbdB=%. 3 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( Gb ) ) ;
delta_phi =5;
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Gb = delta_phi ^2/2;
mprintf ( ( e ) FM( d e l t a p h i =5) ) : Gb=%. 1 f \n , Gb ) ;
mprintf (
GbdB=%. 3 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( Gb ) ) ;
D =5;
Gb =3* D ^2/2;
mprintf ( ( f ) FM(D=5) : Gb=%. 1 f \n , Gb ) ;
mprintf (
GbdB=%. 3 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( Gb ) ) ;
Wf1 =7.07;
Gb =3/2* D ^2* %pi /6* Wf1 ;
mprintf ( ( g ) FM(D=5 , W/ f 1 = 7 . 0 7 ) : Gb=%. 1 f \n , Gb ) ;
mprintf (
GbdB=%. 2 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( Gb ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.2 Receiver processing gain

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 443
// p r o b no . 1 3 . 2
GR =1;
mprintf ( ( a ) SSB : GR=%i \n , GR ) ;
mprintf (
GRdB=%i dB\n ,10* log10 ( GR ) ) ;
GR =2;
mprintf ( ( b ) DSB : GR=%i \n , GR ) ;
mprintf (
GRdB=%. 2 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( GR ) ) ;
m =0.5;
GR =2* m ^2/(2+ m ^2) ;
mprintf ( ( c ) AM(m= . 5 ) : GR=%. 4 f \n , GR ) ;
mprintf (
GRdB=%. 3 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( GR ) ) ;
m =1;
GR =2* m ^2/(2+ m ^2) ;
mprintf ( ( d ) AM(m=1) : GR=%. 3 f \n , GR ) ;
mprintf (
GRdB=%. 2 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( GR ) ) ;
delta_phi =5;
GR =(1+ delta_phi ) * delta_phi ^2;
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mprintf ( ( e ) FM( d e l t a p h i =5) ) : GR=%. 1 f \n , GR ) ;

mprintf (
GRdB=%. 3 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( GR ) ) ;
D =5;
GR =3* D ^2*(1+ D ) ;
mprintf ( ( f ) FM(D=5) : GR=%. 1 f \n , GR ) ;
mprintf (
GRdB=%. 3 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( GR ) ) ;
Wf1 =7.07;
GR =3*(1+ D ) * D ^2* %pi /6* Wf1 ;
mprintf ( ( g ) FM(D=5 , W/ f 1 = 7 . 0 7 ) : GR=%. 1 f \n , GR ) ;
mprintf (
GRdB=%. 2 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( GR ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.3 signal to noise ratio

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 447
// p r o b no . 1 3 . 3
k =1.38*10^ -23;
// Boltzmann s c o n s t
// T e m p e r a t u r e s i n K
Ti =150;
Te =325;
Tsys = Ti + Te ;
mprintf ( Tsys=%i K \n , Tsys ) ;
D =5;
W =15;
// kHz
B =2*(1+ D ) * W ;
mprintf ( B=%i kHz \n ,B ) ;
Nsys = k * Tsys * B *10^3;
//W
mprintf ( Nsys=%. 3 f fW\n , Nsys *10^15) ;
PR =50*10^ -12;
//W
SNsys = PR / Nsys ;
mprintf ( ( S/N) s y s=%i \n , SNsys ) ;
GR =3*(1+ D ) * D ^2
mprintf ( GR=%. 0 f \n , GR ) ;
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SNoutput = GR * SNsys ;
mprintf ( ( S/N) o u t p u t=%. 0 f \n , SNoutput ) ;
mprintf ( ( S/N) out , dB=%. 2 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( SNoutput
));
mprintf ( ( S/N) s y s , dB=%. 2 f dB\n ,10* log10 ( SNsys ) ) ;
GRdb =10* log10 ( GR ) ;
mprintf ( GR, dB=%. 2 f dB \n , GRdb ) ;
mprintf ( ( S/N) o u t p u t , dB=%. 2 f dB\n ,10* log10 (
SNoutput ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.4 signal to noise ratio

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 450
5 // p r o b no . 1 3 . 4
6 N =16;
// b i t
7 SNoutdB =1.76+6.02* N ;
8 mprintf ( ( S /N) o u t p u t , dB=%. 2 f dB \n , SNoutdB ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.5 Minimum number of bits

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 450
5 // p r o b no . 1 3 . 5
6 SNoutdB =53;
7 N =( SNoutdB -1.76) /6.02;
8 mprintf ( N=%. 2 f b i t s \n ,N ) ;
9 N =9;
// roundup
10 mprintf ( N=%i b i t s \n ,N ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 13.6 Binary digital communication system

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 453
// p r o b no . 1 3 . 6
N =6;
// b i t s p e r word
M =2^ N ;
mprintf ( M=%i \n ,M ) ;
Pr =200*10^ -15;
//W
R =2*10^6;
// b i t s / s
Eb = Pr / R ;
mprintf ( B i t e n e r g y , Eb=%. 0 f 10 21 \n , Eb *10^21) ;
k =1.38*10^ -23;
// Boltzmann c o n s
Ti =300; //K
Te =425; //K
Tsys = Ti + Te ;
nsys = k * Tsys ;
mprintf ( N o i s e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y , n s y s=%. 0 f
10 20 W/Hz \n , nsys *10^20) ;
rho = Eb / nsys ;
mprintf ( B i t e n e r g y , r h o=%. 0 f \n , rho ) ;
rhodB =10* log10 ( rho ) ;
mprintf ( B i t e n e r g y i n db , rho , dB=%. 0 f dB \n , rhodB
);
// p a r t a
Pe =4*10^ -6;
SNout =1.5* M ^2/(1+4* M ^2* Pe ) ;
mprintf ( \n ( a ) ( S /N) o u t p u t=%. 0 f ( o r %0 . 2 f dB ) \n ,
SNout ,10* log10 ( SNout ) ) ;
// p a r t b
Pe =2.3*10^ -5;
SNout =1.5* M ^2/(1+4* M ^2* Pe ) ;
100
30
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33
34
35
36
37
38
mprintf ( \n ( b ) ( S/N) o u t p u t=%. 0 f ( o r %0 . 2 f

