Chapter 5

DATA/INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

DATA AND INFORMATION

THE HIERARCHY OF DATA

THE HIERARCHY OF DATA

Relationship between field, record, file and database

Field
Student
File

Record

Course
File
Database: A group of related Files
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INFORMATION SYSTEM
A system is a combination of components that interact / works
together to convert inputs to usable outputs.
Information system is an arrangement of component that is
integrated to accomplish the purpose of fulfilling the
information needs. For example problem-solving and
decision-making information needs of an organization.
The aim of an information system is to provide users with
useful, timely and accurate information. This enables them
to make effective decisions.

INFORMATION SYSTEM

The components of
information system
include hardware,
software, data, people
and procedures.

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
Hardware
Refer to the physical layer of the
information system
Includes computers, networks,
communications equipment,
scanners, printers, digital capture
device, global positioning satellite
(GPS) equipment, and other
technology-based infrastructure.

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
Software

Consists of system software

and application software.

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
Procedure

Define the tasks that must

be performed by people who
work with the system,
including users, managers
and information systems
staff.

Procedures typically are

described in written
documentation manuals and
online reference material.

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
People

Are the users who used the

information system.

Users, sometimes called

end users include
employees, customers,
vendors or others who
directly interact with the
system.

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
Characteristics of Information System

Information should have certain characteristics of valuable

information such as.

Accurate
Verifiable
Timely
Organized
Accessible
Useful
Cost-effective
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INFORMATION SYSTEM
Types of business
information system

Information
System
Expert System (ES)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Management Information System (MIS)
Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
Office Automation Systems (OAS)
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
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INFORMATION SYSTEM
ES - Expert System
It captures the knowledge and expertise of a problem solver or
decision-maker. Then it simulates the thinking of that expert for
those who have less expertise.
DSS - Decision Support System
It provides its users with decision-oriented information whenever
decision-making situations arise.
When applied to executive managers, these systems are sometimes
called executive information systems.

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
MIS - Management Information System
It provides management-oriented reporting, usually in a
predetermined, fixed format.
KWS - Knowledge Work System
They aid knowledge workers in the creation and
new knowledge in the organization

integration of

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
OAS - Office Automation System
It facilitates everyday communication and data processing tasks in
offices and business organizations
TPS - Transaction Processing System
They capture and process data about (or for) business transactions.
They are sometimes called data processing systems.

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
People involves in Information System.

People involves in information system has their own overview

upon the information system. These people is classified into
four groups as follows:
1. System owners

Provide cost for system development and

maintenance.

Own, set the main system and determine the system

usage policy.

Sometimes, system owner is also the system user.

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
2.

System users

System users use system to support and perform

tasks that need to be done.

3.

System designers

Technical experts who design system to fulfill system

requirements.

For most cases, a system designer is also a system

developer

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INFORMATION SYSTEM
4.

System builders

Technical experts who develop, test and install

system into operation.

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FILE PROCESSING

Traditionally, information systems were developed with a file

processing approach
Database approach creates separate files for each entity

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FILE SYSTEM APPROACH

Each application had its own file
Data was not shared among applications
Resulted in a great deal of data redundancy, the repetition of
the same data values
Increased the risk of inaccurate data
Increased the amount of storage space needed

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THE DATABASE APPROACH

A collection of related
tables
In database technology, a file
is called a table
Each entity is stored in a
separate table
Tables are linked by a
relationship between primary
and foreign keys

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PRIMARY KEY
A field that uniquely identifies a record
SalesID can be a primary key for the Salesperson table
Once a SalesID appears in the table, no other salesperson can have
that ID

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FOREIGN KEY
A field in one table that is a primary key in another table
SalesID can be used in the Customer table to identify the salesperson
who serves that customer
The same SalesID can appear in many customer records (a
salesperson can serve many customers)

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DATABASE MODELS
Define the way a database organizes data
Four main models
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Object-oriented

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HIERARCHICAL MODEL
Arranges data in hierarchical parent-child relationship
Each parent record can have many child records
Each child record has only one parent record
Complex and inflexible

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NETWORK MODEL
Arranges data in complex network of parent-child
relationships
Each parent record can have many child records
Each child record can have many parent records
Complex and inflexible

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RELATIONAL MODEL
Data organized in table format
Columns represent fields
Rows represent records
Tables related by primary/foreign key
relationship
Most current database
development uses this model

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OBJECT-ORIENTED MODEL
Designed to deal with complex data types
Focuses on the object
An object represents an entity
Represents data about that entity and the types of operations that
change that entity

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