Historia Del Archipiélagode San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalinas

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,
PROVIDENCIA Y SANTA CATALINA

CORALINA. 2005. Mapas reas Marinas
Protegidas. Sistema de informacin
geogrfica. Corporacin para el desarrollo
sostenible del Archipilago de San Andrs,
Providencia y Santa Catalina. San Andrs.
A lot of persons in San Andrs Island
Forbes, Oakley. 2015?

have not confidence with the

word indigenous. Neither the
Colombian State had accepted
the indigenous quality from the
aborigine islanders from these
territories. Which is the
subjacent reason? The State
pretend ignored their rights as
indigenous people. (p. 86)
Mapa hidrolgico de la Isla de San

Andrs. Fuente: Archivo SIG,
Universidad Nacional de
Colombia Sede Caribe, 2005.
Multiculturalismo y multinlingismo.
Un anlisis de la microfsica y la
geopoltica de las culturas y lenguas en
contacto y conflict en San Andrs isla.
Anaconda editorial[An analysis of the
mycrophysic and the geopolitic of the
cultures and tongues in contact and in
conflict in San Andrs Island.]
Electronic source in:
http://www.urosario.edu.co/jurisprudenc
ia/catedra-vivaintercultural/Documentos/Multiculturali
smoymultilingismo.pdf

Corali
naSeaflo
wer2012.
Barrig
a et
al.
San Andrs Island is part of the

Archipelago denominated as San
Andrs and Old Providence, by
reference to its islands of bigger
extension and that reached
highest elevation upon the sea.
The small and big Corn Islands

known also as Mangles also are
part of the Archipelago, placed in
the continental center-American
platform, that were proprietorship
of Colombia until 1928. Politically
the colombian sector of the
Archipelago is an administrative
region, limited to the west with
Nicaragua, and to the North and
Northeast with jamaican banks and
cays zone known also as the
British West Indies. Islands and
cays which forms part of the
Archipelago, by its flora and fauna,
revealed a pronounced antillean
afinity more than a continental.
Moreover, a set of cays and islets,
made by calcareous sand and
whose elevation upon the sea level
is just between 1 and 6 meters,
extended from north in Pedro
Bank (Jamaica) up south-east.
Jhony Cay, Rose Cay, Rocky Cay,
Haynes Cay, Cotton Cay, Courtown
Cay, Albuquerque Cay, Grunt Cay,
Grasey Cay, Roncador Bank,
Serrana Bank, Serranilla Cay and
Quitasueo Bank. (p. 9)
The island is formed on a
volcanic cone that probably
appeared during the miocene. It is
a spur of the volcanic masses from
Nicaragua and Honduras. The top
of such plinth Is constituted by a
white, compact and hard coral
limestone. Such formation
constituted the axis of the hills in
the mountains. After its uplifting ,
had place the formation of
excavated caverns by the swell
(for example, in north cliff), which
are situated between 20 and 40 m.
over the sea level; and during the
quaternary was initiated the

PARSO
NS,
James.
1985.
Una
geogr
afa
histri
ca de
las
islas
colom
bianas
del
Caribe
. El
ncor
a
Editor
es:
Bogot
.
formation of coral deposits, part

where coastal plan of the island
emerged and formed to 10 meters
upon the level sea. The rest forms
a considerable submerged
extension, especially in the
Northwest sector, and it is makes
up by fragments of corals,
bryozoa, foraminifera, mollusks,
echinoderms, and calcareous
seaweeds. In the submerged
portion of the platform yet reef
corals continue developing. (p. 15.
Geology).
During their best years, 19001906, the annual crops of [coco]
nuts in San Andrs was of 16
million, but since then the
production decreased due to the
drought, the plague of rats and the
fact that the palms have been
sown very close to each other and
without technique. () During
some years, between 1870 and
1900 appeared that San Andrs
supplied around the half of
coconuts consumed in United
States. () By the epoch of mayor
importations of coconuts in United
States (1919-1920), the Colombian
islands only exported four millions
of nuts, meanwhile Jamaica 33
million and Panam 19. (Parsons,
p. 91-92)
Mr. Zekek an entomologist from

the Agriculture Department of the
United States went to San Andrs
in the spring of 1931 to research
() the sudden low of the coconut
production. One flake of the leaf
(aspidiotas destructor) was the

cause. The beetle which normally
maintained under control the flake
only survived in certain places of
mangrove. Mr. Zekek suggested
that
cochineal
insects
were
brought from Corn Islands. ()
Apparently the introduction had
success. () In its inform Mr.
Zekek observed that the mayor
part of the 4.500 acres of the
island was sown with 200 to 300
palm per acre, when a maximum
of 70 was the advisable. () Since
1934,
when
the
Colombian
Congress grown the importation
taxes for the estranger buying
from three to twelve cents per
kilogram, all the coconuts are sent
to Barranquilla and Cartagena.
With a price guaranteed by the
government,
the
demand
exceeded the offer. (Parson, p. 9192).
The agent commercial from
United States in San Andrs in
1973 observed that the money is
abundant and those persons that
in 1850 were poor in solemnity
and clothed no more than rags
now they displays good cloths,
muslins, and expensive hats and
dresses of fashion. The physic
strong is the the base to get
richness here. The coconut is the
king that reigns and those who
offers a good cargo have all the
deference. (p. 93)
During the apogee of this
commerce at beginnings of the XX
century, in San Andrs lived at
least a dozen of north americans
and the yanquis embarkations
monopolized the coconuts traffic.

(San
Andr
sy
Provid
encia:
Nacio
nalism
os y
separ
atism
os:
aos
60 y
According to a report of 1883

there was more answers to the
words of the captains of the
American ships than those of the
established authority. (p. 94)
The position of San Andrs in the
caribbean traffic was special for a
time. Its port conceded licenses for
the promenade commerce with
Colombia and also it provided a
cargo of return. () With the gold
fever in California and the aperture
of the Panama channel, Chagres
and Aspinwall (Coln) substituted
to San Andrs(). Such
continental ports offered more
nuts, meanwhile the commerce of
coconuts grew, but San Andrs
[became] the last place where the
ships arrived to complete its cargo
toward the north (p. 95)
The free ports of Providence and
San Andrs lasted until 1871,
when a tax of the 5% over the
exportations was imposed and
when a custom point was
established. In 1912 were imposed
taxes of 15% over all imported
food, of 25% over other products
and of 50% over tobacco and
liquors. (p. 96)
In 1923 the state penetration
centered
in
the
labor
of
evangelization lead a discontented
population. That situation, shows
in a great nonconformity and
social tension, lead to a heavy
process of loss of native culture.)

70.
BUSH
HOWA
RD,
Harold
.
Cleme
nte
Batall
a,
Isabel.
1994.
El
Caribe
insula
r: San
Andr
sy
Provid
encia.
In:
Histori
a
Econ
mica y
Social
del
Caribe
Colom
biano.
Edicio
nes
Uninor
te.
The
phase
comprehended
between
1926
and
1953
corresponds to the extinction of
the economy of the coconuts. In
1926 began the first sign of alarm.
The production began to decrease
as result of various factors:
hurricanes (the occurred on 1940
caused
destruction
in
Old
Providence),
technic
means
unappropriated,
plagues,
excessive plantation of palms by
quadrat meter. En 1930 a plague
caused a fall of 30% in the
volumes of the harvest. On the
other hand, the international
prices lasted, since 1927, a
tendency toward the low. The
impoverishment accentuated the
emigration especially toward the
Channel zone and Bocas del Toro.
The economic recession of the
1930s decreased the participation
of the American market. After
1934 with the increase of the
duties to the importation of
coconuts, the exportations were
canalized
mainly
toward
Barranquilla and Cartagena ().
The islander economy entered to a
phase of deep stagnation. ()
Between 1938 and 1941 the
population
of
San
Andrs
decreased of 4.261 inhabitants to
3.705, and in Providence of 2.267
to 1.970 (). The second war
brought with itself the submarine
operations
in
the
western

Caribbean
and
that
fact
contributed to deteriorate yet
more the commerce. (p. 349)
The social stratification was
modified in the free port age with
the formation of a new high social
class integrated by dealers and
businessman from the touristic
sector. This fact lead an important
disequilibrium in relation with the
last structure of classes: on one
hand, because of the estranger
origin of that social group; on the
other hand because of it was not
the outcome of a gradual change
but the sudden irruption of strange
and extern components, by its
habits and interests, to the native
poblation. (p.351)
"Between 1938 and 1951, just
before the tourist "boom", the joint
population of the two islands
decreased from 6,528 to 5.675,
fact that reflects the existence of
better opportunities of work in the
continent during and after the
second world war." (p. 115)
Because of the high in the prices
of the combustibles and to the
flatter possibilities of find oil off
shore in the Caribbean basin, the
cays have been object of renewed
interest
and
its
strategic
importance has been considered
again. For instance, the Shell Oil
Company
made
in
1969
exploratory works in the region.
The limit of 200 miles of territorial
sea should give to the Colombian
government, which owns the
control over the cays, to the
potential resources of oil. (p. 78)
Parson
s,
James.
Alvarad
o
En 1969 se desat un nuevo conflicto

entre los pases porque el gobierno

Bedoya,
Omar
Alejand
ro.
nicaragense estaba otorgando

concesiones de exploracin petrolera ms
all del meridiano 82: En 1964
a la Union Oil, en 1966 a la Mobil Oil, en
1965 a la Shell y en 1967 a la
Chevron. (p. 257)
When in 1980 the government of
Nicaragua
demanded
with
audacity the totality of the
continental shelf to the east of the
Miskitos coast, he was cautious at
highlighting the inclusion of all the
constellation of uninhabited cays
to the east and north of San
Andrs. However, the idea was not
an invention from the Committee
of Reconstruction. Just before of
dropping out the power the
dictator Anastasio Somoza insisted
in that the cays placed into the
jurisdiction () of his country,
reason by which he referred to
them in terms of banks more
than cays. (p. 79)
April
15th,
1912
According to the one taken on the