// p a r t c
Pe =8*10^ -4;
SNout =1.5* M ^2/(1+4* M ^2* Pe ) ;
mprintf ( \n ( c ) ( S /N) o u t p u t=%. 1 f ( o r %0 . 2 f
// p a r t d
Pe =3.5*10^ -3;
SNout =1.5* M ^2/(1+4* M ^2* Pe ) ;
mprintf ( \n ( d ) ( S/N) o u t p u t=%. 1 f ( o r %0 . 2 f
dB ) \n ,
dB ) \n ,
dB ) \n ,
Scilab code Exa 13.7 PSK signal to noise ratio

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 455
// p r o b no . 1 3 . 7
// d a t a from ex 1 3 . 6
M =2^6;
Pr =200*10^ -15;
//W
R =8*10^6;
// b i t s / s
Eb = Pr / R ;
( changed )
k =1.38*10^ -23;
Ti =300; //K
Te =425; //K
Tsys = Ti + Te ;
nsys = k * Tsys ;
// m p r i n t f (
N o i s e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y , n s y s=%. 0 f
10 20 W/Hz \n , n s y s 1 0 2 0 ) ;
18 rho = Eb / nsys ;
19 mprintf ( B i t e n e r g y , r h o=%. 1 f
\n , rho ) ;
101
20
21
rhodB =10* log10 ( rho ) ;

mprintf ( B i t e n e r g y i n db , rho , dB=%. 2 f dB \n , rhodB
);
22
23 Pe =1.3*10^ -2;
24 SNout =1.5* M ^2/(1+4* M ^2* Pe ) ;
25 mprintf ( \n ( S/N) o u t p u t=%. 2 f ( o r %0 . 2 f
dB ) \n ,
Scilab code Exa 13.8 input average carrier power

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 455
// p r o b no . 1 3 . 8
Pe =10^ -5;
R =1*10^6; // b i t s / s
k =1.38*10^ -23;
Ti =475; //K
Te =250; //K
Tsys = Ti + Te ;
nsys = k * Tsys ; //W/Hz
function Eb = E ( rhodb )
// f u n c t i o n f o r Eb
rho =10^( rhodb /10) ;
Eb = nsys * rho ;
endfunction
function Pr = P ( E )
// f u n c t i o n f o r Pr
Pr = R * Eb ;
endfunction
function display ( rhodb , pt )
Eb = E ( rhodb ) ;
Pr = P ( E ) ;
mprintf ( \n ( %c ) B i t e n e r g y , Eb=%. 2 f 10 21 J \n ,pt ,
Eb *10^21) ;
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mprintf ( R e q u i r e d r e c i v e r c a r r i e r power , Pr=%. 2 f

fW \n , Pr *10^15) ;
endfunction
// P a r t a
rhodb =9.6;
display ( rhodb , a ) ;
// P a r t b
rhodb =10.3;
display ( rhodb , b ) ;
// P a r t c
rhodb =12.6;
display ( rhodb , c ) ;
// P a r t d
rhodb =13.4;
display ( rhodb , d ) ;
Scilab code Exa 13.9 PSK required reciever power

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 456
// p r o b no . 1 3 . 9
// Data form e x 1 3 . 8
Pe =10^ -5;
R =2*10^6; // b i t s / s ( c h a n g e d )
k =1.38*10^ -23;
Ti =475; //K
Te =250; //K
Tsys = Ti + Te ;
103
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nsys = k * Tsys ; //W/Hz

function Eb = E ( rhodb )
// f u n c t i o n f o r Eb
rho =10^( rhodb /10) ;
Eb = nsys * rho ;
endfunction
function Pr = P ( E )
// f u n c t i o n f o r Pr
Pr = R * Eb ;
endfunction
rhodb =9.6;
Eb = E ( rhodb ) ;
Pr = P ( E ) ;
mprintf ( \ n B i t e n e r g y , Eb=%. 2 f 10 21 J \n , Eb
*10^21) ;
27 mprintf ( R e q u i r e d r e c i v e r c a r r i e r power , Pr=%. 2 f
fW \n , Pr *10^15) ;
104
Chapter 14
Transmission lines and waves
Scilab code Exa 14.1 Length of line

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 471
5 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 1
6 f =1*10^6;
// Hz
7 lembda =3*10^8/ f ;
8 mprintf ( The f r e e
//m
s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i s = %i m \n ,
lembda ) ;
9 l =.1* lembda ;
10 mprintf ( Length , l = %i m ,l ) ;

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 471
105
5 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 2
6 f =1*10^8;
// Hz
7 lembda =3*10^8/ f ;
//m
s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i s = %i m \n ,
lembda ) ;
9 l =.1* lembda ;
10 mprintf ( Length , l = %. 1 f m ,l ) ;

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 472
5 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 3
6 f =1*10^9;
// Hz
7 lembda =3*10^8/ f ;
//m
s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i s = %i cm \n ,
lembda *100) ;
9 l =.1* lembda ;
10 mprintf ( Length
, l = %i cm ,l *100) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.4 Characteristic impedance

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 474
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 4
L =320*10^ -9;
//H/m
C =90*10^ -12;
//F/m
R0 = sqrt ( L / C ) ;
106
mprintf ( The c h a r a c t e r i s t c impedance , R0 = %. 2 f ohm

\n , R0 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.5 Velocity of propagation

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 476
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 5
L =320*10^ -9;
//H/m
C =90*10^ -12;
//F/m
v =1/ sqrt ( L * C ) ;
mprintf ( The v e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i s , v = %. 3 f
1 0 8 m/ s \n ,v *10^ -8) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.6 Dielectric costant

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 476
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 6
L =320*10^ -9;
//H/m
C =90*10^ -12;
//F/m
v =1/ sqrt ( L * C ) ;
// from Ex14 . 5
Er =(3*10^8/ v ) ^2;
mprintf ( The d i e l e c t i c c o n s t a n t i s , Er = %. 2 f
Er ) ;
107
\n ,
Scilab code Exa 14.6.1 Coaxial cable

