You are on page 1of 96
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I FALL 2008 lnteooluetion te Coraplex New b anal Cavapa lone Alpe bie (Chapter 21 Hons upto Al tachads aL) Historicolly complex nurmbees how boon intenoluted ta hove. tonvplate set of sole ton, fiocany polynanial 2gueh 1 x?e/ = 0 Blgtixn-2= (z-d(zert) = © Real number a: aot foe la ouch set fo fath sole Hore cto euuey palynonsial aaa OSes ead Bahar Bap Notation: 2 EC B= a+th o 2 azijb mee oi the cool pact af bs the imanpiina, pe Vv z root te the ztel=o. => Cj) eh a= Relazjs) ; be Intasl) Note thats Ci) image nay P aceol oven hee i) Sete or emarn €. Definitions: E i hig =_Re(z) 15 called a: purely reed 2.8. 2 =. = F+jo Jif 2 = ji 2) 2 is called aa “purely terapinery" fee = = 0 i a (iz) 1 = th Re (2) = Belz.) and Tnlz,)= Tol ot Le = iS a 2 oe eee eee Z=arjb re e ‘ a ati Teal axis lo Ale be is Defia ite L Summation Let = aejh aud 25 0,%) Thea 7 tb, =O jb where = O,# b= bythe Bisfeas-t (4, jb) ot jb.) = lo, +0.) 4.) a = 24} = Sj! Be 24) ¢ =) 4 = 2=j — Casta) 7 L eee : os 1 a, % tar) = ately 2 plane picfure of stumcasbin Propech's of Longalie Uumrasbion | any. fe: (a +2 2, }—Lomasa take : Gd—a + j= lez,» astariabive (aii) O#j0) = 2, iv) forty CL phece ogtish uch that 2 #%, =O pean Let = arjh theo chonte 2, 2 =0 ee Leva enTBry rg Le Function, . zpla w plane =a 7 aie Der aa a KL | a tL z XA we) te : — : wie)= wlatig)= leg aj een) 2 Det Doonnin be the Prat quaslcant Da ple ex / wile) = Ae. o¢eia ond oky coo. Thea mlariy)= (zxjg) = (erjyyl tjgh= Kage dey asi te aj lg) and aly) = Wate tind the oage Por Ea TEE * fet the clamain be the onbiee. K pla mlz) = Then wle)> wlesjy) = Zajg = ale.) st alee) ula aa ligg) = ey) meng , and th is the € place ox/ wiz) = <7 Lee Pea ear elec z aT t wile) = wlasjy) = 0° 9# = * it : Twill show tis Inter. pet Eee note dat ee La jg at Ss 5 : s AES (po TE eli la ee 2 (4-2L+4--.: Cab ees Cosy tp SG | Ealer’s a Thus, we) = Mee % tte *Ccase j ing) f = 2 tosy “shy a uleyiej ules m where uly.y) = * easy Lj) = 6 sileg 4 a t. Notethat . for any [zee edo = eee eT Case ae z ao eG} 9 Polar Top ream taion 2 tay = ep (Ge NES) => Zeber®, rimagnifede » & + phase. je Systems of Linear Alsebraic Equotl 2s eee t HC Chepter & De the textbook) : Modeling physical systanas htimas of Lintsx systems of spushins ond plrtaluing colublone of gue Aaanalaen tated Dspace Th 2.54. 2 Gone Laem ef m system of Diasae al: A, +2 bees ot 1% a 4 pene oe rea ees Oa Lost Lent be real or tonaplt main A 5) value coeficients or the right hand side" twefheients if 3 2 unke tan he reol or tamplex nurber). J ia | L£ we replace 2) with §, te wiitl with spa thse tem and isfy oll the egy Bona, We say thot | igs Solakion to Poe gina syiteca ther: ists on more solubiona, the systena rs .wonsisteat i th recsely one Sejuhion ; phe salub Dr uMrgue IL there ave more thon me sale bon Labi Io there oreo Solutions, th The_tollection of oll solution lea! hon undies teen is Caljed_as_lntonsivtent ‘called os the. solubion set. hyp Rest tee Q +a = i, a / Pineda in22) : These enue Aloe. aD Spent = ——— ee ur 1 = Za t Canustent System é iy oe-verigone satan ( yt i | % ob A bt int