4th of March last, the population of
the two islands amounts to 5.058,
thus: SAN ANDRS: 3.124;
PROVIDENCE: 1934
It is a tribute to this Island that
the Searchlight has been
organized by a son-of the soil,
and it would be an additional
tribute if the people here gave
your worthy Paper the patronage
and encouragement it fitly
deserves. () Wrote by J. Oliver
Thomas.The searchlight. April 15th,
1912.
In the newspaper El porvenirfrom
Cartagena, in its edition of 21st
march, we have been seen a note

1stjune
,
1912,
The
search
light
which by referring to our first

edition asks: What rights and
what guarantees the gubernators
of Bolvar have taken off to the Mr.
Newball? Does Mr. Newball want
that the rents of San Andres been
invested integrally in the island
and that the expenses of
departmental administration, in its
governmental expensive train,
been paid only by the other
provinces of the department? We
permit manifest to the Sr. Director
of such newspaper that,
individually, have not been took off
any right to the Sr. Newball, but
collectively to the island, and that
he pretends that to the islanders
not been put our of the laws which
covered to all Colombian citizens.
(The Searchlight, April 15th, 1912)
Another powerful reason why the
islands should be administered by
the National Government is the
matter of duties. The two principal
ones that are collected by the
Department-import and export-are
national rents. Article 6 of law 61
of 1905 says that all custom house
revenue are national rents, and
article 7 of the same law
prescribes that import and export
duties are custom-house revenue.
The establishment of said duties
by the State Government is
completely illegal, as only the
National Government can legally
impose import anexport duties
throughout the territory of the
Republic. () Said acts constitutes
usurpation of authority on the part
of the Department, and could not
be carried out no where else
besides in these islands, inhabited

Saturd
ay,
June
15th
1912
by peaceful people that tolerates

most everything. (That was what
caused us to say in our first
editorial, that from this Province
thousands of dollars have been
extracted by the enforcement of
illegal imposts. () There is no
doubt that Congress will do a wise
act if it accedes to the will of the
people, granting a transfer,
because if the islands are to
continue under the Departmental
government, in which all
confidence has been lost, a
catastrophe may occur, as the
islanders are now resolved to have
their rights respected, thus putting
an end to all impositions.(The
national territory).
We understand that some
persons () have become alarmed
on account of the last words of our
editorial of the first inst.,
interpreting same as a threat
tending to the separation of these
islands from the rest of the
Republic. () In saying that if the
islands are to continue under the
Departmental Government, a
catastrophe mayoccur,we did not
do anything else than to put forth
a reasonable opinion or ours ().
Would it not be a catastrophe, if
we (the islanders) had to abandon
this soil-as many now want to do,
owing to the exorbitance and
illegality of some o f the imposts
established in this Province-to got
to other regions to seek for better
treatment? And as we are treating
of the illegality of those imposts,
we call the attention of the
Colombian people regarding an
article published by General

15thju
ne
1912.
Lcides Segovia, one of the most

eminents leaders of the
Conservative party, to which we
have the honor of belonging, in La
Epoca,No.36, of the first of April
1911; which proves, without the
shadow of a doubt, the illegality of
one of those imposts. As for the
rest, we have profound faith that
the Congress of the Republic,
which is composed of patriotic
men, will attend duly to the
petition, converting this
Archipelago into a National
Territory. (A misconstruction, The
Searchlight)
It would seem that the authorities
of Cartagena whoare responsible
for the Subsidiario tax imposed
upon this island cannot be well
informed concerning existing
conditions. On account of the longcontinued drought the usual
supply of provisions are about
exhausted; cattle are beginning to
die from starvation; the water
supply is daily growing scarcer;
and fires fanned by the high winds
have repeatedly gotten beyond
control and destroyed valuable
fruit trees and provision grounds.
() It may be a mere coincidence,
but it appears that whenever this
island is afflicted somewhat in this
manner, the government instead
of becoming more lenient, on the
contrary piles on the agony by an
increased taxation. (Oppresion,
The searchlight)
In any articles wrote in the
newspaper El Caribe accused me
because I have worked in favor of
the creation of a national
intendance in this islands. One

July
15th
1902
15th
july19
02
article says that I am the only one

who wants the change and that
the memorials addressed to the
National Government, has been
designed by me. () I have not
any participation in the mentioned
memorials; my labors in favor of
the change have been becoming
public the desire of the people
through the paragraphs of the
paper that I redacted. Letter from
F.A.Newball to the director of the
newspaper El Caribe.
Come to the province the new
prefect Don Gabriel Jimnez, and
the old prefect abandoned his
cargo in painful situations.
() the islanders () have done
efforts, since more than eight
years, in order to lead a changing
of government to which they
aspires today with enough reason.
(...claims against the government
of Cartagena because of its illegal
taxation over the exports of
coconuts) If we tell about the
mode in which the Government of
the Department have drove the
other rams of the administration,
we are going see that all of them
are in a painful condition: We have
said that we have not schools,
because the only four that exist in
all the Archipelago no mercies
such name. Our north cays are
forgotten because of lacking of an
embarkation in which frequent
journeys could in order to care
them and avoid that any day they
became in property of other
nation; communication ways no
are in the islands; the bay are full
of banks of sand which will cause

Thurs
day,
augus
t 15th
1912
Nove
mber
13th,
1912.
20th
Febru
ary,
1913.
Augus
t 15th
1912
Septe
mber
its inutility; non the idiom of the

country is known neither its
history and geography: we have
not direct communication with the
rest of the country, only in rare
occasions when any golet
(vessel)goes to Cartagena. (The
intendancy in San Andrs and
Providence Islands, The
searchlight).
Another claimed against the
corruption of the Departmental
Government and the petition in
order to became the islands as
part of a National Intendence.
Congress of Colombia enacted law
77 through it proceeded to
contract with a European company
() for the study of the necessary
works to put the ports of
Cartagena and Buenaventura and
the harbour of the Island of San
Andrs. in such condition as to
safer security to ships which may
arrive them, also the most
desirable advantages and
conveniences for maritime traffic
and anchorage.
Ministry of Finance of the
Colombian government enacted a
resolution by building materials
are free from custom dues, decree
that is not applicable in except in
the Islands of San Andrs and Old
Providence.
Solicitude from the Municipal
Council of San Andrs to the
Congress in order to approve the
project of law presented by the
Ministry of Government for the
creation of a Intendance in the
islands.
The national government sent to
San Andrs a Postal Agent called

2nd
1912
Dr. Eduardo Espinosa Guzmn in

company of two policeman, after a
public letter where claims were
made against the in
communication of these islands
with the Continent and the lack of
a system of l service. Moreover, a
bidding was published for the
conveyance of Mail and Parcels
between the city of Cartagena and
the port of San Andrs, and more
specifically for put a vessel of not
less than 30 tons capacity that
shall leave this port in the first five
days of each month.
The policeman established in the
islands.
In the Chamber of representatives
the law project passed the first,
second and third debates.
The vessel Active goes toward
Cartagena shipped with the post
direct,which in the future will fix in
a regular way between the
Archipelago and the heroic city.
26thoc
tuber
1912.
Nove
mber
1st191
2
Dece
mber
2nd
Presidential sanction to the Law 52

o 1912 upon creation and
organization of the National
Intendency of San Andrs and
Providence
The project of law creating the
National intendancy of this
Archipelago passed its third
debate in the Senate, awaiting the
approval of the President. The
inauguration takes place January
1st .
We sincerely welcome () the
arrival of our most and courageous
representative, Francis A. Newball

1912
16thde
cemb
er
14thno
vemb
er,
1912
Januar
y 15th
1903
The
search
light
from his successfully voyage to the

capital, who diligently worked for
the freedom of his country and
people. We are indeed proud to
have one (at least) of the sons of
our own soil to whom we can look
as our protector and with
confidence in his quality,
capability, and faithfulness in
political necessities.() .
Welcome. The searchlight.
General Lacides Segovia, Senator
from the department of Bolvar,
has accused, before the Supreme
Court of Justice, law 52 of 1912, as
being unconstitutional.
This neighboring island was
visited on the 14th of Nov. last,
according to information reached
us, by a tornado, which caused
considerable damage. Eleven
houses were thrown down with one
death. (Providence notes. The
searchlight).
Law 52 of 1902, that creates our
Archipelago into a National
Intendency, and which was
acussed as unconstitutional, has
been declared perfectly
constitutional by that august
Tribunal. Owing to said accusation,
the inauguration ofthenwes
administration will not take places
until the latter part of the month in
course (The searchlihgt, Las 52 of
1912 declared Constitutional)
The national government
appointed Dr. Gonzlo Prez as
Intendant of the Archipelago of
San Andres and Providencia.
San Anrs, April 2nd, 1913. Mr.
W.L.Ryan, Captain of the port
obtained from you, it is to