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 479
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 6 ;
// m i s p r i n t e d e x a m p l e no
d =.3; //cm
D =1.02; //cm
Er =2.25;
x = log ( D / d ) ;
// v a r i a b l e
L =2*10^ -7* x ;
mprintf ( ( a ) The i n d u c t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h i s , L
. 1 f nH/m \n ,L *10^9) ;
C =55.56*10^ -12* Er / x ;
mprintf ( ( b ) The c a p a c i t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h i s ,
%. 2 f nH/m \n ,C *10^12) ;
R0 =60/ sqrt ( Er ) * x ;
mprintf ( ( c ) The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e i s , R0
. 3 f ohm \n , R0 ) ;
c =3*10^8;
v = c / sqrt ( Er ) ;
mprintf ( ( d ) The v e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i s , v =
1 0 8 m/ s \n ,v *10^ -8) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.7 mismached load impedance

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 480
5 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 7 ;
6 Rin =50
//ohm
7 Rout =50;
//ohm
8 Vrms =400;
//V
108
= %
C =
= %
%i
9 Zin = Rin ;
10 mprintf ( ( a ) The i n p u t i m p e d a n c e i s , Z i n = %i ohm\n ,
11
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13
14
15
16
Zin ) ;
Irms = Vrms /( Rin + Rout ) ; //A
mprintf ( ( b ) The rms c u r r e n t , I r m s = %i A \n , Irms )
;
Pin = Irms ^2* Rin ;
mprintf ( ( c ) The i n p u t power i s , Pin = %i W \n , Pin )
;
Pl = Pin ;
mprintf ( ( d ) The l o a d power i s , Pl = %i W \n , Pl ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.8 Load power

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 481
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 8
Rin =50
//ohm
Rout =50;
//ohm
Vrms =400; //V
l =50;
//m
Ldb =.01* l ;
//dB
L =10^( Ldb /10) ;
mprintf ( The a b s l u t e l o s s i s , L = %f \n ,L ) ;
Irms = Vrms /( Rin + Rout ) ; //A
Pin = Irms ^2* Rin ;
PL = Pin / L ;
mprintf ( The a c t u a l Power r e a c h i n g t h e l o a d i s , PL
= %. 1 f W \n , PL ) ;
109
Scilab code Exa 14.9 Lossless transmission line

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 484
5 // p r o b no . 1 4 . 9
6 ZL = complex (50 ,100) ;
7 R0 =50;
8 TauL =( ZL - R0 ) /( ZL + R0 ) ;
9
10 mprintf ( ( a ) The r e f l e c t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t at load is , )
;
11 disp ( TauL ) ;
12 [R , theta ]= polar ( TauL ) ;
13 mprintf ( OR , %. 4 f a n g l e %i ,R , theta *(180/ %pi ) ) ;
14
15 S =(1+ R ) /(1 - R ) ;
16 mprintf ( \n ( b ) The s t a n d i n g wave r a t i o
\n ,S ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.10 Loss less transmission line

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 484
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 0
ZL =100;
//ohm
RL = ZL ;
R0 =300;
//ohm
TauL =( RL - R0 ) /( RL + R0 ) ;
110
i s , S = %. 3 f
10
11
mprintf ( ( a ) The r e f l e c t i o n
%0 . 2 f , , TauL ) ;
c o e f f i c i e n t at load i s=
12
13 S = R0 / RL ;
14 mprintf ( \n ( b ) The s t a n d i n g wave r a t i o
i s , S = %. 0 f
\n ,S ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.11 Lossless transmission line

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 485
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 1
ZL =100;
//ohm
RL = ZL ;
R0 =300;
//ohm
TauL =( RL - R0 ) /( RL + R0 ) ;
mismatch_loss_dB = -10* log10 (1 - TauL ^2) ;
mprintf ( The mismatch l o s s ( dB ) , S = %. 2 f dB\n ,
mismatch_loss_dB ) ;
Scilab code Exa 14.12 Plane wave propagation

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 487
// p r o b no . 1 4 . 1 2
Ex =3 //V/m
n0 =377;
Hy = Ex / n0 ;
111
mprintf ( ( a ) The v a u l u e o f Hy i s , Hy = %. 3 f 10 3
A/m\n , Hy *10^3) ;
10
11 Px = Ex ^2/ n0 ;
12 mprintf ( ( b ) The power d e n s i t y Px i s , Px = %. 3 f
10 3 W/m2\ n , Px *10^3) ;
13 A =10*30;
14 P = Px * A ;
15 mprintf ( ( c ) The n e t power t r a n s m i t t e d i s , P = %. 3 f
W \n ,P ) ;
112
Chapter 15
Introduction to Antennas
Scilab code Exa 15.2 Distance of boundary

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 500
5 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 2
6 c =3*10^8;
// s p e e d o f l i g h t
7 f =2*10^9;
// f r e q u e n c y
8 lembda = c / f ;
// w a v e l e n g t h
9 mprintf ( The w a v e l e n g t h o f 2GHz i s , = %. 2 f m\n ,
lembda ) ;
10 D =15;
//m
11 Rff =2* D ^2/ lembda ;
12 mprintf ( The d i s t a n c e t o t h e f a r
m\n , Rff ) ;
Scilab code Exa 15.3 max dB gain

1 clc ;
113
f i e l d i s , R f f = %i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 502
// p r o b no . 1 5 . 3
Gmax =10^5;
Gmax_dB =10* log10 ( Gmax ) ;
mprintf ( Gmax , dB= %i dB , Gmax_dB ) ;
Scilab code Exa 15.4 Power gain

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 504
// p r o b no . 1 5 . 4
d =10^5; //m
Pt =100; //W
Pd = Pt /(4* %pi * d ^2) ;
mprintf ( The power d e n s i t y i s
*10^12) ;
Scilab code Exa 15.5 Power density

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9
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 504
// p r o b no . 1 5 . 5
d =10^5; //m
Pt =100; //W
Gt =50;
Pd = Gt * Pt /(4* %pi * d ^2) ;
114
, Pd= %. 1 f pW/m2 , Pd
10
mprintf ( The power d e n s i t y i s