be (In conaistent syotem } olubion. = | 13%, 2 4 2, +3422 te lok ] (L Lansictent sysheoa ith hon unique solahione & na Zt3e,¢! Zi 3% 49% 3 ln geazcol— each equation defy hupeqpl em _yadimensional space. The ys benef: Causisteat if the. planes hat 0 tomo duteccech'on, Lpthe iadecaschan of thes “oass is nat tne poled pete the salubiaa 1s. pice Obtaining Solutions + vatoluc : mene ; Eliminate Ly the % a Arg at, +¥,-%s el from — Pee wt yt == a 2e, thes 6 Ryn hy thee dk Equator 24, 452,27 qeling <2 KE GAT Te Eee gad - Ex EQul be Eqn Nv. liniaate 2, ferent “4 Fon te obs ae a et at ~= thre, = fy thing Leff et =2ity == Sa gg eli | ot gut dt by sl Pease sp En. 2 vith 2 Wy lain Th betthife tye tah 24 Eee to olde ys 205-224 Th ubsh bed: aul rho Epub h Zpe remy the Ths, sol =) is the unigu. Hise ———Tup) lant Observe om! * rips conf | lan [recep Bock [ore Equations Timi, |_ System of | Susie, Legato | Question Are the solution setrof the original anol Peianpul: tenas identical 2 . Arnasnte: ! Bea Grouse elirainabion utilizes elemente Yow oneations ced dent DeLiaition Elem entavy ierabs 4. Addition ef a naultiple of tina te nnothte veaholicall gape (og.j)-+ lege) Multiplication of on equehion bya a actant 5 yenhalieall aaj) (ea.5) lutecchange of tue equal helically + (eg.j) (ea-&) | Thy $31 Jf one Drene system i obtained ra thane bya Auta numberof elementary row operations, then th tuie_systeras are eps lent, £6. here dhe sam lub seh p, L Let the ouiginal syst be Inbeled at Ls, and th atnedd boy ssinag ele Ley row operations be labeled oo LS. ! gE, Zz We know that |S) ——> = Ls where Ey, Ee asegusace off eli ene atRry ont rations. Hoce, by using the method of jndlnch ta, we. wth show thot 1S: omd_t shaves the same sohih For Get Ls, Eh» Ls Nant, 2, tam be any a ) the 3clementary vowt_operetiond. se will @asider all >; casee indivolcally $ Le) E+ -addibion ofa oulliple sf one equation te anstbea: Ta a la 7K if CS, Si. acet of L Nie a aegis lng pak % Se the. jth con. af 18, whieh i hae fh. See ell it Suge pet be Ss SOE as if E Hho GSpp-y Sy) satis es all the — equabinns aslucding (oq,j Vaal Li A cof LS, Thai p it alse Bs L Sy 5 T base. ae 2 sabfirs nfl the egmahons ih b Hence Velo Thee face + Sep Sey = cet —— Sr rey el Ss: a So (i) £,) Multiplication of an equation by o_non=2er constont leq leas) If Ls, )_€ S,, then it solves all:the equationt i wv in Ls rucluding the jt eqn The LS, differs Fone lS) ee Tied tds jth equation Therefa iia shana Hest are a ee * (eq. j)-of LS, 12 obtereed by paulbipl ets sidee af j) ms wal £5, Vwhisfles ep f) 2f L5, pp 7 Sond : ears hisfies (og j lof is. Therefor LE Sy, an well = x Thecefice S, vt ' = oe i ay then_if_satisfer all the equations 1 Pre LS, Dneladiing fiae jt ‘Siaeilae tate fs be Stoo Hat Le we ba Hint \ ales saFis fie (eg.j) of 1 ace ) satisfies (29.j) fist ales Ash L Cea) LS, Nate Haat put nt postidfe —ela dot Aye Rut ! feo )ofh is identical Po pd of Le bra Ls, ) 6 Seg Hh Theat 2 Ses: : fa 4 # 2 ake Thi isthe stupleatow, If (6 les then it sahis (ea all The epunbiona te Ls, tacladi (Ce4,)) aml leg EV The_1 is, ted 1, olf end vlog jamal Leguch) Therefore, to shat uot ) we bee fo shout thot \sabihus (epy)-and leg Z) of 15, a0 tall Bak Plas is Noun odl'a rauat(e9.j of LS ihe (09, te) Ly Sc which is sabifed by (5, Sn) and_(eg.t) of £8 12 Fhe len) of by nthick i ales Ke fied by C8, .