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Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

New Edition
First Published 2012
All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means without the prior
permission in writing of the publisher, nor be
otherwise circulated in any form of binding or
cover other than that in which it is published
and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent
purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the
Director of School Education, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
This Book has been printed on 80 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D

Printed in India
at the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press,
Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
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~ : 28`01`2012
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PREAMBLE
THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to
secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the
Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do

HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
( vi )
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+ 0 10 + 4 1
20000+1000+500+4
38400
77888
20050
41501
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
KNOWING OUR NUMBERS
6e s> ` >D+
nud+ ` 1.2
1.
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i) 89
ii) 415
iii) 3951
iv) 4409
+~ d+K\qT <>Zs e+<\ de]+ sjT+&.
i) 695
ii) 36,152
iii) 13,648
iv) 93,618
+~ d+K\qT <>Zs y\ de]+ sjT+&.
i) 3415
ii) 70124
iii) 8765
iv) 4001
+~ d+K\qT d+| s|+ sjT+&.
i)
3000 G 400 G 7
ii)
10,000 G 2000 G 300 G 50 G 1
iii)
30,000 G 500 G 20 G 5
iv)
90,000 G 9000 G 900 G 90 G 9
+~ d+K\qT $dsD s|+ sjT+&.
i) 4348
ii) 30214
iii) 22222
iv) 75025
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.5
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\TdT=, y{ #~$ #]+#+&. sjT+&. bs|d+ es |{\T |]o*+#+&.
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KNOWING OUR NUMBERS
6e s> ` >D+
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n+\qT kq eT+ #<e&+ w+> +<?
|&T +~ d+K\qT #<e& |jT+#+&.
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_) 1,30,407
d) 45,04,155 &) 1,22,00,320
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0
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1,27,35,045
1 10000000 + 2 1000000 + 7 100000 + 3 10000

+ 5 1000 + 0 100 + 4 10 + 5 1
$ #jT+&.
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d) 510010051
1.5.2 $seT V\ (e\) y&T

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#<e&+ e\T |jk+. yTT<{ eqT e+<\ kq+ s (n+f &y|qT+& eT&+\
s) sd eTT+<Td+K n+y\T n >T]k+. s+&e eqT eT] s+&T n+\ s n+f |~y\
kq+ s (n+f &y| qT+& nsTT<T n+\ s) sd eTT+<T d+K n+ \\T n >T]k+.
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< $<+> e\ $u+|&q |<d+K 45,30,14,252 qT dT\u+> q\u nsTT<T
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
KNOWING OUR NUMBERS
6e s> ` >D+
$ #jT+&.
+~ d+K\qT #~$ ns\ sjT+&.
m) 5,06,45,075
_) 12,36,99,140
d) 2,50,00,350
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i)
11245670
ii) 22402151 iii) 30608712
iv) 190308020
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i) 34,025
ii) 7,09,115
iii) 47,60,00,317
iv) 6,18,07,000
+~ y{ n+\ sjT+&.
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H\T>T \\ ju @&T y\ H\T>Te+<\T
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ii) 63,20,500 iii) 1,25,30,275
iv) 75,80,19,202
+~ d+K\ $dsD d+| s|+ sjT+&.
i)
50,00,000 G 4,00,000 G 20,000 G 8,000 G 500 G 20 G 4
ii)
6,00,00,000 G 40,00,000 G 3,00,000 G 20,000 G 500 G 1
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iv)
7,00,00,000 G 70,00,000 G 7000 G 70
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i) 4,67,612 < 18,71.964
ii) 14,35,10,300 < 14,25,10,300
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i) 2,00,015 < 99,999
ii) 13,50,050 < 13,49,785
5, \\ 2, |~y\ 1, |<T\ 6, kq+ 3 n+\qT + @yH 10
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2.
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nud+ ` 1.4
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i)
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ii)
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20048421
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9490026834
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\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
KNOWING OUR NUMBERS
6e s> ` >D+
11
1.7
J$ deTd\ |<d+K\ y&T
b&e |eD+> MTsT (m), sTe |eD+ >eTT (kg), <y\ |]eD
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KNOWING OUR NUMBERS
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13
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14
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4, 117 nH d+K dTesT> 4, 100 < 4,000 e#T. <>Zs e+<\, y\ eTq neds\
nqT>TD+> d+K\qT de]k+.
d+U |jT\ = d+<s\ dT\u+> n+#H yjT& d+K\qT de]k+.
d+K\qT V+< ` ns_ |<qT, n+srjT |<qT #<e&+, sjT&+.
lyd seqTH (us< X + )

1887 - 1920
d+U d<+\T sb+~+q >D yT<$. | |t sjT
kd{ (+>+&) m+| q =* usrjTT&T. 1729qT seqTH
d+K n+{sT. jTq q~qyTq &d+sY 22e B >D
~He+>, | d+es+ sT|+{+.
us |uT + seqTH C| s+ 2011 bd

k+|t $&T<\ #d+ ~.
us |uT+ 2012 qT >D d+es+>
|{++~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
KNOWING OUR NUMBERS
6e s> ` >D+
15
n<jTeTT ` 2
|Ps+\T
2.1 |]#jT+
eTq+ edTe\qT +#& + eTT+<T s>H HsTH+. edTe\qT +#|&T
1, 2, 3, ..... d+K\T nedseTsTT. d+K\ d$T dV d+K\T n+{sT. dV d+K\ d$T
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, .....} n dk+.
dV d+K\ >T]+ HsTH|&T, @<H dV d+K 1 *| s dV d+K
edT+< \THeTT. <VsD 16 1 *| 17 edT+~, ~ L& dVd+KjT
n< $<+> 1 | @<H dV d+K qT+& 1 rdyd, k<sD+> dV d+U edT+~.
<VsD 25 nH dV d+K qT+& 1 rdyd 24 edT+~, ~ L& dV d+KjT.
@<H dV d+K s >\ d+KqT s d+K n, n> d+K >\ eTT+<T
d+KqT |Ps d+K n n+{sT.
<VsD, 9 jTT s d+K 10
9 jTT |Ps d+U 8
|&T, q d+K\ |Ps d+K, s d+K\ +~ |{qT |P]+#+&.
.d+.
dV d+K
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
6
13
237
999
26
9
1
< eTT+<T d+K (|Ps d+K) < s d+K(s d+K)
MT dVT\ #]+#+&.
1.
@ dV d+K s d+K <T?
2.
@ dV d+K |Ps d+K <T?
2.2
|Ps+\T
dVd+K\ 1 |Ps d+K <T n MTsT \T=H +{sT. 0 qT dV d+K\ d$T

#s> |Ps+\ d$T> @s&sTT.
|Ps+\qT +~ $<+> dk+.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
16
|Ps+\T
$ #jT+&
1.
w |Ps+yT~?
+, #]+ eT]jTT sjT+&

1.
2.
dV d+K\ |Ps+j?
|Ps+\ dV d+Kj?
2.3 |Ps+\qT d+U sK| d+#T

dssKqT ^jT+&. <| _+<TeqT >T]+, < 0 # d+#+&. 0 &y|q
Mq _+<Te\qT deq <s\ >T]+, y{ 1,2,3,4,... \T> d+#+&. @yH s+&T esTd
_+<Te\ eT< <s |eD <s+ n+{sT. d+UsK| m |Ps+H &y|q >T]d be#TqT.
|Ps+\ d+U sK :
0
10
...
...
|q e&q d+UsKqT >eT+#+&. <| >\ @ d+KH, s d+K < @ y|q

+T+< #|>\s? 3 jTT s d+K 4, 3 +f 4 |< d+K ~ 3 &y|q +T+~.
eT], d+UsK | >\ d+K &y|q >\ d+K\jTT m\|&T d+K +f |<
d+K\ #|>\e?
MT dVT\ #]+ +~ |{qT |P]+#+&.
.d+.
d+K\T
d+UsK | >\ kq+

12,8 &y|q +&TqT
1.
12, 8
2.
3.
4.
5.
12, 16
236, 210
1182, 9521
10046, 10960
d+K\ eT< d++<+

12 > 8
d+U sK| d+\q+

|Ps+\ d+\H d+U sK| d+#e#T. 2 eT]jTT 3 d+K\ d+\q+ +~ sK|
d+#&+~.
1
1
1
0
10
...
...
2 3qT \Tb*, { |q #|q $<+> d+UsK | 2 s+_+, < &y|q

|eD <s+ 3 ksT ~* 5 #sT+{+.
eq 2 + 3 = 5
n+<Te\ @ d+KqT \Tb\H, d+U sK| eTq+ &y| <T\T+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
17
d+UsK| ee\q+
6 qT+& 2qT rdyjT&+ d+U sK | m #b |]o*<+.
0
10
...
...
6 qT+& 2qT rdyj*, { |q #|q $<+> d+UsK| 6 s+_+, < m&eT y|q
|eD<s+ s+&T ksT ~* 4 #sT+{+. eq 6`2 R 4
nq> ee\q+ #j\+f d+UsK| m&eT y| <T\T+.
$ #jT+&.
+~ y{ d+UsK| d+#+&.
1. 5 + 3
2. 5 - 3
3. 3 + 5
4. 10 + 1
d+UsK| >TDs+
|&T d+UsK| |Ps+\ >TDs |]o*<+. 2I4 qT>=+<+. 2I4 nq> 2 |eD\T
4esT, B d+UsK| #<+.
2
10
...
...
0 e< s+_+, |k] 2 |eD\T, 4 ksT &y| <\ eqT. n|&T MTsT 8 #sT +{sT.
eq 2 4 = 8
|jT+#+&
d+U sKqT|j+ +~ y{ qT>=q+&.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 sy\+f 8 qT+& @ d+KqT rdyj*?

1 sy\+f 6 qT+& @ d+KqT rdyj*?
8 sy\+f 6 @ d+KqT \b*?
30 sy\+f m 6\T neds+?
sE eT]jTT >jT *d d+UsKqT jsT#XsT.
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
sE eT]jTT >jT &TTHsT. >jT d+UsK | dTq e< bs+_+ eT&T ksT
eTT+<T <*. yTT<{k] 3 n&T>T\T s+&ek] 8 n&T>T\T eT]jTT eT&ek] 5 n&T>T\T #=|q
< es >jT d+UsK| m& #sTT+~? >jT 16 n&T>T\ de<q+ #|+~.
>jT de<q+ d]jTq< e u$dTHy? >jT esZeTTqT d+U sK| d+#TeTT.
d+\q, ee\H\ <s+> qT $TT *d &TeTT.
18
|Ps+\T
nud+ ` 2.1
1.
+~ y\ @$ d+ (T) @$ nd+ (F) nd y\qT d]> sjT+&.

i)
2.
3.
|Ps d+K dV d+K \<T.

ii)
0 w |Ps+eTT.
iii)
|Ps+\ dV d+K\T.
iv)
d+UsK| &y|q >\ |Ps+eTT < m&eTy|q >\ |Ps++ +f |<~.
v)
d+UsK| m&eTy|q >\ |Ps+eTT < &y|q >\ d+K +f |<~.
vi)
d+UsK| w |Ps+ d+#eTT.
vii)
d+UsK| >]w |Ps+ #|>\eTT.
27 eT]jTT 46\ eT< m |Ps+\T+{sTT?
d+UsKqT|j+ +~ y{ qT>=q+&.
i)
4.
ii)
18 - 9
iii)
53
+~ \ @ |Ps++ eTs= |Ps+ d+UsK | &y|q +T+~?

i)
5.
6.
6+7+7
895; 239
ii)
1001; 10001
iii)
10015678; 284013
w |Ps+ d+UsK| #|+&.

<, > \ d]jTq >TsTqT U\ sjT+&.
i.
iii.
8 .......... 7
0 .......... 1
ii.
iv.
5 .......... 2
10 .......... 5
7.
d+UsK| 11 jTT s d+KqT eT]jTT 5 jTT |Ps d+KqT d+#+&.
2.4
|Ps+\ <s\T
|Ps+\ <s \T eTq d+K\qT + u> ne>Vq #dT e& <V<|& sTT. |Ps+\
<s\qT =+{ |]o*<+.
@yH s+&T |Ps+\qT rdT= y{ \T|<+. eT] y{ yTT+ |Ps+eTeT+<? eT]
= <VsD\T rdT= d]#&+&.
MTsT #d L&\T +&* :
2
+
3
=
5, |Ps++
0
+
7
=
7, |Ps++
20
+
51
=
71, |Ps++
0
+
1
=
1, |Ps++
0
+
0
=
0, |Ps++
&, @ s+&T |Ps+\ yTTyTH m\|&T |Ps+eT >eTk+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
19
@<H |Ps+\ yTT+ |Ps++ +T+<? nTe+{ |Ps+\ \T

nd\T +&e n eTqeTT >eTk+. { |Ps+\ d$T d+\q+ d+e <s b{dT+~. BH
|Ps+\ d+\q+ d+e <s+ n+{sT.
eT] |Ps+\ d$T >TDs+ L& d+e <s b{dT+<y d]#<e? |Ps+\
>TDs\ <T <VsD\T e+&.
MTsT #dq >TDs\T +{sTT.
5
6
=
30, |Ps++
11
0
=
0, |Ps++
16
5
=
80, |Ps++
10
100
=
1000, |Ps++
7
16
=
112, |Ps++
@ s+&T |Ps+\ \yTH |Ps+yTq \TdT+~. {, |Ps+\ d$T >TDs+
d+e <s * +T+~.
{ |Ps+\ d$T d+\q+ eT]jTT >TDs\ d+e+ <s b{dT+< #|e#T.
+, #]+, sjT+&.
1.
|Ps+\ d$T ee\q+ d+e <s b{dT+<? <VsD\qT |]o*+, U\qT
|P]+#+&.
7
5
=
2 |Ps++
5
7
= ` 2 |Ps++ <T
..... ..... -
2.
.....
.....
=
=
.....
.....
Mq <VsD\T rdT= d] #&+&.

|Ps+\ d$T u>Vs+ d+e <s b{dT+<?
|{qT |]o*+#+&.
6
3
=
2, |Ps++
5
.....
.....
.....
.....
=
=
2
.....
.....
|Ps++ <T
eT] = <VsD\T rdT= s]+#+&.

dTq u>Vs+
62 qT qT>=+<+.
6 qT 2 u+#&+ nq> 6 qT+& 2 qT eT, eT rdyjT&+.
20
|Ps+\T
6-2=4
4-2=2
2- 2 = 0
1e k]
2e k]
3e k]
eq, 62 R3
30 |]o*<+.
& eTq+ 0qT eT, eT 3 qT+ rdyj*.
3-0=3
3-0=3
3-0=3
$<+ > #d b m|{ n++ +&<T . eq 30 ds q KyT q |* eTq+ b+<e TT.

qT dTq# u>Vs+ s+|&<T.
$ #jT+&.
1.
123 eT]jTT 427\qT qT>=q+&.
2.
60 eT]jTT 90 deH\T nej?
|Ps+ d+s ($eTjT) <s+

+~ y{ |]o*+#+&.
2
15
| d+<s\ 2G3 eT]jTT 3G2 deq+.

s+&+{ $\Te 5 e+~. n> ~ #&+&.
7
15
7G8 eT]jTT 8G7 deq+. & L& |*+ 15 e+~.

&, |Ps+\qT L& eT+ e]q|{, y{ yTT+ $<+> q~.
B eT]= <VsD\ d]#&+&. 10G11, 25G10.
nq>, s+&T |Ps+\qT @ eT+HH L& e#TqT. {, |Ps+\ d$T d+\q+
d+s <s *Z +T+~. BH |Ps+\ d+\q+ d+s <s+ n+{sT.
3
+~ |{\qT |]o*+#+&.
4
3
4I3R12
3I4R12
|Ps+\qT eT+ e] >TD+H \+ edT+< >eT+#+ <.

BH 6I5, 7I9 yTTq <VsD\ |jT+ #&+&.
{, |Ps+\ d$T d+\q, >TDs\ d+s <s *Z +T+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
21
|jT+#+&.
1.
|Ps+\ ee\q+ d +s <s b{dT + <? = <VsD\ d] #&+&.
2.
|Ps+\ u>V s+ d +s <s b{dT + <? = <VsD\ d] #&+&.
d+\q, >TDs\ dV#s <s+

+~ y{ |]o*+#+&.
i.
ii.
(3 + 4) + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12
3 + (4 + 5) = 3 + 9 = 12
eq (3 + 4) + 5 = 3 + (4 + 5)
eTq+ (i) yTT< 3, 4\qT L&, yTT 5 *b+. (ii) yTT< 4,5\qT L&, yTT
3 *b+. , s+&+{ yTT+ $<+> deq+> e+~.
BH |Ps+\ d+\q+ dV#s <s+ n n+{+. +{$ 10 <VsD\qT sdT= |
<s d]#&+&. |*\T deq+> qT >eT+#s?
+~ y{ |]o*+#+&.
32
32
4(32) = (32)
32
H\T>T sT
|+ (a)
32
43
43
2 (43) = (43)
s{+|
|+ (b)
|+ (a) eT]jTT |+ (b)\ #T\ >&T\qT +#+&. m+ e+~. s+&T |{\ >&T\
d+K deq+. |+ (a) | >~ 3I2 >&T\THsTT. { yTT+ >&T\ d+K 4(32) R 24.
|+ (b) | >~ 3I4 >&T\THsTT. eq yTT+ >&T\ d+K 2I(4I3) R 24.
eq, 4(32) R 2I(4I3)
>TDs+ L& |*+ f nH \TdT=H+.
BH |Ps+\ >TDs+ dV#s<s+ n n+{+.
eq |Ps+\T, d+\q+, >TDs+ dV#s<s b{kjT #|e#T.
$ #jT+&.
d] #&+&.
i.
ii.
22
(5 6) 2 = 5 (6 2)
(3 7) 5 = 3 (7 5)
|Ps+\T
<VsD`1
k<q :
196 + 57 + 4 qT>=q+&.
196 + (57 + 4)
= 196 + (4 + 57)
[d+s
<s+]
[dV#s <s+]
= (196 + 4) + 57
= 200 + 57 = 257
&, d+s, dV#s <s\qT *| d+\q+ |j+#eTT.

eT], d+s, dV#s <s\qT |j+#&+ e\ deTd\ k<q dT\ueTeT+< MTsT
u$dTHs?
<VsD`2 5 9 2 2 3 5 qT>=q+&.
k<q :
592235
=529253
[d+s <s+]
= (5 2) 9 (2 5) 3
[dV#s <s+]
= 10 9 10 3
= 90 30 = 2700
& d+s dV#s <s\qT *| >TDs+ |j+#+. eT], d+s, dV#s

<s\qT |j+#&+ e\ deTk k<q dT\ueTeT+< $sT u$dTHs?
$ #jT+&
d+s, dV#s<s\qT|j+ +~ y d]+#+&.
i) 319G69G81
ii) 431G37G69G63
iii) 2I(71I5)
iv) 50I17I2
+, #]+, sjT+&.
(82)4 R 8(24) neT+<?
u>Vs, ee\H dV#s<s+ e]dT+<y d]#&+&.
+~ y{ |]o*+#+&.
=
54
+
24
34
> ]+#+&. &, 5I4 > 2I4 eT]jTT 3I4 nH s+&T eTT\T>
$u+#&+ ]+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
23
eq 5 I 4
R (2 I 4) G (3 I 4)
R 8 G 12 R 20 eT]jTT 5 R 2G3 eq
5 I 4 R (2G3) I 4 n #|>\+.
n< $<+>,
(5 G 6) I 7 R (5 I 7) G (6 I 7)
11 I 7 R 35 G 42 R 77
s+&T deqeT eTq+ #&e#T. BH $u> HjTeTT n+{sT.
<VsD 3 :
12I75 $u> Hj |j+ qT>=q+&.
k<q :
12 75
= 12 (70 + 5)
= (12 70) + (12 5) (<)
= 840 + 60 = 900
= 12 (80 - 5)
= (12 80) - (12 5)
= 960 - 60 = 900
$ #jT+&.
25 78; 17 26; 49 68 + 32 49
$u> Hj |j+ qT>=q+&.
e+X+ (d+\q+, >TDs+)

dV d+K\ d$T 0 <T, |Ps+\ d$T 0 |yTq d+K. d+\q+
0 | +~. 7,5\qT L& eTq 12 nH d+K edT+~. s+&T |Ps+\ L&q |*+
L& |Ps++ neT+~. n d+<s\ ~ deTe? #<+.
2
9
0
.....
+
+
+
+
0
0
11
25
=
=
=
=
2
9
11
25
|Ps+ dTHqT *|, n< |Ps++ edT+~.

dTHqT |Ps+\ d+\H e+X+ < d+\q e+X+ n+{sT.
>TDs+ 1 jTT |qT +~ neT] |]o*+#+&.
+~ |{qT |]o*+#+&.
1
6
6
5
11
2
9
5
4
1
1
3
=
=
=
=
=
=
9
30
24
5
11
6
| |{ |Ps+ 1 # >TDd e# |*+ n< |Ps++ neT+< >eT+#e#T. 1

|Ps+\ >TDs e+X+ n+{sT. BH >TDs e+X+ n L& n+{sT.
24
|Ps+\T
nud+ ` 2.2
1.
2.
q de#s+ <s+> |*\qT >D+#+& #|+&.

i.
28
19
=
532
nsTT
ii.
1
47
=
47
nsTT
iii.
a
b
=
c
nsTT
iv.
58
+
42
=
100
nsTT
nsTT
v.
85
+
0
=
85
vi.
a
+
b
=
d
nsTT
q $<+> ] esT= yTT qT>=q+&.
i.
3.
7.
8.
2.4
47
42
58
85
154 + 197 + 46 + 203
25 1963 4
ii.
20 255 50 6
368 12 + 18 368 ii.
79 4319 + 4319 11
q <s\qT|j+ +~ y{ \u\qT qT>=q+&.

i.
6.
28
+~ y{ $\TeqT qT>=q+&.
i.
5.
ii.
q $<+> ] esT= \u qT>=q+&.

i.
4.
238 + 695 + 162
19
205 1989
ii.
1991 1005
b\ yb] <jT+ 56 s b\qT, kjT++ 44 s b\qT ed >V ds|s

#k&T. sT b\ <s `. 30 nsTT, n sE m+ &T edT+~?
#+<q 12 HT |d\qT, yDT 10 HT |d\qT =HsT. HT |d+ <s `. 15 nsTT,
<TD<sT ysT m+ &T y*?
|sTeTT.
i. 1991+7 = 7+1991
[
] a. d+\q e+XeTT
ii. 6850 = 5068
[
] b. >TDs e+XeTT
iii. 1
[
] c. d+\q+ d+s <s+
iv. 0
[
] d. d+\q+| >TDs+ $u> HjTeTT
v. 879(100+30) = 879100+87930 [
] e. >TDs+ d+s <s+
|Ps+\ neT]\T
#T\ d+K\qT b<$T C$TrjT s\T> neTs& |jT<+. #T\qT > +

| s+&T n\| deq<s+ +#*. (i) sK (ii) Bs #Tsd+ (iii) #Tsd+ (iv) uT+ nH
s\qT rdT=+<+. | d+KqT s\ @< s+> neTsT<+. ($ +&, ys
s rdTs<T.)
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
25
|Ps+\qT b<$T C$TrjT s\T> #T\ neTse#T. +~ y{ |]o*+#+&.

| d+KqT #T\ sK> #|e#T.
2 qT #|e#T
3 qT #|e#T
yTTq$.
= d+K\qT Bs#Tsk\T> #|e#T.
6 d+KqT #|e#T.
Bs #Tsd+ s+&T n&T esTd\T, eT&T \Te esTd\T HjT >eT+#+&.
4 < 9 e+{ = #Tsk\T> neTse#T.
$<+>, + @ d+U\qT #Tsk\T> neTse#T? & neT]qT >eT+#e#T.

4 = 2 2 ~ esZ d+K.
9 = 3 3 ~ L& esZ d+K.
B s #Tsd+> neTs >*> d+K @~?
eTq+ 16 n dT\u+> #|e#T. 16 R 4I4. ~ L& esZ d+K. s 3 d+K\T
#Tsd+> neTs>*> y{ d+#+&. #Tsk\T> qTe+{ Bs #Tsk\T> neTs>*> 5
d+K\qT d+#+&.
= d+U\qT uTC\T> neTse#T.

3
uT+ s+&T uTC\T deq+> +&\ >eT+#+&. +~ qT+& | esTd #T\ d+K
4,3,2,1> +&*. m\|&, | esTd e+ { +T+~. ( os+ +~ {)
s neTs>*> uT+ @~? s @~? #|+&.
& @<H neT]qT >eT+#s? | esTd #T\ d+KqT |]o*+#+&, neT] >T]+
+#+&.
|&T, +~ |{qT |P]+#+&.
d+K
sK
Bs #Tsd+
#Tsd+
uT+
2
neqT
<T
<T
<T
3
neqT
<T
<T
<T
4
neqT
<T
neqT
<T
5
.....
25
26
|Ps+\T
|jT+#+&.
1.
@ d+K\qT sK> eyT #|e#T?
2.
@@ d+K\qT Bs #Tsk\T> #|e#T?
3.
@@ d+K\qT #Tsk\T> #|e#T?
4.
@@ d+K\qT uTC\T> #|e#T?
d+K\ neT]
neT]\T, deTd\ |]cs dT\us esZ\qT dksTT. +~ y{ |]o*+#+&.
1.
2.
3.
4.
296 + 9 = 296 + 10 - 1 = 306 - 1 = 305

296 - 9 = 296 - 10 + 1 = 286 + 1 = 287
296 + 99 = 296 + 100 - 1 = 396 - 1 = 395
296 - 99 = 296 - 100 + 1 = 196 + 1 = 197
eTs= neT]qT #<+.

1.
2.
3.
65 99 = 65 ( 100 - 1) = 6500 - 65 = 6435

65 999 = 65 (1000 - 1) = 65000 - 65 = 64935
65 9999 = 65 (10000 - 1) = 650000 - 65 = 649935
4.
65 99999 = 65 (100000 - 1) = 6500000 - 65 = 6499935
yTT q$.
&, d+KqT 9, 99, 999, ... s|+ qTq d+K dT\u $<q+ >TD+#&
>eT+#e#T. +{ dT\u esZ\T eTH>D deTd\qT k~+# keTs |+#TsTT.
+~ neT]qT |]o*+#+&. ~ d+KqT 5, 15, 25 ... \ >TD+# esZ ddT+~.
(B + eTT+<T $d]+#& +#+&).
a.
b.
c.
10 460
=
= 230 = 230 1
2
2
46 15 = 46 (10 + 5)
= 46 10 + 46 5 = 460 + 230 = 690 = 230 3
46 25 = 46 (20 + 5)
= 46 20 + 46 5 = 920 + 230 = 1150 = 230 5 .....
46 5 = 46
nudeTT ` 2.3
1.
+~ neT]qT |]o*+#+&.
18+1 =9
12 8 + 2 = 98
123 8 + 3 = 987
1234 8 + 4 = 9876
12345 8 + 5 = 98765
s e# H\T>T kbH\T sjT+&. neT] s d+K\ m edT+< #|>\s?

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
27
2.
+~ neT]qT |]o*+#+&.
91 11 1 = 1001
91 11 2 = 2002
91 11 3 = 3003
s e# @&T kbH\T sjT+&. |*+ d]jTq<Hy d] #&+&.

143 7 1, 143 7 2 ... e+{
3.
neT]\ |*\ |jT+#+&.
13680347, 35702369, 25692359 d+K\qT 9 >TD+, mTe+{ neT] edT+ < |]o*+#+&.
eTq+ HsTq~.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
28
+#& |j+# d+Kq 1, 2, 3 ... d+K\qT dV d+K\T n+{sT.

| dV d+K s d+K +~. 1 | $T*q dV d+K\ |Ps d+K\T+{sTT.
dV d+K\ d$T dTHqT #], |Ps+\ d$T W = {0, 1, 2, ...}
| |Ps+ s d+K +~. 0 | $T*q |Ps+\{ |Ps d+K\T+{sTT.
dV d+K\ |Ps+\esTT |Ps+\ dTq | $T*qe dV d+K.
d+UsK| |Ps+\qT d+#e#T. d+\q+, ee\q+, >TDs |jT\qT d+UsK|
dT\u+> #jTe#T.
d+UsK| d+\q+ #jT& & y| ~*, ee\q+ #jT& m&eTy| <T\T+.
>TDs+ #jT& dTH qT+& deq <s\ &y| <T\T+.
|Ps+\T d+\q, >TDs\ d+e <s b{ksTT. ee\q, u>Vs\ d+e
<s b{+#e.
dTH u>Vs+ s+|&<T.
|Ps+\ d+\q e+X+ dTq eT]jTT >TDs e+X+ {.
|Ps+\T d+\q, >TDs\ d+s <s b{ksTT.
|Ps+\T d+\q, >TDs\ dV#s <s b{ksTT.
|Ps+\ d+\q+ $< >TDs+ $u> Hj *Z +T+~.
|Ps+\ d+s, dV#s, $u> Hj\T d+K\qT dT\u+> >D+#& |j>|&sTT.
eTq *jT+&H >Dq y{ |jk+.
d+K\ neT]\T ds+> +&&yT +&, s deTd\ |j>|&sTT. n> d+U
<s\qT + u> ns+ #dTe& <V<|&sTT.
|Ps+\T
n<jT+ ` 3
d+K\ &T=+<+
3.1
|]#jT+
Vd q |{qsE d+<s+> q { $<sT\ #TqT |+#\ nqT=q~. yT +&

125 #T q uqT rdT= e#sT. yT s> 25 eT+~ $<sT\THsT.
Vd q dV#s $<sT\+<] deq d+K #T e# $<+> |+|D #j\ nqT=q~.
yTT<> |r $<] s+&d #=|q #TqT
|+#T<eT nqT=q~. s+&d #T #=|q
|+ = #T $T*q$. n+<T# k] |r
$<] eT&d #{ #=|q |+ d+<s +
L& = #T $T>\&+ >eT++~. es>
| $<] 5 #T #=|q |+q d+<s+
#T $T>\<T.
nsTT Vd = $<] m deq
# T y eTT+<T>H HsT > de<q+ qT>=H
neX+ +<? +#+&. 12525 #d eTq
e\dq d]jTq de<q+ \_dT+~.
d+KqT q d+K u+#T deTdqT
#jT +&H Xw+> u+| &+<, < n \TdT=q& +~ s> T \ d+K u+|&&
e\dq jTe\qT ujT d\T > HsT=HsT. bs+XeTT 2,3,5,6,9 eT]jTT 10
jTT ujT d\qT | #T=+<+. eT]jTT s> 4,8 eT]jTT 11 jTT ujT
d\qT neT]\qT |j+ HsT=+{+.
3.2
ujT d+
29 d+KqT rdT=+<+. 29 qT 4 # ud eTq 7 u>|\+>, 1 Xw+> edT+~. 29, 4 #

Xw+> u+|&TT+< MTsT #|>\s? m+<Te\q?
24 qT 4 # u+ u>|\+ eT]jTT Xw+qT \+&.
24, 4 # Xw+> u+|&q<? m+<T#?
d+K, eTs d+K# u+|&q|&T Xw+ 0 nsTT d+K Xw+> u+|&+< n+{+.
d+K eTs d+K# Xw+> u+|&TT+<? <? n |]o*+#& eTqeTT |j +#
$<q+qT ujT d+ n+{+.
+~ s>T\ eTqeTT HsT=q ujT d\qT |q'XsD #dT=+<+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
PLAYING WITH NUMBERS
6e s> ` >D+
29
3.2.1 2 jTT ujT d+ :

# e&q d+U |{qT #&+&
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
2 jTT >TDCeTT\+{ ={y j

T +&. MTsT ={y d q d+K\ @<H neT]qT >eT+#s?
MTsT C>> |]o*d 2 # Xw+> u+|& d+K\ kqeTT n+ 0,2,4,6 < 8 >
+T+~.
d+K kq+ n+ 0,2,4,6 < 8 nsTTq# d+K 2 # Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
$ #jT+&.
953,9534, 900, 452 d+K\T 2 # Xw+> u+|&j? MT de<q+qT u>Vs
|< <s d]#&+&.
3.2.2 3 jTT ujT d+

|&T 3 jTT >TDC\qT e\ #|+&. MTsT 21,27,36,54 yTT<\>T d+K\qT e\
#|sT. $<+> #|&q d+K\ MTsT @<H | neT]qT kqeTT n+\T *
+&eTT >eT+#s? <T! kq+ ( n+) >\ d+K\jT 3 # u+|&e#T, be#T.
<VsD 27 eT]jTT 37 d+K\ k qeTT n+ 7 qT *j
Z T THsTT. 27, 3 # u+|&TT+~.
37,3 # u+|&<T.
21, 36, 54, 63, 72, 117 d+K\ n+\ yTT+qT L&+&.
2+1=3
3 + 6 = _____
5 + 4 = ______
6 + 3 = ______
7 + 2 = ______
1 + 1 + 7 = ______
| yTT\jT 3# Xw+> u+|&T#Tq$.

n+<T# d+K n+\ yTT+ , 3# Xw+> u+|& d+K 3 # Xw+> u+|&TqT.
$sT e\ #|q d+K\qT jTeT+ d]#&+&
30
d+K\ &T=+<+
$ #jT+&
1.
+< e&q d+K\T 3# Xw+> u+|&j? u+|+&H
|]o*+ \|+&.
i) 45986
ii) 36129
iii) 7874
3.2.3 6 jTT ujT d+

d+U |{ 6 jTT >TDC\qT (I) >TsT #|+&.
d+K\ @<H |qT >eT+#s?
neqT, n d+K\ 2 eT]jTT 3 \# Xw+> u+|&sTT.
2, 3\# Xw+> u+|& d+K\ 6 # Xw+> u+|&sTT.
|jT+#+&
1.
7224, 6# Xw+> u+|&TT+<? m?
2.
6 # Xw+> u+|& @y H\Z+\ d+K\ s+&T <VsD*e+&.
3.
6 # u+|&, 2 eT]jTT 3\# u+|& @<H d+K \<? m+<T?
3.2.4
9 jTT ujT d+
d+U |{ 9 jTT >TDC\qT (

>eT+#s! (d#q : n+\ yTT+)
) >TsT
#|+&. d+K\ @<H | neT]qT
9 jTT >TDC\ n+\ yTT+ 9 # Xw+> u+|&TT+~. <VsD 81 qT |]o*d

81 n+\ yTT+ 8G1 R 9, n< $<+> 99 9G9 R 18, 9 # Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
d+K n+\ yTT+ 9 # Xw+> u+|& d+K 9 # Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
$ #jT+&.
1. 9846, 9 # Xw+> u+|&TT+<? |+#+&.
2. u>Vs+ #jT+&H 8998794, 9 # Xw+> u+|&TT+<?
3. 786, 3 eT]jTT 9\ # Xw+> u+|&TT+<? |+#+&.
3.2.5
5 jTT ujT d+
20,25,30,35,40,45,50 d+K\jT 5 # Xw+> u+|&j?
53, 5 # Xw+> u+|&TT+<? m+<T#?
kqeTT 0 < 5 >\ d+K\jT 5 # Xw+> u+|&jT MTsT #|>\s?

5785, 6021, 1000, 101010, 9005 d+K\qT rdT= 5 # u+|& d+K\qT }V+#+&. n>
u>Vs |< <s MT de<q+qT d]#&+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
31
3.2.6
10 jTT ujT d+
10 jTT >TDC\+{ d+U |{ '3' >TsT d+#+&.
MTsT @$T >eT+#sT?
1.
d+K\jT kq+ 0 qT *ZjTTq$.
2.
d+K\jT 2 eT]jTT 5# Xw+> u+#&q$.
nud+ 3.1
1.
+< e&q d+K\ 2,3 eT]jTT 6 # Xw+> u+|& d+K$?

(i) 321729
(v) 312792
2.
(ii) 197232
(vi) 800552
(iii) 972132
(vii) 4335
(iv) 1790184
(viii) 726352
+< e&q d+K\ 5 eT]jTT 10 \# Xw+> u+|& d+K\qT >T]+#+&.

25, 125, 250, 1250, 10205, 70985, 45880
3.
10 # Xw+> u+|& d+K\jT 2 eT]jTT 5 \# Xw+> u+|&j, < |+ #+&.

+< e&q |{qT 3eT]jTT 9 jTT ujT d\qT|j+ |P]+#+&.
d+K
d+K\ n+\ yTT+
u+# d+K
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
32
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
988974
9 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 7 + 4 = 45
neqT neqT
1,9, 8 n+\qT k] eyT |jd sjT>\ eT&+\ d+K\qT sjT+&, d+K\T
9 # Xw+> u+|&j < |]o*+#+&.
2,3,5,6,9 n+\ 12345qT Xw+> u+# y{ sjT+&?
12345 qT yqT qT+& esTd eT+ sjT> @s&q d+KqT 2,3,5,6,9 \ @$ Xw+>
ukj \T|+&.
3,4,5 n+\qT|j+ sjTM\>T s+&+\ d+K\qT sjT+&, d+K\T 2,3,5,6 eT]jTT 9
\# Xw+> u+|&j, < |]o*+#+&.
+< e&q d+K\ U d\ + +|& n+ @s&q d+K 3 # Xw+> u+|&T
>]w < w $\Te *Zq n+\ |P]+#+&.
(i)
8.
9.
72
197
4689
79875
__ 6724
(ii)
4765__ 2 (iii)
7221__ 5
123 q @ w d+KqT L& @s&q d+K 5 # Xw+> u+|&TT+~?

256 qT+& @ w d+KqT rdyd eq d+K 10# Xw+> u+|&TT+~?
d+K\ &T=+<+
3.3
sD+\T
|dT bs+X+ 2,3,5,6,9, 10 d+K\ ujT d\qT HsT=H+. |&T sD+

ueqqT HsT=+<+.
<$ e< 6 HD\Tq$. y{ esTd\, |r esTdqT deq d+K HD\T +& $<+>
neTs\ nqT=+~. 6 HD\qT <$ nH $<\T> neT]+~. y{ |]o*<+.
d+<s+ 1 : | \Te esTd HDeTT +& $<+> neT]d
\Te esTd\ d+K R 6
yTT+ HD\T R 1I6 R 6
d+<s+ 2 : |r \Te esTd s+&d HD\T+& $<+> neT]d
\Te esTd\ d+K R 3
yTT+ HD\T R 2 I 3 R 6
d+<s+ 3 : |r \Te esTd eT&d HDeTT\T+& $<+> neT]d
\Te esTd\ d+K R 2
yTT+ HD\T R 3I2 R 6
d+<s+ 4 : |r \Te esTd 6 HDeTT\T+& $<+> neT]d
\Te esTd\ d+K R 1
yTT+ HD\T R 6 I 1 R6
|q |s=q d+<s\ eyT 6 HD\qT neTs>\+.
neT]\ e\q 6qT s+&T d+K\ \+> 6 R 1 I 6, 6 R 2 I 3, 6 R 6 I 1 > yjTe#
<$ >eT++~.
6 R 2 I 3 qT+& 2 eT]jTT 3 6 qT Xw+> ukjT #|>\+. n+<T# 2, 3\qT 6
sD+\T> #|e#T. 6 R 1 I 6 qT+& 6 eT]jTT 1\qT 6 jTT sD+\T> #|e#T.
1, 2, 3, 6 eyT 6 jTT sD+\T.
d+KqT Xw+> u+# eTs d+KqT d+K jTT sD++ n+{sT.
eTs $<+> #b* n+f d+KqT Xw+> u+# d+K\qT d+K sD+\T>
#|e#T. #, 1,2,3, 6, \T 6 jTT sD+\T. n< $<+> 1, 19\T 19 jTT sD+\T. 5, 16
jTT sD++ <T. m+<T# ? +~ |{qT |]o*+#+&.
d+K
sD+\T
12
18
20
24
(i)
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
| |{qT >eTd eTq+ +~ n+X\qT >eT+#e#T.

|r d+K 1 sD++ ~ d+K jTT sD++\+{q q~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
33
(ii)
|r d+K << sD++ ~ d+K jTT sD+eTT\+{ |<~.

(iii)
|r sD++ d+K deq+ < d+K +f q~.
(iv)
|r d+K >\ sD+\T |]$T+. (+#<>Z$).
$ #jT+&.
(i)
80 jTT sD+\T sjT+&?
(ii) d+K jTT sD+\ d+KqT Xw+> ukj? 28 jTT
sD+\qT qT>=q+&? u>Vs |< <s d] #&+&.
(iii) 15, 24 jTT sD++ 3. d+K\ u< L& 3 sD++ neT+<?
3.4 |<q d+K\T, d+jTT d+K\T

+~ |{ d+K\T, y{ sD+\T e&sTT. n> d+K m sD+\THj
*| d+K L& e&+~. |]o*+#+&.
d+K
sD++
sD+\ d+K
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1, 2
1, 3
1, 2, 4
1, 5
1, 2, 3, 6
1, 7
1
2*
2*
3
2*
4
2*
| |{ @jT d+K\T e\+ s+&T sD+\qT eyT *ZjTTHsTT.