(1913)
knowledge of this Despatch that

the vessel under your charge left
on our Cays of Roncador, Serrana,
and Serranilla twenty four
fishermen, natives of the English
islands of Grand Cayman and
Cayman Brac, who are dedicated
to the fishing of turtle and haws
bill and the collection of guano and
shells that are abundant on said
Cays, especially at this time of the
year. (April 21st, 1913)
Article
publis
hed
by
Star
and
Heral
d, of
Pana
ma.
Arbitration as the best means of

settling the differences between
the United States and Colombia is
demanded by public opinion in
Colombia, according to a
statement recently made by the
Colombian Minister Betancourt.
This was the reason, it was said,
for the rejection of the proposals
made to Colombia by American
Minister Dubois, as announced
from Bogot. () Secretary Knox
() pointed out () that as the
subject of arbitration was now
being urged by Colombia it
seemed obvious that no terms of
arbitral submission could be
entertained which might call in
question the right of Panama to
exist as sovereign State () This
program proposed the ratification
by Colombia of the tripartite
treaties in consideration of
$10,000,000 paid to Colombia for
the right to construct a canal
trough Colombian territory and the
perpetual lease of the islands of
St. Andrews and Old Providence
() Minister Dubois was told by
the Colombian president that he
would not recommended to the

Colombian Congress the
ratification of the Arosemena
Corts treaties; that he could not
approve the perpetual lease of the
two smaller islands. (April21st,
1913, The Searchlight).
April
28th,
1913
An order of the treasury

department prohibits Traveling
Salesman from importing more
than 1,000 kilos of salable samples
free of duty. (Colombian
news,The searchlight)
We consider the subsequent
steps necessary on account of the
tendency of a part of our islanders
to be urged and misled into
dissatisfaction regarding our
change of government by a
betraying doctrine, which is being
advocated by influential merchants
to the effect. It is known among us
that these individuals, in order to
sustain their abnormal prices on
various imports on which the duty
has been reduced, have been
ardently lecturing to purchasers of
increased duty and mistake of
asking for exchange government.
() Say we estimate the food
stuff of first necessity as
constituting 50 percent. () This
compared with the previous duty
does show some difference in its
favor, if 25 percent is more than
23 percent. () We rather have
causes to affirm the fact that the
benefits of these reductions,
instead of being beneficial to the
consumers, are absorbed by the
merchants. (Warning wrote by
R.T. Robinson, Joshua A. Pomare
and O.L. Robinson.)

Decre
e
1090
of
1912,
publis
h on
12th
day of
dece
mber,
1912.
April
28th,
1913.
1912: By law 52 regulated by

decree 1090 the National
Government began to impose
taxes on imported products and
exported coconuts to/from the
Island, moreover by that decree
the Intendant of the Archipelago
was hereby authorized to lease in
public auction, the exclusive rights
to fish pearls, corals, turtle and
hawks bill and of extracting
guano, sponges and algas marinas
in the Coast and Cays of the
territory of the Intendency.
1913. The municipality began to
impose economic sanctions to
captains of ships and owners of
shops, by butchering of turtles
without license and by use of [non
official measure] scales.
1913, 5th February: The Ministry of
Government bought by 4,200
sterling pounds, the establishment
of a radiotelegraphic station in St.
Andrews Island.
PERSONAL COMMENTARY
Fines were imposed to islander by

running horses in the beaches, a
custom practice for the islanders,
considered by the municipality as
furious riding.
Fines were imposed by the
Alcalde of the District on Messrs.
Frank Pomare, Ucal Ellis, Edward
Pomar, Joseph Hudgson, Samuel
Ellis, Robert Pomare, Alex. Forbes,
NabalJerssey and Maxwell Corpus
for furious riding in the public
highway (Local news. The
searchlight
Treaty we have. That Colombia
needs and ever will claim before
United States is the security that in

The
search
light
(1914)
the same manner in that she has

complied him obligations with the
American Union, this also comply
theirs to Colombia. If the new
American government (in head of
Mr. Woodrow Wilson) also denying
the moral reparation that it debt,
() it will be to do grace
calculations about our codicy, it is
like imagine that for ten thousand
millions of dollars we are going to
put our sovereignty under care
and direction of a people that in
1846 swear to respect the
sovereignity of Colombia in the
itsmo of Panama, in 1903
supported the creation of the
Panama republic, and in 1913
they propose us again the
subscription of a similar treaty,
where Panama is not mentionedpast question-but the Atrato and
the Archipelago of St. Andrews and
Old Providence. (Rejection to Mr.
Duboiss proposes. The
searchlight. April 21st,1913.
Published originally by
GazetaRepublicana, Bogot)
The Archipelago has been an
integral part of the Department of
Bolvar from 1887 to 1912, during
this time, the improvement made
consisted in a small house with
space enough for only two public
offices. Most of this time the
revenue from the islands was
larger than it is today, all of which
was supposed to have been sent
to Cartagena. This is the sum total
of the improvement made under
the departmental government for
twenty five years; for the uplift, of
a people whose patience, fidelity,
docility, improvidence and good

nature have been freely conceded
them. () But January 22nd, 1912,
marks a new epoch in the
evolution and development of this
Archipelago (.) We have had a
well regulated mail system, a
unique mail boat that connects the
islands with the continent. This
boat is manned byislanders. A
palace at theCapital of an
approximate cost of $7,000.00
gold. This palace is large enough
to contain all the public offices. A
nice launch; a wireless station that
will be able to communicate direct
with the continent, Key West, and
probably New York. A jail at the
Capital, a bridge at the Bay
Road, and a wharf under
construction at San Luis, and last,
but by no means the least, the
development of the minds of the
youths. () are several students
on the continent from the islands.
(Newspaper The searchlight. April
27th 1914. Unstained patriotism
wrote by Dr. Z. Gamaliel Pusey:
Vicepresident, Municipal
corporation, San Andres).
Party in honor of the flag was
made where the chronisttold: It
seem, in that party, any that
proportion us content: the friendly
union between natives and its
fellow nationals of the rest of the
Republic, so far from them by the
distance and so close by the
fraternal affect which une them. In
this social meetings, that we hope
became frequentlyl, we will get
know each other in a more intimae
mode, finishing by estimate
between us solidly. This will led as
a plausible outcome the security

5th
may,
1913
Denegar satisfaccin sin demostrar

razones fundadas en hechos justificables
es igual a retener su debida procin de
libertad civil. Tomamos, pues, como base
fundamental los principiosanteriormente
enunciados para clamar desde ahora
Alerta isleos, acudid al estandarte de
libertad y progreso patria! () Nuestra
Carta fundamental prohbe
terminantemente la esclavitud corporal y
no hay rincn en elterritorio
colombianodondes esto se pueda ocultar.
En igualdad que la ley prohbe esclavitud
material, la razn prohbe esclavitud
mental, de modeo ,pues la existencia de
escalvitud polticas sera gran injusticia
para un pueblo que pertenece a una
nacin libre. No hace mucho que tuvimos
que luchar ante el triple Poder, que
constituye la garanta y apoyo de
nuestros derechos civiles, para salir de la
that never more been repeated

facts that all remember with pain.
(Personal traduction from the
original wrote in Spanish in the
Searchlight. Fiesta en honor de la
bandera.
Mr. Editor: Permit me space in
your valuable paper The
searchlight to comment briefly on
what I think an illegal decree
issuedby the Municipal
Corporation,Apr.15, 1913. The
decree is as follows: All dry-goods
store, professional and tradesmen
are to pay a monthly fee. ()
Horses ought to be taxed, but as
the members of the Municipal
Corporation are the owners of
many they lose sight of same. In
my opinion the Municipality
corporation is inducing slavery,
riot, and most of all darkness, in
our island. () Yours for justices
cause. Sherman R. Ford, Tailor and
Cutter.
By refusing satisfaction to a people
without showing reasons based on
justifiable facts, is equal than
retaining their owed portion of civil
liberty. For that, we took as
fundamental base the principles
enunciated above to claim now
Alert islanders, attend to the
banner of liberty and patriot
progress! () Our Constitution
forbids categorically the corporal
slavery, and it could not be
concealed in anywhere of the
colombian territory. As the law
forbids material slavery, in the
same way the reason forbids the
mental slavery, therefore the
existence of political slavery will
be big injustice for a people that

tirana seccional, la esclavitud civil, y
ahora corre el rumor de quenuestros
enemigos preparan un coup d etat
inmica a nuestros intereses y en
menoscabo de nuestros derechos
individuales alerta concuidadanos! No
olviden jams que nuestro lema es alerta
isleos ahora y siempre para bienestar y
libertad patria colombiana
(TheSearchlight. April 27th 1914. Libertad
poltica. Autor annimo talvs la editorial
del peridico).
pertain to a free nation. Short time

ago, we fought before the triple
power () in order to leave the
sectional tyranny, the civil slavery,
and now runs the rumor that our
enemies prepare a coup detat,
() proceeding against our
individual rights. Alert fellow
citizens. Never forget that our
motto is Now and ever: Alert
islanders for welfare and liberty,
our Colombian
country.TheSearchlight. April 27th 1914.
Libertad poltica. Autor annimo talvs la
editorial del peridico).
The municipal corporationof