-Sn) Than ) oe well. Tho The save fargunatut by riplacins val fl and LS, weill inkl Dhan ied = j 7 This tovpleten th 7 ad Chat Nia assume thet the claim is Prue. grt, a te b = : We wont to shoo the Angas well 7 i Bud this cass is shewiphtfocetaed. Feet obseme Heat beeguis ee 1 Se i entery roul opecahiin, Tticepore, nt taveaihy ted th ost gs os L we have ime ol Haat ri = : HOD ple tina! ease “spa ua Thats Comeluobes : The tad Leones L + 3%, = Hat L CHNHAN ha + Te, ras Pewee 2 | Cp E1)- GY) it a ( (eq. 3) —9leq.3) - 7 Cea.) ae “+ hee-%i = -% (e4.2) =x 2 3 > C253) Ft eq'2) — 74 xe, + bees 12 feces pene Hie gett 2, =e, == 4 i Oe 1a nnot_be sabi ped b avy choice of % Xp audxs stem is = a oni right bend side, Then ne re 06 @ 2, = Zz ae aaa + ee 5 =O. zs Hove x, ond 2, are called oa pivotveriablee aud zg iso Pree vavinble, “Then the solution set ran be obtained Le © pu oe : . the solati ¢ axprestecl pa a ° f la=2) vorioblee Thi. pede cotss called 2a an cS fownily of salubicns! Ay choice if fesse povsmarhrar yield ‘poet alae" colubios Theoven 2.2 Existence /Uminuenese of. Solutions Meter Systerns Let the nner ee traaree t war OGaa Nore waite Um Boo ree any 5 e only Gaus climinaten to obteia on uppec trisgpelre Ve og with pivot vaviobles i Then! ! A Lf ram, the syste i ans @—Tf- ret, th the systena 1s tai 29u Hons have eco_ight hand ide @) 14 rem, then the systera ts Datonaistont if any of He lat (oe 1) equations aso nén-2ero ripht ond! ‘de if the syedenn is_tansistent and if ema, then the slat ae ing ue. G) If +h boon is_tansisteat ond 14 aaisteaks eect if the back =) then th bw te Theortra $3.4 Existen @ Alu Lonsistent @ 1f ren the solution is nan-unigue Spouieh cane of Thin 8.3.2 Oy Zt $4, %, = a 2a 4m] Te : searesa Ee ; epee th ee eat patties tau ¢ ret SS oe comrecenb rth he_veelonee t right hand Sides ~ LE is coaior do apply Simtst tlinaia bina ton the follies ——— ‘a Quy 22+ Opq Ch | Age Ae ee Drag Eta} “Node that elamentaqy com opecafinna can be performed tthe rani —— —_ hes we cate called row equivalent i fas Anettlsta lay te olde Dye. sohabier set 4 3 poeta LDaaane ct tb is beter suittal for hand computabion : Also it pravidestmare acusate. ceauliz_ Da finite pret jan _Lonapastabions. eal Ay s2t, tee m4 a Bu, +824 7%5= i | Hy t DE, t9 Bye 28 | Erm He tip ented coefficient mnahixt ————— Pete i Lo 3k oe, 1 21 4 [PRR 2 1 4 | eZ = 2R,+Rp>Ry | 2 2 9 & | > o 124 2 42 ———» [|e 37 Is o 3 7 IS\ TFRARSE Lath [maketh eR [10-3 -4 [PHARM To ota 4 ee 24 [TG 7 0-2 ool 3 joe Foss [ee 3 SS ae Goutt Result of orden élims ES et. Bune Reduced row echeben fom 2 tay =! x, ale, $5%, 217 Lrg ttity Mya 3 Form theo uted fbi at _naabede: Do ie | aR Roe [tt ET Rete |! iz] 120 5 17 | ~3Rt he otau4 spo pe tte S| 32 4 -t 3) oni | 475 oo 2 0 ol De) t_ : ~Ry Riek ([o 2-3 7 perma >/ffe Q-4 % ty andl x, Ore free vanabl UL \ofe oo The _syctew ix tamoictent piet 4 - vaviabks reduced row elon pr bo = ee Daun = 26 3p Yaa —tpes he-salubo titan fi pressed