Ancient Rome & Early Christianity

500 B.C. A.D. 500

The Romans Create a

Republic
AIM: The early Romans established a
republic, which grew powerful and
spread it influence

The Beginnings of Rome

According to legend, Rome
was founded by
________________ in 753 B.C
In reality, Rome developed
because of its strategic
location & its fertile soil
The __________________
were native to Northern Italy
(skilled metalworkers)
Romans were influenced by
both Etruscans and Greeks

The Beginnings of Rome

Romans borrowed
religious ideas from the
Greeks
Example: Zeus will
become ____________
Etruscans will strongly
influence Roman
civilization
Example:
____________________

The Early Republic

Under the Etruscans, Rome
turned into a collection of
hilltop villages
Temples & public building
started to appear
____________= Heart of
political life
Rome will eventually
transform into a republic
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________

The Early Republic

_________________

_________________

Common, farmers,
Aristocratic
artisans, &
landowners who
merchants
held most of the
Were citizens who
power
Inherited power & could vote
social status
Could not hold
govt positions
Held the most
important govt
positions

The Early Republic

In time the Senate will

allow the plebeians to
form their own assembly
known as a ____________
Tribunes protected the
rights of the plebeians
from unfair acts of
patrician officials
More rights were given
under the ____________
(_____________________)

The Early Republic

_____________________
Taken best features of
monarchy, aristocracy,
and democracy
Two officials who
commanded the army &
directed the govt
___________________
One consul could
always override the
others decisions

The Early Republic

____________
Aristocratic branch of
Romes govt
300 Members chosen
from the upper class
Membership for life
______________________
Citizen-soldiers, selects
consuls & makes laws
______________________
Elects tribunes and
makes laws

The Early Republic

________________
Would be
appointed in times
of crisis
Leader who had
absolute power to
make laws &
command the army
Lasted for
________________

The Early Republic

_______________
All citizens who
owned land
were required
to serve in the
army
Organized into
units called
_________

Rome Spreads Its Power

Rome dominated Italy by the
fourth century B.C
Rome had different laws &
treatment for its conquered
territory
Conquered peoples were
granted _______________
(some could vote) or were
considered __________
(left alone as long as they
did not sign treaties with
others)

Rome Spreads Its Power

________________
Three wars
between Rome &
____________
(city in Northern
Africa)
Both wanted
complete control
of the
Mediterranean

Rome Spreads Its Power

First Punic War

23 year fight over Sicily
& Western
Mediterranean in which
the Romans won
Second Punic War
___________________
(from Carthage) wanted
to avenge Carthages
earlier defeat

Rome Spreads Its Power

Hannibal attempted
to attack Rome by
going to Spain,
trekking across
France & the alps
Hannibal will
eventually invade N.
Italy, but will not be
able to capture Rome

Rome Spreads Its Power

The Roman general
_____________
planned to attack
Carthage, which
forced Hannibal to
return home & was
finally defeated by
the Romans at
________________

Rome Spreads Its Power

Third Punic War

After the Second
Punic War,
Carthage was no
longer a threat so

In 149 B.C. Rome

laid siege to
Carthage, set the
city on fire, sold
its inhabitants into
slavery

The Roman Empire Brings

Change
AIM: The creation of
the Roman Empire
transformed Roman
government, society,
economy, and culture

Expansion Creates Problems

There was a widening

gap between the rich
and the poor
____________ Huge
estates where rich
landowners lived
There was a huge slave
population
Returning soldiers were
homeless & jobless
These factors caused
the republic to collapse

The Republic Collapses

__________________
_____________ made
attempts at helping
Romes poor
They wanted to limit
the size of the estates
& give land to the
poor
Their death was met
with a _____________

The Republic Collapses

Generals were now
recruiting soldiers
from the poor
promising them
land in exchange for
their allegiance
_______________
will eventually
emerge to bring
order to Rome

The Republic Collapses

Caesar enlisted
_____________ (wealthy
Roman), & ___________
(general) to help him
become a consul
For the next 10 years
they dominated as a
___________________
(group of three leaders)

The Republic Collapses

Caesar was a strong
leader & genius at military
strategy
Caesar appointed
himself governor of
__________ (France) =
conquering all of Gaul
With growing
popularity = Pompey
tries to stop Caesar in
a civil war, but
eventually is defeated

The Republic Collapses

Caesar will be
appointed
dictator by the
Senate in _____
By _______
Caesar will be
declared
dictator for life
Caesar
governed as an
_____________
(one who has
total power)

The Republic Collapses

Caesar granted citizenship to

people in the provinces,
expanded the Senate with friends
& supporters
He created jobs through
construction programs, gave land
to the poor through colonies &
increased the pay for soldiers