*10^9) ;
, Pd= %. 2 f nW/m2 , Pd
Scilab code Exa 15.6 satellite system

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 504
5 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 6
6 c =3*10^8;
7 f =15*10^9;
8 lembda = c / f ;
9 mprintf ( The w a v e l e n g t h o f 15 GHz i s , = %. 2 f m\n ,
lembda ) ;
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12
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14
15
16
d =41*10^6; //m
Pt =50; //W
Gt =10^4;
Gr =10^5
Pr = lembda ^2* Gr * Gt * Pt /((4* %pi ) ^2* d ^2) ;
mprintf ( The power d e n s i t y i s , Pr= %. 1 f pW , Pr
*10^12) ;
Scilab code Exa 15.7 Radiation resistance

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 506
5 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 7
6
7 Pt =2000;
//W
115
8
9
10
Irms =5;
Rrad = Pt / Irms ^2;
mprintf ( The r a d i a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e i s
Rrad ) ;
, Rrad= %i ohm ,
Scilab code Exa 15.11 Parabolic reflector

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 511
5 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 1
7 c =3*10^8;
8 f =10*10^9;
9 lembda = c / f ;
10 mprintf ( The w a v e l e n g t h o f 2GHz i s , = %. 2 f m\n ,
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12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
lembda ) ;
D =12; //m
Ap = %pi * D ^2/4;
mprintf ( ( a ) The p h y s i c a l a r e a i s , Ap= %. 2 f m2 \n
, Ap ) ;
n1 =.7;
// e f f i c i e n c y
Ae = n1 * Ap ;
mprintf ( The e f f e c t i v e c a p t u r e a r e a i s , Ae= %. 2 f m
2 , Ae ) ;
G =4* %pi * Ae / lembda ^2;
mprintf ( \n ( b ) The g a i n i s ,G= %i ,G ) ;
GdB =10* log10 ( G ) ;
mprintf ( \n The g a i n ( dB ) i s ,GdB= %. 1 f dB , GdB ) ;
theta_3dB =70* lembda / D ;
mprintf ( \n ( c ) The 3 dB beamwidth = %. 3 f d e g r e e s ,
theta_3dB ) ;
116
Scilab code Exa 15.12 Effective area

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 507
5 // p r o b no . 1 5 . 1 2
7 c =3*10^8;
8 f =100*10^6;
9 lembda = c / f ;
10 mprintf ( The w a v e l e n g t h o f 2GHz i s , = %i m\n , lembda
);
11 Ac =0.13* lembda ^2;
12 mprintf ( The c a p t u r e a r e a i s
117
, Ac= %. 2 f m2 , Ac ) ;
Chapter 16
Communication link analysis
and Design
Scilab code Exa 16.1 Recieived power

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clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 518
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 1
c =3*10^8; // s p e e d o f l i g h t
Pt =5
//W
GtdB =13; //dB
GrdB =17; //dB
d =80*10^3; // m e t r e
f =3*10^9;
lembda = c / f ;
mprintf ( The w a v e l e n g t h i s , = %. 1 f m\n , lembda ) ;
Gt =10^( GtdB /10) ;
Gr =10^( GrdB /10) ;
mprintf ( Gt=%. 2 f \n , Gt ) ;
mprintf ( Gr=%. 2 f \n , Gr ) ;
Pr = lembda ^2* Gt * Gr * Pt /((4* %pi ) ^2* d ^2) ;
118
20
mprintf ( Pr=%. 1 f pW \n , Pr *10^12) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.2 dB approach

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15
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 520
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 2
c =3*10^8; // s p e e d o f l i g h t
Pt =5
//W
GtdB =13; //dB
GrdB =17; //dB
d =80; // i n km
f =3;
// f r e q u e n c y i n GHz
PtdBW =10* log10 ( Pt ) ;
alfa1_dB =20* log10 ( f ) +20* log10 ( d ) +92.44; //dB
mprintf ( The p a t h l o s s i s ,
a l f a 1 ( dB ) = %. 2 f dB\n ,
alfa1_dB ) ;
16
17
PrdBW = PtdBW + GtdB + GrdB - alfa1_dB ;

// c a l c u l a t i o n o f
r e c i e v e d power i n dB
18 mprintf ( Pr (dBW)=%. 2 f dBW\n , PrdBW )
19
20 Pr =10^( PrdBW /10) ;
// r e c i e v e d power i n Watts
21 mprintf ( Pr=%. 1 f pW , Pr *10^12) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.3 Path loss

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
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5
6
7
8
9
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// p a g e no 521
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 3
d =240000*1.609; // i n km
// p a r t a
f =100;
// f r e q u e n c y i n MHz
mprintf ( ( a ) The p a t h l o s s i s %. 2 f dB\n , alfa1_dB ) ;
// p a r t b
f =1;
mprintf ( ( b ) The p a t h l o s s i s %. 2 f dB\n , alfa1_dB ) ;
// p a r t c
f =10;
mprintf ( ( c ) The p a t h l o s s i s %. 2 f dB\n , alfa1_dB ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.4 path loss

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17
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 522
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 4
f =1; // i n GHz
// p a r t a
d =1;
// i n Km
mprintf ( ( a ) The p a t h l o s s i s %. 2 f dB\n , alfa1_dB ) ;
// p a r t b
d =10;
// i n km
mprintf ( ( b ) The p a t h l o s s i s %. 2 f dB\n , alfa1_dB ) ;
// p a r t c
d =100;
// i n km
120
18
mprintf ( ( c ) The p a t h l o s s i s %. 2 f dB\n , alfa1_dB ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.5 Minimum transmitted power required

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16
17
18
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 522
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 5
Pr =50*10^ -12; // i n Watts
GtdB =3; //dB
GrdB =4; //dB
d =80; // k i l o m e t r e
f =500;
// f r e q u e n c y i n MHz
PrdBW =10* log10 ( Pr ) ;
// i n dB c o n v e r s i o n
mprintf ( Pr (dBW)=%. 2 f dBW\n , PrdBW )
alfa1_dB =20* log10 ( f ) +20* log10 ( d ) +32.44; // p a t h l o s s
i n dB
mprintf ( The p a t h l o s s i s , %. 2 f dB\n , alfa1_dB ) ;
PtdBW = PrdBW + alfa1_dB - GtdB - GrdB ;
t r a n s m i t t e d power i n dB
mprintf ( Pt (dBW)=%. 2 f dBW\n , PtdBW )
Pt =10^( PtdBW /10) ;
// t r a n s m i t t e d power i n Watts
mprintf ( Pt=%. 1 f W , Pt ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.6 Required transmitted power