2, 3, 5, 7 d+K\T e\+ s+&T sD+\qT eyT *ZjTTHsTT. (* >TsT #|&q$).
1 eT]jTT n< d+K M{ sD+\T.
1 eT]jTT n< d+K sD+\T> >*Zq d+K\qT |<q d+K\T n+{sT.
@ d+K\T s+&T +f me sD+\T *ZjTTq$? 4,6 ... yTT<\>T d+K\T s+&T +f
me sD+\T *ZjTTq$. M{ d+jTT d+K\T n+{sT.
10 +f |<yq 5 d+jTT d+K\qT \+&?
sD++ *Zq d+K @~?
1 e\eTT sD++ *ZjTT+~. 1 |<q d+K <T eT]jTT d+jTT d+K <T.
|jT+#+&.
1. w |<q d+K @~?
2. w d+jTT d+K @~?
3. w ud d+jTT d+K @~?
4. d]d+jTT d+K\T, ud d+jTT d+K\qT nsTT<d #=|q sjT+&.
5.
1 |<q d+K <T, d+jTT d+K <T. sD\T \T|+&?
34
d+K\ &T=+<+
sD+\qT qT>=q+& 1 qT+& 100 es >\ |<q d+K\qT qT>=H+<T dT\uyTq

$<q+ +~. B ms{ddt nqT >D Xgy, dT |Ps+ 3e X+ qT>=HsT.
|< |]o*<+. 1 qT+& 100 es >\ d+K\qT sjT+&.
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
kbq+ 1 : 1 |<q d+K eT]jTT d+jTT d+K <T qT 1 qT I >TsT d+#+&.

kbq+ 2 : 2qT e+ d+, 2 jTT >TDeTT\qT (I) >TsT d+#+&.
kbq+ 3 : 3qT e+ d+, 3 jTT >TDC\qT (I) >TsT d+#+&.
kbq+ 4 : 5qT e+ d+, 5 jTT >TDC\qT (I) >TsT d+#+&. y |{ (I)
d+ +f d+KqT e~*yjT+&.
kbq+ 5 : $<q+qT n d+K\L e]+|Cd |P] #jT+&.
e+ q d+K\ |<q d+K\T 1 +& (I) >TsT #|&q d+K\T d+jTT
d+K\T.
|jT+#+&.
1. s+&+\ |<q d+KqT | sjT> eq d+K L& |<q d+U neT+<!
}V+#+&. (>eT : 2 n+\ d+K\qT rdT= |]o*+#+&, sD\qT #]+#+&).
2. 311 |<q d+K. B n+\qT sT esT #d eTs s+&T |<q d+K\qT
qT>=q+&.
3.4.1 |sds |<q d+K\T < k| |<q d+K\T

3 eT]jTT 8 \qT |]o*+#+&.
3 jTT sD+\T 1 eT]jTT 3
8 jTT sD+\T 1, 2, 4 eT]jTT 8
3 eT]jTT 8 jTT eT& sD++ 1 eyT.
1 eyT eT& sD++> >\ d+K\qT |sds |<q d+K\T < k| |<q d+K\T
n+{sT. s+&T \ k| < |sds |<q d+K\qT sjT+&. y{ jTT eT& sD++ \T|+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
35
<VsD 1:
s+&T k| |<q d+K\T 4 eT]jTT 5\qT rdT+&.

s+&T d+K\T |<q d+KH?
k<q : <T, 4 |<q d+K <T. 5 eyT |<q d+K.
n+<T# n |<q d+K\T k| |<q d+K\T. k| |<q d+K\ n d+K\T
|<q d+K\T e
e\ |<q d+K\T
2 u<+> >\ |<q d+K\qT e\ |<q d+K\T n+{sT. <VsD : (3,5) (5,7)
(11,13) (41,43) yTT<\>Tq$.
e\ |<q d+K\ k| |<q d+K\ej. $ MT $TT\ #]+#+&.
$ #jT+&.
+< jT&q d+K\ $$< k| |<q d+K\ \qT >T]+#+&.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 eT]jTT 10
nudeTT 3.2
1.
+< e&q d+K\ sD+\+{ sjT+&.

i)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
36
36
ii)
23
iii)
96
iv)
115
+~ y{ k| |<q d+K$?
i)
18 eT]jTT 35 ii)
216 eT]jTT 215
17 eT]jTT 68
iii)
30 eT]jTT 415 iv)
1 eT]jTT 20 eT<qTq >]w |<q d+K @~?
10 eT]jTT 30 eT< qTq |<q eT]jTT d+jTT d+K\qT \+&.
17 eT]jTT 71 |<q d+K\T. s+&T d+K\T n+q 1 eT]jTT 7\qT *ZjTTq$.
1 eT]jTT 100\ eT< qTq $<yTq eTs s+&T \ |<q d+K\qT \+&.
20 +f e> q eT&T \ e\ |<q d+K\qT sjT+&.
s+&T |<q d+K\ \eTT 35 nsTTq d+K$?
36qT s+&T |<q d+K\ yTT+> \+&.
100 |>\ 7 esTd d+jTT d+K\qT sjT+&.
53qT eT&T ud |<q d+K\ yTT+> sjT+&.
ed+ 10> >\ s+&T |<q d+K\qT \+&?
20 +f e> +& y{ yTT+ 5 # Xw+> u+|& $<+> q eT&T \ |<q
d+K\qT sjT+&?
d+K\ &T=+<+
3.5 |<q sD+ $uq

@ d+KHH nsTTq < sD+\ \+> sd d+K jTT sD+ $uq ]+~ n
n+{sT. d+K jTT sD+\T qT>=H |jTqT sD+ $uq n+{sT.
d+K jTT sD+ $uq nH $<\T> #jTe#T. <VsD 24qT +~ $<+>
sD+\ \+> sjTe#T.
(i)
24 = 1 24
(ii)
24 = 2 12
(iii)
24 = 3 8
(iv)
24 = 4 6
(v)
24 = 2 2 2 3
(ii), (iii) \eTT\ sD++ |< q d+K, eTs={ d+jTT d+K. (iv) sD+\ \+
s+&T sD+\T d+jTT d+K\T n< $<+> (v) sD+\ \+ n sD+\T |<q d+K\T.
(i) sD+\ \u+ { d+jTT d+U.
(v) sD+\ \+ n sD+\T |<q d+K\T qT |< |<q sD+ $uq

n+{sT.
|<q sD+ $uq sD+\qT eTs sD+ \+> $uqqT #jTeTT.
3.5.1 |<q sD+ $uq |<

1.
u>Vs |< : 42 jTT |<q sD+ $uq |< kbH\T +~ 2 42

$<+> HsTT.
3 21
sD+ $uq #j*q d+KqT w |<q sD++# u>VseTT #j*.
7 7
|* eTT 1 e#+ es $$< |< q d+K\ esTd> u>V seTT\qT =qk+#*.
1
42 R 2I3I7
2.
e |< : 60 jTT sD+\qT |<q sD+ $uq |< sD+ eeTTqT
^jT&+ <s #jTe#T.
|< kbqeTT\T :
kbq+ 1 : 60qT s+&T d+K\ \+> sjT+&.
60
kbq+ 2 : 4 eT]jTT 15 \ jTT sD+ $uq #j*. m+<T+f
15
4
4 eT]jTT 15\T d+jTT d+K\T.
2
3
5
kbq+ 3 : n sD+\T L& |<q d+K e#+ es 2
|< =qk+#*.
60 jTT |<q sD+ $uq 60 R 2I2I3I5
$ #jT+&.
1.
u>Vs |<qT|j+ 28 eT]jTT 36 jTT |<q sD+\qT qT>=q+&.
2.
sD+ eeTT <s 42 jTT |<q sD+\qT qT>=q+&.
nud+ 3.3
1.
90 jTT sD+ e+ |+q d+K\qT sjT+&.
90
90
30
10
2
9
?
10
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
?
?
6e s> ` >D+
37
2.
3.
4.
u>Vs |< 84qT |<q sD+\ \+> \+&?

H\T>T n+\ >]w d+KqT sd, < |<q sD+\ \+> yjT+&.
HqT w d+KqT. HqT H\T>T $_q |<qsD+\ \u. HqT mes qT>=q+&
m> #|+&.
3.6
keq sD+\T
+~ |{qT |]o*+#+&.
d+K
12
18
sD+\T
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
12, 18 jTT keq sD+\T 1,2,3, 6 ($ +& s+&+{ s sD+\T @yH
Hj? |{ |]o*+#+&).
q d+K\ sD+\ eT&> q sD+\qT s+&T d+K\ keq sD+\T
n+{sT.
20 eT]jTT 24 jTT keq sD+\qT \T|+&.
3.6.1 >]w keq sD++ : (>.k.)

| |{ qT+& 12 eT]jTT 18 jTT keq sD+\T 1,2,3, 6, eT]jTT sD+\
>]w sD++ @~? 6 <! n+<T# 12, 18 jTT >]w keq sD++ 6.
s+&T < n++f me d+K\ jTT keq sD+\ >]w d+KqT >]w keq
sD++ (>.k.) < >]w keq ueTT (>.k.u) n+{sT.
3.6.2 >.k.qT qT>=H |<

1.
|<q sD+ $uq |<

12, 30, 36 d+K\ jTT >.k. qT |<q sD+ $uq |< <s qT>=qe#T.
2
2
3
qT
12 = 2
12
6
3
1
3
2
3
5
30
15
5
1
30 = 2 3 5
36 = 2 3 2
3 36
3 12
2 4
2 2
1
12, 30, 36 \ jTT keq sD++ R 2I3R6

n+<T# 12, 30, 36 \ jTT >]w keq sD++ (>.k.) R 6
$ #jT+&
12,16 eT]jTT 28 jTT >.k. qT qT>=q+&.
38
d+K\ &T=+<+
2.
u>Vs |< <s >.k. qT qT>=qT.

|< ^ >D Xgy jT& qT>=HsT. q d+K\ |< d+KqT, q d+K#
u+#*. eq Xw+ yTT<{ $u+qT u+#*. s +&e Xw+ s +&e $u u+#*.
$<+> Xw+ 0 e#+ es u>Vs+ #j*. e] $u+qT >]w keq sD++>
|]>Dk sT .
<VsD 2 : 56 eT]jTT 64 jTT >.k.qT qT>=qTeTT.
k<q :
56) 64 (1
e]
-56
8
$u+ 8) 56 (7
-56
Xw+ 0
e] $u+ 8, Xw+ 0
n+<T# 56 eT]jTT 64 jTT >.k. 8
<VsD3 : 40,56 eT]jTT 60 jTT >.k.qT qT>=qTeTT.
deTd k<q :
kbqeTT 1 : yTT<> @yH s+&T d+K\ >.k.qT qT>=H*.
40, 56 \ jTT >.k. qT qT>=+<+.
e]
40) 56 (1
-40
Xw+ 16) 40 (2
-32
$u+ 8)16 (2
16
Xw+ 0
40,56 \ jTT >.k. 8

kbq+ 2 : |&T eT&e d+K yTT<{ s +&T d+K\ jTT >.k., ] >.k. qT qT>=H* n+f
60 eT]jTT 8 \ jTT >.k.qT qT>=H*. 8 < 60 {
e] $u+
8) 60 (7
-56
4) 8 (2
-8
0
Xw+
8 eT]jTT 60 \ jTT >.k. 4
kbq+ 3 : q eT&T d+K\ jTT >.k. 4
nq> 40,56 eT]jTT 60 \ jTT >.k. 4
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
39
$ #jT+&
28,35 eT]jTT 49 \ jTT >.k.qT qT+&.
+, #]+ sjT+&
(i)
s+&T esTd d+K\T
(ii) s+&T esTd d]d+K\T
(iii)
s+&T esTd ud d+K\T mqT= y{ >.k.qT qT=+&.
MTsT @$T >eT+#sT? MT dVT\ #]+#+&.
<VsD 4 : s+&T {+s esTd> 850 sT, eT]jTT 680 s sdH q~. s+&T {+s
q sdHqT =\e>*> >]w keTs+ >\ =\ b jTT keTs+ m+?
k<q : s+&T {+s q sdHqT =\e>*> b keTs+ {+s keTseTTqT K+> u+#
$ueTT y*. keTs + ($u+) >]w+ > +&*. nq> =\ b jTT >]w keTs +
850, 680 \ jTT >.k. y*. 850, 680 \ jTT >.k.170.
n+<T# s+&T {+s sdHqT =\e>*> b jTT >]w keTs+ 170 sT. yTT<{
{+sY sdHqT 5 ksT s+&e {+sY sdH 4 ksT =\e >\TZT+~.
nud+ 3.4
1.
+~ d+K\ jTT >.k. |<q sD+ $uq |< eT]jTT u>Vs |< <s
qT>=qTeTT.
i)
18, 27, 36
iii) 10, 35, 40
2.
3.
4.
ii) 106, 159, 265

iv) 32, 64, 96, 128
504, 792 eT]jTT 1080 \ jTT eT& sD+\ >]w d+KqT qT+&.
>~ jTT =\\T esTd> b&e 12 MT., y&\T 15 MT. eT]jTT mT 18MT. >~ jTT
=\\+{ K+> =\e>*> f| jTT >]w b&eqT qT+&.
|sds |<q d+K\T 4 eT]jTT 15 jTT >.k.qT +~ $<+> qT>=qe#T.
4 R 2 I 2 eT]jTT 15 R 3 I 5
s+&+{ keq |<q sD++\T e. n+<T# 4 eT]jTT 15 \ jTT >.k. 0.
de<q+ d]jTq<H? dsq~ #, dsq >.k.qT \+&?
3.7 keq >TDC\T

4 eT]jTT 6 jTT >TDC\T
4 jTT >TDC\T = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, ....., ....., .....
6 jTT >TDC\T = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, ....., ....., .....
4 eT]jTT 6 jTT keq >TDC\T = 12, 24, 36, ....., ....., .....
40
d+K\ &T=+<+
3.7.1 w keq >TD+ : (.k.>T)

4 eT]jTT 6 jTT keq >TDC\T R 12, 24, 36, ....., ....., .....
w keq >TD+ R 12
nq> keq >TDC\ w d+K R 12
4 eT]jTT 6 jTT w keq >TD+ (.k.>T) R 12
<VsD 5 : s+&T >+\T y>TTHsTT. yTT<{ >+ |r 3 $Tc\ s+&e >+ |r 4 $Tc\
y>TTHsTT. m|&T s+&T >+\T \d k] y>TsTT?
k<q : yTT<{ >+ |r 3 $Tc\ =k] y>TT+~.
nq> yTT<{ >+ 3 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, ....., ..... (3jTT >TDC\T) $Tc\ =k]
y>TT+~. s+&e >+ |r 4 $Tc\ =k] y>TT+~.
nq> s +&e >+ 4 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ..... ..... (4 jTT >TDC\T) $Tc\ =k] y>TT+~.
s+&T >+\T *d 12 $Tc\T, 24 $Tc\T,............... (3 eT]jTT 4 jTT eT& >TDC\T)
y>TsTT. | s+&+{ w $\Te (.k.>T) R 12 $Tc\T
n+<T# k>T qT +~ $<+> #|e#T.
s+&T < n++f me d+K\ >TDC\ w eT& >TDCeTTqT d+K\ w keq
>TDeTT n+{sT.
|rk] n d+K\ >TDC\T sjT& <T\T> w eT& >TD+qT >T]+ .k.>T >
sj*.
3.7.2 .k.>T qT qT>=H $<q+

1.
|<q sD+\ |< .k.>T

36 eT]jTT 60 d+K\ jTT .k.>TqT |< q sD+ \+ |< k~+# $<q+qT |]o*<+.
kbq+ 1 : q d+K\T 36 eT]jTT 60 \qT |<q d+K\ \eTT> sj*.
36 jTT sD++\T = 2 2 3 3
60 jTT sD++\T = 2 2 3 5
kbq+ 2 : s+&+{ jTT eT& sD+\qT rdTy* 2I2I3
kbq+ 3 : s+&+{ $T*q sD+\qT rdTy* 3 eT]jTT 5
kbq+ 4 : s+&T d+K\ jTT eT& sD+\T, $T*q sD+\ \+qT .k.>T > rdTy*.
nq> 36 eT]jTT 60 jTT .k.>T = (2 2 3) 3 5 = 180
|jT+#+&
1.
+~ y{ .k.>T qT+&.
i) 3, 4 ii) 10, 11 iii) 5, 6, 7 iv) 10, 30
v) 4, 12, 24
vi) 3, 12
| |*\ qT+& MTsT @$T >eT+#sT?

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
41
q s+&T d+K\ yTT<{ d+K s+&e < >TDyT d+K\ .k.>T yTT<{ d+K
neT+~.
2.
u>Vs |< .k.>T
24 eT]jTT 90 \ .k.>T qT qT+&.
2
24, 90
kbq+ 1 : q d+K\qT n&T esTd neTs+&.
12, 45
kbq+ 2 : d+ s +&T d+K\qT u+# >\ |< q d+K u+#*. u+|& 3
4, 15
d+KqT +~ n> rdTy*.
kbq+ 3 : n> |<q d+K\ ud, e] es 1 eyT keq sD++> +& es
u>Vs+ =qk+#*.
kbq+ 4 : ueTT\T eT]jTT es> $T*q d+K\ \+ q d+K\ .k.>T
eq .k>T R 2 3 4 15 = 360
<VsD 6 : 21,35, 42 \ .k.>T qT+&.
7
21, 35, 42
k<q :
3
3, 5, 6
1, 5, 2
21,35, 42 \ .k.>T R 7 3 5 2 = 210

+, #]+ sjT+&.
@ d+<s+ s+&T < n+ +f me d+K\ .k.>T d+K\ \eTT neT+~.
nud+ 3.5
1.
+~ d+K\ .k.>T |<q sD+ \+ |< |j+ qT>=q+&?

i) 12, 15
iv) 18, 27
2.
ii) 15, 25
v) 48, 56, 72
+~ d+K\ .k.>T qT u>Vs |< qT>=q+&.

i) 84, 112, 196
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
42
iii) 14, 21
vi) 26, 14, 91.
ii) 102, 119, 153
iii) 45, 99, 132, 165
@ w d+K 5qT L&q d+K 12, 14 eT]jTT 18\ # Xw+> u+|&TT+~?

@ >]w eT&+\ d+KqT 75,45 eT]jTT 60 \# ud
i) Xw+ dTq edT+~?
ii) Xw+ | d+<s+ 4 e#TqT?
eT&T f|\T 64 d+.MT, 72 d+.MT, 96 d+.MT =\\T *ZjTTHsTT. @ w =\qT eT&T
f|\T K+> =\e>\e.
eT&T s\ qH\T 32 sT, 24 sT, 48 sT jTTHsTT. eT&+{ K+> =\e&
e\dq =\ b jTT >]w |Tq |]eD+ m+?
|k<T, sE es{ H\ yTT<{ KTq *XsT. |k<T eT&T sE\=k], sE
H\T>T sE\ =k] es{ ysT. @ sEq eTs |k<T, sE es{ \TdT=+{sT?
d+K\ &T=+<+
3.8
.k.>T eT]jTT >.k.u. \ eT< d++<+
18 eT]jTT 27\qT rdT=+<+.

18 |<q sD+\ \+> yjT> R 2I3I3
27 R 3I3I3
18 eT]jTT 27\ .k.>T R 3 3 3 2 = 54
18 eT]jTT 27 \ >.k.u R 3I3 R 9
.k.>T I >.k.u = 54 9 = 486
18, 27 \ \+ = 18 27 = 486
MTsT @$T >eT+#sT?
s+&T d+K\ \+, y{ .k.>T, >.k.u. \ \+q deq+.
<VsD 7 : 8 eT]jTT 12 \ jTT .k.>T qT>=q+&. .k>T, >.k.u\ eT< >\ d++<+ |j +
>.k.u qT+&.
4
k<q : 8, 12 jTT .k>T R 2I3I4 R 24

.k.>T. I >.k.u. R s+&T d+K\ \+ n eTq \TdT
s+&T d+K\ \+
>.k.u. =
.k.>T.
=
8, 12
2, 3
8 12
=4
24
eq, 8 eT]jTT 12 \ >.k.u R 4

+, #]+ sjT+&
s+&T |sds |<q d+K\ .k.>T, eT]jTT >.k.u\qT qT>=q+&
nud+ 3.6
1.
+~ d+K\ .k>T, >.k.u\qT qT+&?

i) 15, 24
ii) 8, 25
iii) 12, 48
2.
y{ eT< d++<+qT d]#&+&.

s+&T d+K\ jTT .k.>T 290 eT]jTT y{ \+ 7250 nsTTq y{ >.k.u m+?
3.
s+&T d+K\ \+ 3276. y{ >.k.u 6 nsTTq .k.>T m+?
4.
s+&T d+K\ >.k.u 6 eT]jTT .k.>T 36. d+K\ d+K 12 nsTTq s+&e d+K
m+?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
43
3.9
4,8 eT]jTT 11 jTT ujT d\T
eTqeTT 2,3,5,6,9, 10 jTT ujT d\qT HsT=H+. |&T 4,8, eT]jTT 11 \

jTT ujT d\qT qT>=+<+.
3.9.1 4 jTT ujT d+

+~ neT]qT >eT+#+&.
d+K
sd
100
100
600
6 100
1000
10 100
10000
100 100
100000
1000 100
4# Xw+> u+|&TT+<?
neqT
neqT
neqT
neqT
neqT
| |{ q T >eTd, 100, 4# u+|&TT+~ (100R 25I4) eT]jTT 600,1000,10000,100000

d+K\T 100 jTT >TDC\T> e|s#&q$. n+<T# d+K\jT 4# u+|&sTT.
d]d+K\jT 2# Xw+> u+|&jT eTq \TdT.
d] d+K\jT 4# Xw+> u+|&j?
+~ y{ >eT+#+&.
126 d]d+K, 2# Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
126qT 126 R 100G26 > sjTe#T.
MT \TdT 100, 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+<, 26, 4# Xw+> u+|&<T.
n+<T# d]d+K\jT 4# u+|&Tq #|eTT.
n< $<+> udd+K\ 4# u+|&e.
qT eTq+ n d+K\ e]+# $<+ > 4 jTT ujT d +< e&q <VsD\qT
|]o*+ \TdT+<+.
<VsD > 76532qT |]o*<+!
76532 = 70000 + 6000 + 500 + 30 + 2 > sjTe#T.
100 jTT >TDC\T 100, 1000, 10000 \T 4# Xw+> u+|&sTT. n+<T# y{
|rk] 4# u+|&TH?<? n |]o*+#e\dq nedseTT <T. n+<T# d+K jTT e] s+&T
n+\ @s&q d+K nq> 32 qT |]o*d d]bT+~. 32, 4 # Xw+> u+|&TT+<? eTq
\TdT 32, 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+~. (32 R 4I8)
n+<T# 76532, 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
44
d+K\ &T=+<+
<VsD 8 : 56496, 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+<? |]o*+#+&.

k<q : 56496 = 50000 + 6000 + 400 + 96
50000,6000,400 d+K\T 100 jTT >TDC\T. d+K\T 4# Xw+> u+|&sTT.
eTq+ 96, (e] s+&T n+\ @s&q d+K) 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+<? <? nq<
|]o*+#*.
96 R 4I24 qT 96, 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
d+K jTT e] s+&T n+\ (,|<T\ kqeTT) @s&q d+K 4# Xw+>
u+|& d+K 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
>eT :| jTeT+ 100 +f |<d+K\ e]dT+~, qd+K\ u>Vs |< ujTqT
|]o*+#e#T.
$ #jT+&
1. 100000, 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+<? m+<T#?
2. 2# u+|&, 4# u+|& s+&+\ d+K\ <VsD*eTT.
3.9.2
8 jTT ujT d+
4 jTT ujT d\qT HsT=H+. d+KqT $d]+ < <s+> |]o*+#eTT. 10,
4jTT >TD+ <T. n+<T# 100qT rdT= 100 +f |<yq d+K\qT 100 jTT >TDC\T>
e|]#+. n+<T# e] s+&\ d+K 4# u+|& d+K 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+~. n<
$<+> 10, 8 jTT >TD+ <T. 100qT >] <+.
8# 100, Xw+> u+|&TT+<? u+#&<T.
1000, 8# Xw+> u+|&TT+<? neqT.
eTq \TdT 1000 +f |< d+KqT 1000 jTT >TD+ >qT < 1000 >TD+q =+
yTT+ me>qT #| >\TZ+.
<VsD 4825 R 4I1000G825
n+<T# e] eT&T n+\ @s&q d+K 8 # u+|&, d+K 8# Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
<VsD 9 : 93624, 8 # Xw+> u+|&TT+<? |]o*+#+&.
k<q : 93624 = 90000 + 3000 + 600 + 20 + 4
1000, 8 # Xw+> u+|&TT+< eTq \TdT. <!
n< $<+> 90000 eT]jTT 3000, 1000 jTT >TDC\T {
s+&T d+K\T L& 8# Xw+> u+|&sTT.
n+<T# 8 jTT ujTqT |]o*+#\+f d+K jTT e] eT&T n+\ @s&q
d+KqT |]o*d d]bT+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
45
4 < n++f me n+\T >\ d+K jTT e+<\T, |<T\T, kqeTT n+\ @s&q
d+K 8 # Xw+> u+|&q# q d+K 4 # L& Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
$ #jT+&.
1. 76104, 8 # Xw+> u+|&TT+<?
2. 100 eT]jTT 200 \ eT< >\ d+K\ 8# u+|& d+K\qT sjT+&.
3.9.3 11 jTT ujT d+

+~ |{ U\qT |P]+#+&
d+K
ud kH\
d]kH\
n+\ yTT+
n+\ yTT+
(&y| qT+&)
(&y| qT+&)
&
q d+K
11 # u+|&T
T+<?
29843
90002
80927
19091908
83568
8+9+9+9=35
0+1+0+1=2
35-2=33
neqT
| |{ qT+& @$T >eT+#sT?

| d+<s+ & 0 < 11 jTT >TDeTT. n+<T# d+K\jT 11 # Xw+>
u+|&sTT.
83568 & 12 n+<T# 83568, 11 # Xw+> u+|&<T.
dVd+K & qT+& m&eTy|b n+ e~* n+qT rdT= n+\ yTT+
qT>=H*. s e~* ydq n+\ yTT+qT qT>=H*. yTT\ u<+ 11 # u+#& d+K
11 # Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
<VsD 10 : 11 # 6535, Xw+> u+|&TT+<?
k<q : 6535 ud kH\ n+\ yTT+ R 5G5 R 10
d]kqeTT\ n+\ yTT+ R 3G6 R 9
s+&T yTT\ eT< & R 10`9 R 1
1, 11 # u+|&TT+<? <T
n+<T# 6535, 11 # Xw+> u+|&<T.
<VsD 11 : 1221, 11 # Xw+> u+|&TT+<?
k<q : 1221 udkq+ n+\ yTT+ R 1G2 R 3
d]kq+ n+\ yTT+ R 2G1 R 3
s+&T yTT+\ eT< & R 3`3 R 0
n+<T# 1221, 11 # Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
46
d+K\ &T=+<+
|jT+#+&.
1221 nqTq~ ~eTTK d+K (b*H &yT d+K\T) ~eTTK d+K nq> @ y| qT+&
nq> & qT+& m&eT y| < m&eT qT+& &y| e] yjT> d+K es<T.
n+<T# |r d] n+\T >*Zq ~eTTK d+K, 11# Xw+> u+|&TT+~.
6 n+\ ~eTTK d+KqT sjT+&.
nud+ 3.7
1.
+~ y 4# Xw+> u+|& d+K$?

i)
iv)
2.
iii)
14,560
9774
6136
ii)
v)
5,31,048
4152
iii)
5500
859484
ii)
10824
iii)
20801
+~ d+K\ @ d+K\T 4 eT]jTT 8\ # u+|&sTT?

i)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
21,084
2,150
+~ d+K\T 11 # Xw+> u+|&j? d]#&TeTT?

i)
4.
ii)
v)
+~ d+K\T 8 # Xw+> u+|&j |+#+&.

i)
iv)
3.
572
1,700
2104
ii)
726352
iii)
1800
289279 d+K @ w d+KqT L&q 8# Xw+> u+|&TT+~?

1965 d+K qT+& @ w d+KqT rdyd 4 # Xw+> u+|&TT+~?
1000, 1100 \ eT< >\ d+K\ 11 # Xw+> u+|& d+K\qT sjT+&.
1240 q dMT|+ >\ 11 jTT >TD+qT sjT+&?
105 q <>Zs> q d+K\ @ d+K 4# Xw+> u+|&TT+~?
eTq+ HsT=q$
1.
2.
>TDC\T, sD+\T, u\qT >] HsT=H+. q d+K\ sD+\T, >TDC\qT

m+| #jT&+ HsT=H+.
+~ n+X\qT qT>=, HsT=H+.
i)
| d+K << sD++. eT]jTT 1 | d+K sD++.
ii)
d+KqT Xw+> u+# d+K d+K sD++.
iii)
d+K jTT | sD++ d+K deq+> > < e> > +T+~.
iv)
| d+K < sD+ >TD+.
v)
d+K jTT | >TD+ d+K deq+> > < n++f me> > +T+~.
vi)
| d+K << >TD+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
47
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
i)
1 |, $T*q d+K\ 1 eT]jTT n< d+K sD++> >\ d+K\qT |<q d+K\T
n+{sT. s+&T +f me sD+\qT *Zq d+K\qT d+jTT d+K\T n+{sT. 1
|<q d+K <T, d+jTT d+K <T.
ii)
2 w |<qd+K 2 d] |<q d+K. 2 $TqV $T*q n |<q d+K\T udd+K.
iii)
1 eyT eT& sD++> >*Zq d+K\qT |sds |<q d+K\T < k|
|<q d+K\T n+{sT.
iv)
d+KqT eTs d+K Xw+> ud s+&d+K sD+\ yTT<{ d+K L&
sD+\T.
v)
d+K s+&T |sds |<q d+K\# u+|&, y{ \+ L& d+K
u+|&TT+~.
2,3,4,5,8,9,11 \ jTT ujT d\qT >] HsT=HeTT.
i)
d+K e] n+ nq> kqeTT n+qT |]o*+ 2,5,10 jTT ujTqT
#| e#T.
ii)
d+K n+\ yTT+qT qT>= 3,9 jTT ujTqT #|e#T.
iii)
d+K e] s+&+\T, eT&+\T |]o*+ 4,8 jTT ujTqT #|e#T.
iv)
d+K, udkq+ q n+\ yTT+, d] kq+ q n+\ yTT+\ &qT
qT>= 11 jTT ujTqT #|e#T.
s+&T d+K\T d+K# u+|&, d+K\ yTT+, u<+ L& d+K# u+|&TT+~.
i)
s+&T < n++f me d+K\ jTT sD+\ >]w+> q $\TeqT >]w
keq u+ n+{sT.
ii)
s+&T < n++f me d+K\ jTT >TDC\ w+> q $\TeqT w
keq >TD+ n+{sT.
s+&T d+K\ { eTs=< >TD+ nsTTq, |< d+K d+K\ .k.>T. neT+~.
.k.>T., >.k.\ eT< d++< .k.>T. I >.k. R s+&T d+K\ \+> sjTe#T.
<jT seT#+< |sY (us<X+)

.X. 1905 ` 1986
d+K\ nH |j>\T #dq b<jTT&T.
6174 qT |sY ds++ n+<TsT.
jTq &y d+K\T eT]jTT d d+K\qT sb+~+#sT.
48
d+K\ &T=+<+
n<jTeTT ` 4
b<$T C$TrjT ueq\T

4.1 |]#jT+
J$+ eTq+ nH s\sq edTe\qT #d +{e.
eTq +{ +& ss\ edTe\T, e+ keqT\T, $_q T\
+& ueH\T, \T, ueT\T - - - |r~ eTq dT|]yT.
+{e+<T yd e>TZ\qT MTs|&sH D+> >eT+#s? #T\|
eTq+ ydTH >]+{ T\qT C>> >eT+#s? T\T m yksT?
n edTe\T T\T $$< s\sq C$TrjT s\ jsT #jT& e+{s.
MT +{ f*$HqT >eT+#+&. < s n+#T Bs#Tsks+ +T+~. < $<+>
|C, |&u, nZ|f, T y<\>T y{ eTTK\ Bs#Tsk +&{ eTq+ >eT+#e#T.
eT] eTq+ sT> >dT, uT_, |e, + y<\sqe L& >eT+ +{sT. n$ @jT s+
* eHs? n<jT+ eTq+ $$<s\sq C$TrjT s\ ueq\qT HsT+<+.
4.2. _+<Te
| +| #TqT |+&. |qT eT]+ |<TqT> # +| #TqT+
n~ eq|{<+f eT]+ q~> e+T+~. <<| +{ q&q+ q#TqT
|]o*+#+&. n+{ q#T _+<TeqT ddT+~. _+<Te\ = <VsD\qT
+#TeTT _+<Te nqTq~ kH ddT+~.
<s+> +& X+ q \T eTq _+<Te\e n|ks. \+>D sh|+ V <su<
kH eTq+ _+<Te dke. |+ < + _+<Te\ <s kH d+#
eT]= <VsD\T +#+&.
V<su<
A
_+<TeqT +> |< ns+ dksT.

| +A, B eT]j C e&T _+<Te\T. y{ _+<Te 'A', _+<Te 'B'
eT]j _+<Te 'C' n #<TeeTT.
B
C
$ #jT+&
|qTq Bs#Tsd+ H\T>T _+<Te\Tq$. y{ |s d+#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
49
4.3 sUK+&eTT
ER
AS
ER
eqT rdT= | |+ #|q $<+ > eT&e+&. | eT&q T

>eT+#T. eT& sUK+& ueq \T|T+~
|&T se +&. e eT< eT&e&+
e\ @s&q eT& L& sUK+& ddT+~ n #|e#T. sUK+&e
|]>Dq rdTq+ eT+< * e+T+~.
e| MT HT|d < |u + < n+#T y+& |
^qT ^jT+&. MTsT^dq ^ sUK+& ddT+~. sUK+&+ s+&T e] _+<Te\T
*e+T+~. y{ |sT d+#+&.
<s+ rdT=+&. q> >+&. B sUK+&+ ueq
A
B
b\+&. B es\qT >T]+#+&.
+| @esH s +&T _+<Te\TA eT]j B \qT +#+&. MT M\sq n $<\T>A,B
\qT \|+&. M{ A qT+B w<s+ @~? w <sH sUK+&e AB n n+{sT. B
AB < BA . dksT.
4.4. dssK
A y|
AB s UK+& rdT+&. s UK+&| s +&T e] _+<Te\ >T+&

eT]j B y| nq++> n< ~X b&+#+&. ~ dssKqT
ddT+ ~.
nq++> sUK+& sTy| b&+#{ eTq+ +| ^jTe. { sUK+&
sTy| s +&T uD+ >TsT\ qT +#T+. ds s K AB ( AB ) > yjTe#T.n< $<+ > ds s K\qT
l, m, n y<\>T +> q ns\ L& d+#e#T. dssKqT k<sD+> sK n L& n+{sT.
$ #jT+&.
jusTq T rdT+&. s +&TyT\qT mqT= y{ <s >{> + &.
MTsT |&T sUK+& @s]#sT. e& yjT&q s+&T yT\T sUK+&
s+&T e] _+<Te\T nes. |&T y+ <s+ dssKqT ddT+~.
m+<T+f <s s+&T yT\ es\ qT+& n< ~X s+&T y| b&+#e#T.
4.5. sDe
{]qT+& y\Te& + sD\T, dssD\T eT]j +sD\T
n sDe nH C$TrjT ueqqT dks. sDe nqTq~ sK
u>eqT ddT+~. sDe (=*) _+<Te qT+&
jT\T<] s ~X nq++> k>T bT+~.
{ sD e] _+<Te +T+~.
@<sH sK| A nqTq~ _+<Te nqT+<+.A sTy|
JJJG JJJG
B,C \T +f AB, AC \T s+&T sD\T nes.
C
50
b<$ T C$TrjT ueq\T
+, #]+ sjT+&.
JJJG
| |+ OA sD e O e< bs+uy T A eT]j B _+<Te\ >T+& bs+~.

JJJG
JJJG
OA sD OB n yjTe#?
JJJG
sD+ OA qT AO nqe#? m+<T? sD\T sjT+&.
nude - 4.1
1.
+~ _+<Te\qT \|+&. |+ @s&q sUK+&\qT |s d+#+&.

P
i.
ii.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
| #d +~y{ yjT+&.
A
D
i) @y <T _+<Te\T
O
ii) @yH <T sUK+&\T
iii) @yH e&T sD\T
B
C
iv) @yH s+&T sK\T.
+< q _+<Te\ >T+& m sK\qT ^jTe# *| < d]bjT T|e ^jT+&.
i) _+<Te
ii) s+&T $_q _+<Te\T
+~y{ @$ ]weTsq b&eqT * e+{s?
i) sK
ii) _+<Te
iii) sUK+&e iv) sDe
+< e&q y{ e] _+<Te\T m e+{s?
i) sUK+&e
ii) sD
e
iii) s K
de nde n >T]+ yjT+&.
i)
dssK T~ _+<Te\T+&e
(
)
sK sDe u>e
(
)
ii)
iii)
sUK+&e ]weTsq b&eqT * e+&<T
(
)
iv)
sUK+& e] _+<Te e+T+~
(
)
v)
_+<Te qT+ eTq+ m sK\sH ^jTe#T
(
)
|{ ^d |sT d+#+&.
i)
P _+<TeqT * q sK
ii)
R _+<Te >T+& bjT sK.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
51
4.6
ee
q |\\T ^dq +~ \qT >eT+#s? +~ y{ #&+&.
B
A
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
$ nj esK\, e\ <VsD\T.
(i) eT]j (ii) |{\qT |]o*+#+&. s+&+{ u< >T]+#+&. s+&e |{ d+e
ee n y<{ |{ $e ee n n+{e.
(iii) eT]j (vii) e |{\T |]o*+#+&. |{\ e\T y{qy K+&+#T+ <{
ys. (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) |{\ e\T y{qy K+&+#T= <{ y+ <T. @<sH ee
<q< K+&+ <{ y# e ds ee n n+{sT.
J$ |]uw ee nqTq~ dssKqT d+#<T. >D+ dssK L& eyT.
+ #]+ sjT+&.
1.
+<e&q +> ns\ d+eee, $ee\qT >T]+ yjT+&.
2.
|q e&q +> ns\ @~ ds ee?
|jT+#+&.
M{ @$ ds e\T? @$ e?
VQuTE\T
|{\qT >eT+#+&.
(i)
52
(ii)
b<$ T C$TrjT ueq\T
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
MTsT @$T >eT+#sT? n$ d+e |{? n |{\qT < { b* #&+&.(i), (ii),

(iii) eT]j (iv) |{\T (v) e |+ $u~dTHs. y<{ H\T>T |{\T |]$TeTsq sUK+&\#
@s&s. |{\qT VQuTE\T n n+{e.
|]$TeTsq sUK+&\# @s&q dsd+e |{\qT VQuTE\T n n+{sT.
@esH |~ $_q s\T >\ VQuTE\T ^jT+&.
d]
V <
T
bsT j d]V<T >& bsT e&T u>\T>

$udT+~. n$ i) bsT n+s (|*) u>e, ii)bsT d]V<T>&
eT]j iii)bsT uV (jT{) u>e. d]V<T << bsT
bsT .
n+s+
uV+
n< $<+> d+e|e e&Tu>\T> $udT+~.

i)
|+ |* (n+s) u>+ ii) |+ d]V<T

iii) |+ jT{ (uV) u>+
|+ j d]V<T L&q |* u> b+e n n+{sT.
nude - 4.2
1.
ds e\ m<TsT> () { #jT+&.
(i)
2.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(iv)
(v)
+~y d+e eT]j $e |{\T @$?
(i)
3.
(ii)
(ii)
(iii)
+~ |+ n+s+>, uV+> eT]j d]V<T| +& _+<Te\qT >T]+#+&.

C
I
A
D
G
E
B
4.
+~y |j+ e&T dsd+e |{\qT ^jT+&.

i) dssK\T eyT
ii) sK\T eT]j esK\T s+&+{ |j+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
53
4.7. De
\qT |]o*+#+&.
B
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
e\\T q |# D\T @s&s. e + OA,OB \qT
12
sD\T> }V+#T+&. s+&T sD\T eT& _+<Te O qT * Hs. 1011 1 2
3
n|&T s+&T sD\T D @ssTdTHs n n+{+. e&e + 9
4
8
\T|qT >eT+#+&. \T|qT |P]> edq|&T n~ >&| m+{ D+qT @ssT#T
7 6 5
<T. \T|qT ]q|&T n~ >&| D+ #jT+ eTq+ >eT+#e#T. \T|
kq+ esTTq =~ D+ es{ eTq+ >eT+#e#T.
>& >&js rdT= deTjT+ esTTq|&T < e\T\ eT< D+ esT
+&{ eTq+ >eT+#e#T.
D @ssTdTq s+&T sD\qT De j uTC\T n n+{sT.
JJJG
JJJG
B
| |e OA eT]j OB sD\qT De j uTC\T n O qT
ose n n+{sT. 'O' e< De @s&+~. { < D+ AOB < D+
l < BOA
l )
O
BOA dksT .=ksT D AOB < BOA ( AOB
A
L& dksT. < O n+{sT.
| |+ X _+<Te D+ j n+s+q, Z _+<Te D+ j uV+q eT]j S
_+<Te PQR D+ |q +~ n n+{e.
eq De e&T u>\T $udT+< #|e#T. n$ De
j n+se, De j uTe\T, D+ j uVe.
Y
P
Y _+<TeqT >eT+#+&. _+<Te m& e+~?
Z
X
S
JJJG
JJJG
QP eT]j QR sD\qT b&+ #d Y _+<Te De j Q
R
n+s+ edT+ <? n< $<+ > DuT C\qT b&+ < n+s+ M qT >T]+#&+
k<yTH ?
nud+ - 4.3
1.
|eqT #d D\T, os\T, eT]j uTC\qT >&T\ +|+&.

i
De
ose
uT C\T
54
ii
iii
iv
AOB
O
JJJG HJJG
OA , OB
b<$ T C$TrjT ueq\T
C
O
2.
|+ D\qT |s d+#+&.
D
3.
4.
|+ +~ e&q n +<q\qT ||]# _+<Te\qT >T]+#+&. F

DOF De n+s+ A eT]j B _+<Te\T
i)
EOF De j uVeA eT]j C _+<Te\T
ii)
DOE De| _+<TeB
iii)
O
+~|{\ @s&q D\qT >T]+#+&.
4.8. uTe
$ #jT+&.
= nZ|\\qT rdT= y{ dVjT+ +< #|q $<+> ds d+e
|{\qT >T]+ jsT #jT+&.
d+e|+ jsT#jT{ d+ m nZ|\\T y*? d+ 3 y* <!

eT], s+&T nZ|\\ eTq+ d+e|+ m+<T jsT #jTe?
e&T s UK+&\# @s& ds d + e|{ uT e n n+{sT. eT]jTT sU K+&\qT uT C\T n+{sT.
AB, BC eT]j CA sUU+&\# @s&q uTC >eT+#+&. & A, B,eT]j C
\qT uT+ ABC j os\T n n+{sT.A,B eT]j C os\ e< BAC, ABC, ACB \T
@s&s. uTe ABC qT ABC n k<sD+> dk+.
A
P
VQuT nsq uTC L& n+s+, uV+
V
b+\T+{s.
O
T
A
| uT+ _+<Te\qT |]o*+#+&.
S
B
B
C
R O nH _+<Te uT+ n+s+ +~. uTe
Q
C
U
n+s+ q $T*q _+<Te\T @$? P _+<Te uT+ | \<T. uT+|q
n+f < sUK+&\|q @jT _+<Te\THs?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
55
T nH
_+<Te uT+ j uV+ +~. n<$<+> uTe jT q s_+<Te\T
@$?
{ \+ uTe e&T u>\T> $udT+~. n$
(i) uT+ j n+s+ (ii) uT+ (iii) uT + j uV+
uT+ eT]j < n+s *| uTCs b++ n n+{sT.
$ #jT+&
ysTysT =\\T >\ = ke\qT rdT+&. e&T k\ eT< <s |+|
$$<s\ uTC\qT jsT #jT+&. uTC\ |{\qT H{|d+ yjT+&.
4.9. #TsTe
|q q dsd+e |{\qT |]o*<+ . e&T
sUK+&\# @s&q dsd+e |{ uTe n n+{eT
eTq \TdT. H\T>T sUK+&\# @s& dsd+e VQuT,
#TsTe n n+{e. |e (i) uTC, |e (ii)
#TsTC <VsD\T.
(i)
(ii)
& ABCD #TsTe eT]j AB, BC, CD AD \qT #TsT+

j H\T>T uT C\T n n+{e. A, B, C eT]j D \T #T sT+
H\T>T D\T. m<T{ os\sq A, C eT]j B, D \qT *| sU K+&\T
A
B
AC BD \qT s+&T s\T n+{sT.
||e #TsTe w& #jT&q b+e #TsTe
C
j n+s, w& #jT b++ #TsT+ uV ddT+~.
C
AB
uT+ jTT n_eTTK (m<T{) uTeTT DC .
BC , CD
eT]jTT
AD
D
B
uTC\ n_eTTK uTC\T @$?