Providence, considering: 1st: That
the Department Assembly of
Bolvar in its session of the 14th of
last March () proceeded to enact
a resolution with undoubted
tendency to lessen the legitimate
political aspirations of this
Archipelago. 3rd: That we view
such manner f proceeding as a
tacit declaration that the people of
our islands have not rights equal
to theirs that are worthy of
respect, social and civil
considerations of equity;
moreover, as an attempt on our
political liberty. () Resolves: ()
Ask respectfully of the Ministry of
Government that he withholds all
support to such a project as
solicited by that Assembly as we
are the best judges of our
individual rights (). (Resolution
1 published in Newspaper The
searchlight. April 27th 1914)
The first European inhabitants in

the islands come in 1629, when
English puritans and Netherlands

Geogr
aphic
dictio
nary
of
Colom
bia.
IGAC:
1996
Parson
s,
James.
pirates sailed from Bermudas and

settled in Old Providence.
According to captain Gregorio de
Castellar, in the latest of 1631 he
did not found inhabitants in the
island, but in 1793 was proved
that the population was 391
persons. (p. 1986)
Since 1886 the islands were

under jurisdiction of the Bolivar
department, when were ceded to
the central government of
Colombia. In 1912 was created the
intendance of San Andrs and
Providence. It was a village until
1943 when was became in
municipality through article 21 of
the decree 2451. Such character
was deleted by 1st law of the eight
February in 1972. (p. 1986)
The first commercial airplane
arrived in November of 1955, and
on june of 1962 between 25 and
30 apparatus of passengers and
cargo landed weekly. () In 1981
entered to the airport of the island
more than 200.000 passengers.
(p. 153)
Traditionally, the values of the
coconuts farms in San Andrs are
superiors to its economical
valuations in order to maintain the
independence of the family. Such
attitude before the properties
presents yet more obstacles to the
expropriations that the
government must to do for the
construction of avenues, airports,
ports [and] public buildings ().
But with the () approaching of
the islands to the colombian

http://
www.b
anrep
cultur
al.org/
blaavi
rtual/r
evista
s/cred
encial/
diciem
bre19
92/dic
iembr
En 1923 la penetracin estatal centrada

en la labor de la evangelizacin gener
descontento. () Esta situacin,
manifiesta en un gran inconformismo y
tensin social, condujo a un fuerte
proceso de aculturacin de la poblacin
nativa, que se acentu con la
implantacin del Puerto Libre en 1953. A
principios de siglo, la poltica de
integracin estaba fundamentada en un
desarrollo de tipo socio-cultural. Sera en
1953, durante el gobierno de Gustavo
Rojas PiniIIa, cuando se estableci una
clara poltica integracionista de corte
econmico para las islas, logrando la
mayor penetracin capitalista y
economic life, as consequence of

the beginning of regular itineraries
of commercial airplanes from the
continent, the properties and
terrains are valuing and they have
an extraordinaire demand. (p. 145)
A cadastral inform made in order
to help in the transactions for the
selling and buying, as well the
peak of the tourism, it have
increased the prices of the lots in a
way never known before.
Despite of a big part of the
visitants that arrive to the Airport
in San Andrs go to buy
merchandises () a grown number
search attractions such as the
beauty coralline beaches, the
submarine explorations and the
fishing around the reefs. (p. 148)
() The intandencial government
() produces enough to his
expends, thanks to a tax of 15%
over the shopping made by
tourists. The public works as new
asphalted ways, the sewer system,
public lighting, aqueducts of sweet
water, bombers team, etc., have
been possible due to the
mentioned tax. (p. 149)
In 1923 the state penetration
centered in the labor of
evangelization lead a discontented
population. That situation, shows
in a great nonconformity and
social tension, lead to a heavy
process of loss of native culture,
accentuated with the implantation
of the Free Port in 1953. In the
beginnings of the XX century, the
politic of integration was based on
a development of socio cultural
type. Only until 1953 the
government of Gustavo Rojas

e3.ht
m
San
Andr
sy
Provid
encia:
Nacio
nalism
os y
separ
atism
os:
aos
60 y
70.
BUSH
HOWA
RD,Ha
rold.
generando las contradicciones asociadas

a esta dinmica. El Puerto Libre de San
Andrs fue presentado como la panacea
frente a los problemas que entonces
aquejaban a los habitantes. Sin embargo,
ste favoreci ms la acumulacin de
capital para inversionistas de fuera de las
islas, mientras que el poblador raizal se
ubic en una posicin inadecuada: en la
estructura de clases de San Andrs, la
gran mayora est a la par con la mano
de obra proveniente de la costa atlntica;
adems, en el mercado laboral, el nativo
fue desplazado por trabajadores de esa
regin, situacin que, junto con la
saturacin de la capacidad de carga de
las islas, los problemas de inseguridad y
la constante disminucin en los ndices de
calidad de vida, oblig a la reciente
adopcin de medidas de control de
poblacin, con el decreto 2762 de
diciembre 13 de 1991, "por medio del cual
se adoptan medidas para controlar la
densidad poblacional en el Departamento
Archipilago de San Andrs, Providencia
y Santa Catalina".
The Court admitted that the own territory

from the native community of the
Archipelago is made on by the islands,
cays, islets comprehend in such territorial
entity (C-053/1999)
On 26th december 1999, in sorpresive way
, () near to 90% of raizal public employs
were declared as insubsistents and leave
to its luck. It was because of the
recommendations of the Government of
Andrs Pastrana and the law 550 about
administrative restructuration which led a
labor massacre have not seem before.
Pinilla, when was established a

clear integrationist politics of
economic trend for the island, was
obtained the great capitalistic
penetration and led contradictions
associated to this dynamic. The
free port of San Andrs was
presented as panacea in front to
the problems suffered by
inhabitants. However, it favored
more the accumulation of capital
for strange investors meanwhile
the native people was in an
inadequate position: in the
structure of classes of San Andrs,
the great majority were at the
same level than the working
classes that came from the
Atlantic coast; moreover, in the
labor market, the native was
displaced by the workers from that
region, situation that, together
with the saturation of cargo
capacity of the islands, the
problems of insecurity and
constant decrease of the indexes
of the life quality compelled to the
adoption of control measures on
the population, with the decree
2762 from 13th December of 1991
that adopted legal measures to
control the population density .

http://
www.el
especta
dor.co
m/notic
ias/naci
onal/elfallode-losraizales
-iiarticulo
-426864
Perso
nal
comm
ent
Historia del Archipilago. 1999. Cierre

de la bomba Texaco, 2002 cierre de
Magic Garden (basurero) alentado por
el gobernador Ralph Newball an its
consequent dismissal.
When the Archipelago became in

free port in 1953, the commerce
became in the main productive
activity and tourism began his
incipient
development.
As
a
representative image of such
times, the following photo taken in
1953
shown
the
Colombian
president G.R. Pinilla thrown with
his ministers on the beaches of
San Andrs. As a typical habit of
spare time, it seems that the
plenipotentiaries of the national
government were taking their
vacations by resting on the sand
and cooling down
with the sea
waves. Usually, these tourism
images transmitted to the native
communities a lack of confidence,
especially because of statute of
the persons that rest there. It is
hoped that the highest ranking
officers of the Colombian Republic,
as public functionaries, work for
the Islands, however they appear,
in their first official visit to the
Archipelago, in mode of leisure
time. First visit of the President
GRPinilla to San Andres in 1953.jpg
One year after, a cartographic

document reveals also such official
behavior of recreation in the
island. The first official Colombian
map of San Andrs, made by the
Agustin
Codazzi
Geographic
Institute in 1954 after the visit of
the president to the Archipelago,
shows how in the north point of
the island was built a Casa
veraniegapresidencial
(presidential summer home). (To
tell about when was building the
airport )
Despite of these consideration,
these images rather than show a
breakdown of popular confidence
in the highest functionaries of the
Republic, it reveals a relentless
behavior of foreign colonization
over a human community which
must resist a forced appropriation
over their home environment and
a challenge against their customs
and traditions.
All the consulted sources teach
that
the
aperture
of
the
Archipelago to a market of free
economy
in
1953,
led
as
consequence clashes between the
Patois/Creole native population,
the people who came from the
continental Colombia and the
Druze communities that migrated
from
Libya
and
Syria.
The
declaration of the Archipelago as
free
port
by
the
National
Government of Colombia attracted
people such as the Druze Arabs
who have been characterized by
his traditions of long crossings and
commerce, as well the Caribbean
people that emigrated from the