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 523
5 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 6
6 Pr =200;
// i n f Watts
121
7 GtdB =30;
//dB
8 GrdB =20;
//dB
9 d =40000;
// k i l o m e t r e
10 f =4;
11 PrdBf =10* log10 ( Pr ) ;
// i n dBf c o n v e r s i o n
12 mprintf ( Pr ( dBf )=%. 2 f
dBf \n , PrdBf )
13 alfa1_dB =20* log10 ( f ) +20* log10 ( d ) +92.44;
// p a t h l o s s
14
15
16
17
18
19
i n dB
mprintf ( The p a t h l o s s i s , %. 2 f dB\n , alfa1_dB ) ;
PtdBf = PrdBf + alfa1_dB - GtdB - GrdB ;
t r a n s m i t t e d power i n dBf
PtdBW = PtdBf -150;
// c a l c u l a t i o n o f t r a n s m i t t e d
power i n dBW
mprintf ( Pt ( dBf )=%. 2 f dBf OR %. 2 f dBW\n , PtdBf ,
PtdBW )
Pt =10^( PtdBW /10) ;
// t r a n s m i t t e d power i n Watts
mprintf ( Pt=%. 2 f W , Pt ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.7 range of transmission

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 525
5 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 7
6 hT =50;
//m
7 hR =5;
//m
8 d_km = sqrt (17* hT ) + sqrt (17* hR ) ;
// i n km
9 mprintf ( d (km)=%. 2 f Km , d_km ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.8 Received power

1 clc ;
122
2
3
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6
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17
18
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 528
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 8
Pt =10000; // Watts
Gt =25;
//dB
f =3;
//GHz
d =50;
//km
sigma =20
// r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n i n m2
alfa2_dB =20* log10 ( f ) +40* log10 ( d ) +163.43 -10* log10 (
sigma ) ;
// a l f a 2 ( dB ) c a l c u l a t i o n
mprintf ( The two way p a t h l o s s i s , a l f a 2 ( dB )= %. 2 f
dB\n , alfa2_dB ) ;
PtdBW =10* log10 ( Pt ) ;
// t r a n s m i t t e d power i n dB
mprintf ( Pt (dBW)=%i dBW\n , PtdBW )
PrdBW = PtdBW +2* Gt - alfa2_dB
//dBW
mprintf ( Pr (dBW)=%. 2 f dBW \n , PrdBW ) ;
Pr =10^( PrdBW /10) ;
mprintf ( Pr=%. 2 f fW , Pr *10^15) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.9 Distance to the target

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5
6
7
8
9
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 530
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 9
c =3*10^8;
// s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s
Td =400*10^ -6
// s
d = c * Td /2
// i n m
mprintf ( d=%. 0 f Km ,d *10^ -3) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.10 Pulse radar system

123
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 530
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 1 0
c =3*10^8;
fp =2*10^3;
// Hz
T =1/ fp
// s
dmax = c * T /2
// i n m
mprintf ( ( a ) d max=%. 0 f Km \n , dmax *10^ -3) ;
tau =6*10^ -6;
// s
dmin = c * tau /2
//m
mprintf ( ( b ) d min=%. 0 f m , dmin ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.11 Doppler shift

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 532
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 1 1
c =3*10^8;
fc =15*10^9;
// Hz
v =25
// s p e e d i n m/ s
fD =2* v / c * fc ;
// Hz
mprintf ( D o p p l e r s h i f t , fD=%. 0 f Hz \n , fD ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.12 Speed of automobile

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 532
124
// p r o b no . 1 6 . 1 2
c =186000;
// s p e e d o f l i g h t i n mi / s
fc =10*10^9;
// Hz
fD =2*10^3;
// f r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz
v = c * fD /(2* fc ) ; // s p e e d i n mi / s
mprintf ( Speed o f a u t o m o b i l e , v=%. 2 f 10 3 mi / s \n
,v *10^3) ;
11 v =3600* v ;
12 mprintf ( v=%. 1 f mi / h r \n ,v ) ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
Scilab code Exa 16.13 Angle of refraction

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 535
5 // p r o b no . 1 6 . 1 3
6 n1 =1;
// r e f r a c t i o n i n d e x o f a i r
7 E2 =4
// m a t e r i a l d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
8 theta_i =50
// a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e i n d e g r e e
misprinted in the s o l u t i o n )
9 n2 = sqrt ( E2 ) ;
10 theta_r = asin ( n1 / n2 * sin ( theta_i * %pi /180) ) ;
11 mprintf ( The a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n i s %. 2 f \n ( u s i n g
a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e =50) \n , theta_r *180/ %pi ) ;

12 // m i s p r i n t e d a n g l e
125
Chapter 17
Satellite communication
Scilab code Exa 17.1 Satellite

1
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6
7
8
9
10
11
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 547
// p r o b no . 1 7 . 1
H =10^6;
// m e t e r
v =20*10^6/ sqrt ( H +6.4*10^6) ;
//m/ s
mprintf ( ( a ) v e l o c i t y , v=%i m/ s \n ,v ) ;
R =6.4*10^6;
// d a t a r a t e i n b i t s p e r s e c o n d
C =2* %pi *( H + R ) ;
// c i r c u m f e r e n c e i n m
mprintf ( ( b ) c i r c u m f e r e n c e , C=%i m\n ,C ) ;
//
r a u n d e d v a l u e o f C shown i n book s o l u t i o n
12 T = C / v ;
13 mprintf ( ( c ) The p e r i o d i s , T=%. 2 f s e c o n d s o r %. 2 f
m i n u t e s ,T , T /60) ;
Scilab code Exa 17.2 Declination offset angle
126
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 548
// p r o b no . 1 7 . 2
L =37;
// l a t i t u d e i n d e g r e e
R =6400; H =36000; // from t h e t e x t
del = atan ( R * sin ( L * %pi /180) /( H + R *(1 - cos ( L * %pi /180) ) ) )
// D e c l i n a t i o n a n g l e
9 mprintf ( The a n g e i s %. 2 f d e g r e e \n , del *180/ %pi ) ;
Scilab code Exa 17.3 Satellite transmitter