A
uT+ jTT dq uTCeTT\T BC eT]jTT AD

BC , CD eT]jTT AD uTC\ dq uTC\T @$?
AB
A jTT
n_eTTK DeTT C n<$<+> s n_eTTK D\ \T @$?

A jTT dq D\T B eT]jTT D. n< $<+> s dq D\ \T @$?
+, #]+ sjT+&
A, B, C eT]jTT D \T @yH H\T>T _+<Te\T. A, B, C \T eT&T
s K| HsTT. H\T>T s U K+&\T AB , BC , CD eT]jTT

*| #TsTeTT @s&TT+<? sD\T \T|+&.
56
b<$ T C$TrjT ueq\T
AD
\# _+<Te\qT
A
nud+ 4.4
1.
2.
3.
A, B, C, D
nH H\T>T _+<Te\ #TsTC ^jT+&. |sT d+#+&.

PQRS #TsTe ns
i)
QR uTeq n_eKuTe ____________.
P
P j n_eK De____________.
ii)
iii)
PQ j dq uTC\T ____________.
Q
S j dq D\T ____________.
iv)
|+ d+q _+<Te\T +< *|q $<+> >T]+#+&.
i.
#TsT+ n+s+ _+<Te\T
T
ii.
#TsT+| _+<Te\T
iii.
#TsT+ jTT uV_+<Te\T
D
S
4.10 eeTT
P
R
\qT #&+&.
+| #>E dVjT+ |qT|j+ >E y+& ^ ^jT+&. eTq >T+&

se \_dT+~. se e ueqqT ddT+~. s|+ q s ee n n+{sT.
s+ *q eT]= edTe\qT >TsT #T+&.
C
d # rdT= < #Te\ b&e\qT =\e+&. n #Te\
b&e\T deq+> Hs n eTq+ >eT+#e#T. eT< +& _+<TeqT +<e
n eT]j e| n+#T b&eqT e |]~ n, +<e qT+ e >\ <s
O
ykse n n+{e.
A
B
| e+ +<, yks\qT |]o*+#+&. n yks\T deqe>
+{j? |+ O qT +<e n, OA , OB eT]j AC \qT e+ j ykse\T n
n+{sT.
$ #jT+&
+| e ^d < n+#T y+ ]+#+&. < |+ #|q $<+>
d> eT& ] H\T>e u> eT&e+&.
] se +&. e+ eT< _+<TeqT >T]+#+&. < O d+#+&. _+<TeqT

e+ j +<+ n n+{sT. < $<+> e+ yks\qT >T]+#+&. ee m
yks\qT eTq+ ^jT>\+?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
57
AC
nqTq~ e+|q s+&T _+<Te\qT *| @<sH sUK+&e.
| |e e+ | +& s +&T _+<Te\qT *| s UK+&e eTs=< D

>T]+#+&. CD L& n+{ sUK+&e. e+| +& s+&T _+<Te\qT
O
*| sUK+& C n n+{sT. { e+ AC eT]j CD \T C \T A
nes. AC C | +~. C e +<+ 'O' >T+&
bT+~. e +<+ >T+& bjT CqT yde n n+{sT.
$ #jT+&.
e ^d n+<T d+ 5 C\T ^jT+&. M{ d+ sH e +<e
qT+& beqT> ^jT+&. C\qT |s d+ +~ |{qT |P]+#+&.
. d+K C
b&e
+<e qT+ bT+~ (neqT/ <T)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MTsT @$T >eT+#sT?

e +<e qT+ bjT C n+f yd+ $T*q C\ +f me b&e +&{ eTq+
>eT+#e#T.
] eTq+ e >eT<+. AC nqT sUK+&e eT< _+<Te O.
+<T OA eT]j OC \T s+&T e yks\T n eTq \TdT.
{ OA b&e G OC b&e R AC b&e n eTq+ #|e#T.
e yde < yks s+&TsT.
+#+& eT]j #]+#+&
ee eTq+ m yk\T ^jT>\+? n yk\T deqeTsq b&eqT
*eHj? MT b<j& eT]j dVT\ #]+ |*+ #|+&.
| |{ >eT+#+&. e+| +& s+&T _+<Te\T C eT]j D \
C
eT< +& eu> #|e n n+{sT. eT]j #b
p # dksT. += #b >T]+#+&.
CD
n+se TT
e+| eT]= #b\T ^d |sT d+#+&.
e+ ds d+e|+ { n~ q d]V<T
uV+
(|]~) *d e n+se eT]j e uVe> $udT+~.
e+ L&q e+ j n+s es b+e n+{sT.
58
b<$ T C$TrjT ueq\T
e+ j s u>\T
#|e # eT]j s +&T yks\ # #T&q b+ ee j ds Y (C+se )
n n+{sT.
C eT]j #|e # #T&q eb+ ee j K+&e n n+{sT. e+
j C e s+&T K+&\T> $udT+~.
yde eT]j #|e # #T&q e b+ nse K+&e n n+{sT.
n\ eK+&+
A
n\dsY
nse K+&+
A
nse K+&+
n~ dsY
n~ eK+&+
nude 4.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
e ^d n+<T +<e, ykse, yde eT]j #b >T]+#Te

eb+ s+>T\ w& #jT+&
B
C
i)
dsYqT msT|s+>T
A
O
ii)
n\e K+& |dT|s+>T
D
E
de < nde \+&.
i)
e+ +<e >T]+#>\e
(
)
eyde yks s+&TsT
(
)
ii)
#|e nqTq~ e+ u>+
(
)
iii)
iv)
n C\T b&eqT * e+{s
(
)
v)
yks\T n deqeTsq b&e * e+&e (
)
es rdT+&. < s+&T deq u>\ eT&e+&. eT& y+ >{ ^d
] se+&. MT eyde eT& |++<? < ysT ysT s\T>
e d> eT&e+ <s #jT+&. m yk\qT MTsT >eT+#sT?
eTq+ HsTq~.
1.
2.
3.
_+<Te kH ddT+~. k<sD+> < +> uw |< ns+ dksT.

s+&T _+<Te\qT \|&+ e\ sUK+&e @s&TT+~. n~ ]weTsq b&eqT *
e+T+~.
sUK+&+ j s+&T e] _+<Te\ y| nq++> b&+#&+ <s sK @s&TT+~.
B dssK n L& n+{sT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
59
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
_+<Te qT+& bs+ueTs ~X y sK u>H sDe n n+{sT.

| =qqT m+& ^dq @<sH |{ k<sD+> ee n n+{sT. $<+>
dssK L& eyT.
ee <q< <# n~ ds e+.
e\T d+e, $e n s+&T s\T.
eT& _+<Te qT+& bs+ue Tsq s +&T $_q sD \T D @ssTks. eT& _+<TeqT
ose n n+{sT. s+&T sD\qT uTC\T n n+{sT.
|r D+ n+se, d]V<T eT]j uV+ n e&T u>\T> $udT+~.
e&T sUK+&\# @s&q ds d+e |{ uTe n n+{sT.
uTC e&T uTC\T, e&T os\T, e&T D\T +{s.
d]V<T L&q uT+, < n+s uTCs b+e n n+{sT.
#TsTe H\T>T sUK+&\# @s&T dsd+e |e.
ds_+<Te deq <s+ +& n _+<Te\# @s&q ds d+e e ee n
n+{sT.
ee j y+ b&eqT e |]~ n n+{sT. e |]~| =+u> #|e n
n+{sT.
e+ |q q @yH s+&T _+<Te\qT \T|> @s&q sUK+& C n n+{sT. yde
L& C neT+~.
e yde yks s+&T sT.
e #|e eT]j s+&T yks\# #T&q b+ C+se dsY n n+{sT.
e+ C eT]j #|e# #T&q b+ e K+&e n n+{sT.
|yde e s+&T nse\T> $udT+~.
jT& (^dT)
365 BC
^ y eT]jTT >D XgE&T. C$T eT |<

]eTT> sb+~+ ~ m*yT+{ nH |d sX&T.
jTq sb+~+q C$T jT&jTH C$T n+{sT.
60
b<$ T C$TrjT ueq\T
n<jTeTT ` 5
sK\T eT]jTT DeTT\ =\\T

5.1 |]#jT+
b<$T C$TrjT ueq\T nH n<jT+ eTq+ sK\T, DeTT\T, uTC\T, #TsTC\T
eT]jTT e\T +{ ueq\T HsTH+. C$TrjT |{\T nH sUK+&\T eT]jTT DeTT\#
@s&sTT. |{\T, y{ sUK+&\T, D\T ysT ysT |]eD\ HsTT. k<sD+> eTq+
sUK+&\ b&e\qT { eT]jTT DeTT\ =\\qT { b\T+.
|+ 5.1
nsTT n deTj ~ k<+ be#T. = sUK+&\T eT]jTT D\ =\\T +{
#d b\q+ <>Zs <>Zs> q|&T y{ K+> =\e& eTq |eTsTTq |]s\T
y*. n<jT+ eTq+ sUK+&\qT eT]jTT D\qT m =\y HsT+<+.
5.2
sUK+&+ jTT =\
|d + , f*$H s, T yTT<\>T y{ n+#T\T edTe \ jTT n+#T\ y+ ^dq s UK+&\

e +{sTT. eTq+ nH |{\ sU K+&\T #keTT eT]jTT ^#eTT L&.
uTeTT eT&T sUK+&\#, #TsT+ H\T>T sUK+&\ @s&TT+< eTq \TdT.
sUK+&eTT nH~ s+&T e] _+<Te\T *q sK u>+. sUK+& e] _+<Te\T
q+<Te\q < eTq+ =\ee#T. =\H < b&e n n+{eTT. eTq+ b&e qT s+&T
sUK+&\qT b\T |jkeTT.
s+&T sUK+&\ b&eqT eT&T s\T> b\e#T.
B
m) |]o\q _) +| fd+> |< d) C$T |]s+
|j+ |+ 5.2 AB , CD sUK+&\qT |]o*+#+&.
A
C
D
D
|+ 5.2
@ s UK+&+ me b&eqT * +< A
B
#| >\s?
C
D
s
UK+&
e
TT
CD
AB
A
C
sUK+&eTT +f me b&eqT *
|
+
5.3
e+~ n dT\u+> #|e#T.
|+ 5.3 AB , CD sUK+&\ \qT dT\u+> b\eTT. m+<Te\?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
61
s+&T sUK+&\qT m b\e#T? +#+& eT]jTT #]+#+&.

AB , CD sUK+&\qT fd+> ||sY < * bs +| ^d, <| { +#+&. y{
e] _+<Te\T @u$+#j? ` ` `
< $<+>
5.2.1
PQ, RS
\qT b* s+&+{ b&e\T deqeT #|e#T
C$T |]s\qT|j+ b\T
s+&T sUK+&\ b&e\qT K+> b\& eTq d] nsTTq k<H\T neds+. MT CyT{
u =\e (d\T) eT]jTT $u |j+ b&eqT m =\y |&T \TdT+<+.
|]s\qT MTsT m|&sTTH #Xs? y{ |j+#s? M{ C>> |]o*+#+&.
10
11
12
13
14
15
SCALE
=\e
|+ 5.4
$u
d\T (=\e) jTT n+#T 15 deq |< $u>\T> $u+#& +T+~. +<T |r
$u>eTT 1 d+{MTsT (1 cm) qT ddT+ ~. |r d+.MT ] 10 deq q $u>\T> $u +#& +
T+~. |r q $u> 1 $TMTsT (1 mm) n n+{sT.
d\T qT|j+ sUK+&eTT b&eqT m =\Tks |&T HsT+<eTT.
A
4.5 d+.MT.
10
11
12
13
14
15
SCALE
d\T dTH $u> A e< +#+&. |&T

=\H sUK+&eTT b&e> #|e#T.
& AB b&e R 4.5 d+.MT.
e< >\ d\T $u> >T]+#+&.
>eT : y A _+<TeqT d\T| 1d+.MT e< + B _+<Te 5.5 d+.MT e< @u$dT+~.
n|&T AB b&e R 5.5`1 R 4.5 d+.MT neT+~.
+, #]+ sjT+&
d\TqT|j + s UK+&eTT jTT b&e qT>=H|&T
@ @ <c\T MTsT qT>=+{sT?
| j T T b& e qT eTq+ q T>=H* n
nqT+<+ ! n|&T |+ #|q $<+> eTq +{ <w d]jTsTTq
62
d +&*. n+f | e] _+<Te eT< \++> +& d eTq qT +&*. DjT+>

edTeqT #&+ e\ @s& =\ <c y]+#& eTq+ C>qT rdT+{+.
<c y]+#& eTq+ $u |jkeTT. $u |j+ KeTsTTq
=\qT m \TdT+{s |&T eTq+ HsT+<+.
10
11
12
13
14
15
SCALE
|+ 5.5
$u se+&. $u jTT uTeTT es =qqT A e< + < s+&e uT+ jTT
e] =qqT B e< e# es se+&. $u C>> | | < uTC\ d es+& d\T|
=q 0 e< +&TqT. s+&e =q d\T| eTs= $u>+| +& $<+> +#*. s+&T e] =q\
eT< <s >T]+#+&. AB jTT b&e m+?
ysT ysT sUK+&\qT rdT= y{ b&e\qT =\e+&
|jT+#+&.
1.
bdTsTqT rdT= < b&e y&\T\qT d\T eT]jTT $u |j+
=\e+&. n bdtsT\T =\\ * e+{j?
2.
q |, ssY +{ @esTTH eT&T edTe\T rdT+&. y{ b&e\qT =\e+&.
nud+ 5.1
1.
2.
3.
MT s> >~ sUK+&\qT * eq @yH nsTT<T edTe\qT <VsD\T> e+&.

< q\\ n+#T.
s+&T sUK+&\qT b\Tq|&T d\T +f $u |j+#&+ yT\T. m+<T?
+~|+ e&q dssK sUK+&\qT =\e+&. =\\qT { sVD eT+
sjT+&.
B
4.
sUK+&eTT AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE,
X eT]jTT sc\T AB sUK+&+ eT<_+<TeqT +~ $<+> d+#sT.
A
DE
s w
<] mesT d]> >T]+#sT? AC , CB b&e\qT =* d]#&+&.

5.
+~ |eTT\T = uTC\T> >\ = sUK+&eTT\T
e&q$. ns sUK+&eTT b&yq n+#TqT * q$.
nsTT $T> |eTT\ sUK+&eTT\T qT>=qTeTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
63
5.3
D+ jTT =\
J$+ eTq+ D\T * q nH edTe\qT #d +{+.
s u& T \T <s+> ]> =~ y{ eT< D+ |s> + eTq+ >eT+#e#T. s +&T s UK+&\

eT< < s+&T sD\ eT< D+ @s&TT+~. ysTysT s\sTTq D\qT * q $$< edTe\
= <VsD\T e+&.
+~ |+ (1) #|q $<+> \&+&. MT m&eT #sTT <\+& n< d + s+&e

# n+f &# HeT~> | |+&. MT &# esT q|&T MT Xs, MT &#
eT< >\ D+ esT +&{ MTsT >eT+#e#T. D\qT @jT |s |\Tks |&T \TdT+<+.
eTT
+~ \qT >eT+#+&.
ii
iii
iv
|+ (i) Xs, # eT< D+ @s&<T D+qT XSqD+ n+{sT.

|+ (iii) MT #sTT Xs \++> e+~. Xs, # eT< D+ 900. D \+D+ n
n+{sT.
|+ (ii) MT Xs, # eT<D+ \+D+ +f e . +{ D\qT n\D\T n
n+{sT.
|+ (iv) Xs, &# eT<D+ \+D+ +f me. D n~D+ n n+{sT.
|+ (v) Xs, &# eT< D+ s+&T \+D\ yTT+ n+f 1800. D dsD+
n n+{sT.
|&T eTq+ >&js+ eTT eT< @s& D\qT |]o*<+. >+\ eTT\TqT <s+>
#dT= de~X eTT eT< D =\T<eTT.
64
12 >+\ deTjq >+\ eTT\T, eTTc\ eTT\T @u$dT+~.

n+<T# y{eT< D+ dTH 00 > rdT+<+.
11 12 1
10
2
9
3
4
8
7 6 5
11 12 1
10
2
9
3
4
8
7 6 5
11 12 1
10
2
9
3
4
8
7 6 5
iii
ii
1.
@ >&js+ eTT\T\ eT< n\D+ +~?
2.
@ >&js+ eTT\T\T n~D ddTHsTT?

(# qeTTqT <s+> #dT=, |<eTT ueTD #dTq< u$+#*)
eTT
s+&T k\qT rdT=+&.
k jTT esqT eTs= k jTT es| L s+ +

>T+&Td~ >T#*. ~ \+D |+# k<q+>
JJJG
|j>|&TT+~. k<H OA sD+ y+& |+
B
d+q $<+> os\T @u$+#T> +#*. AOB
DeTT \+D+ +f e> +~. eq
A n~ n\DeTT n #|e#T.
D
JJJG
|+ 5.7
|+ 5.6
k<H OC | os\T @u$ +#T

|+ #|+q $<+> +#+&. |&T COD >eT+#+&.
COD \+D+ +f me> +~. eq ~ n~ DeTT.
|+ 5.8
|jT+#+&.
1.
k\ jsT#dq \+D | k<qeTT qT|j+ +~ D\qT b* n\,

n~, \+D\qT >T]+#+&.
2.
n\D\qT, n~D\qT *eq @esTTH <T J$ d+<s\qT / edTe\qT

<VsD\T> yjT+&.
s+&T sK# @s& MT q @esTTH = D\qT ^jT+&. k \+D |k<q+ @$
\+D, @$ n\ D, @$ n~ D >T]+#+&.
(i)
3.
(ii)
(iii)
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
(iv)
6e s> ` >D+
65
JJJG
d eT]jTT X\ OA qT 450 DeTTqT ^jTeT #|]. ysT D +~

$<+> ysTysT> ^XsT.
B
A
45
45
B
d (AOB = 450)
X (AOB = 450)
d eT]jTT X\T ^dq | D\T s+& d]jTsTTqy? y{eT< &$T{?
JJJG
JJJG
d ^dq D+ OA n|de~X ~* OB 450 D+ #]+~. +{ D\qT

n|de~XD\T n n+{sT. M{ <qD\T n <q >TsT dksT. d ^dq D+ G450.
JJJG
JJJG
X ^dq D+ OA de~X (>&js| eTT ~ ~X ~* 450 D+ OB

#]+~. +{ D\qT de~X D\T n n+{sT. M{ TTDD\T n TTD>TsT dksT. X
^dq D+ ` 450.
+, #]+ sjT+&
JJJG
| + OA e&q~. AOB, eT]jTT AOC \T s +&T D\T

nsTTq M{ @~ de~XD+? eT]jTT @~ n|de~XD+? + MT
dVT\ #]+#+&.
45
+
1.
>EqT|j+ e ||sY| ^d < n+#Ty+& ]+#+&.
2.
e s+&T deq u>\T> eT&
]+#+&. $ nse u>+ edT+~.
b u>+
| + # | q $< + > ns e
eTs=k] (b u>) eT&e+&. B
90
eb<+ n+{sT.
3.
nse se+&. nse+
| + # | q $< + > eT& q T
<ssK
>eT+#e#T. eT& yk \++>
900 D+ +T+~. eT&| 900 n yjT+&.
4.
] nse b u> eT&e+&. b u> +=k] |+ #|q $<+>
eT&e+&.
450\ D+ eTs= eT&qT >eTksT. 900 G 450 R 1350 D+ eTs= eT&qT >eTksT.
5.
se ] se+&. 450 \qT >T]+#+&.
66
45
22
157
90
900 \ eTs= y| n|de~X q eT&qT 1350 \T> >T]+#+&.
5
3
1
se ] b u>, bu > ] s +&TksT eT&e+&.
90
] #&+&.
5
13
8. 450 D, u $T eT< eT& @s&TT+~. B 220 > >T]+#+&.
45
6.
7.
n< $<+> 1350 \ D u$T eT< eT& @s&TT+~. B 157
10
2
> >T]+#+&.
|&T eTq+ De jsT #X+. B dVjT+ <<|> = D\qT =\e>\+.
5.3.1 De
eTq+ k\q, \q jsT#d De, D\qT \+D+ <s+> b\&,
= s\ D\qT =\e& eyT |j>|&sTT.
n+<T# D\qT eT]+ K+> dT\u+> =\e{ eTq k<q+ neds+. D\qT
=*# k<H De n n+{sT.
De k ] C> > > e T+# + & . ~
ses+> e+T+~. +~ u>+ yd+ y+ sK
^jT& e+T+~. < <seTT n n+{sT. <ssK
\++> q sK e< 900 >T]+#& e+T+~. <ssK,
\+sK \TdTH #TqT +<_+<Te n n+{sT. De
#|eTT y+ 00 \ qT+ 1800 \ es D\T de~X eT]jTT n|de~X\ >T]+#& +{sTT.
de~X D\T >T]+#& q d\TqT jT{ d\T n, n|de~X D\T >T]+#& q d\TqT
|* d\T n n+{sT. jT{ d\T| 00 qT+ 1800\ es 180 deTu>\T> >T]+#& e+T+~.
= deTu> 10 (&^) n n+{sT. jT{ d\T| 100 DeTTqT |+#T $\Te\T 1800 <
>T]+#& e+{sTT. 00 \ D+qT <ssK sTy| ddT+~.
|&T eTq+ De |j+ D\qT m =\y HsT+<+.
de~X DeTT
kbqeTT
n|de~XDeTT
1. q DeTT n\De? n~ De?
B
B
>T]+#+&.
2. De +<_+<TeqT DeTT jTT oseTT
O
e< +#*.
A
O
A
3. De +<_+<Te D+ jTT oseTT|
qT+ | s>+&TqT>, De,
<ssK, q D+ jTT sDeTT
@u$+#TqT> De d]#j*.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
67
4. De jTT d\TqT 00 qT+ #d | sy*.

5. DeTT jTT s+&e sDeTT De jTT
dqT m& \TdT+T+<, DeTT
$\TeqT >T]+#*. n+<T# AOB R 500.
50
O
50
O
+~ |{ #<e+&.
DeTT
XSq DeTT
\+DeTT
dsDeTT
d+|PsDeTT
n\DeTT
n~DeTT
|sesq DeTT
D+ =\
00
900
1800
3600
00 eT]jTT 900 \ eT<
900 eT]jTT 1800 \ eT<
1800 eT]jTT 3600 \ eT<
|jT+#+&
1.
+~ y @~ |<DeTeT+< }V+#+&? MT dVT\ #]+#+&.
De qT|j+ |* d]#&+&.
2.
+~y @$ n\D\T? y{ $\Te\T yjT+&.
(i)
68
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
3.
+~y @$ n~D\T? De |j+#+& >T]+#+&.
(i)
4.
5.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
@yH s+&T n\D\qT, s+&T n~D\qT ^jT+&.

+~ D\ n\D\T, n~D\T, \+D\T, dsD\T, eT]jTT |sesq D\qT
ysT #d yjT+&.
400,
1400, 900,
2100, 440,
890,
2700, 300,
1150, 1800
2150, 3450, 1250, 100,
1200,
nudeTT 5.2
1.
2.
3.
deTT < ndeTT nsTTqy{ >T]+#+&. ndeTT nsTTq y{ d]#d deTT

njTT>yjT+&.
i) \+DeTT +f esTTq DeTT n\DeTT
(
)
ii) 1800 \ DeTT \+DeTT
(
)
iii) 900 \ DeTT dsDeTT
(
)
iv) 1800 \ +f |< 0 eT]jTT 3600 H q DeTT |sesq DeTT. (
)
v) d+|Ps DeTT n+f 3600.
(
)
3
||eTT @$ n\D\T? @$ n~D\T? De |j+#+& 4
#|+&. sTy D\qT =* y{ $\Te\T sd d]#&+&.
+~ D\qT =\e+&. M{ $T* |< D+ @~? y{ $\Te\T sd
2
1
$T* |< D+ +f
|<<sTTq D ^jT+&.
D
ABC = ..........
4.
DEF = ..........
PQR = ..........
+~ q deTj\ >&js+ eTT eT<D+? @ s| DeTeT+< s]+#+&.

(qeTT\TqT <s+> rdT+&).
i) <jT+ 9 >+\T
ii) kjT++ 6 >+\T
iii) eT<V+ 12 >+\T
iv) eT<V+ 4 >+\T
v) s 8 >+\T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
69
5.
+< q y{ |s#+&. D\ d]jT>T ueT\qT ^jT+&.

>|t m
>|t _
n\DeTT
90 0
\+DeTT
2700
n~DeTT
45 0
|sesqDeTT
1800
dsDeTT
1500
5.4 K+&q sK\T, \+sK\T eT]jTT de+s sK\T

5.4.1 K+&q sK\T
+~ \qT >eT+#+&.
\ s\qT, s&qT eTqeTT dssK\T> u$d, | \ sK\T K+&qsK\T n

n+{sT.
s+&T $_qsK\T m eT& _+<Te\qT *e+{sTT?
|jT+#+&
1.
@<sTTH \+ s+&T ysTysT sK\qT ^jT+&. n$ { +f me _+<Te\
e< K+&+#T +{j?
2.
s+&T $_qsK\ s+&T < eT&T eT& _+<Te\T+{j?
l
s+&T ysTysT sK\T l,m nqTq$ P nqT _+<Te e< \TdT+f P e< l,m sK\T
K+&+#THsTT n n+{eTT. s+&T K+&q sK\ eT& _+<Te e+T+~.
P
sK\qT K+&q sK\T n+{sT.
m
s+&T sK\T eT& _+<TeqT L& *e n nqT+&. sK\T m +{sTT?
+#+&.
s+&T sK\T _+<Te e< K+&+#Tq|&T n$ D\qT @ssTksTT.
70
5.4.2 \+sK\T
+~ K+&q sK\qT >eT+#+&. n$ $$<s\sTTq D\qT @ssTdTHsTT.
K+&q sK\T @ss# D\ = n\D\T, = n~D\T. K+&q sK\T \+D\qT

@s]d y{ \+sK\T n n+{eTT.
| \ n+#T\ y+ q sUK+&\qT >eT+#+&.

n$ \+D\qT @ssTdTHj? n$ <={ K+&+#T+THj?
s+&T sK\T 900 \ D+ K+&+#T+f y{ |sds+ \+sK\T n n+{eTT.
l
m
& l nqTq~ m sK \++> e+~. B l m n dkeTT.

+, #]+ sjT+&
1.
y l m nsTT eTq+ m l n #|e#TH?
2.
sK m \+sK\T ^jTe#T?
3.
+> ns\ @jT ns\T \+sK\ s|+ *eHsTT?
5.4.3 de+s sK\T

+~ \qT |]o*+#+&.
s\T|{\T, d\T jTT n+#T\T, $<TYysT >eT+#+&. \ q | @$T{? y{

jTT ~Xes+& y{ b&d n$ m&sTTH \TdT+{j?
#+~q s+&T K+&+#T=q sK\qT de+s sK\T n+{sT.
+ l eT]jTT m sK\T de+s sK\T
M{ l || m > yd l, m de+seTT n #<TeeTT. MT s>
>~ de+s sK\qT d+# = <VsD\qT e+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
l
m
71
|jT+#+&.
+| +< d+q $<+> s+&T sK\qT ^jT+&. n$
< ={ K+&+#T+{j? y{ de+s sK\T n nqe#?
sD\T \|+&.
s +&T de+s s K\qT ^jT+&. y{eT< D+ m+? MT b<jTT&T, dVT\ #]+#+&.
nud+ 5.3
1.
2.
3.
+~y @$ \+sK\qT, de+s sK\qT dkj \|+&. @$ s+&+{ d+#y

sjT+&.
i)
{ jTT \Te &\T
ii)
s\T |{\T
iii)
+>+ V ns+
iv)
q\\ jTT m<Ts<TsT n+#T\T
v)
\T| jTT || n+#T\T
MT jTT CyT{ u eT\eT{ rdT= +| < n+#T\ y+& ^jT+&. \++>
q n+#T\qT >T]+#+&.
D
C
ABCD Bs#Tsd+. AC eT]jTT BD \T s\T nsTT
|+ de+s sK\T, \+sK\T, eT]jTT K+&qsK\ \qT
>T]+ y{ M\sTT >TsT\qT|j+ yjT+&.
A
B
i) de+s sK\T ii) \+sK\T
iii) K+&qsK\ \T
eTq+ HsTq$
1.
2.
3.
4.
s +&T s UK+&\qT |]o\q, fd+ > #jT + eT]jTT C$T |]s\qT|j +#+ <s b\e#T.
s+&T sUK+&\qT d\T eT]jTT $u |j+ b\e#T.
sUK+&\ b&e\qT d+.MT. eT]jTT $T.MT \ =\TksT. 1 cm = 10 mm
De D\T =\e& |jkeTT. De nses| |]s+. B #|+
1800 deq u>\T> >T]+#& +T+~. = u> &^ (10) n+{sT.
5.
D =*# |eD+ &^ (10). ~ ueTDeTT
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
900 \qT \+DeTT n, 1800 \qT dsDeTT n n+{sT.

900 \ +f yq D n\DeTT n n+{sT.
900 \ +f me 1800 \ +f yq D n~DeTT n n+{sT.
dsDeTT +f myq D |sesq DeTT n n+{sT.
eT& _+<TeqT *q #+~q s+&T sK\qT K+&q sK\T n n+{sT.
\+DeTT K+&+#TH K+&q sK\qT \+sK\T n+{sT.
#+~, K+&+#T sK\qT de+ssK\T n+{sT.
s+&T de+s sK\ eT& _+<Te +&<T.
72
1
e
360
u>+.
n<jTeTT ` 6
|Ps d+K\T
6.1
|]#jT+
s| y Hq>sT |H\ ` 100 b{eT> ksT. n&T &TqT n neT

|rys+ KsT\ rdT+ +{&T. q <>Zs rdT+Tq, dTq &T $es\qT m|{|&T
eT|< s| * |d+ qy<T #d e+T+~.
H\ s| yTT<{ ys+ ` 50, s+&e ys+ ` 20 eT&e ys+ ` 30 rdTH&T.
n H\Ze ys+ ` 20 nedseTjsTT. n|{ s| q &T n+ KsT nsTT+< *
#|+~. ]sT #|++~. q k] &T d s H\ # b{eT qT+& Z+#Te# s|
* #| ` 20 rdTH&T. * n+<T n+^]+ &T , ] $es\qT ]sT qy<T
#d+ ~.
20
yTT+
keTT
`20
`30
`20
`50
4e ys+
3e ys+
2e ys+
yTT<{ H\ yTT<{ ys+
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
yTT<{ H\ qy<T $es\T

eTsTd{H\ yTT<{ Bq, s| +& n ` 100 jT<$~> b{eT #&T. < s| *
#&T. s| * <>Zs n &T m+ +T+< #|+&? n~ ` 80 <! m+<T+f >H\ n<q+>
q ` 20 qT ` 100 qT+& Zd n< edT+~ < !
n<sE kjT+\+ s| eeTjT e ] yS n ` 50 <#T=eT #&T. s| #
d+w+, < L& * e<H +#eT #| $es\T qy<T #jTeTH&T. * <>Zs, s| &T m+
q< |&T }V+ #|+&. n~ ` 130 nsTT+~ <! m? +#+&. ] eTs k] qy<T
$es\T |]o*+#+&.
` 100
` 50
2e H\ yTT<{ ys+
20
1.
2.
3.
10
10
20
30
40
eeTjT q &T\T
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130
s+&e H\ qy<T $es\T

|q |s=q qy<T $es\T |]o*+, +~ |X\ de<H\T #|+&.
s| n +& |H m+ b{eT k&T?
s| >H\ H\T>T ys\ yTT+ m+KsT |{&T?
s| * H\Ze ys+ m+&T n|> +~?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
73
4.
5.
6.
H\ H\Ze ys+ n|> q &TqT s| * @$<+> qy<T #d+~?

d+UsK| dTq &y|q >T]+q `20 \, m&eT y|q >T]+q `20 \ & @$T{?
s| H\ q `100\qT, n<$<+> `50 \qT d+UsK| n * @$<+> qy<T
#d+~?
6.2
TTDd+K\T m|&T @$<+> nedseTsTT
d+UsK| sTy| * qy<T #dq `20 $\TeqT *jTCjT&+< \TdTHsT

<! dTq H e $\Te >\ d+K\T, me $\Te >\ d+K\T f < eTq+ &T #Tq|&T,
n|> rdTq|&T >eT+#+.
$<+> eTq J$ |]dT\ u qc\q, u, u$wY \q, >]w, w
c>\ qy<Tq Te+{ d+K\ neds >T]+#e#T. n+<T# s| * dTq m&eTy|q
qy<T #dq d+K\qT (n+f dTH H yq d+K\T) eTq+ sTDd+K\T n+{+. M{ `1, `2,
`3, `4, ... (`10, `20, `30) nH >TsT\ dk+.
dTq
<H +
TTD+
-4
-3
-2
-1
eTq+ J$+ TTD d+K\qT m |jky #&+&.

< 1 : ybs+ ` 200 qw+qT (`200) n, ` 200 u (G200) n dksT.
< 2 : 00 C c> H n~+> q< <H+ >q, 00 C c> H yq <
sTD+> >T]d
00 C c> H 30C eqT `30 C >q,
00 C c> H 30 C meqT G30 C >q \T|sT.
$ #jT+&.
eqd, X, y] neTe< ` 50 eT]jTT ` 20 #=|q n|> rdTHsT.
$wj d+UsK | m dksT? y y Hq >sT ` 100 b{eT d n|
rs> me]e< n~+> &T +T+~?
6.3
TTDd+K\qT *| eT] <VsD\T
1.
| X+ deTT< \+ H 25MT. mT
m>TsTT+&> #| deTT<+ 2MT.
T <TTq~.
25 MT 2. | s + | q 500 MT. m T
C + & m> T s y j T & q ~. | s
deTT< eT+
2 MT b< ~>Teq 25MT. >T&s+
yjT& q~.
74
|Ps d+K\T
500 MT
|sb<+
25 MT
o\+ s & 50C c> qy<T > Ve# |<X >\ | q+<T dTH
H 60 &^\T e qy<T nsTT+~.
+#+& ` #]+#+&.
<q, sTD d+K\qT *| eT] J$ deTd\qT *| #]+#+&.
3.
eTq+ $<+> <q d+K\T, TTD d+K\T, eT]jTT dTq\qT *| |Psd+K\T n \T|+.
d+K\ d$T Z nH ns+ dk+. (= d+<s\ 'I' dksT)
Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
|jT+#+&
us< X + qe] H\ $$< b+\ qy<jT c> $es\T d]+,
y{ |Psd + K\ d+#+&.
6.4
|Psd+K\qT d+U sK| d+#T
|&T, s| qT <#Tq &TqT, ] rdTq|&T q * @$<+> $es\T qy<T #dqB

ns+ #dT>*>&T <!
dTq
TTD d+K\T
<q d+K\T
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
9 10
dTq &y|q >\ d+K\ <q |Psd+K\T (dV d+K\T) n, m&eTy|q >\ d+K\
TTD d+K\ n+{sT. dTq nH~ <H+ <T, TTD+ <T. MTsT L& n+^]ks? m+<T?
|q #|q d+UsKqT{ y_e+&.
1.
dTq n<>Zs >\ <q|Psd+K@~?
2.
dTq m&eTy|q m TTD d+K\T+{sTT?
3.
(`2), (`1) \ @~ |<~?
4.
3, (`5) \ @~ q~?
5.
<H+, TTD+ |Psd+K @~?
$ #jT+&.
\Te sKqT ^, <| +~ |Psd+K\qT >T]+#+&.
`5,4,`7,`8,`2,9,5,`6,2
nud+ ` 6.1
1.
+~ y\qT >TsT\ |Psd+K\T> \|+&.

i) 3000 MT. mT $eq+ m>TsTTq~
ii) #| { eT{ 10 MTs ~>Teq \<T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
(
(
)
)
6e s> ` >D+
75
iii) V<su<T c> 00C H 350 me q~.
(
iv) 00 d+{>& c> e< sT |Tu$dT+~.
(
v) mesdT Ks+| qe] H\ d>T c> 00C H 36 &^\T e (
vi) +sZ$T deTT<eT{ 500 MT. ~>Teq \<T
(
vii) &]*+> p H\ d>T c> 00C H 190C e
(
viii) qe] H\ $XK|+ d>T n\ c> 180C
(
@yH <T sTD|Psd+K\qT sjT+&.
@yH <T <q|Psd+K\qT sjT+&.
-1, 5
~>Te |Psd+K\qT d+UsK| >T]+#+&. -4, 3, 2, 0,
2.
3.
4.
5.
dy, ndy \+&. nd y d y+> sjT+&.

i) d+UsK| (`7) d+K (`6) d+K &y|q +T+~.
ii) dTq nH~ <q|Psd+K
iii) 9 nH~ d+UsK| dTq &y|q >\ d+K
iv) `1 nH|Ps d+K `2 qL, 0 eT< +T+~.
6.5
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
|Psd+K\ eT+
|eH, Vwt nH dVT\T <sT y] >eT+ >\ u$ { |]o*d

+{sT. u$ q yTT <s+> yd$ \+ {eT+ m>TZTq~?
es\+ m |sT>TTq< |]o*+#sT. { ksTT\qT @$<+> >T]d
u>T+T+< n #]+#> y] # #q e+~. H\u$ b*jTT+&
;sTqT rdT= < u$qeTH jsT#ksT. me> ds+> +& { ksTT
dTq >T]+, s yT d+KqT { +< `1, `2, `3, ... $<+>q, |
G1, G2, G3, .... n >T]+ ;sT n+{+#sT. ;sT {ksTT
|+#&, Z+#& + |\sT |j+#sT. |&T #|+&.
1.
;sT { yd @eTTq~?
2.
0 ksTTe< qT+& { =\d {ksTT m esTTq~?
eTs=k] d+UsK| |Psd+K\qT m >T]ks |]o*<+.
-4
-3
-2
-1
d+UsKqT { 4 > 2 n+f 4 d+K 2 &y|q \<T. 2 > 0 n+f 2 d+K, dTq
&y|q qT. n> 0 nH~ `3 & |q \<T. n+<T# 0> `3. B { d+UsK| &y|
be=\B d+K$\Te |sT>T q~ <! n<$<+> m&eTy| be =\B >TZTq< u$+#e#T.
n+<T# -3 < -2, -2 < -1, -1 < 0 eT]jTT 0 < 1, 1 < 2, 2 < 3 yjTe#T.
76
|Ps d+K\T
$ #jT+&
| ne>Vq <s+> +~ U\qT '< ' < ' > ' >TsT\ U\T |P]+#+&.
0.........`1
`3............`2
5........6
`4...........0
nud+ ` 6.2
1.
2.
+<e&q |Psd+K\ eT< ' > ' < ' < ' >TsT\qT+ b\+&.
i) `1 ....... 0
ii) `3 .......... `7
iii) `10 ...... G10
iv) 0 ....... `5
iv) `100 ........ 99
vi) 0 ......... 100
+< |Psd+K\qT sVD, nesVD e\ sjT+&.

i) `7, 5, `3
3.
iii) 1, 3, `6
iv) `5, `3, `1
dy, ndy \|+&. nd y\qT d y\T> es+&.

i)
4.
ii) `1, 3, 0
d+UsK| dTq d+K (`3) q &y|q +T+~
ii) (`12) eT]jTT (G12) nH$ d+U sK| |Psd+KqT dksTT.
iii) | <q |Psd+U dTq +f |<~.
iv) `5 < 8
v) (`100) > (G100)
vi) `1 < `8
~>Tee&q d+K\ eT<q>\ |Psd+K\qT \|+&. d+U sK| >T]+#+&.

i) `1 eT]jTT 1
ii) `5 eT]jTT 0
iii) `6 eT]jTT `8
iv) 0 eT]jTT `3
sE de c> `40 C eT]jTT n<sEq | `60C > qy<T nsTTq~. nsTTq sE

@q>s+ n+ #*> q~? m?
$ #jT+&.
5.
sCwt>\ sD <TD+ jTT ueq+ | u>+q y[

&Te& < #TT|\ b+\T #&& yTT HsTT. n<
$<+ > sD keqT \#jT & ++ >=&H be& L&
yTT HsTT. |sE sCwt LTsT Vd, d\TqT+& e#, yTT
m yT&MT< &T+T+~. n< $<+ > sy keqT >=&H ds&
q+& dVjT|&TT+~. ||+ @$<+> |, +< >\ yT
|Psd+K\# >T]+q $<+ >eT+#+&. +~ y\ d]jT>T
|Psd+K\ >T]+#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
77
i)
ueq+ \+ qT+& 7 yTT | y[+~.

ueq+ \+ qT+& 3 yTT +< ~+~.
| 5 yTT m, eTs + 3yTT | m+~.
+< >=&H 4 yTT ~, eTs eTs= 3 yTT +< ~+~.
+< 5 yTT~, n& qT+& 10 yTT| m+~.
| 8 yTT m, n& qT+& 9 yTT +< ~+~.
MTsT ydq yT\qT MTdVT |]o*+|#dT=, #]+#+&.
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
6.6
|Ps d+K\ d+\q+ eT]jTT ee\q+
&T+<+
|+ #|q $<+> 10 L &+ eT\qT d]+#+&.
eT\qT |y|, +<y|\T> s+>Tyd |y|eT (G1) >q +~
y| eT (`1) >q >T]+#+&. |~ eT\qT *| k] yjT eT
dVT #|. eT\T +< |&>H, (G1) eT]jTT (`1) \T> +& \qT =\+#eTq+&.
$T*q eT\qT +#+&. <VsD 4 \T @s&>, $T*q eT\qT +#+&. <VsD 4
\T @s&>, $T*q s+&T eT\T |y| +f dVT (G2) bsTT+T eqT .
y 3\T @s&> 4 eT\T +<y| +f yT (`4) bsTT+T eqT
, dVT eq bsTT+qT d+UsK| qy<T #jT+&. $<+> me] yTT<{>

10 bsTT+T ekj ysT >*qT .
0
MT ]sT
d+UsK\qT |]o*+#s?
78
|Ps d+K\T
-4
MT dVT ]sT
s+&T <q|Psd+K\T eq|&T (G3) G (G1) R 4. >, s+&T sTD|Psd+K\T eq|&T

(`3) G (`2) R `5 > *bsT <! |&T <q|Psd+K, TTD|Psd+KqT m \T|s
eT\ #<+. (G1) G (`1) R 0 eq (G1), (`1) e# \qT =\+ s $T*q |\qT
|]o*+#+&.
< :
i)
(-3) + (+2)
= (-1) + [(-2) + (+2)]

= -1 + 0
= -1
ii)
(+4) + (-2)
= (+2) + [(+2) + (-2)]

= (+2) + 0
= +2
$<+> #jT&+ e\q d+UsK neds+ +&H <s dT\u+> d+\q+ #jT>\sT.
$ #jT+&.
+~ y $\Te\T qT>=q+&
i) `7 G 8 ii) `3 G 5
iii) `3`2
iv) G7`10
6.6.1 d+UsK| |Psd+K\qT d+\q+ #jTT

d+UsK| |Psd+K\qT @$<+> d+\q+ #ks \TdT+<+.
1.
2 eT]jTT 3 \qT d+UsK| \T|<+.