Atlantic Colombian coasts seduced
by promises of labors.
Such
human
migrations
by
creating a new market of labor in
the terrain of the services of
tourism,
transportation
and
building
of
infrastructure,
it
compelled to the native creole to
the adaptation and as well to the
resistance. Usually, the entrance
as laborers in the tourism industry
was the adaptation strategy of the
native people, but the resistance
strategy of them as creole people
has not been well narrated, at
least from a historiographical
approach. How the creole culture
has resisted to the colonial
strategies based on the most
aggressive trend of the industrial
capitalism? It means try to answer
to the question: How the native
people of the Archipelago of San
Andrs,
Old
Providence
and
Katheelena have survived until
today after the violent dominion of
a free market without limits toward
the respect of ancient and tribal
populations?
Meizel
Roca,
Adolfo
. The
contin
entali
zation
of San
Andr
s
Island
:
Thus the rate of population

growth in this later sub period
[1959-1964] must have been
above 20.0%, certainly the highest
rate in the history of these
islands. (p. 26)

Panya
s,
Raizal
es
and
touris
m:
1953
2003.
Banco
de la
Repb
lica.
Justification about my selection
to assesses the environmental
history of the mangrove and
coast-marine areas since 1986.
https:/
/alvar
oarch
bold.c
om/20
15/05/
02/lacorrup
ciony-elsaque
o-desanandre
s-a-
Con la adquisicin por

ELECTROSAN de 2 unidades
generadoras, sulzer, cada una de
3.200 kw, las cuales fueron
reforzadas con la compra de
otras 2, mviles de 2.500 y otras
2 de 2.100, General Electric EMD,
se increment la contaminacin
trmica y por hidrocarburos de la
BAHIA, acelerando de manera
velz la muerte de uno de los
ecosistemas de manglares ms
preciados de nuestro
archipilago, agravado con el
olor repugnante, intenso y
The economic expansion of San

Andres is clearly illustrated by the
behavior of the per capita deposits
in the banking system in real
terms. With minor fluctuations
these deposits expanded until
reaching a peak in 1987 of
$1.787.113 pesos of 1998, (...)
After1987, there is a drop in per
capita bank deposits in real terms
which is coincident with the
devaluation of the peso in real
terms that occurred in the
late1980s, as well as with the
drop in the number of tourists per
capita.

traves
-de-laenergi
a-i/
permanente por espacio de ms

de 30 aos a hidrocarburo,
nocivo para la salud, as como el
aumento de la temperatura de
las aguas.
Without any doubt the most
negative effect of the expansion in
economic activity and population
induced by the tourist boom of the
period 1953 1991 was the
marginalization of the local
population, the raizales, from the
main economic activities related to
tourism and commerce. An
additional consequences was that
the predominant economic
activities of the natives in 1951,
coconut agriculture and fishing,
ceased to be competitive, because
of the new relative prices brought
about by tourism, and gradually
died out. (p. 28. Meisel Roca,
Adolfo. The continentalization of
San Andrs Island: Panyas,
Raizales and tourism: 1953 2003.
Banco de la Repblica.)
The economic displacement of the
native inhabitants became even
more extreme after 1962. By the
end of the 1951-1991 period
raizales
were a clearminority in the sectors
that employed most people:
construction, commerce, and
hotels and restaurants. In 1993, in
these three activities, they
represented only13.7% of all the
employees, mainly in the less well
paid jobs. (p. 29)
In the 1993 census there were
only three sectors where the
raizales were amajority of those
employed: agriculture, fishing, and
government ( see Table

7).However, of these three sectors
it was the government that
employed thelargest number of
raizales, a total of 724. While there
were more nativesworking in
commercial activities, 810, those
that were more qualified tended
tobe government employees.
This is not a coincidence; rather it
was one of theconsequences of the
distorted economic growth
generated by the free port
legislation. (p. 29)
The proposal about creation of
Tribunals specialized in
environmental issues has been a
juridical debate since 1960s
especially with the approbation of
the environmental principles
issued in the United Nations
Conference on the Human
Environment in 1972 and, after,
in the UNC on Environmente and
Development (UNCED) in 1992.
By its part, in 1993 was created
the Environmental Hall at the ICJ,
which since 2006 had not
assigned magistres to do such
task. (p. 35
In 1987, at the peak of the free
port period, San Andres was
receiving more tax revenues than
any other territorial unit of
Colombia. In fact, this revenues
were 12,6 times higher than the
average for the rest of the
territorial units. () When the
government of Virgilio Barco
started to gradually change the
protectionist model through which
Colombia had promoted
industrialization since the late
1940s, San Andres found itself in
a very vulnerable situation since

all of its tourism and commerce
had been based on a loophole in
that model. Since the declaration
of the Island as a free port in 1953,
Colombia had permitted its
mainland citizens traveling to San
Andrs to introduce foreign goods
without having to pay import
duties. When the restrictions on
imports were rapidly lowered
during the administration of
President Cesar Gaviria (1990
1994), the island entered a new
phase in its economic history. (p.
31)
Furthermore, the quality of basic
public services such as water,
electricity, sewerage, and garbage
collection was very poor. Finally,
because of a lack of adequate
controls and investments in
conservation the island showed
clear signs of a deterioration in its
eco-system. (p. 32)
http://
www.b
anrep
cultur
al.org/
sites/d
efault/
files/
marqu
ez_an
a_isab
el_mo
nogra
fia_an
tropol
ogia.p
df
http://
www.b

anrep
cultur
al.org/
blaavi
rtual/r
evista
s/cred
encial/
diciem
bre19
92/dic
iembr
e1.ht
m
http://
www.b
anrep
cultur
al.org/
blaavi
rtual/r
evista
s/cred
encial/
diciem
bre19
92/dic
iembr
e3.ht
m
Investi
gacin
ecolg
ica y
gesti
n
ambie
ntal
en las
Islas
de
San
Andr
sy
Beyond of the (efforts of ecological

investigations on San Andrs)
emerged the real obstaclesan
anti-ecological rooter behavior, the
chaotic emplazamientoof their
socio economical spaces, the lack
of the environmental dimension in
the public government, erguida en
el orgullo del asfalto, the petrodevelopment and the urban
expansion.

Provid
encia
Talking about the ecological and
economic importance of the
mangrove it is possible with a
strong scientific knowledge,
based on the experience,
because it has been possible
established that the manglar
destruction
Talking about the ecological and

economic importance of the
mangrove it is possible with a
strong scientific knowledge, based
on the experience, because it has
been possible established that the
destruction of the mangrove leads
to a deep disequilibrium in the
stability of the adjacent marine
ecosystems. The direct
consequence for the mangrove is
the drastic reduction of the forms
of live.
()Evidence good justified exists
that supports that the mangrove
plays a role of fundamental
importance in the maintenance of
the fishing productivity, in especial
to the level of the estuaries. (...)
Also it plays an eminent paper in
the protection of the coast.
()Derived benefits of the
mangrove presence in the marine
coast exist, because is a accepted
fact, in the science of the marine
fishing, that a great percentage of
the capture brought to land is
obtained in the banks near to the
coast, in comparison with the
minor performance in the
hatcheries of the depth of the
oceans. ()The relative
productivity of the mangrove areas
is in intimate relation with the
availability of sweet water, and in
a lot of cases, with the cargo of
nutritive materials that this water
brings. (...) Those activities that
lead to a profound modification of
the habitat of the mangrove such
as the diversification of waters,
changing in the flow of tides,

pollution by weight metals, high
temperature, etc., can finish not
only, with the mangrove but also
with the richness that it offers to
the inhabitants of the region. (p.
46. The ecologic and economic
importance of the mangrove
swamp ecosystem. Rosario Frano
Pannier).
The absence of isognomonalatus,
crassostrearhizophorae y
Ostreaequestris and the exclusion
of the littorinaangulifera in an area
in where, certaintly, these species
one time ago were stablished, as it
is confirmed by the dead shells,
are reports of great significance
that reveals that the destruction or
alteration of the mangrove (...) has
reached to a critic level of
desequilibrium, which is reflected
in the mangrove and in the drastic
reduction of live species that it
supports. (Evaluacin preliminar
del estado de los manglares en la
Isla de San Andrs. Preliminary
evaluation about the state of the
mangroves in San Andrs Island.)
Las reas existents [de

ecosistema de manglares] son
considerados como pantanos
insalubres, econmicamente
intiles, y algunos recomiendan
su desecamiento relleno para
adecuar espacios urbanizables y
resolver el dficit habitacional de
la isla. (p. 175)
Experi
menta
l
1992:Population: 57.023
inhabitants, 12.938 housings, 4,20
persons per home. Occupied

censu
s of
poblat
ion
done
by
DANE
and
the
provin
cial
gover
nment
e in
1992(
Infor
matio
n
took
from
rule C
530
93)
Nation
aPlan
of
Devel
opme
nt of
the
provin
cial
gover
nment
made
by
Nation
al
Depar
tment
or
Planni
ng.
Infor
persons: 25.459: 26% natives and

74% no natives.
Economic activities: Fishing and
agriculture are not activities as
basis of familiar economy.
Fecundity rate: 2,5 sons per
women in San Andrs, and 2,6 per
women in Old Providence.
El tamao de la Isla y de sus

recursos impone un severo lmite
al tipo de explotacin econmica
que puede desarrollarse en ella".
(p. 28)

matio
n
took
from
rule C
530
93)
http://
www.f
undaci
onbat.
com.c
o/file/
Docu
mento
/5432
4.Res
ervad
ebisfe
ra.pdf
Escob
ar
Ramr
ez,
Jose
Escob
ar.
Sndro
mes
de
soste
nibilid
ad
ambie
ntal
La reserva de la bisfera
Seaflower: una opcin viable
para las Islas de San Andrs, Old
Providence y Santa Catalina.
On 10th November 2010 the