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5
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7
8
9
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13
14
15
16
17
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 552
// p r o b no . 1 7 . 3
c =3*10^8;
f =3.7*10^9;
// Hz
lembda = c / f ;
//m
mprintf ( The wave l e n g t h i s %. 4 f cm \n , lembda *100)
theta_3dB =8;
// d e g r e e
D =70* lembda / theta_3dB
//m
mprintf ( The d i a m e t e r i s , D= %. 4 f m \n ,D ) ;
eta_1 =.6;
// i l l u m i n a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y
G = eta_1 *( %pi * D / lembda ) ^2;
// g a i n c a l c u l a t i o n
mprintf ( The Gain i s G= %. 2 f \n ,G )
G_dB =10* log10 ( G ) ;
//dB g a i n
mprintf ( The Gain i n dB i s G( dB )= %. 3 f dB \n , G_dB )
Scilab code Exa 17.4 Gain required

127
1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 553
5 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 4
6 theta_3dB =1.6;
// beamwidth i n d e g r e e
7 eta_1 =.6;
8 G = eta_1 *48000/( theta_3dB ) ^2;
9 mprintf ( The Gain i s G= %. 0 f \n ,G )
10 G_dB =10* log10 ( G ) ;
//dB g a i n
11 mprintf ( The Gain i n dB i s G( dB )= %. 1 f dB \n , G_dB )
Scilab code Exa 17.5 Gain required

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 554
5 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 5
6 theta_3dB =.3;
7
8
9
10
11
// minimum p r a c t i c a l beamwidth i n
degree
eta_1 =.6;
G = eta_1 *48000/( theta_3dB ) ^2;
mprintf ( The Gain i s G= %. 0 f \n ,G )
G_dB =10* log10 ( G ) ;
//dB g a i n
mprintf ( The Gain i n dB i s G( dB )= %. 1 f dB \n , G_dB )
Scilab code Exa 17.6 Diameter of ground station uplink antenna

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 554
128
5 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 6
6 c =3*10^8;
7 f =5.925*10^9;
// Hz
8 lembda = c / f ;
//m
9 mprintf ( The wave l e n g t h i s %. 3 f cm \n , lembda *100)
10 theta_3dB =1.6;
// beamwidth d e g r e e
11 D =70* lembda / theta_3dB
//m
12 mprintf ( The d i a m e t e r i s , D= %. 3 f m \n ,D ) ;
Scilab code Exa 17.7 Distance from earth station

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 556
5 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 7
6 l =127 -70.2;
// D i f f e r e n c e i n l o n g i t u d e
7 L =40.5
// L a t i t u d e o f New York
8 d_km =35.786*10^3* sqrt (1+0.42*(1 - cos ( L * %pi /180) * cos ( l
* %pi /180) ) ) ;
9 mprintf ( The d i s t a n c e i s %. 0 f km \n , d_km )
Scilab code Exa 17.8 Determine C to N ratio

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 556
5 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 8
6 PtdBW =20
7 GtdB =55
8 EIRP_dBW = PtdBW + GtdB ;
129
9
10
11
12
mprintf ( The EIRP f o r u p l i n k e a r t h s t a t i o n i s %. 0 f

dBW \n , EIRP_dBW )
l =91 -70.2;
L =40.5
d_km =35.786*10^3* sqrt (1+0.42*(1 - cos ( L * %pi /180) * cos ( l
* %pi /180) ) ) ;
mprintf ( The d i s t a n c e i s %. 0 f km \n , d_km )
13
14
15 f =6.125
// U p l i n k f r e q u e n c y i n GHz
16 alfa1_dB =20* log10 ( f ) +20* log10 ( d_km ) +92.44;
// Path
loss
17 mprintf ( The p a t h l o s s i s %. 2 f dB \n , alfa1_dB )
18
19 FdB =3;
// n o i s e f i g u r e i n dB
20 F =10^( FdB /10)
// a b s o l u t e n o i s e
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
figure
( exact
value )
Te =( F -1) *290;
// N o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e
mprintf ( The N o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e o f s a t e l l i t e r e c i e v e r
i s %. 0 f K \n , Te )
Ti =300;
// i n p u t n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Tsys = Ti + Te
mprintf ( The s y s t e m t e m p e r a t u r e o f s a t e l l i t e
r e c i e v e r i s %. 0 f K \n , Tsys )
G_dB =27
// s a t e l l i t e r e c i e v e r antwnna g a i n
GT = G_dB -10* log10 ( Tsys ) ;
//G/T r a t i o i n dB
mprintf ( The G/T r a t i o f o r s a t e l l i t e r e c i e v e r i s %. 2
f dB/K \n , GT )
B =36*10^6 ; //
Bandwidth i n Hz
L_misc =1.6
// a t m o s p h e r i c l o s s
CN = EIRP_dBW - alfa1_dB + GT +228.6 -10* log10 ( B ) - L_misc ;
//C/N i n dB
mprintf ( The c a r r i e r power t o n o i s e r a t i o a t t h e
s a t e l l i t e r e c i e v e r i s %. 2 f dB \n , CN )
// V a l u e o f F i s r o u d e d t o 2 i n t h e t e x t
130
Scilab code Exa 17.9 Determine C to N ratio