2
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
d+UsK| dTq qT+& 2 kH\T &y| y 2 #s+. n&qT+& 3kH\T &y| y

5 #s+. n+<T# 2G3 R 5 n>TqT.
2.
(`4) eT]jTT (`3) \T|<+.

-7
-6
-5
-3
-4
-3
-2
-1
-4
d+UsK| yTT<{ eTq+ dTq qT+& 4 kH\T m&eT y (`4), n& qT+& 3 kH\T eTs
m&eTy| y (`7) #s+. n+<T# (`4) G (`3) R (`7) n>TqT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
79
3.
(G6) eT]jTT (`2) \qT \T|<+. d+UsK| yTT< eTq+ dTq qT+& &y| 6kH\T
y[, n& qT+& 2 kH\T m&eTy| y 4 e< #s+. +6
-7
4.
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-2
n+<T# (G6) G (`2) R (G4) n>TqT.
(`5) eT]jT (G3) qT \T|<+. d+UsK| yTT<{ 0 qT+& 5kH\T m&eTy| y (`5)
#s+. n&qT+& 3kH\T &y| y (G3) eTq+ `2 #s+.
n+<T# (`5) G (G3) R `2
+3
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-5
5.
dT 3 `3qT *|+~. yTT< dTq qT+& &y| 3 kH\T (G3) y[+~. n& qT+&
m&eTy| 3kH\T (`3) y[+~. yT m& #]qT u$+#*?
+3
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-3
d+UsKqT { 3G(`3)R0 n \TdT+~.

<$<+> eTq+ 5 `5 qT *|q yTT+ dTq neT+~. n+<T# 1 eT]jTT `1 2 eT]jTT
`2 e+{ d+K\qT |sds+ *| dTq edT+~. M{ <={ d+\q $e\T n+{sT.
n+<T# @y s+&T yssT d+K\ yTT+ dTq nsTTq y{ <, eTs= < d+\q $eT+
n+<TsT.
7 jTT d+\q $eT+ @~?
`8 jTT d+\q $eT+ @~?
|jT+#+&.
1.
d+UsKqT|j+ +~ y{ k<q qT>=q+&.
i) (`3) G 5
ii) (`5) G 3
MTsT Te+{ eT] s+&T |X\T jsT #d, d+UsK k~+#+&.
2.
+~ y{ k<qqT d+UsKqT|j+#+& k~+#+&.
i) (G5) G (`5)
ii) (G6) G (`7)
iii) (`8) G (G2)
Te+{ eT] nsTT<T |X\T jsT#d k~+#+&.
80
|Ps d+K\T
+~y{ |]o*+#+&.
i)
3G2R5
8G16R24
20G6R26
30G22R52
9G10R19
20G14R34
@$T |]o*+#sT? s+&T <q|Psd+K\ yTT+ eTs= <q|Psd+K n>TqT.

ii)
`4`6 R (`4) G (`6) R `10 `8`12 R (`8) G (`12) R `20 `3`9 R (`3) G (`9) R `12
@$T >eT+#sT? s+&T TTD|Psd+K\ yTT+ eTs= TTD|Psd+K n>TqT.
iii)
15G(`17) R `2 `23G4 R `19
`11G16 R 5
`12G12 R 0
| deTd\T |]o*d <q|Psd+K eT]jTT TTD|Psd+K\ yTT+ <q|Psd+K

< TTD|Psd+K < dTq e#T.
= <VsD\T #<+.
< 1 : (`10) G (G14) G (`5) G (G8) yTT+ m+?
k<q : <q|Psd+K\qT, TTD|Psd+K\qT deTV\T> #d k~<+.
(`10) G (G14) G (`5) G (G8) R ((`10) G (`5)) G ((G14) G (G8))
R (`15) G (G22) R G7
< 2 : (`20), (`82), (`28) eT]jTT (`14) \ yTT+ m+?
k<q : (`20) G (`82) G (`28) G (`14) R `144
< 3 : 25 G (`21) G (`20) G (G17) G (`1) \ yTT+ m+?
k<q : 25 G (`21) G (`20) G (G17) G (`1)
R (25G(G17)) G ((`21)G(`20)G(`1))
R (G42) G (`42) R 0
nud+ ` 6.3
1.
2.
3.
+~ |Psd+K\qT d+UsK dVjT+ \|+&.

i) 7G(`6)
ii) (`8)G(`2)
iv) (`8) G (`9) G (G17)
v) (`3) G (`8) G (`5)
+~ |Psd+K\qT d+UsK +& \|+&.
i) 10G(`3)
ii) (`10) G (G16)
iv) `215 G (G100)
v) (`110) G (`22)
d+\q+ #jT+&
i) 120 eT]jTT `274
ii) `68 eT]jTT 28
iii) `29, 38 eT]jTT 190 iv) `60,`100 eT]jTT 300
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
iii) (`6) G (`5) G (G2)

vi) (`1) G 7 G (`3)
iii) (`8) G (G8)
vi) 17 G (`11)
6e s> ` >D+
81
4.
d]+#+&.
i) (`6) G (`10) G 5 G 17
ii) 30 G (`30) G (`60) G (`18)
iii) (`80) G (G40) G (`30) G (G6)
iv) 70 G (`18) G (`10) G (`17)
6.6.2 |Psd+K\ ee\q+

eTq+ s +&T |Psd + K\T 5 eT]jTT (`2) \qT d+UsK| *|q|&T 5 qT+& 2 kH\T m&eTy|
y+.
n|&T eTq+ 3 qT #s+. n+<T# 5 G (`2) R 3.
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-2
n+f <q|Psd+KqT \T|q|&T &y|, sTD|Psd+KqT \T|q|&T m&eTy| eTq+

d+UsK| d+K\T e]& #dTH+. <$<+> |Ps+\ ee\q+ L& 5 qT+& 2 rdydq|&T
eTq+ m&eTy| es+. n+<T# 5`2R3 nsTT+~. eTq+ |&T +~ <VsD |]o*<+.
< 4 : 6 qT+& `5 qT rdyjT+&.
k<q : 6 qT+& `5 qT rdyjT&eT+f (`5) m+*| 6edT+< \TdTe&yT.
+~ d+UsKqT |]o*+#+&.
- (-5)
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
10 11
`5 nH~ 6 qT+& 11 jT <s+ q~. nq> (`5) 11 *| yTT+ 6 neT+~.

n+<T# 6`(`5) R 11
6 qT+& `5qTrdyjT&eT+f, 6 5qT (`5jTT d+\q $eT+) \|&yT neT+~.
nq> 6`(`5) R 6G5 R 11
n+<Te\q |Psd+K rdyjT&eT+f, < d+\q$e \|&yT neT+~.
3`(`3) R 6
<$<+ > 4`(`2) m+ neT+~? d+UsK| MTsT m&eTy| dks? &y| dks?
MTsT m&eTy| 2 kH\Ty 2 #sTsT. n|&eTq+ 4`(`2)R2 n #b*. ~ d+<T.
m+<Te\q n+f 4`2R2 eT]jTT 4`(`2) 4`2 n>TqT. n+<T# 4`(`2) =s 4 qT+& &y| s+&T
kH\T y+. ~ 4`(2) q es+. d+<s+ 6qT #] eTs= d+<s+ 2 #s+.
82
|Ps d+K\T
< 5 : (`7) ` (`9) $\TeqT d+UsK <s qT>=q+&.

k<q : (`7) ` (`9) nq> (`7) G 9 (`9 jTT d+\q $eT+ 9 eq)
- (-9)
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
(-7)
n+<T# d+UsK| (`7) qT+& 9 jTT &y| y eTq+ 2 #s+.

n+<T# (`7) ` (`9) R `7G9R2 n>TqT.
$ #jT+&
i)
`5`(`3) ii) `7`(G2)
iii) `7`(`5)
iv)
3`(`4)
v) 5`(G7)
vi) 4`(`2)
+, #]+ sjT+&.
3`3 R 0
3`2R1
& 3 qT+& rdydd+KqT >eT+#+&. $\Te >TZe+f,
3`1R2
|*+ |sT>T<\ |dT+~ <!
3`0R3
Te+{ |*+ n |Psd+K\L dyTH?
3`(`1) R 4
3`(`2) R 5
3`(`3) R 6
<6 : (`13) qT+& (`6) qT rdyjT+&.
k<q : (`13) ` (`6) R (`13) G ((`6) jTT d+\q $eT+)
R `13 G 6 R `7
< 7 : (`8) qT+& (G8) qT rdyjT+&.
k<q : (`8) ` (G8) R (`8) G ((G8) jTT d+\q $eT+)
R `8G(`8) R `16
< 8 : (`6) ` (G7) ` (`24) d]+#+&.
k<q : (`6) ` (G7) ` (`24)
R (`6) G ((G7) jTT d+\q $eT+) G ((`24) jTT d+\q $eT+)
R (`6) G (`7) G (G24) R `13G24 R 11
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
83
nud+ ` 6.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
qT>=q+&
i) 40`(22)
ii) 84`98
iii) (`16)G(`17)
iv) (`20) ` (13)
v) 38 ` (`6)
vi) (`17) ` (`36)
+~ U\qT >, < < R >TsT\ +|+&.
i) (`4) G (`5) ............. (`5)`(`4)
ii) (`16) ` (`23) ........... (`6) G (`12)
iii) 44 ` (`10) ........... 47 G (`3)
iv) (`21) G (`22) ............ (`22) G (`21)
+~ U\qT |P]+#+&.
i) (`13) G .......... R 0
ii) (`16) G 16 R ................
iii) (`5) G .......... R `14
iv) .......... `16 R `22
d]+#+&.
i) (`6) ` (5) ` (G2)
ii) (`12) G 42 ` 7 ` 2
iii) (`3) G (`6) G (`24)
iv) 40 ` (`50) ` 2
eTq+ HsTq$
1.
2.
ybs+ qw+, dTq &^\ H e c>, |Ps\T, deTT< eT+q ~>Teq e+{
n+X\ d+K\T> \T|q|&T TTD|Psd+K\T y&T<+.
<q|Psd+K\T{1, 2, 3,..} TTD|Psd+K\T {`1, `2, `3,...} eT]jTT dTqqT |Psd+K\T
n+<TsT. |Psd+K\ d$T 'I' < 'Z' ns+ dksT.
Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
|Psd+K\ d+\q+, ee\q+\qT d+UsK| d+#e#TqT.

s+&T <q|Psd+K\ yTT+ eTs= <q|Psd+K n>TqT.
s+&T TTD|Psd+K\ yTT+ eTs= TTD|Psd+Kn>TqT.
<q, TTD |Psd+K\qT \T|q|&T |<d+K qT+& q d+KqT rdyd, |<d+K
jTT >TsT |&+.
s+&T |Psd+K\ rdy nq> rdyjTe*q d+K jTT d+\q $eT+ \|&yT.
|Ps d+K\ ec!

{ d+ y<TTq | 30 MT Tq >\ q |&+~. n~ |
se{ |jT++~. |sE 3 MT #=|q | #] s 2 MT
+< Cs~. $<+> |jTd m sE\ | q u{ s>\<T.
84
|Ps d+K\T
n<jTeTT ` 7
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T

7.1
|]#jT+
seTT ||+&T = q $TT& deq+> |+#Ty\qTH&T. n+f

|qT s+&T deq u>\T #d seTT u>+ rdT= q $TT += u>+
y\qT=+TH&T. MTsT q\T>TsT dVT n|&T @+#ke?
n sc n |++~. n|&T seTT eTs |r d>u>
s+&T deq u>\T> #d |+#T+{eT #| = eTT
yTT+ | mqe u>+ n scqT n&>&T.
n|&T sc H\T>T deq u>\qT *| yTT+ | @s&TT+~ {
|r eTT yTT+| 1/4 e u>+ n #|+~.
{ <HH s +&T deq u>\T #d |r u>eTT yTTe TT d>e TTqT ddT+ ~ n #TeTT.
(+< sTTq |{\T #&+&)
yTT+ u>eTT
#T\ ^ y+& ]+#TeTT.
1 1
2 2
7.2
_qeTT
_qeTT nq> yTTeTT =+u>+ deTV+ =.
5
12
_qeTT. B eTq+ 5 u 12 n #<TeeTT.
B 12 < ddT+~? yTT+ < edTe m deq u>\T> $u+|&+< *|

d+K. eT] 5 < ddT+~? eTqeTT rdTq < m+#T&q deq u>\ d+KqT ~ ddT+~.
B 5qT \eeTT n, 12 qT VseTT n n+{sT.
3
7
\y eT]jTT 15 Vs \|+&.
|jT+#+&.
1.
+~ y{ |s|+ d+#+&.
i.
3
4
ii.
2
8
iii.
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1
3
iv.
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
5
8
6e s> ` >D+
85
2.
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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_q+ \e+ H Vs+ me nsTT < eT_q+ n+{eTT.
$ #jT+&.
1.
@yH <T eT _H\qT yd, y{ s|+ #|+&.
2.
|q sTTq |{ #d sD B #je b++
1
4
#|+~. sTT~ d]jTq<H? MT de<H sD $e]+#+&.
n|eT _H\T :
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3 5 7 8
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2 2 3 2
yTT<\>Tq$ B
<VsD\T.
_H\ VseTT, \eeTT H my, < d]#&+&. @yH <T n|eT _H\qT yjT+&.
sT n|eT _H\qT |s|+ m dksT?
<VsD #<+.
B |r eeTT yTT ddT+~. eTqq s+&T
yTT\ |r yTTeTT s+&T deq u>\T #jT&sTT. @s&q
4 deq u>\ yTT+ eT&T deq u>\T w& #jT&HsTT.
eq B
3
2
n dkeTT. { n|eT _H\qT d+#\+f
eTq { H me yTT\T y\ >eT+#e#TqT.

$ #jT+&
1.
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(i)
86
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
(ii)
2.
(iii)
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7 5 7
,
,
4
3 6
7.2.2
$TXeT _H\T
5
2
n|eT _H\ $\Te { H me +T+~. <VsD

HsTT. < eTq+ dkeTT. (5
qT rdT=+f < <T d>u>\T
1
)
2
| |{\{ *| s+&T yTT\T eT]jTT d>+.

nq> 2 G
1
3
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1
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2
B 2
1
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5
3
1
3
1
3
eT&T
1
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eq
5
3
R1G
2
3
R1
5
3
n ykeTT. n< $<+>
2
3
1
3
1
)
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1
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1
3
1
3
R (5I )
R 1. $T*q s+&T
1
3
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2
3
n>TqT.
n>TqT.
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$ #jT+&.
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,
2
8
,
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1 1 5 3 2
, , , ,
2 3 4 4 3
@yH s+&T |Ps+\qT
\ e+{ s|+ #| n$ _H\qT dksTT.
d+<s+ Vs+ dTq +&s<T. (m+<T?)

|jT+#+&.
1.
+~ _H\ Vs\qT yjT+&.

1
,
3
2.
7
,
2
19
,
3
11
7
,
,
29 13
1
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7
8
3
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_H\T> yjT+&.
1
,
3
7.4
2
,
5
2
,
7
8
,
3
3
,
5
5
,
3
1
,
9
8
7
9
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5
d+UsK| _H\T
eTqeTT _H\qT L& d+UsK| #|e#TqT.
1
2
d+UsKqT ^d <| qT >T]+#T<eTT.

1
2
nH~ 0 H me eT]jTT 1 H e n eTq \TdT. eq n~ 0 eT]jTT 1 \
eT< e+T+~.
0
1
2
2
1
2
#jT+&. u>
n< $<+>
1 2
3 3
1
2
n, s+&e u>
3
3
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2
2
n #|+&.
R 1 \qT +~ $<+> d+UsK| d+#e#TqT.
1
0
1
3
2
3
3
3
1
3
n #|+&. s+&e u>+
1 2 3 2
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5 5 5 2
5
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1
5
2
5
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3
5
4
5
#jT &+~.]
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
2
,
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88
eT&e u>+
3
3
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j T { < T d e q u >\T>
4
3
qT d+UsK| m dkeTT?
4
3
qT d+UsK| #|& 1 sTy eTs=

0
4
3
H\T>T
1
3
1
3
1
3
e u>\T eHsTT. ~ { +f me.
eu>+ y*.
4
3
1
1
=
+
= 1 +
3
3
3
3
1 sTy, 1, 2 \ eT\T #j*. (Vs+ 3 {)

eTqeTT
9
4
qT |]>Dq rdT+f B =$T~ 1/4 e u>\T eHsTT. n|&T sT d+KqT
d+UsK| sTT dkeTT.

0
1
4
2
4
3
4
1
4
4
5
4
6
4
2
8
4
7
4
3
9
4
1
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$ #jT+&.
1.
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(i)
2.
7
6
(ii)
5
2
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17
,
8
11
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4
1
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7
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5
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7
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6
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,
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1.
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(i)
2.
3
2
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2
5
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1
7
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8
3
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9
11
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13
2
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(i)
2
7
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7
11
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7
3
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89
3.
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3
5
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7
3
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7
2
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5
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11
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4
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27
4
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1
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7.5
2
7
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5.
(ii)
2
7
(ii)
2
8
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10
2
9
7
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deq _H\T
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1
4
2
8
3
12
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n<$<+>
3
12
1
4
4
16
\eVs\ s {+ | eHjT >eT+#e#TqT.
\eVs\T 1/4 \eVs\ 3 sT.
1
2
3
4
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4
8
12
16
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1
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1
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deq _H\T.
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1
3
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2 6 9 12
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1 2 3 4
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2 7 17 1 3
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yTT<qe w sb\T.
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2.
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7
28
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7.7
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15
90
11
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7
22
5
25
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dC, $C _H\T
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10
25
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21
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eTT>TZ]qT s$ me esT\T e#sTT.

VseTT *q _H\qT dC _H\T n+{sT. M{ b\&+ #*.
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C
1 1
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2 6
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nud+ ` 7.2
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1 2 4
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2.
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7.8
_H\ sVD eT]jTT nesVD eT+
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7 nH d+K 19 H q~ eT]jTT 3 H |<~. n> 3 nH~ `5 H |<~. _H\qT L& eTq+
dT\u+> b\e#TqT. = <VsD\ dVjT+ B ns+ #dT+<+.
9
5
7
bsX\ sV+q | dTswt , d , swt
esT\T e#sTT.
eTT>TZ]qT d me esT\T e#sTT. eq
10
10
9
7
nH~
H
10
10
10
9
|<~.
10
n+f 10 deq
u>\ 9 deq u>\T rdTe&+. ~ 10 deq u>\ 7 deq u>\T rdTe&+ H me.
& Vs\T deq+ eq dT\u+> #|>*>eTT.
<VsD
7 9
,
10 10
3 1
,
2 2
3
2
|<~. eTqeTT
7 9 5
, ,
10 10 10
\qT sVD eT+ #|&
5
,
10
n sk+. M{ nesVD eT+ #|>\s?
$ #jT+&.
+~ _H+\ >]w eT]jTT w _H\qT >T]+#+&.
1
,
7
3
,
7
2
,
7
1
(iii) ,
3
5
,
3
17
,
3
(i)
7.8.1
5
7
(ii)
1
,
9
13
,
9
11
,
9
5
9
9
3
$C _H\qT b\T
|&T
2
3
eT]jTT
3
5
\qT b\+&. @~ |<< #|>\s? d+K\qT #&>H eTq+ #|eTT.
yTT<{< 2 u>\T, s+&e < 3 u>\T eHsTT. _q+ deq u>\T e+{sTT
ysTysT _H\ deq u>\T ysT ysT> e+{sTT.
Te+{ $C _H\qT b\& yTT<{ y{ dC _H\T> es*. {
eTq+ sT +~ $<+> esTkeTT.
2
2
5 10
=
=
3
3
5 15
(dC _q+> es&+)
3 3
3
9
=
=
5 5
3 15
eq
92
9
10
<
15 15
n+<Te\q
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
3
2
<
5
3
2
3
eT]jTT
3
5
\qT
eT]jTT <VsD #&+&.
7 3
,
9 11
\ @~ |<~?
yTT<{ y{ dC _H\T> e]yjT>

7 11 77
=
9 11 99
77
99
3 9 27
=
11 9 99
|<~ n+f
7
9
|<~.
7 3
> .
9 11
M{+{ eTqeTT s +&T _H\ Vs\T deq+ #keTT. Vs\T deqyTq |&T, u>\ |]eD\T
L& deqeTesTT. n|&T eTq+ deq u>\qT b\e#TqT. @ _q+ \e+ deq u>\T
me e+{j n<|< _q+ n \TdT+~.
$ #jT+&.
+~ y @~ q _qeTT?
(i)
2
,
5
3
7
(ii) ,
7
8
7.8.2
5
4
(iii)
3
,
11
1
2
(iv)
5
,
6
2
3
sVD eT]jTT nesVD eT+
eTq+ d+K\qT m&eTqT+& & eT+> $\Te |sT>T e+&T ykeTT. BH eTq+
sVD eT+ n+{sT.
<VsD 1, 3, 7, 8, 12 \T sVD eT+ eHsTT.
n<$<+>
2
,
5
3
,
5
1
,
7
n>
7
,
5
1
,
6
16
5
1
,
5
\T L& sVD eT+ eHsTT. n+f

1
4
2 3 7 16
< < <
5 5 5 5
\T L& sVD eT+ eHsTT.
$ #jT+&.
+~ _H+\qT sVD eT+ sjT+&.
(i)
(iii)
1
,
7
2
,
3
13
,
7
11
,
7
1
,
2
5
,
6
5
,
7
7
12
15
(ii)
7
2
,
3
(iv)
1
,
5
5
,
6
1
,
2
3
,
9
1
,
8
1
,
3
24
18
1
12
eTqeTT sT d+K\qT m&eTqT+& & eT+> $\Te >TZ e+&T yd < nesVD
eT+ n+{sT.
<VsD 100, 85, 83, 74, 61 \T nesVD eT+ eHsTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
93
n>
11
,
2
1
,
4
7
,
2
5
,
2
1
,
5
1
,
6
3
,
2
1
7
1
2
\T nesVD eT+ HsTT.
\T L& nesVD eT+ eHsTT. m+<T sD+ #|>\s?
MT dVT\ #]+#+&.
$ #jT+&.
+~ y nesVD eT+ yjT+&.
1
,
9
13
,
9
11
,
9
1
(iii) ,
5
9
,
5
3
,
5
(i)
15
,
9
3
9
9
5
(ii)
1
,
6
2
,
3
3
,
9
5
6
(iv)
1
,
6
2
,
3
3
,
9
5
6
7.9 _H\ d+\qeTT (L&)

+~ y L&+&.
<VsD
1.
1
1
1
+
=
4
4
2
2.
1
1
2
+
= =1
2
2
2
$ #jT+&.
+~ y{ d]+#+&.
i.
7.9.1
1 5
+
4 4
ii.
1 2
+
3 3
iii.
1 2 3
+ +
7 7 7
iv.
13 5
+
6 6
$C _H\ d+\qeTT
+~ < #&+&.
1
1
+ =?
2
3
sTT& eTq+ \y\qT \|eTT. m+<Te\q? eT] eTq+ @+ #j*? sTTTe+{ _H\qT
\|& yTT< y{ VseTT *q deq _H\T> es*.
1 1 3 3
= =
2 2 3 6
eq
94
1 1 3 2 5
+ = + =
2 3 6 6 6
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
1 1 2 2
= =
3 3 2 6
M{ |s|+ m d+#e#TH #<+.

1 1
+
2 3
s+&T |{\ u>\T deq+ <T. d+\q+ #j\+f eTq deq u>\T y*.
eq yTT<{ < eT]eT&T n&T u>\T> $ukeTT.
n|&T eTq
3
6
edT+~.
eT]jTT s+&e |{ n<$<+> eTq
2
6
e edT+~.
s+& |&T \|& M\T> HsTT \T|> yTT+

1 5
+
6 3
5
6
edT+~.
qT |]>D+#+&.
5 10
=
3 6
n ykeTT. eq
1 5 1 10 11
+ = + =
6 3 6 6
6
$ #jT+&
+~ _H\qT L&+&.
(i)
1 1
+
2 5
7.9.2
(ii)
1 3 7
+ +
2 2 2
(iii)
1 2 5
+ +
3 6 6
(iv)
1 7
+
3 5
$TXeT _H\ d+\qeTT

2
1
3
2
3
eT]jTT 1 \qT eTq+ m d+\q+ #keTT?
y{ n|eT _H\T
8
3
eT]jTT
5
3
\T> e] \|&+ |<.
y{ eTq+ +~ |< L& d+\q+ #jTe#TqT.

1
2
1 2
3
2 +1 = 2 +1+ +
= 3 +
3
3
3 3
3
& eTq+ |Ps+ u>\qT, _q u>\qT $&$&> d+\q+ #keTT. eTs\ s+&+{
d+\q+ #jT> eTq
3 +
3
=
3
3G1 R 4 edT+~
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
95
|&T eTq+
1e |< :
1
1
2 , 3
8
6
\qT s+&T |<T\ d+\q+ #<+.
1
1
2 +3
8
6
1 1
= 2 +3+ +
8 6
= 5+
1 6 1 8
+
8 6 6 8
= 5+
6
8
+
48 48
= 5+
14
7
7
= 5+ =5
48
24
24
2e |< : s+&+{ n|eT _H\T> es>, eTq

deq dC _H\T> e] yjT>
17 19
+
8 6
edT+~.
17 17 6 102
=
=
8
8 6 48
19
19 8 152
=
=
6
6 8 48
102 152 254 127

7
+
=
48 48
48 = 24 = 5 24
7.10 ee\qeTT (rdy)

4
7
eT&T
1
7
3
7
qT+& qT rd yjT+&. s+&T d+K\ Vs\T deq+ eq n$ dC _H\T. eTqeTT

e u>\qT, H\T>T
1
7
e u>\qT+& rdyjT>
4 3
4-3 1
=
=
7 7
7
7
|&T Vs\T ysTysT> eq _H\qT <VsD> rdT+&.

3
10
qT+&
2
9
rdyjT+&.
3 2
10 9
eTqeTT |q #|q | #j*.
3 3 9 27
=
= ;
10 10 9 90
n|&T
96
27 20 27 20 7
=
=
90 90
90
90
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
2 2 10 20
=
=
9 9 10 90
edT+~.
1
7
e u>+ $T>T\TT+~.
$ #jT+&.
1.
+~ _H\qT d+\q+ #jT+&.

2 3
+
5 5
(i)
2..
(ii)
7 2
+
10 10
(iii)
3 2
+
4 6
+~ _H\qT ee\q+ #jT+&.

3
5
(i)
qT+
2
7
(ii)
2
5
qT+
1
9
nud+ ` 7. 3
1.
#je b+\qT _H\T> d+#+&. _H\ eT< '<', '=', '>' \ d]jTq >TsT\qT
|jd y{ sVD < nesVD eT+ sjT+&.
i)
ii)
2.
3.
2 4 8
, ,
6 6 6
eT]jTT
6
6
\qT d+UsK| >T]+#+&. y{ sVD eT+ sjT+&.
+< q |{\qT |]o*+ +< e&q deTd\ |r _H\ eT< '<' < '>', '='
>TsT\ d]jTq < e+#+&.
0
1
1
1
0
2
2
2
0
3
3
3
0
4
4
4
0
5
5
5
0
6
6
6
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
97
4.
5.
i)
1
6
1
3
ii)
3
4
2
6
iv)
6
6
3
3
v)
5
6
5
5
2
3
iii)
2
4
Te+{ eTs= 5 deTd\qT jsT #d MT $TT\qT k~+#eT #|+&.

d]jTq >TsT\ +|>\sT. ('<', '=', '>')
i)
1
2
1
5
ii)
2
4
3
6
iii)
3
5
2
3
iv)
3
4
2
8
v)
3
5
6
5
vi)
7
9
3
9
+~y{ yT\T yjT+&. y{ m k~+#s kbH\qT MT H{ |d+ sjT+&.

i)
5
9
nH~
4
5
iii)
4
5
nH~
16
20
deqe?
9
16
ii)
deqe?
iv)
1
15
nH~
nH~
4
30
5
9
deqe?
deqe?
6.
100 |J\Tq <\ |d+ e] 25 |J\T #~$+~. \* n< <\ |d+
7.
#~$+~. mesT |d e #~ysT?sD+ \|+&.

+~ _H\qT d]jTq d+\qeTT < ee\qeTT> sjT+&.
i)
8.
98
2
5
.....
ii)
.....
iii)
.....
d]+#+&.
i)
1
1
+
18 18
ii)
8
3
+
15 15
iii)
7
5
7
7
iv)
1
21
+
22
22
v)
12
7
15
15
vi)
5
3
+
8 8
vii)
2
3
1 1 =
3
3
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
viii)
1
0
+
4
4
ix)
3-
12
5
e+T
9.
U\ d]jTq _H\qT |P]+#TeTT.

7
10
i)
iii)
3
10
3
5
=
21
21
ii)
3
3
=
3
6
iv)
10. qs+< +{ q >~ >&
2
3
5
12
=
27
27
e+T |sTT+{ yk&T. n eTT&T ]wt
1
3
e+T >&
|sTT+{yd n dVjT+ #k&T. <s *| m+ u> s+>T yksT?

11. V T
5
7
e+T ns{|+&T e&sTT. nsTTq T $T*q ns{|qT d+#T
_H yjT+&.
12.
7
8
MTsT b&e *q & s+&T eTT\T> $] bsTTq~. eTT
1
4
MTs b&e eq,
s+&e eTT b&eqT qT>=qTeTT.

1
13. bsX\ esD #T q& se& sDT 2 5 $Tc\ \+ |&TT+~. n<| #jT&
d>
7
4
$Tc\ \+ |&TT+~. <] mesT e \+ |jD+#sT? m+ e?
eqT _q s|+ yjT+&.
7.11 <X+X\T
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
11
12
13
14
15
| b&e m+? ............... d+.MT.
#| b&e 4 d+.MT. H me eT]jTT 5 d+.MT. H e. eT] #| b&e m

qT>=+{e?
~ qT>=q& eTq+ 4, 5 \ eT<<s 10 deq u>\T #j*.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
99
|&T MTsT sT #| b&eqT #|>\s? B b&e ............ d+.MT. eT]jTT ......... q

u>eTT. q u>H eTq+ $T MTsY n+{eTT. nq> #| b&e 4 d+.MT. eT]jTT 2 $T.MT. |
d+.MT. 10 deq u>\ |r u>eTT $T MTsT. eTqeTT d\TqT |j+#|&T deq
u>\T #dq q u>\qT L& keTT.
| <VsD, #| b&e
4 eT]jTT
2
2
u>eTT = 4 d+.MT.
10
10
eT] #| b&e m+?

B b&e 1 d+{MTsY H e. +sTT~ 10 q u>\ 8 q u>\ deqeTT.
n|&T n~
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10
11
12
d+.MT.
13
14
15
|+ nZ|\qT #d, <b&eqT =*, d+.MT.\ eT]jTT $T.MT.\ \|+&.

1 d+.MT. |r u>+
= 1 $T.MT. =
1
10
d+.MT. = .1 d+.MT. R 0.1 d+.MT
<X+X d+K\ kq $\Te\T

eTq+ eT&+\ d+KqT #~$, < n+\ kq$\Te\qT ssTT+ d+KqT qT>=qe#TqT.
<VsD 1, 2, 5 nH eT&T n+\qT rdT+&.
512 nH d+K 5 e+<\ kq+ eq|&T < kq$\Te 500. n+<T d+K <Te+<\ |H+&T.
152 nH d+K 5 |<T\ kq+ e+~. qT < kq $\Te 50. n+<T d+K qju s+&T.
125 kq+ e+~ qT d+K q{sy <T. eTqeTT e+<\ kq+ qT+& & |
y[q|&T |<T\ kq+ < & | kqeTT eHsTT. nq> eTqeTT & | sT>TTq|&T
< kq$\Te 1/10 e+T neT+~.
100
100
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
10
-1
| + eTq+ m&eT qT+& & y[q|&T $\Te\T m esTj #&e#TqT. yTT<{

+ 100 Bs|THs &\ @ssq |TH e+<\ kq+ rdT= bs+_+#eTT. B 10
dequ>\T #jT> 10 Bs |THs &\ Bs|Tq+ @s&+~.
B eTs\ 10 deq u>\T #jT> 1 Bs|THs & edT+~. nq> e+< |<e e+T |~
eT]jTT |~ |<ee+T {.
+ eTq+ & | y[ @$T sT>TT+~?
eTqeTT |q #|=q #| b&eqT =*# |eTTq <VsD eTqeTT 1d+.MT. H e
b&eqT =*#eTT. n& 1d+.MT.qT 10 q deq u>\T #d |r u> 1$T.MT. nHeTT. nq>
1
|u>eTT 10 d+.MT. ($T.MT. qT d+.MT.\ yjT>) B eTq+ <X+X _+<Te &# y| ykeTT.
qT <X+X _+<Te & #y| yTT<{ kq+ $\Te
100
1
10
100
10
1
= 10 = 1
10
10
10
eTq 10e u>\T 5 e+f

u>\T n nseTT
5
10
B eTq+ 0.5 n ykeTT. nq> yTT+ 10 u>\ 5
5
= 0.5.
10
|jT+#+&.
i)
+~ <X+X\qT _H\T> sjT+& eT]jTT m 10 e u>\T eHj >T]+#+&.

0.4,
ii)
iii)
0.2, 0.8, 1.6, 5.4, 555.3,
0.9
+~ |{qT +|+&.
|<T\T (10)
T (1)
|<e e+T (1/10)
+~ |{qT +|+&.
<X+X
|Ps+
d+K
u>eTT
<X+X
u>+
<X+X d+K.
<X+X u>+
$\Te
|<\ yjT>
8.5
14.7
23.0
5.4
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 101
vi)
+~ sUK+&\ b&e\qT =* +~ |{ +|+&.

H
MTsT =*q~
d+.MT eT]jTT
$T.MT
b&e d+.MT\
b&e <X+X\
sUK+&eTT HM
sUK+&eTT PM
sUK+&eTT CM
MT. ssT
dT<eTT
MT # #|&T y\T
100 u> d+#\+f eTqeTT <X+X _+<Te & #y| s+&T kH\ es sj*.
5
<VsD
= .05 nq> 10eu>+
qT+& &#y| y> e+<e u>+
kq$\Te
100
10
100
edT+~.
1 MTsT 100 d+.MT +{sTT. eTqeTT 5 d+.MT \qT MTs yj\+f 0.05 MT n
ykeTT. n> 25 d+.MT \qT yj\+f < MTsYjTT 100 e u>\ yj\+f n~ 0.25
nq>
20
5
25
+
=
= 0.25
100 100 100
+~ <X+X\ _H\qT yd < m e+<e u>\T eHj qT>=q+&.

0.35, 0.08, 6.70, 23.53, 756.01
n<$<+ > 100|d \ T R 1sbsTT n eTq \TdT. eT] 10 |d \ T n+f sbsTT mHe+T?
1|k n+f sbjT mqe e+T?
475 |d\T n+f m sbjT\T?
75
n~ 400 + 75 |d\T nq> 4 + 100 sbjT\T. R ` 4.75.

4 sbjT\ 75 |d\T < ` 4.75 nykeTT.
30
n<$<+> 5 sbjT\ 30 |d\qT 5 100 sbjT\T nq> ` 5.30 n ykeTT.

$ #jT+&.
U\qT |P]+#+&.
1. 325 |d\T R
2. 570 |d\T R
.............. sbjT\T .............. |d \ T R ` ..............

.............. sbjT\T .............. |d \ T R ` ..............
3.
.............. sbjT\T .............. |d \ T R ` ..............
102
2050 |d\T R
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
nudeTT ` 7. 4
1.
2.
3.
U\qT |P]+#+&.
i)
0.8 jTT _q s|eTT .........................................
ii)
15.9 |Ps+ u>eTT .........................................
iii)
171.9 10e u>+ kq+ n+ .........................................
iv)
9.8 8 kq $\Te .........................................
v)
<X+X d+K |Ps+ u> eT]jTT <X+X u> ysT #d _+<TeqT
......................................... n+{sT.
+~ y{ <X+X s|+ sjT+&.
i)
q sy nsTT<T eT]jTT 4 |<e u>\T
ii)
sy eT]jTT s+&T |<e u>\T
iii)
m$T~ eT]jTT 6 |<e u>\T
+~ _H\qT <X+X _+<Te qT|j+ <X+X s|eTT sjT+&.
i)
iv)
vii)
4.
6.
278/1000
iii)
v)
16/1000
6/100
vi)
345/10
34.26
0.50
ii)
v)
8.88
3.03
iii)
vi)
0.91
6.74
+~ y @~ |<< qT>=q+&.
i)
0.2 eT]jTT 0.4
ii)
70.08 eT]jTT 70.7
iii)
6.6 eT]jTT 6.58
iv)
7.4 eT]jTT 7.35
+~ y sVD eT+ e] sjT+&.
i)
7.
ii)
+< ^jT&q n+\ kq $\Te\qT qT>=q+&.

i)
iv)
5.
16/100
369/100
907/100
0.04, 1.04, 0.14, 1.14
v)
0.76
eT]jTT 0.8
ii)
9.09, 0.99, 1.1, 7
ii)
6.8, 8.66, 8.06, 8.68
+~ y nesVD eT+ e] sjT+&.

i)
8.6, 8.59, 8.09, 8.8
7.12 <X+X _H\ d+\qeTT eT]jTT ee\qeTT

0.3 eT]jTT 0.4\qT d+\qeTT #jT+&.
e rdT= < 10 deq u>\T #jT+&.
0.3qT d+#& 3 deq u>\qT #je+ #jT+&.
0.4qT d+#& 4 deq u>\qT ys $<+> #je+ #jT+&.
|&T e+ #j e+ #jT&q yTT+ |<e u>\qT |+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 103
T |< e+T
+
0
0
.
.
4
7
eq 0.3 + 0.4 = 0.7

eTqeTT <X+X d+K\qT d+\q+ #dq|&T yTT<{ d+K 10e u>, s+&e d+K
10e u> L&*. n> 100e u>\qT L&*.
|&T MTsT 0.63, 0.54\qT L&>\s?
T |< e+T e+< e+T
6
5
1
3
4
7
0.39 + 0.26
ii)
0.8 + 0.07
iii) 1.45 + 1.90
iv)
3.44 + 1.58
0
0
1
.
.
.
eq 0.63 + 0.54 = 1.17

$ #jT+&.
qT>=q+&.
i)
<VsD 1 : 3.64 eT]jTT 5.4\qT L&+&.