Secretariat of the Man and
Biosphere Program from UNESCO,
announced a decision which left
the tradition: the Archipelago of
San Andrs, Old Providence and
Santa Catalina was accepted to be
part of a select group of territories
designed as Biosphere Reserves.
http://www.semana.com/nacion/a
rticulo/colombia-nicaragua-fallodificil-tragar/268391-3
As mismo, plantear lo que

Colombia considera errores de la
Corte y le dejar claro los
problemas que deja abiertos el
fallo: uno de ellos es el manejo de
Seaflower, la reserva de bisfera
marina ms grande del planeta, de
la cual Colombia perdi el 52 por
ciento que tena debido al fallo.
In 1979 was estimated. According
to estimations in 1979, of the
annual fishing potential of that
area in 20,000 tons, Ramrez E.
considered in 2012
that all the fishing resources

indeed the reef species were overexploited, in the space of 350.000
km2 with a shelf of 1.320 miles,
makes up by SA OP and SC its
cays and banks, important fishing
zone, diverse and fragile by its
coral characteristics.. (p. 26, 27)

del
desarr
ollo
en
Colom
bia.
CEPAL
-ONU,
Santia
go de
Chile:
2004.
1990
Natio
nal
Plan
of
Devel
opme
nt of
San
Andr
s
Islan
ds.
2008
http://
www.d
esarro
lloycul
tura.n
et/site
s/defa
ult/file
s/pote
ncialid
ades
%20d
e
%20la
%20c
ultura.
Raizal people in San Andrs

Islands: 30.565 persons
1990: From 7.679 homes only
54% have aqueducts and only 6%
have sewer system.
San Andrs, la isla mayor, es

hoy un lugar sin privilegios para
vivir y es quiz uno de los
destinos tursticos ms
deteriorados y menos atractivos
de la Regin del Gran Caribe.
Mow, June Marie.
San Andrs, the mayor island [in

the Archipelago], is today a place
without privileges t olive and
perhaps one of the touristic
destinies more deteriorated and
less attractive from the Big
Caribbean region.

pdf
http://
archiv
o.lasill
avacia
.com/c
ontent
/violen
ciaparam
ilitare
s-ynarcot
raficoensanandre
s-yprovid
encia47865
12thno
vemb
er
2011
http://
www.u
nperio
dico.u
nal.ed
u.co/d
per/ar
ticle/s
anandre
sislassober
aniaypetrol
eo.ht
Los nuevos repertorios de violencia han

transformado el archipilago. Durante 2011,
25 personas fueron asesinadas. En aos
anteriores la tasa de homicidios no super las
cuatro o cinco muertes violentas anuales.
A partir de 2005 muchos jvenes comenzaron
a ser contratados para hacer actividades de
extorsin, respondiendo a cadenas de mando
que muchas veces tiene su origen en el
continente. Ya no slo hay jvenes lancheros
que prestan sus servicios, nuevos
oficios como los extorsionistas y los lavaperros
han aparecido en el contexto insular.
A este contexto se suma la cada vez mayor
presencia cuerpos policiales, del ejrcito y de
la armada nacional durante la ltima dcada, y
de entidades como la Fiscala Antibacrim
creada en 2012 y la Divisin Nacional de
Estupefacientes. Tambin ha habido un
aumento de presencia militar estadounidense
a partir del acuerdo de interdiccin martima
firmado en 2010 para la lucha contra el
narcotrfico en el Caribe. Jvenes isleos han
sido capturados y estn detenidos en crceles
de Estados Unidos como Tampa.

ml
http://l
asillav
acia.c
om/hi
storia/
la-isladeprovid
enciaelnuevo
santur
ban22809
http://
razon
public
a.com
/index
.php?
option
=com
_conte
nt&vie
w=art
icle&i
d=19
89:pet
roleoensanandre
s-dosmodel
osenfren
tados
&catid
=22:r
egion
es&Ite
A new strategy for the defense of

the interests of the islander was
promoted by "Coralina" in 2011,
when the national government
wanted to give concessions of oil
exploration to two companies in
order to do a prospector in the
domains of the Seaflower
Biosphere Reserve. Through a
collective legal actionCoralina, in
whose head was an islander
woman, claimed before Tribunals
of Justice an imminentrisk against
the equilibrium of the ecosystems
if industrial activities run over the
territorial sea.
Petrleo en San Andrs: dos modelos

enfrentados
En el portal de la ANH se reporta que en el ao 2005 la empresa

noruega Inseis realiz una primera fase de ssmica, sobre la cual no
tenemos ms informacin. Otra empresa noruega - PGS Geophysical
A. S.- realiz una segunda fase exploratoria en el ao 2008, sin llevar
a cabo un proceso de consentimiento libre, previo e informado o en su
defecto consulta previa, desconociendo el derecho constitucional a la
autodeterminacin y a la participacin de la comunidad raizal del
Archipilago de San Andrs, Providencia y Santa Catalina.
A esto nos comprometimos cuando el 18 de enero de 2001

firmamos un pacto social entre autoridades locales y nacionales, con
la presencia del Director General de la Organizacin de las Naciones
Unidas para la Educacin, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), con el
propsito de promover y establecer una relacin equilibrada entre
nuestro ambiente natural y la sociedad, reconociendo que somos
la Reserva de Bisfera Seaflower. (Mow, June Marie.)

mid=
31.ht
m#_ft
n3
http://
www.e
lheral
do.co/l
ocal/s
anandre
s-dosanosdelfallo17503
2
10th
april
2013
A las pocas horas de que la Corte

retir la soberana colombiana sobre los
75.000 kilmetros cuadrados dice
Lucas-, hombres a bordo de un barco
pesquero nicaragense lo encaonaron
y le quitaron su lancha. (La nueva
frontera con Nicaragua)
Tena ocho aos con la embarcacin.
Nunca nadie me ha llamado a
preguntarme. Eso se qued all.
Matrcula 0990, de 28 pies y un motor
75 de dos tiempos. Las dos cosas
suman 32 millones de pesos, recita.
Tambin est indignado, es otro ms
file:///C:/Documents%20and
%20Settings/bibliotecas/Mis
%20documentos/Downloads/Pue
blo%20Raizal%20en
%20Colombia.pdf
http://www.xn--elisleo9za.com/index.php?
option=com_content&view=articl
e&id=5706:carta-de-amen-sd-alpresidente-juan-manuelsantos&catid=60:actualidad&Ite
mid=96
After a few hours or the ICJ ruling

that
took
off
the
national
sovereignty over 75.000 quarter
kilometers, men on board of a
Nicaraguan shipping boat pointed
guns at him and took off his
embarkation.
He
had
the
embarkation since eight years ago.
Never anyone has called me to
give me information. That is yet
there. Matricule 0990, of 28 foot
and an engine 85 of two speeds.
The two things are valued by 32
million of Colombian pesos.
los Raizales somos
actualmente apenas el 28% de

la poblacin; de continuar este proceso de genocidio o
mejor Etnocidio, en unos 10 aos no existiremos como
Pueblo y los hijos de nuestros hijos no tendran un
espacio en su territorio y para nosotros es demasiado
importante y necesario garantizarle a las generaciones
venideras ese espacio en su territorio ancestral. ()
Nuestro territorio tnico, tambin se encuentra
militarizado con una cantidad exorbitante de militares.
este personal trae sus familias y muy pocos regresan
a su ciudad de origen, lo cual complica ms nuestra
situacin porque los servicios pblicos son para ellos,
los pocos recursos naturales que an nos queda, se
tiene que dividir para muchas ms personas. ()este
territorio nuestro no fue regalado por el Estado
Colombiano al Pueblo Raizal, nuestros ancestros lo
pagaron a un precio muy alto, con trabajos forzados
de sol a sol, abonando estas tierras con sus lgrimas,
sudor y sangre para poder entregarlo a nuestras
generaciones; por lo tanto estamos dispuestos a dar la
vida si es necesario para garantizar que los hijos de
nuestros hijos y los hijos de los hijos de nuestros hijos
puedan tener su espacio dentro de su territorio.