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 557
5 // p r o b no . 1 7 . 9
6
7 EIRP_dBW =47.8;
//dBW
8 l =91 -90;
9 L =32
10 d_km =35.786*10^3* sqrt (1+0.42*(1 - cos ( L * %pi /180) * cos ( l
* %pi /180) ) ) ;
11 mprintf ( The d i s t a n c e i s %. 0 f km \n , d_km )
12
13 f =3.9
// d o w n l i n k f r e q u e n c y i n GHz
14 alfa1_dB =20* log10 ( f ) +20* log10 ( d_km ) +92.44;
// Path
loss
15 mprintf ( The p a t h l o s s i s %. 2 f dB \n , alfa1_dB )
16
17 F =1.778
// a b s o l u t e n o i s e f i g u r e
18 Te =( F -1) *290;
// N o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e
19 mprintf ( The N o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e o f s a t e l l i t e
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
reciever
i s %. 2 f K \n , Te )
Ti =150;
// i n p u t n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Tsys = Ti + Te
mprintf ( The s y s t e m t e m p e r a t u r e o f s a t e l l i t e
r e c i e v e r i s %. 2 f K \n , Tsys )
G_dB =42
// s a t e l l i t e r e c i e v e r antwnna g a i n
GT = G_dB -10* log10 ( Tsys ) ;
//G/T r a t i o i n dB
mprintf ( The G/T r a t i o f o r s a t e l l i t e r e c i e v e r i s %. 2
f dB/K \n , GT )
B =36*10^6 ; //
Bandwidth i n Hz
L_misc =1
// a t m o s p h e r i c l o s s
CN = EIRP_dBW - alfa1_dB + GT +228.6 -10* log10 ( B ) - L_misc ;
//C/N i n dB
mprintf ( The c a r r i e r power t o n o i s e r a t i o a t t h e
s a t e l l i t e r e c i e v e r i s %. 1 f dB \n , CN )
131
132
Chapter 19
Wireless Network
communication
Scilab code Exa 19.2 First 10 channel in hop sequence

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 605
5 // p r o b no . 1 9 . 2
6 b =[0 23 62 8 43 16 71 47 19 61]
7 for i =1:10
8
f9 ( i ) =[ b ( i ) +9]+2
9
if f9 ( i ) >79 then
10
f9 ( i ) = f9 ( i ) -79
11
end
12
mprintf ( \ nFor i=%i , b ( i )=%i .
T h e r e f o r e . f 9 ( %i ) =[
%i +9]mod ( 7 9 ) +2=%i ,i , b ( i ) ,i , b ( i ) , f9 ( i ) )
13 end
Scilab code Exa 19.4 Part of FHSS frame

133
1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 607
5 // p r o b no . 1 9 . 4
6 fd =.160;
// i n MHz
7 Fc =2411;
8
mprintf ( ( a ) f d=%. 2 f MHz . a 0 i s
9
r e p r e s e n t e d by %
. 2 f MHz\n ,fd , Fc - fd )
mprintf ( ( b )A 1 i s r e p r e s e n t e d by %. 2 f MHz\n , Fc
+ fd )
Scilab code Exa 19.5 FHSS frame

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3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 607
// p r o b no . 1 9 . 5
fd1 =.216;
// i n MHz
fd2 =.072;
// i n MHz
Fc =2400+25 ;
//MHz
mprintf ( ( a ) f d 1=%. 2 f MHz . a 00
%. 3 f MHz\n ,fd1 , Fc - fd1 )
mprintf ( ( b )A 01 i s r e p r e s e n t e d
Fc - fd2 )
mprintf ( ( c )A 10 i s r e p r e s e n t e d
Fc + fd1 )
mprintf ( ( b )A 11 i s r e p r e s e n t e d
Fc + fd2 )
// a n s w e r i n p a r t a i s m i s p r i n t e d i n
Scilab code Exa 19.6 Waveform of DBPSK

134
i s r e p r e s e n t e d by
by %. 3 f MHz\n ,
by %. 3 f MHz\n ,
by %. 3 f MHz\n ,
the text
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17
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19
20
21
22
23
24
25
clc ;
close () ;
clear () ;
// p a g e no 608
// p r o b no . 1 9 . 6
code =[0 1 0 1 1 0];
t =[0:.01:2]
// f o r xa x i s
a =[ sin (2* %pi .* t ) ]
// f o r ya x i s
y =[]
x =[]
for i =1: length ( code )
if code ( i ) ==1 then
a=-a;
end
y =[ y a ]
x =[ x 2* %pi .*( t +2*( i -1) ) ]
end
clf
plot (x , y )
xtitle ( DPSK u s e d t o e n c o d e 0 1 0 1 1 0 , Time ,
amplitude )
26 xgrid
Scilab code Exa 19.7 Waveform of DQPSK

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 609
5 // p r o b no . 1 9 . 7
135
6
7
8
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10
11
12
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15
16
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22
23
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25
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29
30
31
32
33
34
code =[0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1];

t =[0:.01:2]
// f o r xa x i s
y =[]
x =[]
p =0
// p h a s e s h i f t
for i =1:2: length ( code )
if code ( i ) ==0 then
if code ( i +1) ==0 then
p = p +0
else
p = p + %pi /2
end
else
if code ( i +1) ==1 then
p = p + %pi
else
p = p +3* %pi /2
end
end
y =[ y sin (2* %pi .* t + p ) ];
x =[ x 2* %pi .*( t +( i -1) ) ];
end
clf ()
plot (x , y ) ;
xtitle ( DQPSK u s e d t o e n c o d e 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 , Time ,
amplitude );
35 xgrid
136
Chapter 20
Optical communication
Scilab code Exa 20.1 Frequency of the laser

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 616
5 // p r o b no . 2 0 . 1
6 lembda =1300*10^ -9;
// wavwlength i n m
7 c =3*10^8;
8 f = c / lembda
// i n Hz
9 mprintf ( f r e q u e n c y o f l a s e r i s , f=%. 0 f
THz ,f
*10^ -12) ;
Scilab code Exa 20.2 Angle of refraction

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 619
5 // p r o b no . 2 0 . 2
137
6 theta_i =30;
// d e g r e e
7 ni =1.00;
// i n c i d e n t r e f r a c t i o n i n d e x
8 nr =1.52;
// r e f e a c t e d r a y r e f r a c t i o n i n d e x
9 theta_r = asin ( ni / nr * sin ( theta_i * %pi /180) ) ;
// i n
radians
10 mprintf ( a n g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n i s %. 2 f
theta_r *180/ %pi ) ;
degree ,
Scilab code Exa 20.3 Critical angle