1e |< : 3.64 G 5.4
yTT<{ d+K s+&T <X+X kH\T >\ _q+
s+&e d+K <X+X kq+ >\ _q+.
= 364/100 + 54/10
y{ _q s|+ yjT+&.
= 364/100 + 540/100 s+&e _q+ Vs 100 deq+ #jT+&.
= 904/100
Vs\qT deq+ #X, \y\qT L&+&.
= 9.04
eq de<H <X+X _+<Te qT|j+ yjT+&.
2e |< : 3.64 G 5.4
T |< e+T e+< e+T
+
3
5
9
.
.
.
6
4
0
3.64
yTT<{ _q+ s+&T <X+X\THsTT.

s+&e _H s+&T <X+X\ e] L&+&.
+ 5.40
9.04
104
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
4
4
<VsD 2 : d q bsX\ \ b{\ k<q #k+~. yT <jT+ 3.27 .MT. kjT++

2.8 .MT. |sT>, sE yTTeTT m .MT. |sT>&TTq~?
k<q : 3.27 G 2.8 R ?
<jT+ |sT>q <s+ R
3.27 .MT.
kjT++ |sT>q <s+ R
2.80 .MT.
yTT+ |sT>{q <s+ R
6.07 .MT.
<VsD 3 :
1.23qT 2.85 qT+& rdyjT+&.
k<q : B |{ s|+ sjT>
T |< e+T e+< e+T
-
2
1
.
.
8
2
5
3
4
2
.
.
5
8
0
9
eq 2.85 - 1.23 = 1.62

B qT+& eTq+ <X+X\ rdy n+f e+<e u>+ qT+& e+<e u>\qT, |<e u>\ qT+&
|<e u>\qT, qT+& qT sT $<+> rdyj*. ~ eTq+ d+\q+ *|q $<+>
e+T+~.
<VsD 4 :
2.89 4.5 qT+& ee\q+ #jT+&.
k<q :
T |< e+T e+< e+T
-
eq 4.5 `2.89 R 1.61
nudeTT ` 7.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
kqT <TD y[ |*u\+ |{ (), #{ =qT=H&T. |* u\+|{ ()

` 0.75 eT]jTT #{ ` 0.50. nqT s+& ={ =qT=q <TD<sT yTT+ m+
#*+#*? kqT y neT nq ` 2 <TD <sT q n m+ |eTT ]
edT+~. n< y neT n ` 5 q# <TD<sT&T m+ keTTqT ] k&T.
+< q <X+X _H\qT \|+&.
(i)
25.11 + 3.80 (ii) 14.01 + 1.1 + 1.98
(iv)
2.3 + 18.94
(iii)
9.85 + 0.61
(v) 2.57 + 3.75
n_w 5 .MT. 28 MT. dTqT, 2 .MT. 265 MT. sTqT, $T*q 1 .MT. 30 MT. <s
q& |jD+ #k&T. nsTTq nqT |jD+ #dq yTT+ <syT+?
leT y+s+ q |<esTT =s 6.25 MTs qT, qesTT =s 5.75 MTs qT
=q~. nsTTq leT y+s+ q |\\ =s yTT+ m+ b&e >\ qT =q~?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 105
eTq+ HsTq$
1.
i)
_q+ n+f yTT+ =+ u> d+#&+. yTT+ nH~ edTe < = n+{
edTe\ deTV+ e#TqT.
= +q u>\qT _q s|+ sd d+<s+ yTT< n u>\T deqeT
s]+#Ty*.
ii)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
5
7
5qT \eeTT n, 7qT VseTT n n+{sT.
_H\qT d+UsK| d+#e#TqT. |r _H nqT>TD+> d+UsK| _+<Te e+T+~.

eT _q+ \eeTT, VseTT H e. \eeTT, VseTT H me eq _H\qT n|eT
_H\T n+{sT. n|eT _H |Ps+eTT eT]jTT u>\ yTT+> sjTe#T. nTe+{
_H\qT $TXeT _H\T n+{sT.
|r eT eT]jTT n|eT _H\T nH deq _H\qT * e+{sTT. sT deq _H\qT
qT>=q&, sTTq _qeTT \e, Vs\qT d+K# >TD+#* < u+#*.
_q+ \e, Vs\ 1 | sTTs sD+\T +f _q+ w |<\ e+<+{eTT.
yTT+ ({) u>\qT ns+ #dTe& eTqeTT jT{qT Bs |Tq & dkeTT.
Bs |Tq & 10 deq u>\T #jT&TT+~. qT |r u>eTT yTT+
8.
1
e
10
u>eTT.
B eTq+ <X+X s|+ 0.1 skeTT. _+<Te <X+X kH ddT+~. eT]jTT ~ T

eT]jTT |<e u>\ eT< e+T+~.
VseTT 10 >\ |r _H <X+X s|+ sjTe#TqT. n> |r <X+X d+KqT VseTT 10
>\ _q+> sjTe#TqT.
1
100
9.
~eTqT 100 deq u>\T #d |r u>eTT yTTeTT e+<e e+T nq>
10.
e+T+~. B eTq+ <X+X s|+ 0.01 n skeTT.

kq $\Te\ |{ m&eT qT+& & y[q|&T, & y| qTq kqeTT < m&eT y| qTq
11.
12.
13.
106
>
kq+
1
10
u>+ e+T+~. n> 100e u>+ qT+& sTT+ & y| y[q|&T, 100e
u>+
1
10
e e+T
100
e u>+ neT+~. B <X+X s|+ 0.001 n skeTT.
n <X+X\qT sK| #|e#TqT.

|r s+&T <X+X d+K\qT < { b\e#TqT. sT b* nH~ |Ps+ u>\
bs+_keTT. sT |Ps+ u>\T deqyT|&T 10e e+T\qT b\TkeTT. sTT$ L&
deqyTq|&T 100e e+T\qT sTT b\T+ beTT.
sT <X+X\T nH$ eTq J$\ nH s\T> |j>|&sTT. <VsD <qeTT, b&e
eT]jTT sTe\ jTT |eD\T yTT<q y{ d+#& sTT$ |j>|&sTT.
_H\T ` <X+X _H\T
n<jTeTT ` 8
<+X sVD
8.1
|]#jT+
d] y Hq>sT yTTubH =H\ nqT=HsT. <=s jTq $TT\

qT+& ss\ yTTu bH\ d++~+q $es\qT d]+ +~ $<+> |{ s|+
sksT.
\D\T
yTT<{ seTT
s+&e seTT
eT&e seTT
<s
`1500
` 1200
` 2000
MP3
2
2
3
yTs
2
2
3
Y
3
3
3
nsyT
3
2
3
FM s&j
>s+{ \eTT
1 d+eseTT
3 H\\T
6 H\\T
|{ m+<T jsT #j\ d] yT Hq>] |++~. < jTq HqT
yTTu bH =H\qT=HqT <! H neds\ @ bH d]bT+<, @jT bH\ @jT ks\T
Hj b\Ty\+f |{ s|+ $es\T sdT=+f d]>Z s+sTT+#T>\eTT n de<q
$T#&T. d] bjT+ m+q+~.
= d+<seTT\ d]jTq sjT+ rdT=qT $es\qT d]+#&+, $es\qT eT|s#&+
m+ neds+.
sjT+ rdT=qT dVjT|&T d+U $esD de#seTTqT <+X+ n+{eTT.
| <VsD\ ss\ yTTu bqT\ jTT <s\T, eT]jTT s \D\jTT $es\qT
n+{ *| <+X+ n+{+. < $<yTq ss\ <+X\qT MTsT J$+ >eT+#>\sT.
<+XeTT $$< d+<seTT\ mT |j>|&TT+< eTs= <VsD <s >eT<+.
b<s\T jsT#d s>seTT jTT jTe eT T\ neT\qT |+#T @
=\ b<s\T m nedseTTqy \TdT=qT ds sV+#&T. 500 eT+~ nedseTT\qT
d]+ $<+> |{ jsT #k&T.
b<s =\
7
8
9
10
11
yTT+
e\dq d+K 42
126
278
44
10
500
| <+X #d yTHsY @jT =\\T >\ b<s\T me, @ =\\T >\ b<s\T e>
jsT#j\H sjT+ #jT>\&T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
107
8.2
<+X dsD, qy<T
\ q dVTs $Vs j y\ \+~. $Vs j dVTs+<] |+&T

y\ nqT=q~. * d\V| mese] @jT |+&T wyTqy d]++~.
e
w|& |+&T
\
eT|+&T
|
CeT |+&T
s<
eT|+&T
|jT+#+&.
eT
d|\+
d+U $\Te\T >\ <+XeTTq
sw
CeT|+&T
s+&T <VsD\e+&.
yT
eT|+&T
$esD $\Te\T >\ <+XeTT
\
eT|+&T
q s+&T <VsD\e+&.
>]
ns{|+&T
d
d|\eTT
{
CeT|+&T
| C_qT \ yeT +~. | <+XeTTqT \ y neT |]o*+, n+<sT
dVTs\ m++ eT+~ @jT |+&T wy ++~. $es\qT es $<+> sd+~.
eT|+&T ` 4, CeT|+&T `3, ns{|+&T `1, d|\eTT ` 2.
| <+X| esTd eT|+&T 4 ksT eq~. 4 qT eT|+&T jTT bq'|qeTT
n+{sT. nf CeT|+&T bq'|qeTT 3............
\ dVTs d+K 50 nsTT +f yT * + dT\u+> +#>*><? +#+&.
nTe+{ d+<s+ dT\u+> +#T, sjT+ rdT=qT eTs= |< >T]+ #]<+.
8.3
<+X eedsD
2001 Hu >Dq jT+<T >D&T q yd b++ 55 T+eTT\qT+& T+

duT\ d+K\qT d]+#&T. q <T|] >Dq\ =s <+XeTTqT ~+| #d sjTeq \#&T.
=+<sT $<sT\T $$< |<T\ ~+| #d #bsT. |Ps $<+> sdq~.
T+ |]eD+
108
>Dq V\T
T+eTTa\ d+K
2
3
4
5
6
19
23
5
<+X sVD
sVyT | 10 >Dq V\ #TT ^ ^d $<+> sk&T.

T+ |]eD+
>Dq V\T
T+u\ d+K.
19
23
~Hwt | 5 >Dq V\ #TT ^ ^d $<+> sk&T.

T+ |]eD+
>Dq V\T
T+u\ d+K.
19
23
#H | H\T>T >Dq V\ #TsdeTT dd, <e >D V s+> d+

<+XeTTqT ~+| #k&T.
T+ |]eD+
>Dq V\T
T+u\ d+K.
19
23
ds | H\T>T >Dq V\qT <e >Dq V+ T <+XeTTqT ~+| #d+~.

T+ |]eD+
>Dq V\T
T+u\ d+K.
19
23
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
109
k<sD+>, ds #|q $<+ >, >Dq V\qT dd = n+XeTTq q bq'|qeTT\qT

dkeTT. $<+> <+XeTT $$< (n+XeTT\T) sX\qT y{ bq'|qeTT\ d+#TqT
bq'|q $uq |{ n+{sT.
<VsD 1 :10 esT\ e&q | s> 25eT+~ $<sT\T b+~q esT\T
$<+> q$. 5, 6, 7, 5, 4, 2, 2, 9, 10, 2, 4, 7, 4, 6, 9, 5, 5, 4, 7, 9,5,2,4,5, 7.
i)
| <+XeTTqT ~+| #d bq'|q $uq |{e #|+&.
ii)
s> me eT+~ b+~q esT?
iii)
m+ eT+~ d esT\qT b+<sT?
iv)
8 esT\T b+~q $<sT+ eT+~?
k<q :
b+~q esT\T
>Dq V\T
$<sT\ d+K
ii)
iii)
iv)
10
s> me eT+~ (6eT+~) b+~q esT\T R 5

d esT\T (2esT\T) b+~q $<sT\T R 4
8 esT\T b+~q $<sT\ d+K R 0
nudeTT 8.1
1.
|\ y jTT & u+ s, HDeTT\T n{ +#> +~ $<eTT> qTq$.

HDeTT seTT
HD\ d+K
ju |d\T
sbsTT
s+&T sbjT\T
<T sbjT\T
>Dq V\T |j+ <+X bq'|q $uq |{ sjT+&.
110
<+X sVD
2.
25 eT+~ $<sT\ weTsTTq s+>T\T esTd> Tq$ \+, msT|, |#, \T|, \+,
|#, \T|, msT|, H]+, |#, \+, \T|, \eTT, H]+, \+, \+ \T|,
msT|, \T|, \T|, msT|, |#, \+, \+, \T|. >Dq V\qT |j+ bq'|q
$uqeTTqT jsT#jT+&. n e eT+~ weTsTTq s+>T@~?
3.
ksw<+ | TV #H ysT SMS b sVd +~ y < zT yjTeT
]+~. A |P] w<eTT
B b w<eTT
C neT\T =qk+#*.
#H ysT yTT<{ >+ n+<T=q SMS \T $<+> q$.
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
B
B
C
A
B
C
C
B
B
A
B
B
A
B
A
C
A
B
A
C
A
C
C
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
C
C
| <+XeTTqT >Dq V\qT |j+ bq'|q $uqeTT |{ #|+&.

4.
sV <]| F +<eTT e< <jT + 10 >+\T qT+& 11>+\ eT< |j D+q yVqeTT\T.
sT, , dT, , {, , , dT, {, u, dT, , , J|, , dT, J|,
sT, u, dT, sT, dT, , dT, u, sT, J|, dT, , , dT, sT, sT, u,
{. <+XeTTqT >Dq V\qT |j+, bq'|q $uqeTT e #|+&.
{&T<+ :
bqT rdT=, <=]+, d+KqT sdT+&. 40 ksT bqT <=]+ d+K\qT
sdT+&. d+K\qT bq'|q $uq |{qT jsT #jT+&.
8.4
<+XeTTqT d+#T
bq'|q $uq |{ s|+ <+XeTTqT <Xs|eTT L& #|e#T. | \T,

MTsU\T, yTT<\>Tq$ <+XeTTqT d+#T $<H.
8.4.1 | \T ` |]o\q ` sDeTT

|d\ n\eTs q+<T >\ $$< |deTT\T, y d+K\ dMTsDeTTqT +~ | eTT
#|&q~. |]o*+#+&.
$wjTeTT
|d\ d+K
\T>T
+^w
V+B
>D+
keq Xd+
k+|T Xd+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
111
i)
@syTq |d\T me d+K \e?

ii)
@ syTq |d\T n e d+K \e?
iii)
n\eTs yTT+ |d\ d+K m+?
eTs= | |]o*<+. bsX\ $$< s>T $<sT\ d+K\T +~ $<+> eq$.
s>
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
$<sT\ d+K
28
30
35
25
22
<+XeTT jTT |+ 8e s> $<sT\T 35 eT+~ d+#T 35 ueT\T
yjT>\e? n~ n d+<seTT\ k<yTH? eq | 5 eT+~ $<sT\ 1 ueTqT d+#eqT
nqT+f, | + dT\u+> d+#e#T. T 5 eT+~ $<sT\T R 1 ueT nqT d#qqT |+
jTT d\T n+{eTT. keq+> <+XeTT bq'|qeTT\+{ jTT >.k.u. qT d\T> rdT+{eTT.
= d+<seTT\ nqTyq d+KqT rdT=, d\T H e $\Te\qT d+#T = }Vq\T
#dT=qeqT. <VsD,
5 eT+~ $<sT\qT
q\T>TsT $<sT\qT
eTT>TZsT $<sT\qT
<sT $<sT\qT
$<] ddT+< nqT+f
| <+XeTT jTT | eTT +~ $<+> +T+~.
s>
$<sT\ d+K
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
<VsD 1 : 25 eT+~ >\ s> $<sT\T $$<

&TsT. > d+U $es\qT | eTT>
#|&+~. (= $<] = qT eyT &T&T)
i)
m+ eT+~ $<sT\T u&+H &TsT?
ii)
@ qT me eT+~ $<sT\T &TsT?
112
<+X sVD
&
fsTT{
u&+H
{
> d+K
iii)
@ qT ne eT+~ $<sT\T &TsT?

iv)
@ qT & ysT m+<sT?
k<q : i) 5 eT+~ $<sT\T u&+H &TsT.
ii) me eT+~ $<sT\T (7eT+~) & &TsT.
iii) fsTT{qT ne eT+~ (4 eT+~) &TsT.
iv) yTT+ > d+K R 7 G 4 G 5 G 6 R 22
yTT+ $<sT\ d+K R 25
@ qT & $<sT\d+K R 25 ` 22 R 3
<VsD 2 :+~ | eTT <T >eTeTT\ {s d+KqT #|Tq~.
d\T :
>eTeTT
= 2 {sT
{s d+K
A
B
C
D
E
i)
ii)
@ >eTeTT e {sT \e?

@ >eTeTT >]w d+K {sT \e?
iii)
>eTeTT B H >eTeTT C q+<T m me {sT \e?
iv)
<T >eTeTT\ yTT+ {sT m?
k<q :
i)
B, E >eTeTT\
ii)
>eTeTT D q+<T >]w d+K (20) {sT \e.
iii)
>eTeTT B H >eTeTT C >\ n~ {sT 9.
iv)
<T >eTeTT\ yTT+ {sT d+K 64.
w d+K (= < 8) {sT \e.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
113
nudeTT ` 8.2
1.
# >&jseTT\ s>seTT yseTT jsT#jTT >&jseTT\ d+K +~ $<+>

e&+~.
ys+ keTys+ eT+>ys+
T<ys+
>TsTys+ Xys+
Xys+
d+K
300
350
250
400
300
275
|<+XeTTqT | +> #|+&.
2.
|+& <TD<sT&T nV< ys+bT n$Tq |+& d+K +~ $<+> e&sTT.
(d#q : 5 |+&T R 1 ueT)
ys+ ~ys+ keTys+ eT+>ys+ T<ys+ >TsTys+ Xys+ Xys+
d+K
100
85
90
80
60
95
70
+~ |X\ de<H\T qT>=q+&.
i) eT+>ys+ n$Tq |+&qT m ueT\T dksTT?
ii) Xys+ n$Tq |+&qT m ueT\T dksTT?
3.
>eTeTT ds+ m\ q\T>TsT nusT\T b+~q z d+K\qT +~ |{ y] y]
>TsT\ +< e&q$.
>TsT
dsT&T
+&
#T
>&j
s+
400
550
350
200
zd+K
| <+XeTTq d]jTq dqT mqT= |+ ^jT+&.
+~ |X\ de<H\T s{+&.
i) @ >TsTq ne zT \_+#sTT?
ii) @ >TsT >\ nu] m\ >*#&T?
4.
bsX\ $$< s>T\ $<sT\ d d+KqT +~ | + #|&q~.
s> d d+K
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
114
| |eTTqT |]o*+ +~ |X\ yT*e+&.

@ s> $<sT\ >]w d+K d \e?
@ s> $<sT\ w d+K d \e?
@ s> $<sT\ e< 9 d \e?
n s>T\ $<sT\ yTT+ d m?
<+X sVD
5.
<TD+ sE neTT&sTTq $$< s\ TV \ $es\T +~ |+ e&sTT.

= 5 {.$.
d\T :
+|
n$Tq {.$.\T
A
B
C
D
E
+~ |X\ yT*e+&.
i)
+| A jTT TV \T m neTT&T bsTTq$?
ii)
iii)
iv)
6.
@ +| TV \| |\ me yE \<T?
@ +| TV \T 15 neTT&T bsTTq$?
@ +| TV \ neT\T deTT> q$?
+~ |+ <s <TeT+~ ]\ H\ JeTT\T e&sTT.

d\T :
]&T
H\JeTT
= 1000 sbjT\T
syTwt
$dt
y+{
~Hwt
dH
| | eTT qT+& +~ |X\ yT*e+&.
i)
iii)
| | + |j+q d\T (d#q) @~?

dH jTT H\ JeTT m+?
n+<] me JeTT d+b~+#T ysT mesT?
iv)
$dt H syTwt JeTT m+ e?
ii)
bC |
$$< ~q |\T, |d\ $$< | \qT d]+#+&. y{ #~$, MT
$TT\ #]+, MT n_bjTeTT\qT \|+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
115
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1.
+~ y\ q dek\T sjT+&.
(i)
'q' nH d+KqT 5 >TDdTq~.
(ii)
'y' nH~ 4 # u+|&TTq~.
(iii)
p,q d+K\ \+ 4ee+T
(iv)
'z' jTT eT&T sd+K 5 \T|&+~.
(v)
'n' 9 s d+K 10 \|&+~.
(vi)
y jTT s{+| d+KqT+& 16 rdyjT&+~.
(vii)
10 # y qT >TD+ \u 'x' \T|&+~.
+~ dek\ d]|&T s+&T y\T sjT+&.
2.
(i) y - 11
(ii) 10a
(iii)
x
5
(iv) 3m + 11
(v) 2y - 5
|sY e< 'p' d+K >\ +T\T \e. &$& e< |sY H n<syTq +T\T eT&T sT \e.
B ded+> sjT+&.
^ e< q |d\ H de< 3 |d\T me> HsTT. d e< >\ |d\T m? (^
e< +& |d\ d+KqT @<H #ss >T]+#T)
yT | esTd 5 >TsT d\T HsT. yTT+ yT bZq d\ d+K
\TdTe& d+ qT>=qTeTT. (esTd\ d+KqT 'n' nH #ss >T]+#T)
3.
4.
5.
9.6
sU>D+, $T d++~+q d\T
#Tsd #TT=\
@<H uVQuT jTT #TT=\ n+f, VQuT n uTC\ yTT+ b&e n \TdT.
#Tsd+ 4 uTC\ b&e\T deq+ eq,
#Tsd #TT=\ R #Tsd uTC\ b&e\ yTT+ (uT+GuT+GuT+GuT+)
R 4 I uT+ b&e R 4 I s R 4s
# #Tsd #TT=\ 4s nsTTq~. 's' jTT $\Te\T 1, 2, 3, ... rdT+f y*q #Tsd
#TT=\ edT+~. # 's' #ss $\Te esT +T+~. B $\Te ds+ <T. #ss L&q
ded+ e\q eTq+ d\qT dT\u+> >TsT+#Te#TqT. eTq+ #Tsd #TT=\ jTeT+ sX+.
deTuVQ uT+ #TT=\ jTeT+ @eTeT+~?
126
;>D |]#jT+
|jT+#+&.
1.
Bs# T sd #TT=\ qT>=q& k<sD d+ qT>=q+&. (b&e l, y&\ T

b nH #ssX\qT rd+&)
2.
#Tsd yX\+ qT>=q& k<sD d+ sjT+&. (#Tsd uTC s nH

#ss >T]+#+&.)
3.
deT~uVQ uT #TT=\ d+ @eTeT+~?
9.7
n+>D+ d++~+q d+
+~ d]d+K\ neT]qT |]o*+#+&.

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...
neT] n e |<+ qTe& +~ |{ #&+&.
d]d+K\kq+ 1e
2e 3e
4e 5e
6e 7e 8e 9e
10e
d+K
2
4
6
8 10
12 14 16 18
20
neT]
2I1 2I2 2I3 2I4 2I5 .... 2I7 .... 2I9
....
| |{qT { yTT<{ d]d+K 2I1, s+&e~ 2I2, eT&e~ 2I3, ....... neT] 6e, 8e,
10e | $esD { n e d]d+K ded+ \TdT+<? U\T | ] <s+ +|e#T neT]n
e |<+ sjTe#T. ~ 2 x n n+f 2n neT+~.
eq d]d+K\ neT] n e |<+
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... nH~ 2n neT+~.
$ #jT+&
+~ d+K\ neT] n e |<+ sjT+&.
i)
3,6,9,12 .............................. ii) 2,5,8,11 ..............................
iii)
1,8,27,64 ............................
9.8
keq dMTsD\T
eTq+ k] eTTU\ neT]qT >TsT #T+<+.

@s& yTT+ eTTU\ d+K m nqT=+f, y{ d]|& uT _\T d+K qT>=q& nedse TjT
jTeT+ 2m n eTq \TdT e*q eTTU\ d+K m uT _\T y eTq+ qT>=qe#T.
+ $<+>, uT_\ d+K d, m eTTU\T m @s&>\y \TdTe#? n+f, 10 uT_\T
d, y{ m eTTU\T j se >\e. 10 _\, eTTU\ d+KqT \Ty\+f, 2m R 10 neT+~.
m d+||& jTeT+ y<*.
2m = 10
eq 'm' nH #ss | |]# $\Te @~?

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
127
Te+{ d+<s+ y&q +<qqT dMTsD+ nqe#T. +~|{qT |]o*d eTq |X

yT \_dT+~.
m
2m
+<q | nsTT+<? (neqT / <T)
2
4
<T
3
6
<T
4
8
<T
5
10
neqT
6
12
<T
7
14
<T
B{ dMTsD+ 2m R10 nqTq~ m =5 nH$\Te | #+~+~. 5 | eT] @$\Te
dMTsD+ | #+<<T.
9.8.1 dMTsD L.H.S. eT]jTT R.H.S.

eTq+ 2m = 10 nH dMTsD |]o*d, sTy|\ >\ dek\
eT< deq >TsTqT #&e#T. deq >TsT m&eT #y| >\
dek (2m) L.H.S. (Left hand side) njT, &# y| q>\ dek
RHS
(10) qT R.H.S. (Right hand side) n+{sT. n+<T# dMTsD + nq> L.H.S. LHS
$\Te, R.H.S. $\Te deqeTjT~ nqe#T. d+<s+> eTq+ dMTsD keqdT
b\e#TqT. L.H.S. eT]jTT R.H.S. \T deq+ qTe+{ y{ dMTsD\T nqeTT.
<VsD y| 4G5 eTs=y| 7 >\~ dMTsD+ <T. < eTq+ 4G5 7 n <
4G5>7 n yjTe#T. n> x + 5>6, y-1<10 \T L& dMTsD\T e
|jT+#+&
1. +~ dMTsD\ L.H.S. eT]jTT R.H.S. \qT >T]+, sjT+&.
m) 2x + 1 = 10
_) 9 = y - 2
d) 3p + 5 = 2p + 10
2. @yH s+&T keq dMTsD\T yd, y{ jTT L.H.S. eT]jTT R.H.S. \qT
\|+&.
9.8.2 dMTsD k<q (dMTsD eT\+) ` jT<w |<

~>Te <VsD |]o*+#+&.
n<jT+ bs+u+ eTq+ <$T, w\ d+uwD |]o*+#eTT. B KsT|*+ 27
n <$T #|>H, w, yT dVT ejTdT 11 d+es\T n #b&T. nqT m ejTdT
#|>*>& |&T \TdT+<+.
<$T dVT ejTdT 'x' d+es\T nqT+<+. < s{+| #d '2x' neT+~ <!
< 5 *| '2x + 5' n>TqT. n+<T# <$T #|q KsT|*+ 27 ~ deq+.
nq> 2x +5 =27.
| dMTsD rdT+<+. 'x' jTT @ $\Te ~ | #+<TH |]o*<+.
x nH~ #ss {, < 1, 2, 3, ... $\Te\T rdT+<+.
128
;>D |]#jT+
x=1
nsTT 2x + 5 = 2 1 + 5 = 7 n>TqT.
x = 2 nsTT 2x + 5 = 2 2 + 5 = 9 n>TqT.
x = 3 nsTT 2x + 5 = 2 3 + 5 = 11 n>TqT. 1, 2, 3, ... $\Te\qT x <T\T> sd
2x + 5 jTT $\TeqT d]#&& ||D n+{+. $<+> x jTT $$< $\Te\T 2x + 5 = 27
dMTsD+ ||+, LHS eT]jTT RHS \qT |]o*<+.
||+q $\Te
LHS $\Te
RHS $\Te
LHS, RHS \T
x
2xG5
27
deqyTH?
x=1
2I1G5 R 7
27
deq+ <T.
x=2
2I2G5 R 9
27
deq+ <T.
x=3
2I3G5 R 11
27
deq+ <T.
x=4
2I4G5 R 13
27
deq+ <T.
x=5
2I5G5 R 15
27
deq+ <T.
x=6
2I6G5 R 17
27
deq+ <T.
x=7
2I7G5 R 19
27
deq+ <T.
x=8
2I8G5 R 21
27
deq+ <T.
x=9
2I9G5 R 23
27
deq+ <T.
x = 10
2I10G5 R 25
27
deq+ <T.
x = 11
2I11G5 R 27
27
deq+
x = 12
2I12G5 R 29
27
deq+ <T.
| |{qT |]o*d x = 11 $\TeqT ||+#Tq|&T L.H.S. eT]jTT R.H.S. \T deq+
nsTTq$. n+<T# x = 11 nH $\TeqT 2x +5 = 27 dMTsD k<q n+{sT.
@ #ss $\Te dMTsD+ L.H.S. eT]jTT R.H.S. \T deq+ n>TH < dMTsD
k<q n+<TsT. BH dMTsD eT\+ n L& n+<TsT. |&T MT <$T dVT ejTdTqT w
m #b& nsyTe+T+~. >D+ qq kyT\T, |, J$ deTd\ k<q\ Xe+yTq
|sDyTq ;>D |j+ dT\u+> k~+#e#T.
< : 3m = 15 nH dMTsD |]o*<+.
'm' nH #ss jTT @ $\Te dMTsD+ L.H.S. eT]jTT R.H.S. \T deqyTHj #<+.
||+q
LHS $\Te
RHS $\Te
LHS eT]jTT
3 (m)
(15)
RHS deqyTH?
$\Te (m)
m=1
3I1 R 3
15
deq+ <T.
m=2
3I2 R 6
15
deq+ <T.
m=3
3I3 R 9
15
deq+ <T.
m=4
3I4 R 12
15
deq+ <T
m=5
3I5 R 15
15
deq+
m=6
3I6 R 18
15
deq+ <T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
129
|{ m = 5 $\Te LHS eT]jTT RHS \T deq+ nsTTq$. n+<T# m =5 $\TeqT dMTsD +

jTT k<q n+{sT.
$<+> #ss $\Te\T ||+ k<q \TdT=qTqT jT <w |< n+<TsT.
$ #jT+&.
'x - 4 = 2' dMTsD k<q qT>=q+&.
nud+ ` 9.3
1.
2.
3.
+~y @$ dMTsD \|+&.

i) x -3 = 7
v) 2s - 2 = 12
ii) l + 5 > 9
vi) 3x +5 > 13
iii) p-4 < 10

vii) 3x < 15
iv) 5 + m = -6
viii) 2x - 5 = 3
ix) 7y + 1 < 22
x) -3z + 6 = 12
xi) 2x - 3y = 3
xii) z2 = 4
+~ dMTsD\ LHS eT]jTT RHS \qT \|+&.

i) x-5 =6
ii) 4y = 12
iii) 2z + 3 = 7
v) 4 = x - 2
vi) 2a - 3 = -5
iv) 3p = 24
+~ dMTsD\qT jT`<w |< k~+#+&.

i) x + 3 = 5
ii) y - 2 = 7
v) 6n = 30
vi) 3z = 27
iii) a- 2 = 6
iv) 5p = 15
eTq+ HsTq$
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
130
eTq+ nZ|\\T |j+ $$< s\ neT]\T ns\T m sb+~+#e# \TdTH+.

neT], |\\ d+K, |{\ d+U eT<>\ d++< s{+. neT] $$<
|{\ eT<>\ d++< *| s 1, 2, 3, ... yTT<\>T $\Te\T #+. B eTq+ #ss
n, B ns+ d+#+.
#ss nH $\Te\T ee#T. B$\Te ds+ <T.
#ss \T|& k<sD+> a, b, m, n, p, q, x, y, z yTT\>T ns\T y&eTT.
d++< |j>+> \|& #ss |j>|&TT+~.
#ss L& d+U. B$\Te ds+ <T. nsTTqq d+K\ #d |jT\T njT
#ssX\ #k+.
#ssX\ $$< |jT\T $j+ eTq+ 2m, 3s+1, 8p, x/3 e+{ dek\T sb+~k+.
sU>D+, n+>D+\ >\ $$< d\qT sb+~+#& #ssX\T nH $<\T>
|j>|&sTT.
#ss sb+~+q +<qqT dMTsD+ nqe#T.
|r dMTsD deq >TsT sTy| >\ dek\qT LHS eT]jTT RHS n+{+.
dMTsD+ #ss @ $\Te ||+q|&T LHS eT]jTT RHS \T deq+ n>TH $\TeqT
dMTsD+ k<q n+{sT.
dMTsD+ k<q jT<w |< qT>=qe#TqT.
;>D |]#jT+
n<jTeTT ` 10
#TT=\\T eT]jTT yX\T

10.1 b<+
eTq+ + eTT+<T #]+q b<$T C$TrjT s\T nH n<jT+ $$< s\
T\qT >T]+ HsT=H+. +{ deT\ T\qT >T]+ #]+# deTjT+ n$ $T+q
b++ eT]jTT y d]V<T\ qT >T]+ k+. $$< T\ |]eD\qT b\eqq = =\\T
nedseTsTT. +{ =\\qT >T]+ |dT+ eTq+ HsT+<+.
10.2 #TT=\
1.
2.
+~ d+<s\qT |]o*<+.
nusTT |eTT #|q $<+> esu| |sT>TTH&T. n&T A qT+ bs+_+
] A e< eq|&T |sT > + |yd H & nqT=+<+. d+<s e TT nusTT |sT > q
yTT+ <seTTH e+ jTT #TT=\ n+{+.
e q b\+ #T |+ #|q $<+> +# yj\qTH&T. nsTT yTT+ m+

b&yq r> nedseTT+< qT>=q& nqT q b\+ jTT uTC\ b&e\qT qT>=H*.
uTC\ b&e\ yTT+ b\eTT jTT #TT=\qT dT+~. d+e |eTT < d]V<T
jTT yTT+ b&eqT < #TT=\ n+{+. eTq+ #TT=\ nH ueqqT J$+
nH d+<s\ |jd e+{+.
|jT+#+&
#TT=\ nH ueqqT |j+# d+<s\qT ~+{ |s=qTeTT
#TT=\qT += $<+> |]o*<+.
+~ |{\qT |]o*+#+&.
B
E
D
D
C
C
A
C
B
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 131
r>qT rdT= = |{ nedsyTq+ yTs eTT\T> d]|&T ]+#+& r>

eTT\qT = d+e |+ jTT n uTC\| neTs+&. $<+> s+ jTT uTC\
r>eTT\# neTs&q sTy y{ =\+ = s+ jTT r> eTT\ yTT+ b&eqT
qT>=q+&. =\ |+ #T k] r>qT #TT e\dq r> b&eqT dT+~. r>
b&eH d+e |eTT jTT #TT=\ n+{+.
#TT=\ nq> d+e |+ #T, < jTT n+#T y+ k] #T ] se&
|jD+#e\dq yTT+ <s+ jTT =\.
$ #jT+&
= .......... MT
#TT=\
= AB + .......... + ..........
100 MT.
MT.
120
E
60 MT.
45
+ .......... + .......... + ..........

= .......... + .......... + ..........
+ .......... + .......... + ..........
40 MT.
80 M
T.
ii)
40 MT.
10 MT.
= ..........+.......... + .......... + ..........
10 MT.
i)
| |{\ #TT=\\T m+?

#TT=\ = AB + .......... + .......... +..........
MT.
= .......... MT
90 MT.
sUK+&\# @s&q d+e |eTT jTT #TT=\qT qT>=qT < uTC\ b&e\ yTT+
qT>=qe.
= AB + BC + CD + DA
= 130 MT. + 90 MT. + 130 MT. + 90 MT. = 440 MT.
<VsD 2 :
k<q :
90 MT.
k<q : T |jD+q <s+ R bsT ABCD jTT #TT=\
130 MT.
90 MT.
<VsD 1 : T 130 MT. b&e 90 MT. y&\T >\ bsT y[+~.

yT bsT #T #TT ]q yT |jD+q <s+ m+? D
130 MT.
||+ s+ jTT #TT=\qT qT>=qTeTT
IJ = DC = 3 MT. EF = HG = 2 MT.
AB = LK = 4 MT.
AL
FG = KJ = CB = 1 MT.
= BC + DE + FG + HI + JK
L
I
#TT=\
E
2 MT
= 4 MT. + 1 MT. + 3 MT. + 2 MT. + 2 MT. + 1 MT.

132
H 2 MT G
= AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + FG + GH + HI + IJ + JK + KL + LA
+ 2 MT. + 2 MT. + 3MT. + 1 MT. + 4 MT. + 7 MT. = 32 MT.
1 MT
2 MT
= 1 MT. + 2 MT. + 1 MT. + 2 MT. + 1 MT. = 7 MT.
4 MT
D
A
F
3 MT
C
B
|jT+#+&
1.
2.
3.
+~ y #TT=\\T qT>=q+&?
fT | u>eTT jTT =\\T esTd> 30 d+.MT 15 d+.MT 30 d+.MT 15
d+.MT nsTTq < | u>eTT jTT #TT=\ m+?
\ fT yTT<{| jTT =\\T =\e+&? B #TT=\ m+?
100MT. 70 MT. =\\T>\ Bs#Tsks bsT #T r>qT k] #T{*. 1 MT. r>
K<T ` 20\ #=|q njT yTT+ KsT m+.
10.2.1 Bs#TsdeTT jTT #TT=\
15 d+.MT.
10 d+.MT.
10 d+.MT.
|eTT #|q $<+> ABCD Bs#TsdeTTqT rdT+<+. B

b&e, y&\T esTd> 15 d+.MT, eT]jTT 10 d+.MT nsTTq B #TT=\
m+?
A
Bs#TsdeTT jTT #TT=\ = 4 uTC\ b&e\ yTTeTT
15 d+.MT.
= AB + BC + CD + DA
= AB + BC + AB + BC
= 2 AB + 2 BC
= 2 (AB + BC)
= 2 (15 d+.MT + 10 d+.MT)
Bs #TsdeTT m<Ts<TsT uTC\T

deqeTT. eq
= 2 25 d+.MT
AB = CD, AD = BC
= 50 d+.MT
| #s qT+
Bs#Tsd+ jTT #TT=\ R b&e G y&\T G b&e G y&\T D
Bs#TsdeTT jTT #TT=\ R 2I(b&e G y&\T)
b
Bs#Tsd #TT=\ P = 2 (l + b)
A
# l = b&e b = y&\T P = #TT=\
C
b
|jT+#+&
+~ Bs#Tsk\ #TT=\\qT qT>=qTeTT.
Bs#Tsd+
uTC\ yTT+ qT>=qT
b&e
y&\T
<s #TT=\
20 d+.MT
15 d+.MT
= 20 d+.MT + 15 d+.MT
+ 20 d+.MT + 15 d+.MT
= 70 d+.MT
0.7 MT.
0.3 MT.
22 d+.MT
18 d+.MT
12.5 d+.MT
7.5 d+.MT
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
2 (l + b) qT|j+#T
<s #TT=\
= 2(20 + 15)
= 2 (35)
= 70 d+.MT
6e s> ` >D+ 133
<VsD 3 : 36 MT. b&e, 24 MT. y&\T >\ Bs#Tsks b\eTT jTT #TT=\qT qT>=qTeTT?
k<q : b\eTT jTT b&e
l
= 36 MT.
b\eTT jTT y&\T b
= 24 MT.
= 2 (l + b)
b\eTT jTT #TT=\
= 2 (36 + 24) MT.
= 2 60 MT.
= 120 MT.
<VsD 4 : Bs#TsdeTT jTT #TT=\ 76 d+.MT B b&e 26 d+.MT nsTTq y&\T m+?
k<q : Bs#Tsd jTT #TT=\ P = 76 d+.MT
= 26 d+.MT
Bs#Tsd b&e l
2 (b&e G y&\T)
R 76
2 (26 +y&\T)
= 76
= 76 2 = 38
26 + y&\T
y&\T
= 38 - 26 = 12 d+.MT
= 12 d+.MT
<VsD 5 : Bs#Tsks b\+ jTT b&e, y&\T\T esTd> 22.5 MT eT]jTT 14.5 MT. B
#T +# yjTT MTsT ` 6 e+Tq m+ KsT n>TqT?
k<q :
b\eTT jTT b&e l
= 22.5 MT
y&\T b
= 14.5 MT
b\eTT jTT #TT=\ (P) = 2 (l + b)
= 2 (22.5 + 14.5) MT
= 2 37 MT
= 74 MT
MTsT ` 6 e+Tq njT yTT+ KsT
= ` (6 74)
= ` 444
<VsD6 : #TT=\ 32 d+.MT njT $<+> ysTysT b&e\T, y&\T\T >\ Bs#Tsk\qT m+{
^jT>\eTT. (uTC\ b&e\T <q|Ps d+K\T)
k<q : #TT=\ R 32 d+.MT
#TT=\ d>eTT =
32
2
d+.MT = 16 d+.MT
nq> b&e, y&\T\ yTT+ 16 d+.MT njT $<+> m Bs#Tsk\qT ]+#>\y

|]o*+#*. += $<+> #b\+f MTsT s+&T d+K\ yTT+ 16 njT $<+> d+K\ \qT
qT>=H*. n$
(15, 1), (14, 2), (13, 3), (12, 4), (11, 5), (10, 6), (9, 7), (8, 8)
nq> +{ Bs#Tsk\qT 8 ^jT>\eTT.

134
$ #jT+&
1.
2.
3.
#Tsks b{|eTT uT+ R 0.75 MTsT < #T s+>T eTT #TT

1 MTsT ` 20 e+Tq m+ Ks>TqT?
r> b&e 44 d+.MT r>qT |j+ ysTysT b&e, y&\Tq Bs#Tsk\qT m+{
]+#>\eTT?
H <>Zs 41d+.MT, b&e >\ r>e+~. B b&e\T <q|Ps d+K\jT $<+> Bs#TdeTTqT
jsT#jT>\H? sD\T *jTCjT+&?
10.2.2
eTs| T\ #TT=\ < es T\ #TT=\
T.
4 d
+.M
T.
+.M
4 d
a
sU K+&\# @s&q d+e |{\qT VQuTE\T n+{eTT. VQuT
jTT n uTC\T, n D\T deqyTq < eTVQuT n+{sT.
a
a
deTuVQ uTeTH~ eT&T uTC\T *q eTVQuT
#TsdeTH~ H\T>T uTC\T *q eTVQuT
a
#TsdeTT uTC\ deq+ eq
#Tsd+ jTT #TT=\ R uTeTT G uTeTT G uTeTT G uTeTT
R a+a+a+a
R 4a
R 4 I uTeTT
|&T uT+ 4 d+.MT > >\ deTuVQ uTeTTqT |]o*<+. B jTT #TT=\CqT eTqeTT
qT>=q>\e?
deTuVQ uTeTT jTT #TT=\
= (4 + 4 + 4) d+.MT
A
B
4 d+.MT.
= 3 4 d+.MT = 12 d+.MT
nq> 'a' uT+> >\ @< deTuVQ uT+ jTT #TT=\ 3 a = 3a n ke]+#e#T.
deTuVQ uT+ jTT #TT=\ R 3IuT+ b&e
|jT+#+&
1.
+~ #Tsk\ #TT=\\qT qT>=qTeTT. |{\ 1 d+.MT & (e\) | ]+#&q$.