Me fo g. 5 fh] fe tle Fel TFET LER PER a So ee ere ~y J” my ° Partial Pivahin e oe Assume that in Gouss eliminakion we reached : 24 TD | Now can conhinve with a. 1 oo 5 regular procesture by - o3 6 § interchonping, tre 2and Ra seen Ot |e eectean cee his operabion i called ns porhial piunbiag. —— > lo 3 ei i oo 5 ¢ cl pees p as the pivot. Oo Ove tee naar AE: (150) 2 USE ~LIFE) Vector Spoces “pl Chapten Gand [2 mathe teethosk.) : eo 2. sill *5%— scree ea an ve Cebes | ee arert — = a 2 [ed - ‘ 4 7 : ~ a eee aaa : % ae Cat. Defi Vertor addition = || 22/4 fe = ow, ts | poneut wise —aelelé bn > T+] tas. L ae aad roa 374s La Defls Scale aul bale Ho of -2_acts i | mani | = ‘ Ciba 1 | ceR Fn cew | Deft The vector Space, A is a vert ef eB 2 jomsi _{ (O) Ut = atu ivity of vector adhlition and +, seélk . @® \ (c\_utp =otu nu; existence ofa 2000 elenacet GQ) utes) = 0 = ewistence of an oddchive i Ute) = Cu sre istribehi a ihon (P\Less) 4 2 cussu > tertectlishileabion over scala di bio. )—r lsu) (cs) easton bet of sealer mul Bplicabie x (see the mor bt) heoven IR°2 of | BER igten $ (Le. Ap oh “LC 1 woulhplecabaa oe bned Lise | Proof show tet all the conditions. (alte (4) ofa veedme pave Or BeBe for R" Also shaw Hal ca_tzenget»_¢(I6bolbee (je f= 2 i) Maem, =“ s Cle (iit) O- “= (ic). flow) a lech fle) van fle wv) <2 Plus flr) 2xarsp [en [nateston sp RR", the £llaaing fase 1. fla) = tue = (Sal? all V7 i J ee fi zt Pyro lel, pee ] L _—_Defla The dat penckaait of fun veekors do TR" is.cle floed aa i—§ yttk = 5 Ue te} Nebethet (lull = [usw ee eff, TT. fn TR i 7 o Defha_ ee | 2 es os) 2e es ye Lfal del 2 dete = || ull oll - case = g . i The bot proolesad G) aveg «a tommutabvity — G44 20 ay iit) Cora + par) Ys —puamaple. Expand the dat product (iy -v)+Can et) — (ay-¥)- (Swst)- Gu-v). Sw +(3a- 2-4 t = ta) hs ae ER [uv | < Leal ls Prowl Flee et) (ere) 20 foram R Th) e(usee lure) 2 (uu) 2a fu) + ev) “he thininum rhe) con be found enaily by eowatin d shh see i 7 Tate age d sfe)n 2 Yt» 20 (2-8) o0 = #2) cles Lae Hel Thus, the mininauns vabre of. Lusvryily ae) is: Ten SE) fa. SF oe ah 2s) Ge) Loy ler Von Tar ] - ul GY so ] wee [ = Le] |] oH} > (w-t) ~ az = Nek hat fe Shot ih MN Nas tee Slee] | eit 14g? Woe cd er ey eee TN L2G 483 a O-proe | + 25 zit ——— 41 S a 3 yeep 4 g 5 f4 : agi2 |" Sea sR Z Geil “ 5 > ° 4 76 +) 104 6s a R,- G-j5)e28i | |? b76 i862 ————__ 0 T i Wa ich ae 6 Tb jt é 65 x 7B ejloy 65 Note. thet, ih 9 jnatoseall era he ith Covepleye valued wanbrices Veguuice (caa.iole aence_utork @ Span and Subspace Seokan9,7_D the teathnk) Den If apap tac Da_vecdoe S thes the coe the frinan “ ey Uy banat Oy th f ot ER, jel k ool oa th span af ath, phy Andis olenated Span § bap i — Def'o beset $4, eft alloc! oa the 9enera biap cote Spins yyy ‘ Pe ipa bi)atye fe BY panfah = Sy a saefl] eB = ade —» Span feF a, om eI as i it} span $ [4] fet pon § [4] hecassae 2 oy" Menn t a 2 op eye A Lal ote te 7 = ae _Deth La subsot Tata vector ‘pac isahis fires fies flltdee — () A ae oll ar T uae ts th Ti cloced sender sunmel Sine Gis mrecbee 8pece, Hehuh TH TCS fs asvbepane Theorem 9,11 yp yt ctor. thstes Spanda, 4 ct is_o_subspace ff Proof [fa € Spend o