()Nuestra vida se encuentra amenazada por
nuestras tierras y nuestros recursos naturales sobre
explotados, por el narcotrfico heredado de Colombia,
por el desempleo, por la violencia que proviene del
abuso de las autoridades y el ejercicio desviado del
poder, etc. ()Tambin solicitamos nuevamente que el
Estado Colombiano garantice la proteccin,
conservacin y restitucin de las tierras para los
Raizales, que se entreguen los recursos para la
restitucin de por lo menos 2.750 hectreas de tierras
como propiedad colectiva para el Pueblo Raizal. El
Estado ha entregado Miles de hectreas de tierras a
otros grupos tnicos, pero para el Raizal en vez de
restitucin de tierras lo que recibimos es expropiacin
de nuestras tierras ancestrales. ()cmo puede el
Estado seguir permitiendo que expidan escrituras a
personas no pertenecientes al grupo tnico Raizal e
inclusive terceras personas hacen juicios de
perteneca y se apoderan de nuestras tierras? () El
Pueblo Raizal exige que se retire de la reforma
tributario la invitacin a inversionistas para venir en
nuestro territorio ancestral, ya que no tenemos tierras
ni siquiera para nosotros mismos, si no tenemos
servicios pblicos para nosotros () Cmo
pretenden seguir sobrepoblando nuestro territorio?
()despus del fallo de la CIJ de la Haya, [se c
consigui que el Presidente Santos] anunciara que
eximiran a los inversionistas que vinieran a seguir
sobrepoblando nuestro territorio, del pago de
impuestos. () Cuando el Gobierno elige nuestros
representantes para hacer dichas consultas en vez de
ser elegidos por nuestro pueblo, es una violacin a
nuestros derechos; cualquier persona que represente
nuestro pueblo en cualquier nivel nacional,
internacional o local, debe ser elegido por nuestro
Pueblo.
9th
june
2013
http://www.elespectador.com/noti
cias/nacional/el-fallo-de-losraizales-i-articulo-426708
La Violencia no pas por all, pero s, y de manera

avasallante y perniciosa, el narcotrfico. Para los
raizales la invasin es una historia que desenvuelve
ante sus ojos la prdida progresiva y acelerada de sus
tierras de cultivo, de sus playas, de sus aguas. La
ciudad de San Andrs crece a costillas de los terrenos
patrimoniales de los nativos. De hecho, no hay
ninguna restriccin en la compra y venta inmobiliaria.
Ms an, a mediados de los sesenta, los pocos ttulos
notariados y registrados desaparecieron en el incendio
de la notara nica de la isla. A partir de entonces la
propiedad es acreditada testimonialmente, dando lugar
a litigios que suelen ganar los paas. La compra de
parcelas y solares ha ido acompaada por el aumento
de la poblacin inmigrante, pese a las restricciones de
residencia con que los isleos han tratado vanamente
de protegerse.
Sumado a la libertad de mercado sobre tierras en San
Andrs, que afecta la posesin del territorio ancestral,
el fallo de La Haya sobre las reas marinas los
75.000 kilmetros de que tanto se habla contribuye
decisivamente a que los raizales se sientan
seriamente afectados como etnia. En efecto, perder

rea del Sea Flower, donde subsiste la pesca
artesanal de los isleos, es quitarles no slo su medio
de vida, sino el territorio ms importante de identidad
cultural: el mar.()
El acta de adhesin juramentada tiene fecha 23 de
julio de 1822, pero el papelito no se ha podido
encontrar y es vital, no tanto para el Departamento de
San Andrs, y ni siquiera para todos los habitantes
del archipilago, sino para los raizales, nativos o
isleos porque siendo un acto voluntario de soberana,
puede ser tambin revocado mediante otro acto de
soberana, un plebiscito, por ejemplo. ()
Si la pieza no existe, Colombia no podra formalmente
declarar propiedad sobre el territorio, tal como, de
alguna manera, lo sugiere el fallo de la CIJ, que debi
pronunciarse en equidad y no en posesin de dominio
histrico. Ninguna de las dos naciones pudo justificar
la propiedad sobre los territorios. ()
La comunidad raizal considera que la relacin
existente entre Colombia y el archipilago se basa en
la fuerza y no en el derecho y, por tanto, litig
subrepticiamente en La Haya derechos que
pertenecen a los nativos y no a la Nacin. Para el
movimiento AMEN, Colombia ha tratado y trata a
San Andrs, Providencia como colonias de ultramar y
por tanto invoca el derecho a la autodeterminacin.
()Si se mira con realismo el abarrotamiento de
almacenes y depsitos y en general la actividad
comercial, hay que concluir, imparcialmente que San
Andrs es un lavadero de dlares procedentes del
narcotrfico que entran como mercancas al puerto
libre, y las islas son una de las rutas ms utilizadas por
los narcotraficantes para la exportacin de cocana.
() en los aos 60 un incendio destruy los archivos
notariales y desde entonces las propiedades son
reclamadas testimonialmente por el interesado y dos
testigos que no necesariamente deben ser nativos.
10th
june
2013
2014
http://www.elespectador.com/noti
cias/nacional/el-fallo-de-losraizales-ii-articulo-426864
http://www.defensoria.gov.co/es/n
ube/regiones/953/Dif%C3%ADcilpanorama-de-DDHH-en-San-Andr
%C3%A9s-advierte-informe-de-laDefensor%C3%ADa-del-PuebloDerechos-Humanos-Informe-deriesgo-San-Andr%C3%A9s.htm
De acuerdo con el informe elaborado por el SAT de la

Defensora del Pueblo, durante los ltimos dos aos se
han recrudecido los brotes de violencia, reflejados en
la cifra de muertes violentas, que a cierre del ao
pasado registr 20 casos frente a 17 ocurridos en el
perodo 2012, con el agravante de que en cuatro
oportunidades estas muertes estuvieron acompaadas
por seales de tortura, siendo el caso ms reciente el
ocurrido en el sector Camino al Radar, en el sur de la
isla, hace tan solo tres meses.
Tan solo el ao pasado la Defensora del Pueblo
atendi a 80 familias en condicin de desarraigo,
equivalente a 249 personas entre nios, adultos y
poblacin de la tercera edad.

http://
sisat.d
efenso
ria.org
.co:80
97/su
bsitio/I
nfogra
fia/20
14/Re
sume
nIR00
114.pdf
Informe de riesto 001-14:

La Defensora del Pueblo ha
identificado el riesgo para la
poblacin civil del archipilago de
San Andrs, en el marco de la
confrontacin armada que se
presenta entre Los Rastrojos y
Los Urabeos, quienes han
venido acudiendo a la violencia
selectiva para fortalecer su
presencia en el territorio insular y
para contener el avance del
grupo rival, en la lucha que
mantienen por el control de las
rutas de narcotrfico y las
actividades conexas relacionadas
con el lavado de activos y la
extorsin. La posibilidad de que
persista la disputa entre los
grupos armados ilegales por el
dominio del negocio del
narcotrfico sumada a las
condiciones de vulnerabilidad
socioeconmica de la poblacin
raizal, islea y residente del
Archipilago de San Andrs,
Providencia y Santa Catalina,
hace prever la ocurrencia de
hechos de violencia y de
atentados contra la vida, la
integridad y libertad personal
que se pueden materializar en
homicidios selectivos,
desapariciones forzadas,
reclutamiento y uso ilcito de
nios y jvenes, desplazamientos
forzados haca la zona
continental, cobro de extorsiones
y otras contribuciones forzadas
contra comerciantes y sectores
productivos de la isla que
generen afectaciones a la vida de
quienes se nieguen a cumplir
esas exigencias
Report of Risk 001/2014 for the

municipalite of San Andrs in the
department of San Andrs, Old
Providence and Santa Catalina.
L

C
269/2
014
The
national
government
of
Colombia, in head of the President
of the Republic Juan Manuel
Santos, impulsed a demand of
unconstitutionality
against
the
Bogot Protocol, through which the
member States of the United
Nations accepted the jurisdiction
of the ICJ in order to solve any
international
conflict
between
States
regarding
to
the
interpretation of protocols which
defines national boundaries. The
government claimed before the
Colombian Constitutional Court
that such disposition was against
the constitutional text, because
the only two legal mediums to
change the boundaries of the
national territory are a treaty
which must be approved by the
Parliament or the setting of the
dispute by an arbitrator. As the
ruling of the ICJ by taking off
75.000 square kilometers of the
Caribbean
sea
to
Colombia,
changed the limits of the territorial
sea, it was against the Political
Constitution
which
does
not
prescribe a judicial sentence as
legitimate
source
for
a
modification over the territorial
organization of the Colombian
State.
By interpreting the article 101, the
Colombian Constitutional Court
rule that after of a sentence of an
international
Court
with
competence to resolve disputes
between two states which lead a
modification over the geographic
limits of two countries, it is
necessary that through a new

treaty approved by the Parliament,
such
international
ruling
is
regulated.
By resigning to the jurisdiction of
the ICJ, the Colombian government
wanted to avoid a future loss of
territorial dominion by another
new
international
sentence.
However, the Constitutional Court
ruled that, in an event future, the
two
national
governments
concerned in the dispute must sign
a
treaty
of
international
boundaries
following
the
implementation
of
the
international sentence.
How
read
that
conditional
interpretation of the Constitutional
Court at article 101? Two key
concepts play an important role to
elucidate this antinomia: the
realistic theory of the judicial
decision
and
the
solidarity
between professions. The case
above is an antinomy because,
apparently,
the
Colombian
Constitutional Court is adverse to
an interest of national relevance
such as the sovereignty over a
terrain of geopolitical importance
as the Archipelago and its richness
in
maritime
resources.
Such
decision was adverse not only to
the national interest but too to the
political aims of the raizal people.
The future destination of the
Archipelago was let in hands of a
Judicial Court despite of the fact
that the Political Constitution
forbids it.
Despite that the homework of such