D
G
Z
(i)
W (iv) X
B
E
P
2.
(ii)
(iii)
|]ds\ es edTe\qT >T]+ y #TT=\\qT qT>=qTeTT

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 135
s eTs T\T < s es VQuTE\T

n uTC\T, n D\T deq+> >\ C$TrjT T\qT es T\+{s >TsT
#T+&. #Tsd+, deTuVQ uTC\T es T\ = <VsD\T. nsTT 5 uTC\T,
6 uTC\T >\ es T\T (es VQuTE\T) L& \e. $ es VQuTE\T eq
M{ uTC\ deqeTT. M uTC\ b&e\ yTTyT M #TT=\ neT+~.
eT|+#uT (5 uTC\T) jTT #TT=\ R 5I uT+ b&e
eTw&T (6 uTC\T) jTT #TT=\
R 6I uT+ b&e
eT nwuT (8 uTC\T) jTT #TT=\ R 8I uT+ b&e n dMT]+#e#T.
$ #jT+&
8 d+.MT. uT+> >\ eT|+#uT jTT #TT=\qT qT>=qTeTT.
<VsD 7 : 250 MT. uT+ >\ #Tsks bsT #T +#yjTT MTsT ` 20 e+Tq m+
KsT n>TqT?
k<q : #Tsks bsT jTT #TT=\ R 4 I uT+ b&e
R 4 250 = 1000 MT
1MT +#yjTT njT KsT
R ` 20
yTT+ njT KsT
R ` 1000 20 = ` 20,000
<VsD 8 : deTuVQ uT+ jTT #TT=\ 54 d+.MT nsTTq < uTeTTqT qT>=qTeTT
k<q : deTuVQ uT+ jTT #TT=\ R 3I uT+ b&e
#TT=\
54 d+.MT.
uT+ b&e =
=
= 18 d+.MT
3
3
<VsD 9 : 24 d+.MT b&e >\ r> +~ es T\qT jsT#dq | |+ jTT
uTC qT>=qTeTT?
i) deTuVQ uTeTT
ii) #TsdeTT
iii) eTw&T
k<q :
i)
deTuVQ uTeTT jTT #TT=\ R 3 I uTeTT b&e
24 d+.MT.
uT+ b&e =
= 8 d+.MT
3
ii)
#TsdeTT 4 uTC\T >\ eTVQuT qT B #TT=\ R 4I uT+ b&e
24 d+.MT.
= 6 d+.MT
4
iii)
eTw&T 6 uTC\T+{sTT. qT B #TT=\ R 6 I uT+b&e
24 d+.MT.
uT+ b&e =
R 4 d+.MT
6
136
nudeTT ` 10.1
1.
+~ s\ #TT=\\qT qT>=q+&?
6 d+.MT.
4 d+.MT.
6 d+.MT.
45
d+
.MT
.
9.
4 d+.MT.
8.
A 2 B
d+.MT.
40 d+.MT.
30 d+.MT.
7.
8 d+.MT.
2.
d+.MT.
6.
I
4 d+.MT. E
J
F
3 2d+.MT. 4 d+.MT. L
D
C
2 d+.MT.C K
D
20 d+.MT.
5.
35
d+.M
T.
55 d+.MT.
4.
3 d+.MT.
L
KD
+~ |{\ #TT=\\qT qT>=q+&. |{\ #T r>qT neTseqq 1 d+.MT r> K<T `

15 e+Tq m+ KsT n>TqT.
.
.MT
d+
0
3
3.
3 d+.MT.
J E
2
d+.MT.
A 40 d+.MT. B
2.
50 d
+.MT.
d+.
MT.
2
G
d+.MT. G
H
2 d+.MT.
2
F
d+.MT. E
F
2
d+.MT.
D 35
5 d+.MT.
.
+.MT
60 d
30 d+.MT.
24 d+.MT.
24 d+.MT b&e >\ r> b&e, y&\ T\T |Psd + K\T> \ ysT ysT =\\T >\ Bs# T sk\qT
m+{ e #jT>\e.
|P\#+ #T sks+ e+~. B uT + b&e 3.5MT B #T 4 esTd\T &T #Teqq
MTsT &T K<T ` 15 #=|q m+ KsT n>TqT.
60 d+.MT b&e >\ r> +~ es\qT @s]q y uT+ b&eqT qT>=q+&?
i)
deTuVQ uTeTT
ii)
#Tsd+
iii) eTw&T
iv) eT|+#uT
+{ eT]jTT ; |rsp <jTeTT C+> ysT. +{ 80 MT. uT+ >\ #Tsks
bsT #T |sT>T&T. ; 90 MT. b&e, 60 MT. y&\T >\ Bs#Tsks bsT #T
|sT>T+~. <s 3 ksT |sT>q me <seTT |sT>q ysT mesT? m+ <seTT me
|sT > sT .
Bs#TsdeTT jTT b&e < y&\T s+&T sT e+~. B #TT=\ 48 d+.MT nsTTq
Bs#TsdeTT jTT =\\qT qT>=qTeTT?
uTeTT jTT s+&T uTC\T esTd> 12 d+.MT, 14 d+.MT eT]jTT B #TT=\ 36 d+.MT
nsTTq eT&e uTeTTqT qT>=qTeTT?
+~ s\ #TT=\\qT qT>=qTeTT
i)
3 d+.MT 4 d+.MT 5 d+.MT \ uTC\T >\ uT+
ii)
uTeTT 9d+.MT \T> >\ deTuVQ uT+
iii)
s +&T deq uT C\ b&e 8 d+.MT, eT&e uT + b&e 6 d+.MT \T> >*q deT~uVQ
uT+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 137
10.3 yX\eTT
+~ d+e |{\qT |]o*<+. e deT\+| =+ |<X $TksTT. M @$
me |<XeTTqT $Tkj e #|>\y? |{\ \qT |]o*+, me |<XeTTqT $T+#
3 ) esT# >T]+#+&?
|{ (3
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
@<H d+e |+ $T+# |<XH < yX\+ n+{+.

|q |s=q |{\ @~ me yX *e+T+< e #|>\e.
nsTT $<+> n d+<s\ #|>\e?
| |{\qT >eT+#+&. M < yX \eTT
me? ~ #|+ dT\uyTH? B \TdT=qT
>|t ||sTqT |j<+.
(i)
(ii)
>|t ||sT 1 d+.MTI 1 d+.MT =\\T >\ #Tsk\T+{jT eTq \TdT<! >|t ||sT|
| s + n+#T y+& ^jT+&.
s, 1 d+.MT uT+ >\ #Tsk\# |P]> +|&
m #T sk\T nedse Tj d+KqT s+ jTT yX \+ n+{eT
eTq \TdT.
(ii)
nsTT s\# $ T+# & q

|<X\qT |]o*+q y = #Tsk\ |P] |<XeTT s+ |
e+~. = #Tsk\ d>+ |<XeTT, =+{ d>+ +f me
(iii)
eT]=+{ d>+ +f e |<X+ s+ |\ +~. k\u+ =s
d>+ +f e |<XeTTq #Tsk\qT +#+& e<*yk+. d>+ +f me |<XeTT s+
| e+f y |P] #Tsk\T> |]>D+ k+. d>+ |<X+ eyT s+ | +& n+{
s+&T #Tsk\qT *| #Tsd+> k+. n+#H yjT&+ e\q d>+ H e q
#Tsk\qT e~* yjT&+ d>+ H me q #Tsk\qT |P]> >Dq rdT=q&+
d]qfeT+~.
138
$<+> |eTT (iii) seTT $T+q #Tsk\qT + +~ |{ +|<+.

$T+q |<XeTT
y{ d+K
yX\eTT
#.d+.MT\
i. |P] #Tsk\T
16
16
ii. d>+ |<X+ eyT $T+#&q #Tsk\T
3
3
iii. d>+ +f me |<XeTT $T+#&q #Tsk\T
12
12
iv. d>+ +f e |<XeTT $T+# &q #Tsk\T
5
0
yTT+ yX\eTT = 17 + 3 + 4 = 30 #. d+.MT
$<+> |r s+ jTT yX\eTTq n+#H yjTe#T |eTT s+&e s+ jTT
yX\eTTqT < $<+> + s+&+{ @~ me yX\eTT *e+< ssTT+#TeTT
|jT+#+&
#Tsd >qT +#T <s +~ |{\ yX\T qT>=qTeTT?
= >& yX\eTT 1 #.d+.MT
(iii)
(i)
(iv)
(v)
(ii)
(vii)
(vi)
(viii)
(ix)
$ #jT+&
1.
2.
\qT, |P\s\qT > + | + y{ n+#T\ y+& ^ y yX\eTT\qT

qT>=qTeTT?
>|t ||sT | sFjT T\qT ^, T\T $T+q #Tsk\qT +#T
<s y yX\eTTqT n+#H yjTTeTT.
10.3.1
Bs#Tsd yX\eTT
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
7 d+.MT.
4 d+.MT.
> eTTqT |j+ b&e 7 d+.MT, y&\T 4 d+.MT =\\T >\

Bs#TsdeTT jTT yX\eTTqT qT>=q>\e?
1d+.MT uT + >\ #T sk\qT *q > eTT | | =\\
Bs#TsdeTTqT ]+q n~ 28 >qT $T+#+ >eT+#e#T.
qT Bs#TsdeTT yX\eTT R 28 #.d+.MT
6e s> ` >D+ 139
|eTTqT |]o*+q Bs#TsdeTT $T+q |<XeTT esTd 7 #Tsk\T #=|q 4

esTd\T \e. qT yTT+ #Tsk\ (>) d+K R 7I4R 28
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
# 28qT Bs#TsdeTT jTT yX\eTT. 7qT Bs#TsdeTT jTT b&e, 4qT Bs#TsdeTT
jTT y&\T > >eT+#e#T.
+~ =\\ Bs#Tsk\qT > ||sT (>|t ||sT) | ]+ n~ $T+q >qT
(#Tsk\qT) +#T <s Bs#Tsk\ yX qT>=qTeTT eT]jTT Bs#Tsk\ b&e, y&\T\
\u qT>=qTeTT. |*\ qT+ y$T }V+#>\e.
.d+K b&e
y&\T
#<s\ d+K (yX\+)
b&e I y&\T
Bs #Tsd yX\+
1.
4
3
12
4 3 = 12 #. d+.MT.
2.
3.
| |*\T eT]jTT #s qT+

Bs#Tsd yX\eTT R b&e I y&\T n s]+#>\eTT.
|&T eTqeTT >|t ||sT (>eTT) |j+# +& Bs#Tsd yX\+ qT>=+<+.
<VsD b&e 6d+.MT, y&\T 4 d+.MT =\\T >\ Bs#Tsd yX\eTTqT qT>=+<+.
Bs#Tsd yX\+ R b&eIy&\T R 6I4 R 24 #.d+.MT
|jT+#+&
#TT=\ *q s+&T ysTysT Bs#Tsk\qT ^jTTeTT. y yX\qT b\TeTT n$
deqyTH? #TT=\ *q s+&T ysT ysT #Tsk\qT e ^jT>\y?
$ #jT+&
yX\+ qT>=q+&.
1. s> >~ jTT H\.
140
2. MT +{ \T|. 3. s> >~ q\\.
10.3.2 #Tsd yX\eTT

4 d+.MT u T eTT> \ # T s k rd T +<+. B
>eTT| (>|t ||sY |)
4 d+.MT
4 d+.MT
|eTT #|q $<+> neT] |]o*d n~ esTd 4 >

#=|q 4 esTd\T nq> yTTe TT 16 > qT $T+qT> >eT+#e#T.
4 d+.MT
qT B yX\eTT R 16 #.d+.MT = 4 4 #.d+.MT

4 d+.MT
# #T sd uT eTT 4 > >eT+#>\ sT. eT]jTT b&e, y&\ T\T

deq+> >\ Bs#TsdeTTH, #TsdeT+{s L& >eT+#>\sT.
|*+ qT+& #Tsd yX deTTqT }V+#>\y?
|jT+#+&.
#Tsk\ uTC\ =\\T +< e&HsTT y >|t ||sY | ^ >qT +#T

<s yX\eTTqT qT>=qTeTT uTeTTIuTeTT jTT $\TeqT qT>=qTeTT? |*\ qT+
y$T }V+#>\e.
i)
4 d+.MT
ii)
6 d+.MT
iii)
2 d+.MT
iv)
8 d+.MT
| #s eT]jTT |*\ qT+

#Tsd yX\eTT R uTeTT I uTeTT n s]+#>\eTT.
= (uTeTT)2
<VsD 10 : 144 d+.MT, 100d+.MT =\\T esTd> b&e, y&\T\T> >\ |<X b&e 12
d+.MT, y&\T 5 d+.MT >\ f +|eqq m f eqT?
k<q : f +|e\dq |<XeTT jTT b&e = 144 d+.MT
y&\T
= 100 d+.MT
f +|e\dq |<XeTT jTT yX\eTT = 144 d+.MT 100 d+.MT
= 14,400 #.
= f jTT b&e
y&\T
= f jTT yX\eTT
d+.MT
= 12 d+.MT
= 5 d+.MT
= 12 d+.MT. 5 d+.MT
= 60 #.d+.MT
e\dq f d+K
f +|e\dq |<X yX\+

f yX\+
14400
60
= 240 f
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 141
<VsD 11 : Bs#TsdeTT, #TsdeTT #TT=\\T deqeTT. Bs#TsdeTT jTT b&e,

y&\T\T esTd> 35 d+.MT, eT]jTT 25 d+.MT nsTTq s+&+{ < yX\eTT me? m+
me?
k<q : Bs#TsdeTT jTT #TT=\
= 2 (b&e+ y&\T)
= 2 (35 + 25) = 2 60 = 120 d+.MT
= 120 d+.MT
qT #TsdeTT jTT #TT=\
#Tsd uTeTT
#Tsd yX\eTT = (uTeTT)2

eT]jTT Bs #Tsd yX\eTT
120
= 30 d+.MT
4
= (30)2 = 900 #. d+.MT
R b&e I y&\T
= 35 25 = 875 #.
d+.MT
nq> #Tsd yX\eTT, Bs#Tsd yX\+ +f (900 - 875) #. d+.MT = 25 #. d+.MT me.
<VsD 12 : 4 MT. b&e, 68 d+.MT.\ y&\T >\ Bs #TsdeTT jTT yX\eTTqT #. d+.MT.
\ qT>=qTeTT?
k<q : Bs #TsdeTT jTT b&e
R 4 MT. R 400 d+.MT
y&\T
R 68 d+.MT.
Bs#Tsd yX\eTT
R b&e I y&\T
R 400 I 68
R 27,200 #.d+.MT
<VsD 13 : 40 MT. b&e >\ Bs#TsdeTT jTT yX\eTT 1,120 #.MT. nsTTq < y&\TqT
qT>=qTeTT?
k<q : Bs#TsdeTT b&e
R 40 MT.
Bs#Tsd yX\eTT
R 1,120 #.MT
Bs#Tsd yX\eTT
R b&e I y&\T
yX \+ 1120
eq y&\T
=
=
= 28 MT
40
b&e
<VsD 14 : 5 MT. b&e, 4 MT.\ y&\T >\ d\eTT 5 yTT\ b<T\T rjT&HsTT. yTT\
b<T\ 1 MT. uT+ >\ #Tskq $T*q |<X+ jTT yX\eTTqT qT>=qTeTT?
k<q : d\eTT jTT yX\eTT
R b&e I y&\T
R 5 I 4 #.d+.MT
R 20 #.d+.MT
= yTT b<T jTT yX\eTT
R 1 I 1 R 1 #.d+.MT.
5 yTT\ b<T\ jTT yTT+ yX\eTT R 5 #.d+.MT.
$T*q |<XeTT jTT yX\eTT
R 20 ` 5 R 15 #.d+.MT.
142
nudeTT ` 10.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
+~ =\\T >\ Bs#Tsk\ yX\qT qT>=qTeTT?

i)
50 d+.MT eT]jTT 20 d+.MT
ii)
65 MT eT]jTT 45 MT
iii)
25 d+.MT eT]jTT 16 d+.MT
iv)
7 .MT eT]jTT 19 .MT
+~ =\\T uTC\T> >\ #Tsk\ yX\eTTqT qT>=qTeTT?
i) 26 MT
ii) 17 MT
iii) 52 d+.MT. iv) 8 d+.MT
Bs#Tsks |eTT jTT yX\eTT1,125 #. d+.MT < y&\T 25 d+.MT nsTTq <
b&eqT qT>=qTeTT?
Bs#Tsks b\eTT jTT b&e 60 MT eT]jTT B y&\T, B b&e d>eTT nsTTq
< yX\eTTqT qT>=qTeTT?
#Tsks eTT jTT #TT=\ 40 d+.MT. nsTTq B uTC eT]jTT yX
qT>=qTeTT?
1
Bs#Tsks bT jTT yX\eTT 2400 #.MT. B b&e, y&\Tq 1 2 sT q bT
#TT=\qT qT>=qTeTT?
>~ jTT b&e, y&\T\T esTd> 6 MT. eT]jTT 4 MT. nsTT B H\+{ s{
|sT#T e\dq s{ yX\+ m+? 1 #.MT. s{ K<T ` 240 #=|q m+ KsT
neT+~?
#Tsd+ eT]jTT Bs#Tsk\ #TT=\\T deq+. #Tsd+ jTT uT+ 72 MT.
eT]jTT Bs #Tsd+ jTT b&e 80 MT. nsTTq < yX\+ me? m+ me?
#Tsd+ jTT yX\+ 49 #.d+.MT. B #TT=\ deqyTq #TT=\ >\ Bs#Tsd+
jTT b&e 9.3 d+.MT. nsTTq Bs#Tsd+ jTT y&\T m+? < yX\+ me?
sVQ 400 MT. I 200 MT. =\\T >\ Bs#Tsks b\+ \<T. $TT&T seTT
300 MT. uT+> >\ #Tsks b\+ \<T. s+&+{ #T +# yjTT MTsT sT.
150 e+Tq m+ Ks n>TqT. 10 #.MT.\ |<XeTT #TqT H{q me] b\+ me
#qT He#T? m me #qT He#T?
Bs#Tsks H\ jTT b&e < y&\T +f 20 MT. me. < #TT=\ 280 MT.
nsTTq < b&e m+?
240 MT. I 200 MT. =\\T >\ Bs#Tsks d\eTTq +# yjTT MTsT ` 30 e+Tq
m+ KsT n>TqT?
120 MT. uT+> >\ #Tsks b\eTTqT >& yT<q+> esT #<s| MTsT ` 35
e+Tq m+ KsT neT+~?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 143
14.
15.
+~ d+<s\ Bs#TsdeTT jTT yX\+ @ $<+> esTT+~.

i) b&e, y&\T\T s+&T sT nsTTq
ii) b&e 2 sT, y&\T 3 sT nsTTq
+~ d+<seTT\ #TsdeTT jTT yX\eTT @ $<+> esTT+~.
i) uTeTT b&e s{+| nsTTq
ii) uTeTT b&e d>+ nsTTq
eTq+ HsTq~.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
d+e |+ #T < d]V<T y+ k] ] se& |jD+#e\dq <seTTH

< #TT=\ n+{sT.
i)
Bs#TsdeTT jTT #TT=\ R 2 I (b&e G y&\T)
ii) #TsdeTT jTT #TT=\ R 4 I uT+ b&e
iii) deTuVQ uT+ jTT #TT=\ R 3 I uT+ b&e
i)
n uTC\T, D\T deq+> >\ d+e |{\qT eTVQuTE\T n+{eTT.
ii) eTVQuT jTT #TT=\, < uTC\ d+K eT]jTT uTeTT jTT b&e\
\u deqeTT.
d+e |eTT $T+q |<XeTTH < yX\eTT n+{eTT.
> eTT < >|t ||sT qT |j + d+e |eTT jTT yX \eTTqT n+#HyjT T
+~ |<T\qT |jkeTT.
i)
d>+ +f e u>eTTq #Tsk\qT e<*yjTTeTT.
ii) d>+ +f me u>eTTq #Tsk\qT |P] #Tsk\T> |]>D+ +#TeTT.
iii)
6.
i)
ii)
iii)
144
d>u>+ eq #Tsk\ yX\eTTqT
1
2
#.d+.MT > u$+ +{ s+&T #Tsk\qT
*| {> +#TeTT.
Bs#Tsd yX\eTT = b&e I y&\T
#Tsd yX\eTT = uTeTT I uTeTT
#TT=\\T >\ Bs#Tsd+, #Tsd+\ #Tsd yX\+ me> e+T+~.
n<jTeTT ` 11
w eT]jTT nqTbeTT
11.1 b<+
J$+ eTq+ sX\qT $$< s\T> b\TkeTT. es{ # yTT<\>T $wj\qT
b\T+{+. = <VsD\qT #<+.
| sE d eT]jTT eT<T sY d
yeTT+<T b\T >TsT. d s+&T #+#\
#sqT | b\ \T|>, eT<TsY
#+# #sqT | b\ *bsT.
me] | b\T jT> +{sTT? sT#&+& eTq+ #|>\e?
Xs< 3 #+#\ #sqT 2
H e< e< q m$T~
zVA! e< H e< |d\T H
me |d\T HsTT.
s {+ | qf
|\ b\ *|+~. eTT>TZ] |
b\ jT<H b\+&?
+~ d+<s |]o*+#+&.
d ] e< 8 H{ | d \T
eT]jTT s$ e< 16 H{|d\T
HsTT.
b\& s$ y{ d+K &\ b*, d] u>Vs+ <s b*+~. s +=
sH m+ me, < m+ e n b\& ee\q+ b\&+ n+{+. n> seTs=
s m sT me < msT e n b\&yT u>Vs+ b\&+ n+{+.
sX\qT ee\q+ b\&+ eT]jTT u>Vs+ b\& d++~+ eT&T d+|Tq\qT
<V]+#+&. eTq+ $T&T eT]jTT NeT b&e\qT b\& y{ b&e\ &qT qTe&+
<s b\&+ k<+<T. 4 < 5 d+.MT. b&e+&
$T&TqT, # =~ $T.MT. b&e+& NeT b&e
b\&+ d]<T. y{ b&e\ & <<| 4 d+.MT.
eyT +T+~. ~ y{eT< |< & qT >T]+|Cj
T <T.
BH NeT yqT eTs= NeTqT neTs&+ <s
mNeT\ b&e $T&T b&e d]bT+< b\e#T.
15 qT+ 20 NeT\ b&e $T&T b&e
deqeTeT+< u$+#e#T.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 145
eTs= <VsDqT #&+&.

sT <s ` 2,50,000 eT]jTT ysT u <s ` 50,000 y{ eT<>\ &qT b\&+
<s & ` 2,00,000 n #|e#T. & m+ $dsD *e+< ns+ #dT+. nV]
2,50, 000
b* <s nq> 50, 000 = 1

| sT <s eTq+ 5 ysT u\qT =q>\eT \TdT+~. $<+>, = d+<s
u>Vs+ b\&+ nH |jT ee\q+ b\&+ H eT]+ nse++> e+T+< \Tk+~.
eTs= <VsDqT #<+.
\ ejTdT 3 d+\T, yT ejTdT 18 d+ B qT+& +, \ H 15 d+\T |< n
\TdT+~. sVyT ejTdT 65 d+\T, sw ejTdT 50 d+\T. y] ejTdT\ & s+&T d+<sq
15d+. \, yT\ ejTdT\ & 15 d+\T nsTTq|{ s+{ s+> b\+. BH,
+ ejTdT \ ejTdT sT sT n #|&+ yT\T.
$<yTq u>Vs+ <s b\{H w n+{+. n<jT+ w >T]+ $es+>
\TdT+<+. < $<+> b\{ eTs= <VsD e|t jsT #jT&+ <s |]o*<+.
|{ #&+&.
yde <s\ b*d e| |
N
MAP
|<X\T # <>Zs> #|&q$. |+
Political
d\T: 1:d1+MTCm.
R 100MT
SCALE
= 300 Km.
<s, |<X\ eT< yde <s >\
d + +< d\T * j T C d T + ~.
<VsD |+ 1d+.MT. <s+ 100
MT.\ yde <s deqeTsTT d\T
1d+.MT. R 100 MT. n+{sT. n+f |+
s +&T |<X \ eT< <s+ yde + 10000
e e+T +T+~. n+f |+ 5 d+.MT.
> # | & q < s + C 500MT.
+T+~. ee\q b* <s #|qf
yde <s+ |+ <sH 499 MT.
95 d+.MT. me +T+~. yde <s+ |+ <s 10,000 sT me n #|&yT
nse++> +T+~.
{ yTT<{ <VsD s$, d] e< q |d\ w R
16 2
= =2
8 1
B 2 : 1 n #<TeeTT.
b* esTd e]q, d], s$ e< q |d\ w R
8 1
= =1
16 2
s+&T sX\qT b\Tq|&T sX\ e <wjT+<T+#Ty*.

146
w eT]jTT nqTbeTT
:2
:1
|jT+#+&.
<VsDqT |]o*+ |{qT +|+&.
.d+. yTT<{
T
edTe \s
1. 2 |
2.
3.
11.2
s+&e
b* deTT
T |e#qeTT
edTe \s
6 | yTT<{ T |
d+K, s+&e T
| eT&e
e+T +T+~.
500 >.\ 1000 >.\
s
qTeTT
T wsY T
y\ ` 200 y\ `1000
esTdqT esT
<s b*
1:3
s+&e T
3:1
| d+K,
yTT<{ T
| d+K3 sT
$$< |eD\ q sX\qT b\T
#T b&e 13 MT.
|eTT #T 26d+.MT. > #|&q~.
|+ #T b&e yde b&e s{+| nqe#? nqL&< eTq \TdT. #T b&e 13MT.
n+f 13I100 R 1300 d+.MT.
|+ b&e R 26 d+.MT.
n+f |+ mT, yde mT >\ w R
26
1
=
1300 50
n+f yde mT |+ #|&q mT 50 sT +T+~.

n+f b\& sX\T m\|& |eD\ +&* k<sD+> s+&T sX\T a, b \w a : b
n sksT. a, b \ w n #<TesT.
a : b w a, b \qT w |<\T n+{sT. a |<eT |<eT b ~rjT |<eT
n+{sT.
< 1 : s| e< 16 ms >\T, 4 \+ s+>T >\T \e. s| e<qTq ms, \+ s+>T >\ w
m+?
k<q : ms >\T : \+ >\T R 16 : 4
R4:1
ms >\T \+ s+>T >\ H\T>T sT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 147
nudeTT ` 11.1
1.
|{qT +|+&.
.d+K. yTT<{ |]eDeTT
s+&e |]eDeTT
i)
w
3:5
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
2.
3.
b\+&.
m)
\+ >&T\ d+K ms >&T\ d+K ........................... sT
_)
ms >&T\ d+K \+ s+>T >&T\ d+K .................... e+T.
d)
\+ >&T\ d+K, ms >&T\ d+K >\ w ....................
+~ y{ k~+#+&.
m)
b\ yb] | sT b\ 250 MT.. { \T|qT. nqT nyT b\ {,
b\ w qT>=qTeTT.
_)
d * 4 \ +~ ||qT, 50>. $Ts| b& =q~. $Ts| b&, +~|| sTe\
w m+? +~||, $Ts|b& sTe\ w m+?
d)
11.2
sD q +{qT+& bsX\ 30 $Tc\ #s>\<T. n< <s ksTT 1/2

>+ q&e>\&T. sD q& deTj, ksTT q& deTj >\ w m+?
$$< d+<s\ w
se s> #<Te#Tq X, eTVwt \T d+#sTT b<T| |<+ esTd> ` 50, ` 100

b<T| #XsT. s> $<sT\+<s \d ` 2000 \qT b<T| #ksT. ysT b<T| #dq yTT
s> yTT+ bsT.
X, eTVwt b<T| #dq yTT\ w R 50 : 100
X, s> yTT+ b<T|#dq yTT\ w R 50 : 2000
eTVwt, s> yTT+ b<T| #dq yTT\ w R 100 : 2000
148
w eT]jTT nqTbeTT
11.3
eTT
> + rdT=qTeTT. bqT $dTsTeTT. b eTTK+| q&q d+K

deq d+K > +| >qT qq s+>T +|eTT.
|&T $TTe+T : $TT&T b $ds&+ <s eq d+K
deqyTq >&T\qT n qq s+>T +b*.
1.
e +|q >&T\ d+K, $TT&T +|q >&T\ d+K >\
w m+?
2.
e +|q >&T\ d+K, yTT+ s+>T +|q >&T\ d+K
>\ w m+?
3.
$TT&T s+>T+|q >&T\ d+K, yTT+ s+>T +|&q
>&T\ d+K >\ w m+?
4.
+q wT\T $T*jTTqy? $TT #]+#TeTT.
|jT+#+&.
q |eTT
m) s+>T #jT&q, s+>T #jT& u>\
_) s+>T #jT&q, yTT+ u>\
d) s+>T #jT&, yTT+ u>\ >\ wT\qT qT>=q+&.
11.4 $_q d+<s\ deq wT\T

+~ y >eT+#+&.
30 3
=
20 2
>~ b&e 30MT. eT]jTT y&\T 20MT. nsTTq >~ b&e, y&\T\ w
$Vs j 24 eT+~ u*\T, 16 eT+~ u\TsT bZHsT. u*\T, u\Ts w R
n+f 3 :2
24 3
=
16 2
n+f 3 : 2
| s+&T d+<s\q w 3 : 2 neT+~.
eq 30 : 20 eT]jTT 24 : 16 nqT wT\qT w |<\ *|q 3 : 2 neT+~. $ deq
< T\ wT\T.
w 3 : 2 njT d+<s\ eT]= <VsD\qT #|>\y?
]w w nqTL\yTq d+<s\qT sjT&+ ec> +T+~. 2 : 3 w +~ s+&T
<VsD\T jT&sTT. MTsT eTs eT&T <VsD\T sjT+&.
\ jTT y&\T, b&e\ w 2 : 3
wH e< 2 >\T, yT $TTs\T wyT e< 3 >\T\e. wH eT]jTT wyT e< >\ >\
w 2 : 3
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 149
< 2 : >D s> 16 eT+~ u\TsT, 20 eT+~ u*\T \sT. s> u\Ts d+K,
u*\ d+K >\ w qT>= < w |<\ \+&.
k<q : n deTdH k~+#&T.
u\Ts d+K u*\ d+K >\ w R 16 : 20
R
16 2 2 2 2 4
=
=
20
2 25
5
n w |<\ *q w R 4 : 5
w |<\ 1 | eTs s eT& sD+eTT\T # w d s|+ <
w |<\ +~ n+{sT.
|jT+#+&.
1. +~ |{ U\qT |P]+#+&.
w
1:2
2:3
5:7
w 1sT 1:2
2sT
4:6
3 sT
15:21
4 sT
5 sT
2. |{qT |P]+#+&.
.d+. yTT<{ s
|P]+#+&.
s.1 R .......... |d\T
1. 20 |d\T
1000>. R .........>.
2. 800 >.
1 >+ R ...........$Tc\T
3. 1 >+
100 d+.MT. R ........MTsT. 4. 2MT.
1 $Tw+ R ........ d+&T
5. 3\T
1$TMTsT R ......... d+.MT. 6. 30 $T.MT.
3.
20:25
s+&e s w w |<\
w
`.1
1 .>.
30\T
125 d+.MT.
45d
1d+.MT.
>TsT+#T+&!
|eD\
q sX\qT
b\yT
w
+~ |+ s+>T yjT&q, s+>TyjT&, s+>TyjT&q u>\ >\ w w |<\

\+&.
(i)
150
12:16
w eT]jTT nqTbeTT
(ii)
(iii)
(vi)
(v)
(iv)
nud+ ` 11.2
1.
+~ y w |<\ q wT\T @$? y{ w |<\ \+&.

i) 2:3
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ii) 16:20
iii) 5:6
iv) 20:60
v) 8:15
vi) 19:2
d+ 20 \ _jT+ eTs= d+ 60\ ><TeT\T \e. nsTTq _jT+ eT]jTT

><TeT\ sTe\ w m+? _jT+ sTe, eT]jTT s+&T d+#T\ yTT+ sTe >\
w qT>=q+&.
s> yTT+ 32 eT+~ $<sT\ 12 eT+~ u*\T \sT. nsTTq
m) s> u\Ts, u*\ w m+?
_) u\Ts d+K yTT+ $<sT\ d+K >\ w m+?
d) u*\ d+K, yTT+ $<sT\ d+K >\w m+?
#TsT ^jT+&. < = deq u>\T> $u+#+&. s+>T yjT&q u>\, s+>T
yjT& u>\ w 1 : 3 +&TqT> = u>\ s+>T\T yjT+&.
<$<+> eTs s+&T |{\qT ^ s+>T\T yjT+&.
eH 2 s qHqT, $jYT 500$T.. \ qHqT #qT. eH, $jYT\T q qH\
w qT>=q+&.
nV+ sTe 20 .>. eT]jTT n +& sTe 60 .>. nsTTq nV+ eT]jTT n
+& sTe\ w qT>=q+&. eT]jTT w w |<\ \+&.
2
seTT q e< q &T <\ |d+| KsT|fqT. nsTTq seTT KsT |{q &T
5
eT]jTT yTT< n e< >\ &T >\w m+?
11.5 s q w $u+#T
< 3 : d> |{q sEq yT +& |P\ >T #qT. < yTT+ 18 |P\ msT| s+>T,
|dT| s+>T |P\ >\w 1 : 2 nsTTq msT|s+>T, |dT| s+>T |P\ d+KqT qT>=q+&.
k<q : msT| s+>T |P\, |dT| s+>T |P\ >\ w R 1 : 2
w u>\ yTT+
R1G2R3
yTT+ |P\ d+K
R 18
3 u>\T
R 18 |P\T
= u>+ R 18/3
R 6 |P\T
msT| s+>T |P\T R 1 u>+ R 1I6 R 6|P\T
|dT| s+>T |P\T R 2 u>\T R 2I6 R 12 |P\T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 151
< 4 : dssT&T usD\ j +>s, s 7 : 2 w \T|&T. usD+

sTe 45 >. nsTTq < +>s+, s sTe\qT qT>=q+&.
k<q :
usD+ +>s+, s\ w R 7 : 2
w |<\ yTT+
R 7G2 R 9
9 u>\ sTe
R 45 >.
1 u>+ sTe
R 45 9 R 5 >.
+>s+ sTe
R 7 u>\T R 7I5 R 35>.
s sTe
R 2 u>\T R 2I5 R 10 >.
< 5 : sU K+&+ AB 5 deq u>\T> $u+#&q~.
A
m) sU K+&+ AB X $u+#T w qT>=qTeTT.

_) AB b&e 15 d+.MT. nsTTq AX eT]jTT XB \ b&e++?
k<q : sU K+&+ AB qT X $u+#T w R 3 : 2
|jT+#+&
yTT+ u>\ d+K R 3 G 2 R 5
q\T|, \T| |\\qT 2:5 w
AB b&e = 15 d+.MT.
rdT= neT] #jT+&. #
5 u>\T R 15 d+.MT.
s\ neT]\T +{jT
= u>+ b&e R
15
= 3 d+.MT.
5
\TdT+&.
AX b&e
R 3 u>\T R 3 I 3 R 9 d+.MT.
XB b&e R 2 u>\T R 2 I 3 R 6 d+.MT.
< 6 : V] eT]jTT =+ keTTqT >*#sT. ysT < 5:3 w |+#T=q>
s.150 \T eq$. nsTTq V] e#T y{ m+? >*q yTT+ m+?
k<q : V] eT]jTT \T |+#T=q w R 5 : 3
y{ R 3 u>\T
R ` 150
150
3
R ` 50
1 u>+
eq V] y{
yTT+ keTT
R 5 u>\T R 5I50 R ` 250

R 250 G 150 R ` 400
nud+ ` 11.3
1.
2.
152
d+ 25 >\qT sVQ eT]jTT sDY\T 2 : 3 w |+#T=HqT. nsTTq

m) sDY e#T >?
_) sVQ e#T >\T m?
s U K+&eTT AB b&e 14 d+.MT. AB | _+<Te X, AB qT X qT 3:4 w $u +q AX
eT]jTT XB b&e\qT qT>=q+&.
w eT]jTT nqTbeTT
^ eT]jTT \ ` 1050 qT >\T#T=HsT. ysT yTT 3:4 w |+#T=q

<\q =] e#T kyT+?
` 3600 qT d eT]jTT $w\ 3 : 5 w |+q =] y{ m+?
s+&T d+K\ yTT+ 132 eT]jTT y w 5:6 nsTTq d+K$?
+~ |eTT X _+<Te AB qT $u+#T w n+#HyjT+&. yde+> =* #&+&.
MT de<qeTTqT d]#&+&.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
< s& eT]jTT b<T|\ w 11:2 < KsT

b<T|+?
5346 nsTTq n s&,

3
11.6 nqTbeTT
+~ ueT\qT #&+&. y{ s\ esTqT MTsT >eT+#+&?
3
2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
|q ueT\ MTsT >eT+q esT\T @$T? 1, 2 |{\T s\ esT\T b+~q$.

3 e |+ nd\T b* |<~> eyT #jT&q~. s+ esT<T. m+<T+f
|]eD+ esT * s+ esTqT b+< be&yT.
eT&T |{\ b&e, y&\T\ wT\qT qT>= #<+.
nd\T |+ b&e, y&\T\ w R 3 : 2
yTT<{|+ b&e, y&\T\ w R 6:2 n+f w |<\ 3 : 1
s+&e |+ b&e, y&\T\ w R 4 : 3
eT&e |+ b&e eT]jTT y&\ T\ w R 6:4 w |<\ 3:2. w nd\T |+ w deq+.
qT eT&e |+ yTT<{ |{ nqTb+ +~ n #| e#T. n+f wT\ deq nqTbeTT #b+.
k<sD+> s+&T |<\T 'a', 'b' \w 'c', 'd' \w deqyT
nqTb+ HjT n+{+. B a:b :: c : d > sk+.
'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'
\T
+~ <VsDqT >eT+#+&.
u$ e< 28 >\T $\ e< 180 |P\T \e. ysT M{ |+#T=HsT. u$ 14 >\qT
$\ +~. $\ qe< q 180 |P\ 90 |P\qT u$ +~. |+#Te+ <s
q d]jTq HjT+ \_+#< $\ nqT=+~. u$ q e >\qT +< $\ nqT=+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 153
n_bjT+ @$T{?
$\ #q d]jTH? $ eT]jTT u$\T |]cs+ d+ $\ neT |PqT n&>sT.
|P $e]++~.
u$ q e< q 28 >\ 14 >\qT $\ +~.
eq >\w 14:28 R 1:2
eT]jTT $\ q e< q 180 |P\ 90 |P\qT u$ +~. eq |P\ w 90 : 180 R 1:2
s+&T wT\T deq+ eq |+#T=qT nHjTyTMT <T. MTsT |P y<q $esD @u$ks?
+#+&!
< 7 : sE e< ` 12 eT]jTT usY e< ` 18 \e. ysT \d yTT+ &T 20 |qT =#sT.
i)
usY <] #] 10 | nH&T.
ii)
sE q 8, usY 12 | nHsT.
me] d]jTq~? $e]+#+&.
k<q : sE, eT]jTT usY\ &T\ w R 12 18
R 12 6 : 18 6
R 2:3
i) usY |s+ | w
R 10 : 10
R 10 10 : 1010
R 1:1
|qT deq w |+#T=+f n~ &T\ w nqTb+ <T.
ii) sE |s+ | w
R 8 : 12
R 84 : 124
(>.k.u R 4)
R 2:3
d]jTq |+|+ s>\+f &T\ w, | w deq+ y*. n+f sE $esD
d]jTq~. sE 8 |, usY 12 | se&+ d]jTq~.
|jT+#+&.
5 >&T\T *q > + rdT+&.
3 > msT|s+>T, 2 > |#s+>TqT yjT+&.
B nqTb+ +&TqT 10> , 15 > >\ + msT|, |# s+>T\
+|+&.
154
w eT]jTT nqTbeTT
11.7
@edT esZeTT
s$ 3 \ e{\T =+<eTqT=H&T. yb] ` 40 5 \ #|> eTs= yb]

6 \T ` 42 #b&T.
s$ me] e< =H*? yTT<{ yb] e<qT+&? s+&e yb] e<qT+&?
3 \ #*+#e\dq yTT+ m+?
l<$, s$ deTd d\V+~. <sqT b\eT+~.
yTT<{ yb] e< 1 e{\T y\ R ` 40 5 R ` 8
s+&e yb] e< 1 e{\ y\ R ` 42 6 R ` 7
s+&e yb] qT+& e{\T =qeT yT d\V +~. MTsT yT n_bjT+ @u$ks?
s+&e yb] e< 3 \ e{\ y\ R ` 7 I 3 R ` 21
$<+> eTT+<T> jT{ $\Te qT>= e\dq jTT $\TeqT qT>=H |<
@edTesZ+ n+{sT.
< 8 : 12 | <s ` 24 nsTTq 10 | <s m+?
k<q : yTT<> 1 | <sqT qT>=H*.
12 | <s
R ` 24
1 | <s
R 24 12 R ` 2
10 | <s
R 10I2 R ` 20
< 2 : 6 dk\ |+& sd+ ` 210 nsTTq 4 dk\ |+& sd+ y\ m+?
k<q : 6 dk\ |+& sd+ y\
R ` 210
1dk |+& sd+ y\
R 210 6 R ` 35
4 dk\ |+& sd+ y\qT b+<T 1 dk y\qT 4 # >TD+#*.
eq 4 dk\ |+&sd+ y\
R 4I35 R ` 140
nud+ ` 11.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3 | <s ` 45 nsTTq 5 j| y\ m+?

\ 7 |d\ ` 56 #*+#qT. e\+ 3 |d\ m+ #*+#*?
H 300 >. _jTeTT q\T>T] d]|& |e e+&>\<T. 7 eT+~ d]|& |y e+&T
nedsyTq _jT+ m?
16 \ <s ` 3600 nsTTq ` 4500 =q>*Zq \ d+K m+?
ds y>+ |jDdTq s\T+& 2 >+\ 90 .MT. <s+ |jD+#>\<T. n< y>+
540 .MT. |jD+#T |T deTjTyT+?
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 155
6.
esY <jTeTT 3 H\\ ` 15000. < e+Tq

m) 5 H\ e#T <jTyT+?
_) ` 95,000 \qT m H\\ d+b~+#>\&T?
7.
7 MTs ed+ y\ s.294 #=|q 5 MTs <s m+?
8.
sT e< >\ >=i\T, e\ w 8:3

m) e\ d+K 180 nsTTq|&T >=i\ d+K m+?
9.
10.
11.
_) >=s\ d+K yTT+ |Xe\ d+K >\ w m+?

d) yTT+ |Xe\ d+K, e\ d+K >\ w m+?
3, 5, 15 eT]jTT 9 \T nqTb+ qy? M{ esdqT e] nqTb+ +&T Mq
$<\T> sjT+&.
>&q 30 sE\ c>\T 15oC yTs |&bsTTq~. < $<+> >TZ# bsTTq sujT 10
sE\ m+yTs c> >TZT+~?
U\qT |P]+#+&.
15
10
=
=
=
18
6
30
12.
m) y&\T eT]jTT b&e\ w 2:5 n jT&q~. +~ |{qT |P]+#+&.