Sef Hphece exist ob sucla that z a eo 4 coe icatlordy if a £ Span Sau, Bh the te is 7 wth thet ar o Bp, 7 : Ths the het eB, ce Plo ftp pet Th Ht. hs pieethe eniese und er rope Now vowatelerr a 6 Spam $ at Af >a ae eee Wis Then ato, ny CER + aA Lene Oy lb pe St Hes ask 2. fs taf subsprce lh, A r Dependence ab is saad. ecacbag Olav, Lot least ‘ essen Livsoe cava boiaa bs the attra cod the sot is Lbs inolerord ara, Lt Pf aerial 15 i4 jak is Massey te wept + tw. 4 | TLel did [eo Theorem 46.( let ube vectors i ee + a_trecctoe spat Then the set Su, st is LD if lyif th ist alors of es b ths be tee Uy EE Prot has two ports (\_f4 Sejis tp => 3 ppb b My 2 and not all ef 96 foroof of li) nee not all oes wre rere Let of 2 a : oe EA bien So og tp SB p= bij ; ist} ac Lonaiddus HET rfl Bt tit Le? ao he LL plus ezana to chook AE emily The fb dt is LT i Yee, eh ede =O hoe hlasac.gne colubion fae tty A> aol fie Rat apclily 2 0. shyt =o S Ths _homaen tata das ystera ky st of =2 \ of. quahond trast hood fhe =3 a ~ eae Ausecig ube fee ody tly ond a Fragment | 2 ozo Gown @e 2? ieee ec Caefhtwt yy ge | Eliminsbn 8 Co AE | free variobles => Fee T3100 Soy | the solution Is aergee = 4 i ove LE. Bip Sere Theorem 9 £4 fu, 2 LT th | oh dt tly = pt t Ppt > Meee Isis + Pract pk way = ape Ht Mn 4, belt papi mo lhie Theorem 9.8. £ fuite seb of noa-reca octhoponal veo rae Proof Assume that sther bs hon By toneputing alot prndlaad of bath side with ay wit seb you a PO eey jg = Fe lye) = 0 goes => Ww =o wee, bat this is a tanbeatihion wehowt assumed thet 4/51 erkont Obvevalen: Wp 2 CU= |S Bay ny At| ten te ser 1 Ureety depediat Seemue QR RG PPE ORS PERS Gls oUe OM, sane S84 Ogee Oy Bosal Eenbasinas Dimas Tinos eee wether tof verte fe £4 vectors ¢ each werdar ih an ke Cxprested ueisuchy oat € pe =a As a S = 2; oa ea oe =, Theorem 9. %l 2 epi 4 if an de, eta fond $2 eis LT Proof Lot « bean arbitrary veetir iy If spon $e, epb= 6, thtin Moe, cba ah for come s feld = <1 t @ ( Tr tonthede tut fe, Set baci, l Ato shouthat Hhis_expne tion of ats unig uly bb olf ass et ty UeBre Sg a ; aaa veclinte noe $e. 2 7 [i] fel wey = Hy or] ‘ a fe] Le Rey —%2 = Ke Ayprateced Fite aii ateteleta tc) =f Tm = [oz yt | elminin | 0-3 uy Peat aunt gg bh a Mt zu = 4 4d Thue bits (aye) Ty, Cau) | Ty | 3 z a fe] aust ot ag pie Also note hat the solubon 2 pus 2 2 LT <7 Dope fthe qrontiat numbecnf LL westnc Hank con be fant i i toe space is kjk then Satz Aedimsnsional, Now assume Hat olin A Thes imapliza t thoes. ists a LT set a La! Le, op} te beady le Cae ja Low os a, thes doapli po te to = > Prt Sart Pe } oe “ 8 = equations GEE vet ear Par Tt i i tl Min inn B pet tet ot PaO L This hangs ona sytem admits nontrivial salufione ls nat o£l B= Tex force there exist Linsac a ina bione ct te fori a ee not oll pe Pst so tontedichon sinen Su, Lope d TB ; heres. Lo dlinaeasiaa R'is n Prat. we -[h] area etist sees Sey ieee ; Also, 14 6B, thew ho Sole, 4 Hence $e - St for Rt hace face Hh doe”, @ ye Tee GT ( | Dhewces 9, clini Alster he olaere- is ep [eee ay | : aaa tl ape tpt de ordered such that the pst ter tof thera — LT ibn, he venenial 4 et rt Set He _ bireoe tail ont tot * Tso Sees