Court is the protection of the
constitutional text and more
specifically, of the will of the
primary constituent, it seems that
interests of solidarity between
judges have had prevalence over
the law of the Republic. It means
that by focussing to the current
inter-national organization of the
judges, understood it as a labourer
social class that searches their
own interests, it is plausible
thinking about the loss of the
national
judicial
power,
as
consequence of the globalization
of the justice. Certainly in such
case, justice of macro-economic
interests is globalized rather than
justice
concerned
with
the
disputes
resolution
between
civilians with scarce adquisitiv
capacity.
Such situation in which national
constitutional
judges
send
a
message
of
confidence
to
international judges may be valued
by cityzens that depend on the
conservation of the ecosystems
under dispute, as a behaviour that
lacks of loyalty. The importance of
this ethical statement is its
evidence about the abscence of
social functionality in the judicial
rulings, or in other words that the
judges whom dictate their will are
not supported by the popular
understanding of well-being that
ancestral communities such as the
raizal people has.
The above approach that explains,
in part, the sense of the judicial
decision, is informed by the theory

http://
www.x
n-elisleo
9za.co
m/ind
ex.ph
p?
option
=com
_conte
nt&vie
w=art
icle&i
d=82
34:car
ta-decorine
duffisalpresid
entejuanmanu
elsantos
&catid
=60:a
ctuali
dad&It
emid=
96
http://
www.t
En este Archipilago realmente,

jams se ha hecho una Consulta
Previa, todas las consultas han sido
extemporneas; se elaboran los
proyectos, los adjudican y luego
llegan a nuestro Pueblo a querer
obligarnos a que los aceptemos. Toda
Consulta Previa, lo ha dicho la corte y
lo reitera el sentido comn, tiene
particularidades. Los procesos de
participacin y Consulta Previa deben
estar ajustados a la dimensin de los
impactos que generaran y a la propia
realidad y cultura de las
comunidades que pueden ser
afectadas por la implementacin de
las medidas en consideracin. Tal y
como lo analiz la Corte en la
sentencia C175 de 2009; somos
sujetos de especial proteccin. Lo
anterior en consideracin a que
muchos de esas iniciativas tienen y
tendrn afectaciones negativas a la
integridad cultural de nuestras
Pueblo, si tomamos en cuenta que ya
hemos perdido ms del 50% de
nuestras tierras ancestrales
of the juridical realism studied by

(...), whose only pretention is try to
know which are the criteria taking
into account by judges in the final
resolution of its rulings. Such
theory could be summarize in
three main ideas: First (...) ,
Second (...) , And third (...).
In this Archipelago really never has
been made a previous consult, all
the consults have been
extemporaneous. Projects are
made and adjudicated, and after
they come to our people in order
to oblige us to accept it. All
previous consult, the
Constitutional Court has said ()
have particularities. The process of
participation and previous consult
must be adjusted to the dimension
of the impact that it leads, and to
the reality and culture of the
communities that may be affected
by the implementation of
measures (). Such the
Constitutional Court analyzed in
the ruling C175 of 2009, that we
are subjects of special protection,
in consideration that much of this
initiatives will have negative
affectations on the cultural
integrity of our People if we taking
into consideration that we have
lost more than fifty percent of our
ancestral lands.
Carmen Vsquez, Viceministra

de Participacin e Igualdad de
Because of the studying of the

Raizal Statute is part of a legal

hearc
hipiela
gopre
ss.co/i
ndex.
php?
option
=com
_conte
nt&vie
w=art
icle&i
d=47
39:est
atutoraizalseencue
ntraenetapadeprese
ntacio
nantelacomu
nidadancest
ral&ca
tid=2
0&Ite
mid=
113
https:/
/alvar
oarch
bold.c
om/20
16/04/
14/sa
nandre
Derechos del Ministerio del

Interior, explic que debido a que
el estatuto qued en el articulado
del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo,
lo que sigue es su aplicacin.
document as the National

Development Plan, it is probably
that a new special legislation for
creole society will be applied.
Entre los aspectos

fundamentales estn los
derechos ancestrales de la
comunidad Raizal sobre el
territorio de las Islas y la
existencia de una Autoridad
Colectiva Raizal como columna
vertebral y sostn de respeto y
dominio del colectivo ancestral
sobre las Islas, la cual servir
como mecanismo frente a lo que
se ha venido criticando como una
verdadera poltica de
desplazamiento colonialista
orquestada, segn manifiesta la
Autoridad Raizal actual, desde el
Gobierno de Colombia.
2016, Incendios provocados por

la poblacin que sufre por
carencia de agua potable
Como consecuencia de lo anterior, la

situacin de San Andrs hoy ms que
nunca es alarmante: El Director de
CORALINA, Durcey Stephens le
expres a QUITASUEO que los
acuferos se encuentran estresados,
contaminados y en un proceso de
agotamiento, frente a la disminucin de

s-elconflic
to-porelaguay-elfuegoqueseencien
de/
los bosques, la contaminacin por

intrusin de la cua marina, el aumento
de la radiacin y lluvias ms intensas
pero ms cortas que arrastran la
sedimentacin, generando un proceso de
infiltracin menor.
Continua afirmando que ()mientras el
acufero San Andrs, en situacin crtica
genera entre 40 a 60 litros de agua por
segundo, el Acufero San Luis que
alimenta la planta desalinizadora genera
160, presentando un comportamiento
que no es homogneo, existiendo zonas
con intrusin de la cua marina y
contaminacin bacteriana ()
En la publicacin ROJO Y VERDE

hizo varias recomendaciones entre
las cuales la necesidad que la
planta desalinizadora succionara
agua directamente del mar como
fue inicialmente diseada; la
facilitacin de la recarga natural
del acufero; la generacin de
bombeo de agua dentro del
acufero por mediode pozos de
inyeccin y la creacin de un
distrito de riego, que sera de gran
aporte para el sector agropecuario.

KEY WORDS:
Mangroves ecosystems: According to the Colombian policies, and specially
in line with resolution 1602/1995 ruled by the Environment, Housing and
territorial Development Ministry, the mangroves are object o
Coralsreef: Los organismos coralinos llamados plipos se reproducen por
gemacin, de lo que resulta una ramificante colonia de miles de corales. Cada
colonia suele edificar sobre los esqueletos rocosos de los plipos muertos; de
ese modo, la masa de coral crece y prolifera hasta formar un arrecife. (DAZ
MERLANO, p. 200)
Reef (r. Arrasf, empedrado): Banco o bajo casi a flor de agua en el mar,
formado por piedras, escollos de roca o polperos calcreos y arborescentes.
(DAZ MERLANO, p. 200)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALVARADO BEDOYA, Omar Alejandro. El conflicto fronterizo entre Colombia
y Nicaragua: Recuento histrico de una lucha por el territorio, Historia Caribe
Vol. IX No. 25 (Julio-Diciembre 2014): 241-271.
DAZ MERLANO, Juan Manuel. Regin caribe de Colombia (Caribbean region
of Colombia). Banco de Occidente: 2014.
FURTADO, Celso. El desarrollo econmico: Un mito. Cambridge: 1973. Siglo XXI
Editores.
Meizel Roca, Adolfo. The continentalization of San Andrs Island: Panyas,
Raizales and tourism: 1953 2003. Banco de la Repblica.
PARSONS, James. 1985. Una geografa histrica de las islas colombianas del
Caribe. El ncora Editores: Bogot.
INVEMAR, CORALINA & MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE, VIVIENDA Y DESARROLLO
TERRITORIAL. Ordenamiento ambiental de los manglares del Archipilago de
San Andrs, Providencia y Santa Catalina. (Environmental organization of
mangroves of the Archipelago of San Andrs, Old Providence and St.
Catalina).December of 2006.
Investigacin ecolgica y gestin. ambiental en las Islas de San Andrs y
Providencia. Junio 2-6 1982. Jose Mara Borrero Navia. Fundacin para la
investigacin y proteccin del medio ambiente

MAPS: Islas de San Andrs, Providencia y Santa Catalina. Instituto Geogrfico
de Colombia Agustn Codazzi: 1954.
NEWSPAPERS
Newspaper The searchlight. April 27th 1914

Historia Del Archipiélagode San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalinas

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Historia Del Archipiélagode San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalinas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

PROVIDENCIA Y SANTA CATALINA

A lot of persons in San Andrs Island

Forbes, Oakley. 2015?

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

have not confidence with the

Mapa hidrolgico de la Isla de San

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

San Andrs Island is part of the

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

formation of coral deposits, part

Mr. Zekek an entomologist from

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

According to a report of 1883

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

En 1969 se desat un nuevo conflicto

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

nicaragense estaba otorgando

According to the one taken on the

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

which by referring to our first

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

by peaceful people that tolerates

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

Lcides Segovia, one of the most

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

article says that I am the only one

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

its inutility; non the idiom of the

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

Dr. Eduardo Espinosa Guzmn in

Presidential sanction to the Law 52

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

from his successfully voyage to the

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

knowledge of this Despatch that

Arbitration as the best means of

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

An order of the treasury

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

1912: By law 52 regulated by

Fines were imposed to islander by

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

the same manner in that she has

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

Denegar satisfaccin sin demostrar

that never more been repeated

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

pertain to a free nation. Short time

The municipal corporationof

The first European inhabitants in

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

pirates sailed from Bermudas and

Since 1886 the islands were

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

En 1923 la penetracin estatal centrada

economic life, as consequence of

HISTORIA SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL DEL ARCHIPILAGO DE SAN ANDRS,

generando las contradicciones asociadas

The Court admitted that the own territory