>~y&\ T(MT.\)
10
?
40
>~ b&e (MT.\)
25
50
?
_) MT s> >~ b&e y&\T\ w qT>=q+&.
13. ^ H\ ` 12000 d+b~+#TqT. < ` 3000 \qT b<T| #dq
m) KsT, b<T|
_) b<T|, d+b<q
d) KsT, d+b<q\ wT\T qT>=q+&.
14. s\jT+ |#jTT#Tq 45 eT+~ 25 eT+~ d\T, $T*q ysT |sTw\T nsTTq
m) s\jT+ d, |sTw\ w m+?
_) |sTw\ d+K, d\ d+K>\ w m+?
15. d+ = |dT| s+>T $TssTT\T, = |#s+>T $TssTT\T \e. | s+&T |dT|
s+>T $TssTT\ 6 |# s+>T $TssTT\T \e. de#s+ <s+> |{qT +|+&.
|dT|
4
6
|#
6
12
24
yTT+
8
24
40
156
w eT]jTT nqTbeTT
+~ |X\ de<H\T \+&.

i) |#, |dT|s+>T $TssTT\ w m+?
ii) |dT| s+>T $TssTT\ d+K 8 nsTTq|&T |# $TssTT\ d+Km+?
iii) yTT+ $TssTT\ d+K 32 nsTTq|&T |dT|s+>T $TssTT\ d+K m+?
iv) yTT+ $TssTT\ d+K 40 nsTTq|&T |# $TssTT\ d+Km+?
v) |dT| s+>T $TssTT\ d+K 16 nsTTq|&T yTT+ $TssTT\ d+K m+?
16. bsX\ #|{q ds | 4eT+~ u*\ 5 eT+~ u\TsT qy<T nsTTqT> *d+~.
BH<s+> |{qT +|+&.
u*\T
u\TsT
yTT+
8
15
20
45
i) u*\ eT]jTT u\Ts w m+?

ii) s>
$<sT\ d+K 27 nsTTq u*\ d+Km+?

iii) 54 eT+~ $<sT\T >\ s> u\Ts d+K m+?
iv) 20 eT+~ u*\T qy<T nsTTq qy<T &q u\Ts d+Km+?
eTq+ HsTq~.
1.
2.
|eD\ e|s#&q sX\ b*\qT w n+{+.

s+&T sX\T 'a', 'b' \ w +~ $<+> #|e#T.
i)
3.
4.
5.
6.
d+ s|+ a : b
ii)
u>Vs s|+
a
b
iii)
ys|+ a, b \ w
a:b
w 'a' qT w yTT<{ |<eT 'b' w jTT s+&e |<eT n+{sT.

w |<\ 1 | ys eT& sD++ # w w |<\ +~ < keq
s|+ +~ n n+{sT.
wT\ deq nqTb+ n+{sT.
s $\TeqT qT>= < <s e\dq sdT\ $\TeqT qT>=qT $<H @edT esZ+
n+{sT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 157
n<jTeTT ` 12
kwe+
12.1 b<eTT
w m_wH y& n<+ eTT+<T \&
jse+~. yT q { wsY | eq y+ n<+
d s+> e+&& >eT++~.
yT { wsY | sd eq eT&T |<\T "THE
WOW FACTOR" \ e\+ "WOW" nH~
eyT n<+ wsY | q $<+> |k+~.
yT qe<qTq ns\ sT\qT jT
rd y{ @ ns \ n<+ n< |_+eTT+T+<
q |+#&+ yTT<\T|{+~.
w n<+ eTT+<T $$< ns\ qT+ y{ |_+u\qT #d &Tk+~.
$ #jT+&
+< q |r ns y{ n<+ |_++ |s#+&. #T\ ^ n<+ +q
kH ddT+~.
ns+
|_++
+ @jT ns\T eT]jTT |<\T n<+ ny |_+u *e+{j MTsT +#>\s?

158
kwe +
|jT+#+&
1.
#T\ ^ y+& n< {sT> + |{\ |_+u\qT >eT+#+& eT]jTT

|_+u\qT ^jT+&.
i.
ii.
iii.
MTsT @<H esTqT |]o*+#s?

|_+u\ @s&q D\T, q |{\ D\T $<+> Hj?
|sesq+ #+<|&T, eTq+ n<+ e+q kH ~XqT { D+, q + m&eT
# y|D+, |_++ &# y| D+>qT, n> +~ y| eq D+ | y| eqT >qT
|ksTT.
12.2
sU kwe+
+~ \qT |]o*+#+& MTsT @$T >eT+#sT?
| \T kwe+> e+&&+ e\ n+<+> |dTHsTT. sTTq #T\ ^ y+&

eT&d u>+ ys= u>+ K+> @u$ksTT. BH |sesq kweeT, eTqeTT @ sK y+&
eT&#y sKqT kwesK < kwyeTT n n+{sT.
$ #jT+&
+< sTTq \ @$ kwe |{ qT>=q+&.
eTqeTT |r |{ kwe sKqT qT>=q>\e?

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
yVY #T\ ^
y+& n< e+,
|_++ e\q +
|PssTT+< < n
#dTH&T. yVY
sTT #jT&+
d]jTq< e
u$dTHy?
6e s> ` >D+
159
+~ \qT >eT+#+&.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
yTT<{ eT]jTT eT&e \T kwe |{\T. | <VsD M q kwesK \Te> e+f

| + kwesK n&+> e+~.
@ ^ y+& eTqeTT eT&q|&T s+&T u>\T < { d]>Z @u$kj
sKH kwesK n+{eTT. ~ n&T>, \Te> < eT\> (s+ y+&) e+&e#TqT.
ns\
*bs + | +> ns+ A sjT+&. B eT< \Te> #T\
^qT ^d, ^ y+& eT&e+&. s+&T u>\T @u$dTHj? #T\ ^
kwe sK neT+~ eT]jTT +> nseTT A \Te kwe sK e+T+~.
n< $<+ > +> ns e TT B kwe s KqT qT>=q+&. < n&T kwe s K e+T+<
>eT+#>\ +.
|jT+#+&
+> nse\qT A qT+& Z es sjT+&. y{ @ ns\T
i)
\Te kwesKqT
ii)
n&T kwesKqT
iii)
kwe sK\T +& e+{j qT>=q+&.
$ #jT+&
+< sTTq |{\ #T\ ^ kwe sK neT+<, < d] #&+&.
160
kwe +
A
B
|jT+#+&
sU kwy *q <T \qT ^jT+&.
kwe+> <T \qT ^jT+&.
eTT
rdT=, < eT< eT&e+&.
], = ds #T\qT #* eTs\ eT&e+&.
s+&T d>u>\qT <>Zs e eTs\ se+&.
+ eT& y+& kwe sK +~ <! @s&q |+ kwe+> +<! kwe sK m&
+T+< |]o*+#+&.
$$< s+>T ds\qT e|jd sTTTe+{ nH kwe |{\qT jsT#jT+&.
s+>T ` <s+ neT]\T

eT< eT&e+&. ] y| d>u>+ s+>T ds < $$< s+>T\
|sTT+ eTT+q <s neTs+&. sTT|&T eT& eT< <s+ e+q u> |T=
<s|=qqT HeT~> jT >+&. eq |]o*+#+&. sTT~ kwe |yTH? s+&T dsdeq
u>\qT b+<& B m $<\T> eT&ee#TqT?
nud+ ` 12.1
1.
+< sTTq |{\T kwe |{ < d]#&+&. kwe |yTq# < kwe sKqT ^jT+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
161
2.
+< q |{\ Mq # kwyeTT\T ^jT+&.
3.
q |+ nH~ kwe sK. |+ kwe

eTjTT $T*q u> |P]#jT+&.
4.
+< q |{\ #T\^ kwe sK njTT |{\qT |P] #jT+&.
+< eT&T $$< s\T e&sTT. MTH eT]jTT sVQ eT&T s\ $$<
kwys\qT jsT#jT{ |jT+#sT.
s\T
kwe s\T
(i)
162
kwe +
eT&T s\qT q\T

^d, $$< kwe s\qT
jsT#jT+&. MT $TT\T
#dq y{ d]b\+&.
kwe s\T mesT me kwe s\qT
(ii)
jsT#ksT?
12.3 VQ kwe sK\T

>* |+
MT e< qTq C$TrjT |f s+&T eT\ eT{\T e+{sTT. <
eT\ eT+ D\T 30, 60, 90 Te+{ s+&T eT\ eT{\qT |+
#|qT < |q { e+ >*|+ s+ @s&TT+~.
s m kwe sK\T eHsTT?
= s\ { +f me kwe sK\T e+{jT u$dTHy?
Bs#Tsd+
Bs#Tsks (bdtsY e+{~) rdT=+&. < b&e y+&
eT< eT&e> d>u>+ K+> @u$+#*. nsTT sT eT& y+&
@s&q sK kwesK neT+<? m+<T#?
+ eT&qT $| eTs\ y&\T y+& eT< eT&e+&. |&T @s&q
s+&e eT& y+& sK L& kwesK neT+<? m+<T?
@s&q s+&T sK\T kwe sK\ e qT>=Hy?
#T sks rdT+&. < eT< eT&e+&. eT& se +&.
eT& y+& kwe s K +T+<? m+<T#? s +&T d>\T ds deqeT >T]+#+&.
Mq $<\T> eT&e+&. @s&q kwe sK\qT qT>=q+&. m kwe sK\T +{sTT.
< $<+> deTuVQ uTeTT, deT~uVQ uTeTT\ m kwe sK\T @s&j
+#+&.
Te+{ m eT&\T k<|&sTT.
#Tsk H\T>T kwe sK\T e+{sTT.
#T sd
+
\Te
eT&
n&T
eT&
eT\
eT&
eT\
eT&2
n+eT s|+
+ ` kwe
MTsT k+~He+, >D+ ~Hy\ MT s> >~ m n\+]+#s >TsT # T =+&.
#Tsd+ +& \qT |\T &CH\ ]+ n+ e+{sT <! eT] sT &CH\qT m
]+# MT \Tk?
#Tsks| rdT= < \Te> eT< eT&e+&. |+ #|qT, eT&q
+ | &CHqT ^d n+#T\ y+& ]+#+&. s #&> kwe sKqT *q kwe
|{ #&e#TqT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
163
#Tsd rdT= eT< n&T>qT, \Te>qT eT&e+&. eT&| |+ #|qT

&CHqT ^d n+#T\ y+& ]+#+&. ] #&> s+&T kwe sK\qT *q kwe
|{ #&e#TqT.
#Tsks rdT= n&T>qT, \Te>qT, eT\>qT eT&e+&. eT& | |+

#|qT &CHqT ^d n+#T\ y+& ]+#+&. ] #&> H\T>T kwe sK\qT
*q kwe |{ #&e#TqT. < $<+> nH &CH\qT jsT#jT+&.
+#+& ` #]+#+&
1.
H\T>T ksT eT& |{ ]+qf |{ m kwe sK\T

@s&TsTT?
2.
H\T>T dsdeq \T ||H sy\+f mksT eT& |{ ]+#*?
kwe |{ @ $<+> ^jTe#T

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
164
| |+ #|q ^jT+&.
s+&T kwe sK\T *q eTqeTT ^j*. ,m. \qT kwe
sK\T> rdT= |P]#j*.
|+ #|qT kwesK> e+&T e |_+u ^j*.
+ |P] y\+f n~ s K m <c L& kwe +> e+&*. eq <c |_+u
^jT+&. @s&q |{ s+&T kwe sK\T +{sTT.
< $<+> s+&T kwe sK\T *q |{\T ^jT{ |jT+#+&. sT kwe
sK\T >\ |{ ^jT& |jT+#+&.
kwe +
nud+ ` 12.2
1.
s+&T kwe sK\T *q @yH <T eqe ] edTe\ |sT sjT+&.
2.
s+&T < n+H me kwe sK\T *q @yH | \_+# <T edTe\ |sT sjT+&.
3.
+< sTTq s\ kwesK\ d+KqT qT>=q+&.
4.
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
(v)
(iii)
(vi)
+~ |{\ k<yTq kwe sK\T ^jT+&.
(i)
(ii)
deTuVQ uT+
(iii)
deT~uVQ uT+
(iv)
(v)
deTuT #Ts+
$weTuVQ uT+
(vi)
w&T
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
e+
6e s> ` >D+
165
5.
| deTd de<H\qT |j+#T=+ +~ |{qT +|+&.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
6.
s+
deTuVQ uTeTT
deT~uVQ uTeTT
$weTuVQ uTeTT
deTuT #TsTeTT (s+dt)
w&T
eeTT
kwe sK\ d+K
= eT& |{q \T, eT&\| ^jT&q &CH jT&sTT. | d+<s+ &CH

]+#>, |P] + m @s&TT+< < T |{ ^jT+&.
+ \Te> eT&q|&T
+ \Te> eT]jTT n&+> eT&q|&T
s> >~ bC
> rdT+&. Te+{ \T \ |d MTsT +~ s> T \ >D nuk
|j+ e+{sT. |+ #|qT, + | eT< \Te> kwe sKqT ^jT+&.
\Te ^ y| #<s s+>T +|+&. $<] \Te ^ s+& y| #<s
kwe+> e+& #<s >T]+ s+>T +|eTq+&. sTy $<] eTs= #<s m+#T= s+>T
+b*. n|&T ys= $<] eTs\ kwe #<s >T]+ s+>T +b*.
166
kwe +
+{ bC
MT |]ds\ qT+& kwe *q s\qT d]+ k|t |d+ n+{+#+&. n> $$<
kwe *q eTT>TZ\qT d]+ k|t |d+ ^jT+&. neT]\ eq kwe sK\qT >T]+
^jT+&. +< MT = <VsD\T sjT&sTT.
eTq+ HsTq$
1.
sTTq |{ s+&T dsdeq u>\T> $u+#T sKqT ^jT>*, |{ sU

kwe+ e+~ n+{+.
2.
= |{\ kwesK\T e+&be#TqT, =+{ kwe sK e+f eT]=+{

s+&T kwesK\T, eT]= |{\ VQ kwe sK\T e+{sTT. & = <VsD\T
jT&sTT.
kwesK\ d+K
kwesK\T e
kwesK
s+&T kwesK\T
eT&T kwesK\T
nq+ kwesK\T
<VsD
$weTuVQ uTeTT
deT~uVQ uTeTT
Bs#TsdeTT
deTuVQ uTeTT
eeTT
3.
sU kweeTH~, n<+ |sesH # kMT|eTT+~. n<+ |sesH\qT #d|&T

~X @s& & m&eT esT\qT |]>Dq rdTy*.
4.
eTq J$+ kwe nH |j>\THsTT. \T, sD s+>+, eg k+, &Cq

j C$TrjT ], s+>e\T\T yjT&+, yTT<q $$< s+>\ kwe
|j>|&TT+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
167
n<jTeTT ` 13
bj C$T
13.1. |]#jT+
| qT|j+ +~ e&q s\qT MT H{ |deTT ^jTTeTT.
MTsT ^q |{\T |q q y{e Hj? d\T eT]jTT De dVjTeTT y{

=\e+&. y{ =\\T d]>e >VksT q |{\ e KeTT> eTqeTT L& ^jT& eTq
= |]s\T y*. n<jTeTT e, De, d\T qT|j+ C$TrjT T\qT
]+#&+ HsT=+<+. C$TrjT T\qT ]+#+<T eTqeTT|j+# |]s\T d\T, De
eT]jTT e, $u nqTq$ C$TrjT |sD\ |f |]seTT\T C$TrjT |sDeTT\
|fqT |]o*<+.
C$TrjT |sD\ |f @yT$T +{sTT? d\T, e, De bT $u
eT]jTT eT\eTeTT\T +{sTT. s K\T, s UK+&eTT\T =\e& ^jT{ d\TqT ee TT\T, #|eTT\T
^jTT e q =\\T >\ D\T ^jT{, D\qT =\e& De q
sUK+&eTTqT dequ>eTT\T> $u+#&, sK| _+<Te\qT >T]+#& $u |j>|&sTT.
$u
De
13.2. sUK+&eTT
B
nH s +&T _+<Te\qT +| >T]+#+ nqT+<+. A
A eT]jTT B _+<Te\ eT< w TTEesZeTTqT sUK+&eTT n+<TsT. B AB # dksT. A, B
_+<Te\ eT< <seTT AB jTT b&e n+<TsT. n+<T# sUK+&eTT ]w b&eqT *Z jTT+T+~.
B eTqeTT =\e>\+.
168
eT]jTT
bj C$T
13.2.1
q =\ sUK+&eTTqT ]+#T
q =\ sUK+&eTTqT ]+#T s+&T esZ\T q$.

1.
d\T dVjTeTT : 7.8 d+.MT b&e >\ sUK+&eTT ]+#\ A
B
7.8 d+.MT
nqT=+f +~ $<+> ^jTe#T.
+| d\TqT <\+& |{, 0 d+.MT =\ e< | qT|j+ _+<TeqT |{*.
_+<TeT A nH |sT |{*. 7 d+.MT <{q sTy 8 q^\qT |{ kqeTT eTs
_+<TeqT |{*. _+<Te B n |sT |{*. d\T dVjT+ A eT]jTT B _+<Te\qT |
\b*. eTqeTT ]q 7.8 d+.MT b&e >\ sUK+&eTT ]eTsTT+~.
2.
e qT|j+ :
eTqeTT 5.3 d+.MT b&e >\ sUK+&eTTqT ^<+ n nqT=+<+. B=s
kbqeTT 1 :
l
l nH sKqT ^j*. <| _+<TeqT >T]+ A n |sT |{*.
A
kbqeTT 2 : e jTT V| eTT\TqT d\T
jTT 0 d+.MT kqeTT + | eTT\TqT 5.3 d+.MT
\ e< qT+#*.
kbqeTT 3 :
e jTT V| eTT\TqT sK l | qTq _+<Te A e< qT+ sK| #|eTTqT ^j*.
B
l
#|eTT, sK jTT K+& _+<TeqT B n |sT |{*.
A
kbqeTT 4 : sK| eTqeTT ]q 5.3 d+.MT b&e >\ sUK+&eTT ]eTsTTq~.
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
SCALE
nud+ ` 13.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.9 d+.MT. b&e >\ sUK+&eTTqT ]+#+&. d\T eT]jTT e |j+#+&.

d\T dVjTeTT 4.3 d+.MT. b&e >\ sUK+&eTTqT ]+#+&.
6 d+.MT b&e>\ MN nH sUK+&eTTqT ]+#+&. <| O nH _+<TeqT >T]+ MO,
ON eT]jTT MN b&e\qT =\e+&. MTsT @$T >eT+#sT.
AB R 12 d+.MT sUK+&eTTqT ]+#+&. AB | C nH _+<TeqT AC = 5.6 d+.MT.
njT $<eTT> >T]+#+&. sUK+&eTT CB jTT b&e m+eT+~? <jTT b&eqT
=\e+&.
AB = 12 d+.MT. n e&q~
C
A
B
D
E
(n) | |eTT +~ yjTT b&e\qT =\e+&.
a) CD
b) DB
AE - CE = AC neT+<?
AB = 3.8 d+.MT. MN R 3AB njT
c) EA
d) AD
()
6.
$<+> e qT|j+
MN
sUK+&eTTqT
^jTTeTT. d\T qT|j+ d]#&+&.

\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e6es>s>` `>D>D++
169
13.3
eeTTqT ]+#&+
| e&q #eTTqT |]o*+#+&. <jTT |]~| qTq _+<Te\jT

+<+ qT+& deq <s+ q$. $<+> q eT]= s\qT #|+&.
>E, HjTT |u>eTT, +#+ yTT<\>T seTT\T #eTTqT b*jTT+{sTT.
seTT\jTT ]w |]eDeTTqT *Z jTTHsTT. ]w ykseTT >\ eeTTqT
^jT& e qT|jksT.
sDeTT
kbqeTT 1 : e jTT s+&T eTT\T\ eT< <seTTqT nedsyTq+> |+#*.
y{eT< <s+ <VsD 3.7 d+.MT. +& $<eTT> rdT=+<+.
kbqeTT 2 : | eTT\T _+<TeqT >T]+ < O > |sT |&<eTT.
kbqeTT 3 : e jTT V| eTT\TqT O | qT+#*.
kbqeTT 4 : V| eTT\T <\+& | eTT\TqT HeT~> #T <b*. (eeTTqT
^jT&eTT |jTeTT s>*)
|jT+#+&
s +&T ee TT\T +< d+#&q $<+ > $$<
ykseTT\ ^jT+&.
i)
s+&T _+<Te\ e< K+&+#T=H eeTT\T
(i)
(ii)
ii)
uVeTT> d]+#T=H s+&T eeTT\T.
nud+ ` 13.2
1.
4 d+.MT yks+, M +<eTT> >\ eeTTqT ]+#+&.

2.
X +<eTT>, 10 d+.MT ydeTT> >\ eeTTqT ]+#+&.
3.
2 d+.MT, 3 d+.MT, 4 d+.MT eT]jTT 5 d+.MT ykseTT\T> >\ H\T>T eeTT\qT 'P' +<eTT>
^jT+&.
4.
eeTTqT ^jT+&. eT&T _+<Te\T A,B eT]jTT C \qT +< d+q $<eTT> >T]+#+&.
i.
A eeTT| +&*.
ii.
B eeTT |\ +&*.
iii.
C e uVeTT +&*.
eTT : MTsT ]q ykseTT eeTTqT ^j*. <|
_+<TeqT >T]+ e dVjTeTT ykseTTqT es+&
eeTTqT ^j*. n~ yTT<{ e|]~ s+&T _+<Te\ e<
K+&dT+~. s+&T _+<Te\ qT+& eTs\ eeTT\qT ^j*.
$<eTTqT =qkd eTq n+<yTq eTT edT+~. y{ s+>T\T yjT+&.
170
bj C$T
13.4
\+sK\T
s+&T sK\T (< sD\T < sUK+&\T) K+&+#T=q|&T, y{ eT< D+

\+D+ nsTT n$ <={ \++> HjT n+{+ <!
l
| |+ l eT]jTT m sK\T \++> HsTT.
k<sD |P] \+ < MT HT |d+ jTT n+#T\T, y{ eT\\
e< *d \+sK\T> +{sTT. < $<+> s edTe\ \+ sK\qT >T]+#&
|jT+#+&.
1.
q sK _+<Te <s \+eTTqT ^jTT
90
m
eTT
*bs eTTqT rdT= < MT< l nqT sKqT ^jT+&.
P
l
sK MTT]+#+&. |&T eTq e\dq \+eTTqT l nqT
sK MT\ sUK+&eTT\T < eTs={ @u$+#TqT> P e< \Te>
eT&e+&.
eTTqT ] #&> P e< @s&q eT&, ^q l nqT sK \++> +&Tq >eT+#+&.
+, #]+ eT]jTT sjT+&

\+sKqT @ $<eTT> |]o*ksT? sK P _+<Te >+&b +&*.
13.4.1q sUK+&eTTq \+ deT~K+&q sKqT ]+#T

sD kbH\T
kbqeTT 1 :
kbqeTT 2 :
nH sUK+&eTTqT n ^j*. A
B
jTT b&e d>eTT +f me b&eqT
ykseTT> rdTy*.
kbqeTT 3 : A qT +<eTT> rdT= sUK+&eTT |q, +< s+&T
#|eTT\qT e ^j*.
A
kbqeTT 4 : n+ ykseTT B +<eTT> #dT= e
s U K+& e TT| q + ~
u>eTT #|eTT\qT eTT+<T
^q #|eTT\qT K+&+# $<eTT>
^j*. K+&q +<Te\qT M,N n
A
B
|sT |{*.
kbqeTT 5 : M, N _+< T e\qT
A
\| sKqT ^j*. MN, AB
sUK+&eTT jTT \+ deT~ K+&q sK. l sK, AB qT P
e< K+&dT+~.
AB
AB
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e6es>s>` `>D>D++
171
eTs |< |]o*+#+&.

$ #jT+&
AP eT]jTT BP sUK+&eTT\ b&e\qT
=\e+&. s+& deq+> Hj?
+, #]+ sjT+&
sUK+&eTTq \+ deT~K+&qsK ^# $<qeTT kbqeTT`2 d>eTT
+f me b&eqT rdT= #|eTT\T ^#eTT. AB jTT b&e d>eTT +f e
b&eqT rdT=+f @+ sT>TT+~.
13.4.2 q sK, sK| _+<Te qT+& \+sKqT ^j*
sD kbqeTT\T :
kbqeTT 1 :
nH sKqT ^, A nH _+<TeqT sK | u>eTT >T]+#*.
kbqeTT 2 :
+<eTT> l qT K+&+#T s+&T #|eTT\qT

^j*. sK #|eTT\ K+&q _+<Te\qT,
M eT]jTT N \T> >T]+#*.
A
kbqeTT 3 : n+ ykse TT M, N _+<Te\ qT+&

eTs s+&T #|eTT\qT K+&+#T ^
K+&q _+<Te B n |sT |{*.
A
kbqeTT 4 :
B
eT]jTT B \qT \b*.

AB nqTq~ q sK l jTT \+sK.
nud+ ` 13.3
1.
2.
3.
172
PQ
R 5.8 d+.MT sUK+&eTTqT ^jTTeTT. d\T, e qT|j+ PQ q

\+ deT~K+&q sKqT ]+#TeTT.
s$, 8.6 d+.MT b&e >\ sUK+&eTTqT ]+#&T. _+<Te C e< deT~K+&q
sKqT ^#&T. nsTTq AC eT]jTT BC\ jTT b&e\qT qT>=q+&.
d\T eT]jTT e |j+ ABR 6.4 d+.MT sU K+&eTTqT ^jT+&
B eT<_+<TeqT qT>=qTeTT.
bj C$T
13.5 De qT|j+ DeTTqT ]+#T

PQR = 40.
DeTTqT ]+#TeTT.
sD kbqeTT\T :
kbqeTT 1 : =+ b&e *Zq
JJJG
QR
nH sDeTTqT ^jTTeTT.
kbqeTT 2 : De jTT eT<_+<TeqT Q e< +#*.

kbqeTT 3 : Q dMT|eTT jTTq O qT+ bs+_+
Q
40 0 e< _+< T eqT
>T]+#*. _+<Te P
nH |sT|{*.
kbqeTT 4 : Q,P \qT \b*. |&T
Q
R eTqeTT ]q PQR DeTT
Q
@s&TT+~.
40
R
13.6 =\ *jT DeTTq deqyTq DeTTqT ]+#T

eTq =\ *jT DeTT #sT nqT=+<+. DeTTq
deqeTT nsTTq DeTTqT e d\T qT|j+ eTqeTT ]+#*
(=\ *jT) A DeTT e&+~.

kbqeTT 1 : l nH sKqT ^ <| P nH _+<Te qT+#*.
kbqeTT 2 :
_+<Te e< e jTT V| eTT\T qT+

DeTT jTT s+&T uTeTT\qT K+&d #|eTTqT
^j*. K+&q _+<Te\qT B
eT]jTT C \T> >T]+#*.
C
BC
B
l
b&eqT ykseTT> rdTy*.
kbqeTT 5 : e jTT
V | eTT\T q T Q e< qT+
#| e TTqT K+& + #*. K+& q
_+<Te R n |sT |{*.
A
P
kbqeTT 3 : n< e
qT|j+ P +<eTT> sK
l | #|eTTqT ^ K+&q
_+<TeqT Q n |sT |{*.
kbqeTT 4 :
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e6es>s>` `>D>D++
l
173
kbqeTT 6 : P eT]jTT R \qT \b*. eTq ]q DeTT P

]eTeT+~. QPR eT]jTT ABC DeTT\ =\\qT *Z
jTT+{sTT.
13.7 q DeTT jTT deT~K+&q sKqT ]+#T

eTTqT rdT= <| O nH _+<TeqT >T]+#*.
JJJG
JJJG
O _+<Te >T+& OA eT]jTT OB nqT sDeTT\qT ^j*.
JJJG JJJG
eTq AOB DeTT ]eTeT+~. O _+<Te e< OA , OB
\T @u$ +#T eTTqT eT&y*. eT&e&q b+eTT s KqT
JJJG
^j*. < OC > >T]+#*.
JJJG
OC , AOB jTT
kwesK
JJJG
AOC
eT]jTT COB \T deqyTH? OC ,

DdeT~K+&q sK> >T]keTT.
MON DeTTqT rdT=+<+.
AOB
jTT kwesK. < eTqeTT

M
sD eT+
kbqeTT 1 :
qT +<eTT> #dT= eTq k\uyTq ykseTT

#|eTT PQ qT ^j*. #|eTT OM, O
M
N
ON \qT P eT]jTT Q e< K+&dT+~.
P
kbqeTT 2 : P +<eTT> PQ jTT b&e d>e TT +f =+#eTT
me ykseTT q DeTT
M
j T T n+ s e TT #| e TTqT
O
Q N
Z
^j*.
P
kbqeTT 3 : Q +<eTT>, ykseTT esT+& MON
jTT n+seTT eTs #b eTT+<T #b
K+&+#T ^j*. s+&T #|eTT\ jTT K+&q O
Q
N
JJJG
_+<Te Z n |sT |{*. OZ
M
nqTq~ MON jTT D deT~ K+&qsK.
Z
P
JJJG
kbqeTT 4 : OZ , MON jTT D deT~K+&q sK

MOZ R NOZ >eT+#+&.
O
174
bj C$T
nud+ ` 13.4
1.
De |j+ +~ DeTT\qT ]+#+&.

i) ABC = 65
2.
ii) PQR = 136
iii) Y= 45 iv)
O = 172
+< e&q DeTT\qT MT H{ |deTT ^ y{ jTT D deT~K+&q sK\qT

^jTTeTT.
13.8 | =\\T >\ D\ sD+

De dVjTeTT +& = DeTT\qT | |<T\ ]+#e#T y{ |&T
|]o*<+.
eTqeTT De qT|j+ DeTT\qT ]+#&eTT HsT=H+ < ! e dVjTeTT
DeTT\qT ]+#&eTT m? nq< HsT=+<+.
13.8.1 600 DeTTqT ]+#T

l
kbqeTT 1 : l sKqT ^ <| 0 _+<TeqT >T]+#+&.
O
kbqeTT 2 : e rdT= =+ ykseTT O +<eTT> l qT
K+&+#T #|eTT ^, K+&q _+<Te A n |sT |{*.
B
kbqeTT 3 : A qT +< e TT> # d T =,
l ykseTTqT es+& eTs #|eTTqT O
A
O
>T+& y ^j*. #|eTT\ K+&q _+<Te
l
B n |sT |{*.
A
O
kbqeTT 4 : OB \qT \b*. eTq 600 DeTT ]eTeT+~.
BOA = 600.
De |j+ 600 DeTTqT ^jT+&. s+&T DeTT\qT

b\+&. s+&Tq deq+> Hj?
0
13.8.2 120 DeTTqT ]+#TeTT
60
1200 DeTT, 600 DeTTq s {+ | <! n+<T# 1200 DeTTqT +~ $<e TT> ]+#e#T.
JJJG
kbqeTT 1 : OA sDeTTqT ^jTTeTT. O

A
kbqeTT 2 : e O e< qT+ O +<eTT> =+ ykseTT
#|eTTqT OA qT K+&+#T ^ OA qT K+&q
_+<TeqT M > |sT|{*.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e6es>s>` `>D>D++
175
P
qT +<eTT> rdT= ykseTT (OM) Q
esT +& eTT+<T #|eTTqT K+&+#T eTs
#|eTTqT ^, #|eTT\ K+&q _+<TeqT P n
O
|sT |{*.
M
A
kbqeTT 4: P qT +<eTT> #dT=, OM = OP ykseTT
esT+& eTs #|eTTqT ^ K+&q _+<TeqT Q n |sT
P
|{*.
120
kbqeTT 5 : O, Q _+<Te\qT *| D es b&+#*. eTqeTT
M
]q AOD = 1200 DeTT ]eTeT+~.
A
kbqeTT 3 :
D
Q
$ #jT+&
1800, 2400, 3000 DeTT\qT ]+#+&.
13.8.3 e dVjTeTT 300 DeTTqT ]+#T
S
R
sD kbqeTT\T :
60
600 DeTTqT ^jT&+ HsTHeTT < ! < AOR >
O
A
P
|sT|+&.
|&T 600 DeTTqT eTT+<T HsT q $<q+ <s deT~K+&q #d 300 D+qT @ss#+ &.
e dVjTeTT 900 DeTTqT ]+#T :
13.8.4
q |{ #&+&
B
AOP = 600 POQ = 600

eT]jTT AOQ = 1200 eTq+
P
900
Q
0
D ]+#* <! eT]jTT 90 R
P
Q
600G300 n eTq \TdT. +
O
M
A
900R1200`300, n+f 300
0
]+#& POQ qT deT~K+&q #j*. BOP = 30 eT]jTT
O
M
A
AOB = 900 + @ $<+> 900 D ]+#e# +#+&.
kbqeTT 1 : P qT +<eTT> #dT= eTq qq ykseTT #|eTTqT #|eTT PQ | u>eTT
^j*.
kbqeTT 2 : Q qT +<eTT> #dT= n+ ykseTT eTs #|eTT ^, K+&q _+<TeqT B n
|sT |{*.
kbqeTT 3 : OB sDeTTqT ^j*.
eTqeTT ]q AOB R 900 DeTT ]eTsTTq~.
176
bj C$T
#jT+&
1.
e |j+ 450 DeTTqT ]+#+&.
nudeTT ` 13.5
1.
2.
3.
4
5.
6.
De |j+#+& ABC R 600 DeTTqT ]+#+&.

De, eqT|jd 1200 DeTT\qT ]+#+&.
e&q DeTT\qT d\T, e dVjTeTT ]+#+&. y{jTT sD kbqeTT\T
sjTeTT.
i) 75
ii) 15
iii) 105
De |j+ | DeTT\qT ^jT+&.
ABC R 500 DeTTqT ]+ ABC q deqeTT nsTTq XYZ De qT|j
+# +&
]+#*.
DEF R 600 qT ]+#+&. B deT~K+&q #jT+&.
eTq+ HsTq$
n<jTeTT C$TrjT seTT\ sD |<T\qT HsT=H+.
1.
C$TrjT sDeTTq +~ |]seTT\ qT|jk+.
i) d\T
ii) e

iii) $u iv) De
v) eT\eTeTT\T
2.
d\T, e dVjTeTT +~ sDeTT\T #jTe#T.
i) q ykseTT eeTT ]+#T
ii) q b&e sUK+&eTTqT ]+#T
iii) sUK+&eTT jTT q\TqT ]+#T
iv) \+sKqT ^jT&eTT
m. q sK| q _+<Te qT+& _. q sK| _+<Te qT+&
v)
q sUK+&eTT jTT \+ deT~K+&q sKqT ^jT&+.
vi)
q =\ *Zq DeTTqT ]+#&+
vii)
q DeTT jTT q\TqT ^jT&+.
viii)
q DeTT jTT deT~K+&q sK ^jT&+
ix)
= | DeTT\qT e ]+#&eTT
n. 900
. 450
.600
. 300
e\ ec
| |+ #|q $<+> \+u\T> #d s+&T sK\|
1
d+.MT $u>+> 10 _+<Te\qT >T]+#+&. 1 eT]jTT 10,
2 eT]jTT 9, 3 eT]jTT 8 ..... n _+<Te\qT 11 yTTeTT
11 e#T \|+&. |*+ eeTT. Te+{ eT] = |{\qT
|jT+#+&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e6es>s>` `>D>D++
177
14.1 |]#jT+
= edTe\ \T +< e&q$
M{ s\qT C>> |]o*+#+&. s\qT { y{ eZ]+ +< |{ |P]+#+&.
|{ 14.1
seTT
edTe
nZ|fe +&$
+e +&$
=jT<\eTT e +&$
b\ e +&$
{| seTT +&$
14.2 $TrjT s\T

+~ s>T uTC\T, #Tsk\T, Bs#Tsk\T yTT<\>T y{ >T]+ HsTH+.
s\ s+&T ~X\ eyT $dsDqT * +{sTT. M{H ~$TrjT s\T 2D s\T
n+{+.
|q e&q n |THs edTe\T b&e, y&\T eT]jTT mT T\T nH eT&T
=\\T * +{sTT. M{H $TrjT s\T 3D s\T n+{+. |&T eTq+ $$< $TrjT
3D s\ >T]+ HsT+<+.
178
n<jTeTT ` 14
14.2.1
Bs|TqeTT (CUBOID)
os\T
Vertices
n+#
T\T
Edge
\T
Face
nZ|f e+{ seTT >\ edTe\T Bs|TqeTTq

<VsD\T. nZ|f | u>eTTqT # eTT. u>
nZ|f \+ n+{sT nZ|f m \T+{sTT?
\ uTC n+#T\T. nZ|f m n+#T\T +{sTT? n+#T\ eT\\H os\+{+. nZ|f m
os\T+{sTT?
|&T TqT # n~ L& nZ|f s+ +T+< >V+#+&. < \qT
n+#T\qT, os\qT |]o*+#+&.
nZ|f e T L& n< d+K >\ \qT, n+#T\qT, os\qT * +T+<? ~
eT \TdT+~.
nZ|f, T yTT<\>Tq$ Bs|TqeTT s+ +& 6 \qT, 12 n+#T\qT, 8 os\qT *
+{sTT.
14.2.2 deT|TqeTT (CUBE)

b s+ edTe\T deT|TqeTTq <VsD\T. b
\qT, n+#T\qT, os\qT |]o*+ +#+&? b\ m \T, n+#T\T,
os\T +{j #|+&.
Bs|TqeTTq e B 6 eTTU\T, 12 n+#T\T, 8 os\T +{jT e qT>=+{e. eT]
deT|TqeTTq, Bs|TqeTTq >\ & $T{? deT|TqeTT jTT b&e, y&\T eT]jTT mT\T
deqeT, n< Bs|TqeTTq n$ deqeTT < e qT>=q>\e. | ssT, b\ b&e,
y&\T, mT\qT =\ d]#&+&.
|jT+#+&
1.
2.
3.
i)
deT|TqeTT jTT eTTK syT$T?

ii) Bs|TqeTT jTT eTTK syT$T?
syTwt n >~ = |f\qT mqTH&T. y{ eTT\T
|q e&q$. y{ deT|TH, Bs|TH?
nY 2 d+.MT uT + >\ deT |T H\ Bs| T H j sT#X&T.
eT] Bs|TqeTT jTT b&e, y&\T eT]jTT mT\qT
qT>=qTeTT.
14.2.3
d|eTT (CYLINDER)
||eTT, =jT <\eTT, =y=, u{, u{ yTT<\>T edTe\T

dbs+ +{sTT. =y= rd= |eTT`1 #|q $<+> | u>eTT
]+#TeTT. qeTTqT bsyd $T*q =y= |eTT `2 #|qT n&+> H\|
+ <=]+#TeTT.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
|+. 1
6e s> ` >D+
179
|+ #|qT < mT, y&\T (ydeTT) \qT

#&+&.
|fig.2
+. 2
14.2.4
mT
height
@ \+ | =y= <=sT T +<, < e\ +

n+{sT. n~ <=s u$T n+{sT.
yd+
diameter
|fig.3
+. 3
X+KTe (CONE)
sE n |{qsEq |yTq {| =q<\H&T. \qT q seT n&>&T. \

n < d+ <TDeTTq yqeds+ <T, eTqyT {| jsT#dT=qe#T nq~.
MTsT L& n+{ {| jsT#j\qT+THs? nsTT |jT<+!
#sT eTT | e dVjT+ e ^jT+&. e +<eTT qT+& < |]~
\T| s+&T sK\qT |+ (ii) #|qT ^j*.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
s u>eTTqT ]d |+ (iii) e e#TqT.
OA,OB \qT
|eTT #|qT *| f| n+#+&. MT

qq < n\]+#+&. {| js+~ sE {|
|# z! ~ dtyT H +~ nH&T. +{ s\T
X+KTe s *HjT nqe#T.
X+KTe s | |+ #&e#T. OA es u> ykse T, OC X+e mT n nqe#T.

+, #]+ sjT+&
d|eTTq, X+KTeq >\ eTTU\T, n+#T\T, os\ d+KqT { y{ u<\qT MT
$TT\ #]+ qT>=q+&.
14.2.5
>eTT (SPHERE)
+T\T, \&\T, >\T yTT<\>Tq$ >s+ +{sTT. $ n y|\ qT+

dT\Te> <=s>\e. J$+ e eTjTqT # +{e. < n&T d |+
e |dT+~. ~ <<| ns >eTT e +T+~.
180
$ #jT+&
+~ |{qT +|+&.
. d+U
edTe
seTT
e\+
sT>TT+~
e\+
<=sTT+~
sT>TqT eT]jTT
<=sTqT
1.
u
+
qH &u
_d{ b{
HDeTT
>
H]+ |+&T
db s+
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
d|eTT, X+e eT]jTT >eTT q n+#T\T (Straight edges) * jTT+&e. X+e jTT
u$T @ seTT +T+~? esyTH? d|eTTq s+&T ueTT\T +{sTT. < u$T @
s+ +T+~. eT], >eTTq mTe+{ \T +&e. +#+&.
14.2.6
|eTT (PRISM)
|q |eTT |eTT e&q~. |j>X\ B # +{e. B s+&T

eTTU\T uT Cs+ +{sTT. $T*q eTTU\T Bs# T sk s+ >, #T sks+
> +{sTT. < uTCs |eTT.
|eTTq u$T Bs#Tsks+ q < Bs#Tsks |eTT
n+{sT. Bs#Tsks | eTs= |sT #|>\y?
14.2.7
|eTT
|s$T& (PYRAMID)
u$T *, $T*q eTTU\T uTCs+ +f n~ |s$T& neT+~. <

uTCs \ oseTT e< \TdT+{sTT.
& #Tsks |s$T& e&q~. B u$T #Tsd+.
uTCs |s$T&qT }V+ ^jT& |jT+#+&.
|s$T&
eTT
#sT eTT | deq uTC\T >\ uTeTTqT
^jT+&. < ]+ ysT #jT+&. uTCqT|j+ <
=\\T >\ + eT&T uT C\qT ] +#+&. uT C\ n+#T\qT
< { n+ d+e b+<+&.
#TsT uTCs |s$T&.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
181
nud+ ` 14.1
1.
uTCs |s$T& u$T uTeTT. BH #TsT n+{+. B

\ d+K
: ____________
n+#T\ d+K
: ____________
: ____________
os\ d+K
2.
#Tsks |s$T& u$T #Tsd+. B

\ d+K
: ____________
n+#T\ d+K
: ____________
: ____________
os\ d+K
3.
+~ |{qT |P]+|eTT
seTT
4.
e\ d+K
deT\ d+K
os\ d+U
uTCs |eTT *&jk|t +T+~. < uTCs eTTU\T m +{sTT?