si IEE i Ln bp we th seis tp orthy anol AL t_tiheg A AAs Pitre ee Atal alire tig = 3 LEY e; => te = (25). gece be, ap ae % (ye) ja! Kok teat & i Furthovmore_, if the bods ix orthosacmal, Prva Let She av ce aad UW he w subepaate of & Alsa let & é octhanora i ab ie Tr TIA y at ay let pg Wl d spon SB, Ppa Te pplicahons , Wwe Qt faced th Bscl i toe i: gus, =H Want to minimize Ell Zh i by chernine uw € IF phe mininizahion arith en pd Doneclls \ 7 quadratic function of ot: - a ay Te pany ge ae! eh wil ba tel } Al bs thot if Ee the best appeosinantion of “Wau, Lets twe_Cdves ae te the a pptoriens hie error of He ob fadtiad above Prone Can saso the by = Schouilt atlas oi fee procecs | The Gram Schmidt Orthsponnd,2abion Be Let 5 at we_foe subspace U Want fo lade £2. 2. Pan oh 5 bet, Ph GS Say = a manda Spy hoo @ = Vs : te thot é.ged et x ae Mw Thenp ect, min_spai Ef te obtain ty = lope )E, Wy Gael the peopech 2 See by Doan Cee eee eee Ces Note that @ »@ co onde at al : > Lowpinue po dletermndss the coat f 2's, fae acien an Proj £ si pate Hae Le ee dook aly Yip = PACHEM) 7 owed the seran Eo Dea Big, Ti dt be Teal eell Nate thet, 9 iso wih to $8 peg Bey} beet Eis tre peepee ft ohh {Sraias Aca note thot Hell]. Thea, GS proved paca eA ortanacral ie Orthonornes | baad. frame o pave eS er a x $e. | 65 Te- eee Mafrices and Linear Equations a-|> 1 tohenans , 00 ms. Q- ETR me Oe Bye Aran e ox f Az | 2 mi galt 2 | o 4 Ff gay 4t2y | -— 7 Della A= Aa fat Ba te afte 3) apt ee) ee ft tt ee base” a3 7J** [34 aig, fe 4-21 bt Ase ond G48 const ds feos lernent off ma tr'e aleliboa) vtby a senor maul selicabin) — uth) Lod males musliplistin) ee tae tet eet Nites) eee fo | i 3 li 7 . 7 AB. 1?! 7). cas fis i2ri cat 5 26 47 == 1B 24 30 bak AGES BG and pf ant nad defied cantly ae a ! Note that AR isnot ne tnd B Commute ander tou sali 1 pS Fide faci of ean hix mou lbplisa inno forvaLivsse pena ab - yp Ky stent Bg bay = Ly} FB pe} fae} FS oe a He te pgp Hy toes Be Di Ba Boe Ouse toad [Cn eee [| i Sin Beg — = T a. 1° ! 1? {_ | Su Be { if 2 -y tl Bol Seed Lo 812 AtB ec TA, +80 At, 25 ae ee Ath A eB pat eee rs Vie 1212 | Abo | been eb | Anbrtanbs |. [4 | aT == F vm pase Ap +A pg jA 2 +A BR ea eee cyei Stenl | Sue Seen se 3773 | los fer Sparse ta bices Whece beast pte Defi pif Ate bidtp ge —8 + > 4 s a ey 1 apd: a sknaw “oa bine —L Shoe Hers) peprmine wi elieats op hr FAB shew = fy mee AE AAI Hus Qugatioes reac Tama Determinant Foro square mooie A= Sa begs By Ayy no Op —| n N He cletA = gy Bs4228 = Cte £2) @, Gna Ans ith the cofnctar A. sale ia A atk =~ Wak OR whuce the minarlk is oletecssinent of cid elast) | noateie that survives whtea the ¢t row ond de column of fb removed. ex Lsclet [ay] = la] = ay et fa | ay CO dal ty. CY [2 a = ep —Byy Ao} ia led [4 erie Le el) 3 ty, LD iin ieee wnee§ 5.e[" 16 LT 5 6 tay Lele 3 ‘ Ls = Ae f = (22) 2 2 f-3) = tigee- 5 Conamerats (2) Smee we axpute the afasfae ec panca'te of debecsinatalay_anyp rnin 1s ficeprxable te expand He cofeeting ale vow ith Hor roostounber of wee nbd li) Th Lor pep raise. sf nes vas ict coeds Puce Comssrabs lutea bor wget fe L eapamaion fae nien.oat be Mis Mla) enn!

You might also like