The Republic Collapses

Fearful of his
growing power a
number of important
senators led by
__________________
__________________
plotted his death
__________________
(Ides of March)
Caesar is stabbed to
death in the Senate
Chamber

The Republic Collapses

Civil war broke
out again after the
death of Caesar
_______________
_______________
_____________
_____________
_____________
This will
ultimately end
in jealousy &
violence
Octavian will
eventually
come out
victorious

The Republic Collapses

Octavian will take

the title of ________
or exalted one
He will also become
the ____________ or
emperor (supreme
military commander)

A Vast and Powerful Empire

______________ or
Roman peace when
Rome was at its
peak
The empire will
house a population
of about 60 to 80
million
Rome has about
_________________
people

A Vast and Powerful Empire

Agriculture was the

most important
industry in the empire

In Augustus time a
silver coin (________)
was used. Common
money made trade
easier

A Vast and Powerful Empire

Rome also had a

vast trading
network and
complex network of
roads used for
trade & the military
Rome used men
from its provinces
for military service
& then granted
them citizenship

A Vast and Powerful Empire

Augustus stabilized
the Roman frontier,
built impressive
buildings, & created a
system of govt that
will last for centuries
He also set up a
__________________
The Pax Romana will
end with the death of
__________________

Life in Imperial Rome

Rome emphasized the virtue of

_____________ (dignity, seriousness,
and duty)
The eldest man controlled all property &
authority
Women were nearly equal to men
Ran the household, could own
property, testify in court; could not
vote

Life in Imperial Rome

Romans favored boys

over girls
Daughters received
the feminine form of
their fathers name
Only wealthy boys
went to school until
16 when they became
adults
Girls were educated
at home & usually
married at the age of
12 to 15

Life in Imperial Rome

Slavery was significant to

Roman life
Slaves were usually
conquered peoples
Some males will become
__________________ who
will fight to the death
With all the problems of the
empire, the Colesseum
provided free games,
chariot races, mock battles
& gladiator contests

Life in Imperial Rome

The Romans adopted the

Greek form of the Gods
& Goddesses who were
worshiped through
various rituals
Religion & government
were linked
Worship of the emperor
also became part of the
official religion of Rome

Decline of the Roman Empire

AIM: Internal
problems and
nomadic
invasions
spurred the
division and
decline of the
Roman Empire

A Century of Crisis
Trade
Gold & silver resources were
drained
No new sources for precious
metals
Govt raised taxes & printed more
coins with less silver in it which
caused _______________
Agriculture
Overworked soil lost its fertility
Farmland destroyed by warfare
Farmland abandoned
No improvements in farming
technology

A Century of Crisis

Outside Germanic tribes

began to weaken the Roman
legions
Soldiers began to give
loyalty to their commanders
& not Rome
Rome began to recruit
________________ , foreign
soldiers who fought for
money
Loyalty to Rome was no
longer there

Emperors Attempt Reform

__________________
Will restore the empire
& increase its strength
He claimed descent
from the Roman Gods
He split the empire in
two
(___________________)
His retirement will
result in civil war

Emperors Attempt Reform

_______________
will be victorious
& will move the
capital from
Rome to
_______________
which he
renamed
_______________

Invaders Overrun the Western Empire

From 376 to 476 A.

D. huge numbers of
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
poured into Roman
territory & drove the
emperors from their
throne

Invaders Overrun the Western Empire

The main reason for
the Germanic
invasions of the
Empire was the
movement into
Europe by the
____________
They forced the
other groups to
move into the
Roman Empire

Invaders Overrun the Western Empire

________________
United the Huns & attacked
both halves of the empire
Famine & disease weakened
Attilas forces
_________________ will
negotiate their withdrawal

Romes Last Emperor

_____________ the last

emperor
___________________
was deposed by a
German general
___________________
West empire
disappears
East Byzantine
Empire will flourish
until 1453

Rome & the Roots of Western

Civilization
AIM: The Romans developed
many ideas and institutions
that became fundamental to
Western civilization

Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

Romans acknowledged
the importance of
Greek culture
____________________
Combination of
Greek, Hellenistic,
Roman Culture

Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

Roman art was

practical,
intended for
education
Roman artists
created __________
Best example of
Roman art are in
________________

Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

Romans borrowed their

philosophy & literature
influence from the
Greeks
Roman poet ___________
Wrote the Aeneid
Roman historian _______
Notable for his
accurate facts

Roman Achievements

________________
Official language of
the Catholic Church
French, Spanish,
Portuguese, Italian
& Romanian
(________________)

Roman Achievements

Great architecture as well

_____________________
_____________________

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Roman Law Achievements

All persons had the
right to equal
treatment under the
law
Innocent until proven
guilty
Burden of proof
rested on the accuser
Punished for actions,
not thoughts
Unfair laws could be
set aside