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 620
5 // p r o b no . 2 0 . 3
6 theta_r =90;
// d e g r e e
7 ni =1.52;
// r e f r a c t i o n i n d e x f o r crown g l a s s
8 nr =1.00;
// r e f r a c t i o n i n d e x f o r a i r
9 theta_i = asin ( nr / ni * sin ( theta_r * %pi /180) ) ;
// i n
radians
mprintf ( c r i t i c a l a n g l e i s %. 2 f
d e g r e e , theta_i
*180/ %pi ) ;
11 // m i s p r i n t e d t h e t a r i n t h e t e x t
12 // v a l u e s a r e r a u n d e d up i n t h e t e x t
10
Scilab code Exa 20.4 Responsivity of photodiode

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 624
5 // p r o b no . 2 0 . 4
6 eta =.8;
138
7 lembda =850;
//nm
8 R = eta * lembda /1234;
// A/W
9 mprintf ( The r e s p o n s i v i t y o f d i o d e
i s R= %. 2 f
A/W ,
R);
Scilab code Exa 20.5 Responsivity of photodiode

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 624
5 // p r o b no . 2 0 . 5
6 eta =.6;
7 lembda =1310;
//nm
8 R = eta * lembda /1234;
// A/W
9 mprintf ( The r e s p o n s i v i t y o f d i o d e
i s R= %. 2 f
A/W ,
c a b l e i s L= %. 2 f
dB ,L
R);
Scilab code Exa 20.6 Loss in cable

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 627
5 // p r o b no . 2 0 . 6
6 L =.4*.8;
// l o s s i n dB
7 mprintf ( The l o s s u s o n g t h i s
);
Scilab code Exa 20.7 Loss of multimode cable

139
1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 627
5 // p r o b no . 2 0 . 7
6 L =2.7*.8;
// l o s s i n dB
7 mprintf ( The l o s s u s o n g multimode c a b l e
dB ,L ) ;
140
i s L= %. 2 f
Chapter 21
Consumer communication
systems
Scilab code Exa 21.1 difference between stereo FM and monaural FM

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 637
5 // p r o b no . 2 1 . 1
6 D1 =5;
7 GR1 =3* D1 ^2*(1+ D1 ) ;
8 mprintf ( The r e c i e v e r
p r o c e s s i n g g a i n i s GR1= %. 0 f \
n , GR1 ) ;
9 Bt =200*10^3;
10 W =53*10^3;
11
12
13
14
15
// b a n d w i s t h i n Hz
// h i g h e s t m o d u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n
Hz
D2 = Bt /(2* W ) -1;
mprintf ( D2=%. 3 f \n , D2 ) ;
GR2 =3* D2 ^2*(1+ D2 ) ;
mprintf ( The r e c i e v e r p r o c e s s i n g g a i n f o r s t e r i o FM
i s GR2= %. 3 f \n , GR2 ) ;
mprintf ( The r a t i o o f t h e two g a i n s i s GR2/GR1= %. 4 f
dB\n , GR2 / GR1 ) ;
141
16
17
dBdiffrence =10* log10 ( GR2 / GR1 )

mprintf ( dB d i f f r e n c e = %. 0 f dB\n , dBdiffrence ) ;
Scilab code Exa 21.2 Monochrome TV

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 644
5 // p r o b no . 2 1 . 2
6 mprintf ( The p e r c e n t a g e
i s %. 0 f
,483/525*100)
Scilab code Exa 21.3 Deviation ratio in TV channel

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 644
5 // p r o b no . 2 1 . 3
6 D =25/15;
7 mprintf ( The d e v i a t i o n
r a t i o i s D=%. 3 f
,D )
Scilab code Exa 21.4 Transmission bandwidth of monaural television FM

1 clc ;
2 close () ;
3 clear () ;
4 // p a g e no 644
5 // p r o b no . 2 1 . 4
6 delta_f =25
//KHz
142
7 W =15;
//KHz
8 Bt =2*( delta_f + W )
// bandwidth
9 mprintf ( The bandwidth i s Bt=%i KHz , Bt )
143

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Electronic Communications: Principles and

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

2 Spectral Analysis I Fourier Series

3 Spectral Analysis II Fourier Transform and Pulse Spectra

4 Communication Filters and Signal Transmission

5 Frequency Generation and Translation

6 Amplitude Modulation Methods

7 Angle modulation methods

8 Pulse modulation and Time division multiplexing

9 Digital communication I Binary Systems

10 Digital communication II M ary system

11 Computer Data communication

12 Noise in Communication systems

13 Performance of Modulation systems with noise

14 Transmission lines and waves

16 Communication link analysis and Design

19 Wireless Network communication

21 Consumer communication systems

List of Scilab Codes

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Determine Wavelength

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Determine Wavelength

Scilab code Exa 1.3 dB Power gain

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Absolute Power gain

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Voltage gain

Scilab code Exa 1.6 dB gain and loss

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Signal Level

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Calculate gains

Scilab code Exa 1.9 Power level

12 disp ( mW ,P2 , L i n e o u t p u t power P2 : ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Signal level and gain

Scilab code Exa 1.11 S N ratio

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Signal terminology

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Express function

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Spectral process

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Fourier series

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Power in a Fourier series

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Spectral Rollof

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Table of fourier series

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Spectral component

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Two sided spectrum

(0+10^ -2:10^ -2:500 -10^ -2) ]

(0:10^ -2:10 -10^ -2) ]

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Fourier Transform

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Fourier Transform

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Amplitude spectrum

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Baseband pulse function

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Sketch spectrum

Scilab code Exa 3.6 RF pulse functions

Scilab code Exa 3.7 RFpulse amplitude spectrum

Scilab code Exa 3.8 Spectrum analyser

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Amplitude response

Scilab code Exa 4.6 Parrale resonant circuit

Scilab code Exa 4.7 Determine Bandwidth

KHz\n ,B *10^ -3)

MHz\n ,B *10^ -6)

Scilab code Exa 5.1 Oscillator circuits

Scilab code Exa 5.2 Crystal controlled portable transmitter

Scilab code Exa 5.3 PLL loop

Scilab code Exa 5.5 mixer

Scilab code Exa 5.6 Frequency conversion

Scilab code Exa 5.7 Frequency conversion

ps1 =[1 - i 0.1 ps1 1 - i 0.1];