Bs#Tsks eTTU\T m +{sTT?
\ d+K
: ____________
n+#T\ d+K
: ____________
os\ d+K
: ____________
14.3 VQuTE\T
b<$T C$TrjT ueq\T nH n<jT+ d+e |{\T, nd+e ($e) |{\T >T]+
HsTH+. +< e&q |{\qT |]o*+ @$ d+e |{? @$ nd+e |{ \+&?
(i)
182
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
sUK+&\# @s& ds d+e |{\qT VQuTE\T n n+{sT. =

<VsD\T + #|&q$.
$ #jT+&
1.
2.
MT H{ |d+ 10 $$< s\ VQuTE\T ^jT+&.

nZ|\\qT >, N|sT|\\qT |j+ d+e |{\qT jsT#jT+&.
i)
sT |\\
ii)
<T |\\
iii)
H\T>T |\\
iv)
eT&T |\\ v)
s+&T |\\
@ d+<seTT VQuT @s&<T? m+<T?
s+&T |\\ VQuT ]+#s >V+#>\e. VQuT d+ eT&T uTC\T +&*.

eT&T uT C\T \ VQuT uT eT+{+. +~ |{ <s $$< s\ VQuT E\qT \TdT=qe#T.
|{ U\qT |P]+#+&.
$$< VQuTE\T
uTC\ d+K
VQuT |sT
uTeTT
#TsTeTT
|+#uT
w&T
d|uT
nwuT
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
183
|jT+#+&
+< e&q |{\ eT< &\qT qT>=q+&.
D
E
C
(i)
(ii)
(i) eT]jTT (ii) |{\ uTC\ b&e\qT, D\qT, =\e+&. y$T qT>=He.
14.3.1 eTVQuT
n uTC\ =\\T, n D\ =\\T deq+> >\ VQuTH eT VQuT n+{+.
<VsD :
deTuVQ uTeTT : n uTC\T,
n D\T deq =\\T >\ uTeTT
#TsdeTT : nuTC\T, n D\T

deq =\\T >\ #TsTeTT
|+#uT, w&T, d|uT, nwuT\ uTC\ =\\T, D\ =\\T deqyTq y{

esTd> eT |+#uT, eTw&T, eTd|uT, eT nwuT n+{+.
nud+ ` 2
1.
+~ y @$ VQuTE |]o*+#TeTT. @<H VQuT # m+<T \TeTT?
(i)
184
(ii)
(ii)
2.
+~ |{\ uTC\ d+KqT *| n~ @ syTq VQuTC \TeTT.
(i)
3.
(ii)
(ii)
(iv)
+~ |{\ eT VQuTE\qT >T]+#TeTT.
eTq+ HsTq$
1.
k<sD+> $$< n|f\T |TqeTT Bs|Tq+ s+ +{sTT.

s+
eTTU\T
n+#T\T
os\T
12
12
2.
H dtyT|t, CsY {| yTT<\>Tq$ X+KTe s+ +{sTT.
3.
||\T, {qT\T, sTT &eTT\T, =jT<\T yTT<\>Tq$ dbs+ +{sTT.
4.
+, \&\T yTT<\>Tq$ >s+ +{sTT.
5.
VQuT nH~ dssK\# @s&q d+e |eTT.
6.
n uTC\ =\\T, D\ =\\T deqyTq{ VQuT, eTuVQuT n+{+.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+
185
yT\T
nud+ ` 1.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
n |< d+K
i
ii
iii
iv
v
i
i
i <
n q d+K
15892
15370
25800
25073
44687
44602
75671
75610
34899
34891
375, 1475, 4713, 15951
89715, 89254, 45321, 1876
ii >
iii >
5.
i
ii
iii
iv
&u s+&T y\ sTe+<\ q\u s+&T.

ju <T y\ eT&T e+<\ q\u <T.
nsy sTy\ sT e+<\T
eTT| y\ eT&T e+<\ {
6.
40270
ii
14064
7.
|< d+K 7430
ii
q d+K 3047
8.
1000
ii
ii
ii
iv >
9347, 12300, 19035, 22570

18500, 8700, 3900, 3000
iii
9700
9999
iii
iv
60000
10000 iv
99999
nud+ ` 1.2
1.
iv
2.
3.
4.
5.
i
4410
i
i
i
i
iii
90
ii
700
ii
36200
3000
ii
70000
3407
ii
12351
4000 + 300 + 40 + 8
20000 + 2000 + 200 + 20 + 2
420
iii
iii
iii
iii
ii
iv
nud+ ` 1.3
1.
2.
186
i
iii
i
yT\T
1,12,45,670
3,06,08,712
ii
iv
eTT| H\T>T y\ sy <T
2,24,02,151
19,03,08,020
3950
13600 iv
93600
9000
iv
4000
30525 iv
99999
30000 + 200 + 10 + 4
70000 + 5000 + 20 + 5
ii
iv
@&T \\ =$T~ y\ e+< |~VqT.

q\u @&T nsy \\ eT&T e+<\ |~V&T
sT |<$T~ \\ @&Ty\T
i
iii
i
ii
iii
iv
i
iii
i
i
4,57,400
ii
60,02,775
2,50,40,303
iv
60,60,60,600
600000 + 40000 + 100 + 50 + 6
6000000 + 300000 + 20000 + 500
10000000 + 2000000 + 500000 + 30000 + 200 + 70 + 5
700000000 + 50000000 + 8000000 + 10000 + 9000 + 200 + 2
54, 28, 524
ii
6, 43, 20, 501
3, 03, 07, 881
iv
7, 70, 07, 070
18, 71, 964 > 4, 67, 612
ii
14, 35, 10, 300 > 14, 25, 10, 300
99, 999 < 2, 00, 015
ii
13, 49, 785 < 13, 50, 050
iii
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
nud+ ` 1.4
1.
i
iii
97, 645, 315

476, 356
ii
iv
20, 048, 421

9, 490, 026, 834
3.
V+< ` nsu d+Ueq+

i
|H+&T eTT| { \\ |~VqT y\ sy @&T.
ii
m$T~ =+u sT \\ q\u eT&Ty\ =+u s+&T.
n+srjT (+>) d+Ueq+
i
e+< sy eT&T $T*jTq e+< |~VqT y\ sy @&T.
ii
mqu =$T~ $T*jTq sTe+<\ q\u eT&T y\ =+u s+&T.
4.
ii
iii
iv
eT&T e+<\ s+&T
2.
2,34,732
5.
2400 .MT,
nud+ ` 1.5
1.
54,284
3.
n |< d+K = 75430

n q d+K = 03457
& = 71975
96875 d
1680 >eTT\T
22 wsT\T ; 40 d+.MT $T>T\TqT
4.
6.
8.
7.
24,00,000 MT.
22 .MT 500 MT.
9.
` 45000
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 187
nud+ ` 2.1
1.
iii
vi
vii
18
3.
dV d+K\ |Ps+\T
iv
T
F d+U sK| m&eT y|q >\ |Ps++ < &y|q >\ d+K +f q~
F d+UsK | w |Ps+ d+#e#T
F d+UsK| >]w |Ps+ d+#eTT
2.
ii
6+7
6+7+7
i.
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
18
18-9
ii.
0
51
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
51
51
iii.
0
4.
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
5x3
239
& |q 895 +T+~

ii
284013 &|q 10015678 +T+~
iii
6.
i>
ii >
1001 & | q10001 +T+~
iii <
iv >
iii C
iv 100
v 85
iii b
iv a
v d
nud+ ` 2.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
i 532
i. 1095
i 196300
i 11040
i 407745
`3000
`330
ic
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
47
600
1530000
388710
2000955
ii e
nud+ ` 2.3
1.
188
123456 8 + 6 = 987654
1234567 8 + 7 = 9876543
12345678 8 + 8 = 98765432
123456789 8 + 9 = 987654321
yT\T
vi d
2.
91 11 4 = 4004
91 11 5 = 5005
91 11 6 = 6006
91 11 7 = 7007
91 11 8 = 8008
91 11 9 = 9009
91 11 10 = 10010
nud+ ` 3.1
1.
2# Xw+> u+#&$ -- ii, iii, iv, v vi, viii

3# Xw+> u+#&$ -- i, ii, iii, iv, v, vii
6# Xw+> u+#&$ -- ii, iii, iv, v
2.
5.
7.
8.
5#
Xw+> u+#&$ -- 25, 125, 250, 1250, 10205, 70985, 45880

10# Xw+> u+#&$ -- 250, 1250, 45880
3,5 \#12345 Xw+> u+#&TqT
54321 e\+ 3# Xw+> u+#&TqT
i.
2
2, 8
ii.
9.
0, 9
6
iii.
1, 7
nud+ ` 3.2
1.
2.
i
iii
i, ii
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 96
3.
19
ii
iv
1, 23
1, 5, 23, 115
4.
|<qd+K\T - 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29

d+jTT d+K\T - 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
5.
13-31, 79-97
6.
(3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19)
7.
5 eT]jTT 7
8.
13, 23
9.
11.
90 qT+& 96
10. (31, 11, 11); (13, 17, 23); (3, 19, 31) yTTq$
(3, 13); (7, 17); (23, 13) yTTq$ 12. (2, 3); (3, 7); (7, 13) yTTq$
nud+ ` 3.3
1.
ii
90
90
30
10
10
9
5
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
3
5
6e s> ` >D+ 189
2.
2237
3.
H\Z+\ n |< d+K - 9999

|<q sD+\ \+ - 101 11 3 3
d+K 210 m+<Tq> 210 = 2 3 5 7
4.
nud+ ` 3.4
1.
i 9
ii 53
2.
72
3.
iii 5
iv 32
4.
No; 1
nud+ ` 3.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
i 60
i 2352
247
i 900
5.
576
ii 75
ii 2142
iii 42
iii 1980
iv 54
v 1008
vi 182
ii 904
6.
7.
nud+ ` 3.6
1.
.k.>T = 120
>.k.u = 3
.k.>T = 48
>.k.u = 12
iii
2.
25
ii
3.
546
.k.>T = 200
>.k.u = 1
4.
nud+ ` 3.7
1.
i, ii, iii, iv
3.
2.
ii, iv, v
4.
<T ii neqT
iii neqT
4# Xw+> u+|&$ - i, ii, iii, iv
8# Xw+> u+|&$ - i, ii, iii
5.
7.
8.
1
6.
1
1001, 1012, 1023, 1034, 1045, 1056, 1067, 1078, 1089
1243
9.
104
190
yT\T
18
13e sE
nud+ ` 4.1
1.
i.
AB, BC, AC
ii.
PQ, QR, RS, ST, PT
3.
i.
ii.
4.
iii.
5.
i.
+|q / #
sU K+&+
s+&T ii.
{
iii.
6.
i.
iii.
ii.
iv.
v.
nud+ ` 4.2
1.
i.,
2.
$e (i., v) d+e (ii., iii., iv)

n+s+ (A, B, E, G, I), d]V<T (K, F, C), uV+ (J, D)
3.
ii
iv
nud+ ` 4.3
1.
ii.
iv.
JJJG JJJG
BOC, O, OB, OC
JJJG JJJG
AOD, O, OA, OD
JJJG JJJG
COD, O, OC, OD
iii.
2.
BAD, ABC, BCD, ADC
4.
i.,
iii.
nud+ ` 4.4
2.
i.
PS
ii.
3.
i.
S, R
ii.
A, B, C, D, E
iii.
PS
iv.
eT]jTT QR
iii.
T, P, Q
iv.
eT]jTT
nud+ ` 4.5
3.
i.
ii.
iii.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
v.
6e s> ` >D+ 191
nud+ ` 5.1
4.
sw >T]+q~ dsq~.
nud+ ` 5.2
1.
2.
3.
d+
ii
nd+
iii
nd+
iv
d+
v
d+
n\D\T 1, 3
n~ D\T 2, 4
\+D+ =\ 90o
dsD+ =\ 180o
ABC = 60o
DEF = 120o
PQR = 90o
DEF n
4.
5.
|< D+
i
\+D+
iii
XSq D+
v
|sesq D+
n\ D+ 45o
\+ D+ 90o
n~ D+ 150o
|sesq D+ 270o
ds D+ 180o
ii
iv
ds D+
n~ D+
nud+ ` 5.3
1.
3.
de+s sK\T
ii de+s sK\T
iv de+s sK\T
v \+ sK\T
de+s sK\T AB & CD , AD & BC
iii
\+u\T ADAB, AB BC, BC CD , CD DA

K+&q sK\ AC, BD
192
yT\T
@~ <T
nud+ ` 6.1
1.
i.
+ 3000 MTsT
ii.
-10
iii.
+ 35C
iv.
0C
v.
-36C
vi.
-500
vii.
-19C
viii.
+18C
2.
(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 ... yTT<\>Tq$)
3.
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ... yTT<\>Tq$)
4.
-4
5.
i.
[nd+,
iii.
[d+]
-1
m&eTy|]
MTsT
MTsT
ii.
[nd+]
iv.
[d+]
nud+ ` 6.2
1.
2.
i. <
i.
ii. >
iii. <
(-7, -3, 5)
iv. > v. <

ii.
(-1, 0, 3)
(5, -3, -7)

iii.
(3, 0, -1)
(-6, 1, 3)
iv.
(-5, -3, -1)
(3, 1, -6)
3.
4.
(-1, -3, -5)
i.
(d+)
ii.
(nd+ -12 TTD|Ps
iii.
(d+)
iv.
(d+)
v.
(nd+ -100 < + 100)
i.
ii.
-4, -3, -2, -1
iii.
-7
iv.
-1, -2
-7
5.
| (-6
vi. <
-4
-3
vi.
-2
-1
d+K eT]jTT + 12 <q|Ps d+K)
(nd+, -1 > -8)
C < 4 C)
nud+ ` 6.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
i.
iv.
i.
iv.
i.
i.
1
0
7
-115
-154
6
ii.
v.
ii.
v.
ii.
ii.
-10
-16
6
-132
-40
-78
iii.
vi.
iii.
vi.
iii.
iii.
-9
3
0
6
199
-64
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
iv.
iv.
140
25
6e s> ` >D+ 193
nud+ ` 6.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
i.
iv.
i.
i.
i.
18
-33
<
13
-13
ii.
v.
ii.
ii.
ii.
-14
44
>
0
21
iii.
vi.
iii.
iii.
iii.
-33
19
>
-9
-33
iv.
iv.
iv
=
-6
88
nud+ ` 7.1
1.
ii, iii
2.
iv, v
3.
ii,
iv
4.
i. 2
1
26 13
92
79
=
ii.
iii.
iv.
3
8
4
9
9
13
2
7
3
_q+ 6,7 \ eT< +T+~.

_q+ 2,3 \ eT< +T+~.
9
5. i. 7
ii. 5
1
2
1
iii. 2 4
2
5
iii
7 2
,
8 8
iv. 6
3
4
nud+ ` 7.2
1.
i,
ii
3.
2 5 1 4 2
, , , =
3 3 3 6 3
ii
3
5
eT]jTT
nud+ ` 7.3
1.
sVD eT+
i
1 3 4 6
< < <
8 8 8 8
ii
3 4 6 8
< < <
9 9 9 9
-2
2.
or
6 4 3 1
> > >
8 8 8 8
nesVD eT+> MT k++> \T|+&

-1
0
2
6
2 4 5 6 8
< < < <
6 6 6 6 6
194
nesVD eT+
yT\T
1
4 5 6
6 6 6
2
8
6
3.
4.
5.
1 1
<
6 3
ii
3 2
>
4 6
iv
6 3
=
6 3
5 5
<
6 5
1 1
>
2 5
ii
iv
3 2
>
4 8
<T m+<Tq>
ii
<T
5
9
5
9
9
16
4
5
iii
2 2
>
3 4
2 3
=
4 6
iii
3 2
<
5 3
3 6
<
5 5
vi
7 3
>
9 9
|<~
|<~
4
4 16 16 = 4
=
;
5
5 20 20
5
iii
neqT
iv
<T 15 H
4
2
1
4
=
>
|<
~
;
30 15 15
30
6.
e], m+<Tq> \* 100
2
5
7.
8.
2 1
=
18 9
ii
11
15
iii
2
7
iv
22
=1
22
5
15
vi
8
=1
8
vii
1
3
viii
1
4
9.
4
10
ii
8
21
iii
9
6
iv
7
27
10.
yTT+ >&
11.
2
7
12.
5
8
13.
d> e deTj rdT=+~. yT bsX\ >+&T #TT q& se&
ii
u>+ nq> 40 |J\T #~$+~.

ii
ix
9
20
3
5
$Tc\T
e deTjT+ |{+~.
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 195
nud+ ` 7.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
10
8
10
ii 15
iii 7
iv
i 125.4
i .16
v .016
ii 20.2
ii .278
vi 34.5
iii 8.6
iii .06
iv 3.69
ii
8
100
3
100
vi
7
10
i
i
i
0.4
i i 70.7
iii 6.6
iv 7.4
0.04 < 0.14 < 1.04 < 1.14 ii .99 < 1.1 < 7 < 9.09
88 > 8.6 > 8.59 > 8.09
ii 8.68 > 8.66 > 8.06 > 6.8
9
10
iii
iv
|<e~
<X+X _+<Te
5
10
v. 0.8
nud+ ` 7.5
1.
i. `125 ; ` 0.75 ; ` 3.75
2.
3.
8 .MT. 323 MT.
4.
12 MT.
28.91
ii 1709
iii
10.46
iv
2124
nud+ ` 9.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.
11.
i 2x
3n
i 2s
7x
(x 2)
i 19
ii 4 x
ii
5.
8.
ii
iii
3x
3s
90 m
6.
2y + 3
9.
3 + 2 (n 1) = 2n + 1
` 23
6z
nud+ ` 9.2
1.
196
pq
4
5q
ii
y
4
iii
v 9n + 10
vi
2y 16
vii 10y + x
yT\T
iv 3z+5
632
nud+ ` 9.3
1.
2.
3.
i, iv, v, viii, x, xi, xii

i
L.H.S = x 5
i i L.H.S = 4y
i i i L.H.S = 2z + 3
i v L.H.S = 3p
v
L.H.S = 4
v i L.H.S = 2a3
i
x=2
R.H.S = 6
R.H.S = 12
R.H.S = 7
R.H.S = 24
R.H.S = x 2
R.H.S = 5
ii y = 9
iii
a=8
iv
vi
z=9
p=3
n=5
nud+ ` 10.1
1.
230 d+.MT, 48 d+.MT, 24 d+.MT, 40 d+.MT.
2.
#TT=\ 120, 120 d+.MT, 120 d+.MT, 144 d+.MT. eT]jTT r> K<T ` 1800, `1800,
`1800, `2160 yTT<\>Tq$
3.
(1,11) (2,10) (3,9) (4,8), (5,7), (6,6)
5.
6.
9.
20
d+.MT
+{ 60 MT
i 12 d+.MT
ii
4.
` 840
15
d+.MT ii i 10 d+.MT iv 12 d+.MT

7. b&e R 16 d+.MT y&\T R 8 d+.MT
i i 27 d+.MT i i i 22 d+.MT
8. 10 d+.MT
nud+ ` 10.2
1.
1000 d+.MT2
ii
2925 MT2
iii
400 d+.MT2 133 .MT2
2.
676 MT2
ii
289 .MT2
iii
2704 d+.MT2 iv
3.
45 d+.MT
4.
1800 MT2
5.
uTC+ b&e = 10 d+.MT yX\+ = 100 d+.MT2

200 MT.
7. 24 MT2 ; ` 5760
#Tsd+; 64 MT2
9. 4.7 d+.MT #Tsd+
sVQ b\+ +# nsTTq KsT = ` 1,80,000
seTT b\+ +# nsTTq KsT = ` 1,80,000
seTT me #TqT He#T. 1000 #T me He#T.
80 MT
12. ` 26,400
6.
8.
10.
64 d+.MT2
11.
13.
` 5,04,000
14.
yX\+ 4 sT |sT>TqT
ii
yX\+ 6 sT |sT>TqT
15.
yX\+ 4 sT |sT>TqT
ii
yTT<{ yX\+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
1
4
u>+ +T+~.
6e s> ` >D+ 197
nud+ ` 11.1
1.
ii
7 : 11
iii 2 : 3
iv
2.
ii.
3.
m.
1:4
_.
5:8
v
iii.
1/2
3:5
2:1
$Ts|b& : +~||
80 : 1
+~|| : $Ts|b& d. 1:1

1 : 12
nud+ ` 11.2
1.
w |<\T i, iii, v, vi
ii
iv
16 : 20
20 : 60
4:5
1:3
2.
_jT+ : ><TeT\T
3.
5.
1 : 3
i. 5 : 3
4:1
6.
20 : 60,
_jT+ : yTT+
1 : 4
ii. 5 : 8
iii. 3 : 8
w |<\T 1 : 3
7.
2:5
nud+ ` 11.3
1.
2.
A X = 6 d+.MT XB = 8 d+.MT
3.
^ = ` 450, \ = ` 600
d = ` 1350, d] = ` 2250
d+K\T 60 eT]jTT 72
s& = ` 6534, b<T| = ` 1188
4.
6.
7.
15
ii
10
nud+ ` 11.4
1.
` 75
4.
20
6.
7.
` 210
8.
i.
9.
e esTd e] sjT> 3, 5, 9, 15 eT]jTT 5, 3, 15, 9
11.
15 5 10 25
= =
=
18 6 12 30
198
2.
` 25000
480 >=s\T
yT\T
` 24
5.
12 >+
ii
1 d+. 7 H\\T
ii.
8 : 11
3.
525 >.
iii. 11 : 3
o
10. 5 C
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
y&\T
b&e
i.
i.
i.
i
10
20
40
25
50
100
3:1
5:4
3:1
4:5
ii.
ii.
ii.
ii.
1:4
4:5
24
12
iii. 3 : 4
iii. 8
iii. 30
iv. 30
iv. 25
v. 64
nud+ ` 12.2
3.
5.
i 4
v 4
i 3
ii 1
vi 2
ii 1
v 6
vi. +#eTT.
iii 2
iii 0
iv
iv
m+<T+f e +<+ >T+& bjT n sK\T L& kwesK.
nud+ ` 14.1
1.
\T
n+#T\T os\T
2.
4
F
5
6
E
8
4
V
5
X+K+
d|+
>+
\T 5
n+#T\T9
os\T 6
e
e
3.
4.
nud+ ` 14.2
1.
2.
<T, m+<Tq> VQuT dssK\ @s&q ds d+e |+.

i i i <T, | yTqT |]o*+ \TdT=qTeTT.
i |+#uT
i i nwuT
i i i w&T
i v uT+
\+>D |uT+ y]# |+|D
6e s> ` >D+ 199
b<jTT\ d#q\T
|jTyTq b<sTT, b<jTT\,
$<_e+<H\T eT]jTT qq+> n_e~ |sq qq >D bs|d\ k>+ .
b<$Tq ksTT $<d+ SCF - 2011 eT[ d\T, >D <s |+, s+<
$<V #+ ` 2009 <s+> d\dtqT j sT#dT = |dT bs |d \qT sb+~+#sT.
>D+ $$< XKq n+>D+, ;>D+, sU>D+, $T eT]jTT k+K Xk\

d++~+q $wj\qT 14 n<j b+<T|s#sT.
n<j\T >D + s]+q $wjT H| D\T, deTk |]cs+, VTs D , s|D\T,

$$< $wj\ eT< d++<\qT @ss#&+, b<+ e+{ $< |eD\qT |\\T
k~+#& <V<|&TsTT.
neT]\ |]o\q (observation of patterns), >eTq+ <s k<sD]+#&+, nqT>eTq

#q\T, ] #q\T, $$< |<T\ deTd\qT |]w]+#&+, |+#&+, |sds
#s\T, e+{ H|D\qT $<sT\ n_e~|s# ~X> n<j\T sb+~+#sT.
b<$T ksTT |\\T nud+q keTs\qT <s+> #dT= <VsD\T, \T,

dyX\qT |d+ b+<T|s#sT. B e\ |\\T V+> bZ >D
n<jTq+ q+< b+<TsT.
|d+ b+<T|sq $< |eD\qT |\\+<s k~+#& n<j\ d+q

$<+> #s, \ $<sT\T s+s+ bZH b<jTT\T w #j*.
|r n<jT+ |X\ >T]+ |\\+<s +#&, de<H\T qT& >T

bV+ y*. Te+{ |X\T $<sT ], >eTq, >eTq $<H\ +#
$<+> <V<|&sTT.
>D $wj \qT HsT e&+ ns+ #dT e&+, y{ k<sD ] +#&+ |< qyTq $. $<sT\ T
yTT< HsT=H $wjT+ eXqT >T]+#&+, s ne>Vq #dTe&+ <s deTd\qT
eT eTT> |]w]+ n+<T d\qT k<sD]+#T=+{sT. |r n<jT+ |\\T
ueq\T @ss#T =H, y{ ns+ #dT <T |] nu dq+ $j+# | n<jT+
<w |{*.
d+<sqTks+> $esD\T, b+<T|]q \T dsq ne>Vq *+ nbV\qT

=\+#& <V<|&TsTT.
200
ueq\| ne>Vq *+q s y{ d++~+q $ #jT+&, |jT+#+& +{

nuk\qT $d +> #sT. $ #jT+& nH~ s+&T eT&T ueq\T H]+q s
yqTy+H nud+ d+ < +q~. M{ |\\ eT eTT> >, > #sTT+#*.
|jT+#+& nH nuk\T |\ d\ d++~+q k<sDsD\T #dTe&,
d]#dTe& <V<+ #ksTT. eT+ neds+ yTs dV jT dV s\qT b<jTT\T
|\\ n+~+#*. #jT&+ e\ |\\T @ yTs HsTHs \TdTe#T.
n<j es> b+<|s q eTq+ HsT =q$ nH o] +< q n+X\T $< |eD\qT
<w |T= &] +#&sTT. { M{ |\\ +<s d+|Ps+ > k~+#*. HsT =q
H|D\+{ |\\+<s |<]+#>\s s]+#T=q sH <T|] n<jT+
bs+_+#*.
n<j q nuk\uT b<jTT&T L& eT]= deTd\qT k++>

jsT#dTy*. n> |\\T L& J$+ m<TsjT deTd\qT >D |j+
k~+#T, k++> deTd\T jsT #dT bV+#*.
| n+X* $jTe++> neT\T #jT & b<jTT\T | d]> >D |d deT\+>,

deT>+>, $eTsH+> n< jTq+ #j *. +<Td+ |d + nuk\ n deTd\qT
qT #d#&*. sH u<Hudq |jT\qT sV+#*.
201
6e s>s d\dt
n<j\T
d+U eed
(60 >+\T)
(i) d+K\
|]#jT+
(ii) |Ps+\T
(iii) d+K\
&Te&+
(iv) |Ps
d+K\T
(v) _H\T
eT]jTT <X+X
_H\T
$wjT $esD
(i) d+K\ |]#jT +
99,999 es d+K\ duy ne>Vq #dT=qT. d+K\qT n+#H yjT+.
d+K\qT b\+. kq$\Te\T ` |qXsD, $ds D . d+j\T, d+\ $j>+

(=, <,>)
#T]< |jT\| |< deTd\T. (>]w+> 6`n+\ d+K\T e# es). b&e,
sTe\ |eD\ e]&.

#T ]< |jT \ de<H\qT n+#H yjT &+. (|< deTd\ <s)
|< d+K\ |]#jT +. (n) \ eT]jTT |~ \\
T es () { eT]jTT |~
es n+srjT d+U eqeTT ($T*jTH\T ....)
(ii) |Ps+\T
dV d+K\T, |Ps+\T.
d+K\ <s\T (d+e, d+s, dV#s, $u> Hj\T, d+\q e+XeTT,
>TDs e+XeTT).
d+UsK : d+U e\qT |]o*+#+. d\qT >T]+#+, j sT #jT +.
#T ]< |jT \ <s \ $j>+.
(iii) d+K\ &Te&+
2,3,5,6,9 eT]jTT 10\ ujT d\qT &] +#+.
e\qT |]o*+#T <s 4, 8 eT]jTT 11\ ujT d\qT qT>=q+.
>TDC\T, sD+\T. d], ud d+K\T. |<q, d+jTT d+K\T. |sds |<q
d+K\T.
|< q sD+ $u q. { H |<< q | d+KqT |< q sD+\ \+>
yjT+.
>.k.u eT]jTT .k.>T. sD+ $u q |< , u>Vs |< .
<s + : s +&T d+K\ \eTT R y{ .k.>T. I >.k.u.
|sd s |< q d+K\ .k.>T eT]jTT >.k.u.
(iv) |Ps d+K\T

TTD d+K\ eX. TTD d+K\ qeTH\T. TTD d+K\ J$ neds\
>\ d++<+ .
TTD d+K\ eqT>+ . d+K s U| TTD d+K\qT >T]+#+. d+U e\qT
|]o*+#+. d\qT >T]+#+, j sT #jT +.
|Ps d+K\ s#H ne>Vq #dT =q+. d+U s K| |Psd + K\qT >T]+#+.
|Ps d+K\ d+\q, eeH\T. d+U s K| |jT \qT d+#+. TTD |Ps
d+K\qT d+K\ *| y{ $\Te >T Z T +< ne>Vq #dT =q+.
|Ps d+K\qT b\+, eT+ +#+.
202
(v) _H\T eT]jTT <X+X _H\T

_q+ n+f @$T{ |q]eTs #jT +. _H yTT+ =+ u>+> #| +
d+UsK| | dV jT+ _H\qT d+#+
_H u>Vs+> #| +. eT, n|eT, $TXeT _H\T
deq _H\T. dC, $C _H\T. _H\qT b\&+
_H\ d+\q, eeH\T
|< deTd\T (w eT]jTT |< >Dq\T +&)
kMT| |]eD n+#H yjT &+ (, .....)
<X+X _H\ ueq |q]eTs
<X+X _H\ kq $\Te\T
<X+X _H\T, keq _H\ |sd s e]& (e <X+X\T | )
<X+X\| d+\q, ee\H\ |< deTd\T (s+&T |jT \|)
(<e, us, <s \| deTd\T)
; >D +
(15 >+\T)
; >D |]#jT +
; >D |]#jT +
d+U e\T, |< deTd\T eT]jTT k<sDs D
\ <s ;C\ (#ss X\) |]#jT +.
(< : 5I1R5 yTTq$).
q <VsD\ neT]\T e\T j sT #jT &+.
<VsD\ <s nes X\ |]#jT + ( |jT L&q{$
)
d], ud d+K\ k<sD sb\T (2n, 2n+1).
jT<w |<
<s dMTsD \ k<q
w eT]jTT
nqTbeTT (15
>+\T)
w eT]jTT nqTbeTT
nqTb s +&T wT\
deq+> d+#&+
@edT ese
Z TT (nqTeqT b+ eyT )
|< deTd\T
n+ >D + w, nqTb\qT ne>Vq #dT =q+.
s U >D +
(65 >+\T)
(i) b<$
T
C$T ueq\T
b<$ T C$T ueq\T

C$T |]#jT +. J$ d++<+ eT]jTT nqjT+.
ds s K, s UK+&+ eT]jTT sD
+. d+e eT]jTT $e |{\T.
d+e |{\ n+s+ eT]jTT uV+
s FjT, es FjT n+#T\T.
D+, os+, D uT +.
D n+s+ , D uV+
uT eTT ` os\T, uT C\T, D\T. uT n+s+ , uT uV+.
#TsT+. uTC\T, os\T, s\T. dq uTC\T, n_eTTK uTC\T / +us
#T sTC\ eyT ). #T sT n+s+ ` uV+.
e+ +<+ ` yks+ ` yd+. e n+s+ ` uV+. #|eTT ` C. dsY
(C+s+ ). e K+&+ ` nse + . e |]~.
203
(ii) s K\T eT]jTT
DeTT\ =\\T
(iii) kweeTT
(|sesq +)
(iv) bj
C$T
(v) $TrjT
~$TrjT T\
ne>Vq

s U K+&+ =\
D\ =\\T
D\ s\T. n\ ` n~, \+, ds , |sesq eT]jTT d+|Ps D\T XSq D+
K+&q s K\T, \+ s K\T, de+s s K\T
kwe eTT (|sesq +)
|sesq kwy
q ~$TrjT T\qT >T]+#+ eT]jTT |]o*+#+.
|sesq |jT \T. k<sD ~$TrjT T\T |_+u\T |& +
|sesq kwy
>T]+#&+ (n\qT >T]+#T)
bj C$T (sD\T)
s UK+& sD+. (d\T, e , De dV jT+)
e+ ^jT+
\+ deT~ K+&q s K
D+ ]+#T (De)
600, 1200 \qT e ]+#T
D deT~K+&q s K\T (300, 450 eT]jTT 900 @s&TqT, e )
e q D deqyTq D ]+#T
q s K \+ s K\qT ^jT+
n) s K| >\ _+<Te e< ) s K| q{ _+<Te qT+&
$TrjT, ~$TrjT T\ ne>Vq

k<sD VQuT C\T ` |]#jT +. eT, yT s |+#uT E\ es .
$TrjT T\qT >T]+#+. deT|T q+, Bs |T q+, d|
e TT, >eTT, X+KTe, | +
(uT Cs), |s$ T& (uT Cs, #T sd)\qT |]ds\ >T]+#&+ .
$TrjT T\ (|T H\) eT\\T, eTTU\T, n+#T\T, os\T
deT|T q+, Bs|
T q+, X+KTe\ e\\T
>D +
(15 >+\T)
#TT=\ ueq, eT]jTT yX \+

$$< s\ <s #TT=\ ueq |]#jT +, ne>Vq
#TT=\ *qZ $$< s\T
yX \+ ueq. #T sd yX \+, Bs #T sd yX \+
Bs #T sd+ #TT=\, #T sd+ jTT #TT=\ | d+<s + >
Bs#
T sd+ #T sd+ #TT=\, yX \ d\qT <VsD\ <s k<sD ] +#&+
<+X sVD
(10 >+\T)
<+X sVD
<+X+ n+f @$T{?
<+X dsD
eT]jTT sVD. <+X sVD ` >Dq V\T ` |{ \ <VsD.
| \T. | \ d\T eX. | \ sDeTT eT]jTT, $esD.
MT s U \qT q <+XqT>TD+> ]+#+ MTsK \ $esD.
204
6e s> $< |eD\T

n<j\T
d+U eed
eTq d+K\qT
\TdT=+<+
$wjT $esD
deTk k<q
de<q+ >]w+> 5 n+\ d+U\ e#T d+U |jT\ | |<
deTd\T.
$T, <es |eD\ e]&
sD\T #|&+ d+U |jT\ |* n+#H yjT&+.

s|D\T #jT&+ kq $\Te\ ueq |< d+K\qT b\&+
q n+\ ys sT d+K\qT j sT #d |< d+KqT mqT=q&+,
q d+KqT mqT=q&+.
e|s#&+
5 n+\ d+K d+KqT yd ys|+ #|&+. ys|+
d+KqT d+Cs|+ sjT&+

5 n+\ d+K\qT <,>,=. >TsT\ dVjT+ b\&+.
d+<q #jT&+ J$+ |< d+K\ $j> ns+ #dTe&+.
<VsD >eT Hu, <jT+ yTTq$.
b< |s#&+ d+K\qT $dsD s|+q, d+| s|+q \|&+
T, |<T\T, e+<\T, y\ deTT<j\ d+K\qT d+#&+.
|Ps+\T
deTk k<q
____________
sD\T #|&+ d+e, dV#s, d+s, e+XeTT, $u> Hj\qT |Ps+

s|D\T #jT &+ \ G, `, I\ |s+> d]#&&+
e|s#&+
dV d+K\ <T\T> |Ps+\ eXq T ne>Vq #dT =q&+
d+<q #jT&+ J$+ |Ps+\ $j> qT>=q&+.

N eT]jTT W \ eT< d++< ne>Vq #dT=qT.
b< |s#&+ |Ps+\qT d+UsK| >T]+#T
d+K\
&T=+<+
deTk k<q
ujT d\qT dMT]+#&+.

.k.>T eT]jTT >.k.u\qT $$< d+<s\ ne>Vq #dT=qT.
.k.>T., >.k.u\qT sD+ $uq <s u>Vs+ <s
qT>=qT.
205
sD\T #|&+ ujT d\ yqT >\ ]qT qT>=qTqT.

s|D\T #jT&+ .k.>T. >.k.u\ eT]jTT q s+&T d+K\ eT<>\ d++<
d]##TqT. s +&T d+U\ H me d+K\qT rdT= d++<
|]o*+#TqT.
e|s#&+
#T]< |jT\ +&sD\qT $j+#TqT.
d+<q #jT&+ sD+\ eT< d++< @ssT#TqT

J$+ .k.>T. eT]jTT >.k.u\ $j> ne>Vq
#dT=qTqT.
>TDs, u>Vs |{\ e qT>=qTeTT.
b< |s#&+ ____________
|Ps d+K\T
deTk k<q
|Psd+K\ d+\q, ee\q, >TDs deTd\qT k~+#TqT.
sD\T #|&+ |Ps d+K\qT b\TqT. |Ps d+K\qT eT+ +#TqT.

s|D\T #jT&+ N eT]jTT Z \ eT< &\qT #|qT.
e|s#&+
|Psd+K\ d$T eXqT ne>Vq #dT=qTqT.
d+<q #jT&+ N, W eT]jTT Z \ nqTd+<qeTTqT qT>=qTqT.

b< |s#&+ |Ps d+K\qT d+UsK| >T]+#TqT.
d+\q+, ee\q+, >TDs\qT d+UsK| #|qT.
_H\T
deTk k<q
dC, $C, _H\ L&\T, rdy\T #jTTqT (q \T).

_H\qT <X+X _H\qT |sds+ e]& #jTTqT.
<X+XeTT\ d+\q, ee\H\ d+\q, eeH\ L&q
|< deTd\qT k~+#TqT. ($T, <es <eeTT eT]jTT c>).

sD\T #|&+ ____________
s|D\T #jT &+
e|s#&+
____________
206
d+<q #jT&+ _H\T, <X+XeTT\T, <X+X _qeTT\ eT< d+<H\T.

b< |s#&+ ____________
; >D |]#jT + deTk k<q
#ss $\TeqT | |
+ #&+ <s dedeTT\ $\Te\qT qT>=qTqT.
( |jT L&q ds dedeTT\T).

sD\T #|&+ q e\qT k<sD]+ ;JjT ded+> e|s#TqT.
s|D\T #jT &+
e|s#&+
J$ d+<s\qT (dsyTq) ;JjT ded s|+q, ;JjT
dek\qT J$ deTd\ s|+qT e|s#TqT.

d+<q #jT&+ sX\ $\Te *jTq|&T ;JjT dek\ $j> ne>Vq
#dT=qTqT.
* d+<s\ <s d+U eedqT, ;JjT eedqT |sds+
d+<+#TqT.
b< |s#&+ d], ud d+K\ k<sD sb\qT 2n, 2n+1 \T> \TqT.
w `
nqTbeTT
deTk k<q
$eT wT\qT qT>=qTqT.

@edT esZeTT| |< deTd\qT k~+#TqT.
sD\T #|&+ q wT\qT b\TqT.

s|D\T #jT&+ wT\ nqTb <s d]##TqT.
wT\qT qT>=qT sX\T |eD+ m+<T +&
$e]+#TqT.
e|s#&+
wT\qT d+Cs|+ yjTTqT eT]jTT y{ deT _H\qT
yjTTqT.
d+<q #jT&+ nqTb <s nqTd]+ \eTT |, \eTT ` <seTT, yjT+,
#<e&+ eT<>\ d++<\qT |]o*+#TqT.
J$ deTd\ w ` nqTbeTT\ $j> ne>Vq
#dT=qTqT.
b< |s#&+ ________________
207
b<$ T C$T
ueq\T
deTk k<q
________________
sD\T #|&+ b<$T C$T s+ &\qT (uT+, e+, #TsT+) #|qT.

s|D\T #jT&+ uT+, #TsTC\qT b\TqT, &\T #|qT.
e|s#&+
|]ds\ qT+& b<$T C$TrjT s\ <VsD\T #TqT.
d+<q #jT&+ |]ds\ qT+& C$TrjT s\qT <>Z#s+ #jTTqT.

e+ jTT $$\ eT<>\ |sds d++< ne>Vq
#dT=qqT. (e+, ns e+, dsY, yd+, yks+, C yTTq$).
b< |s#&+ b<$T C$TrjT s\qT |s|+ |<]+#TqT.
s K\T, DeTT\
=\\T
deTk k<q
q sUK+&+qT =\T#TqT
sD\T #|&+ sU K+&\ b&e\qT n+#H yjTTqT, d]##TqT.

s|D\T #jT&+ q D\qT eZ]+#TqT
q sK\ qT K+&q sK\T>, \+ sK\T> $u+#TqT.
D\qT b\TqT
n+#H <s D\ =\\qT de]+#TqT
e|s#&+
|]ds\ b<$T s\ $j>, =\\qT qT>=qTqT.
d+<q #jT&+ q =\ sUK+& ^jTTqT.

|]s\ <s q D\qT ^jTTqT.
b< |s#&+ ________________
208
kweeTT
deTk k<q
~$TrjT T\ kwy\qT qT>=qTqT.
sD\T #|&+ kwe, nkwe s\ eT< &\qT $e]+#TqT.

s|D\T #jT&+ q ~$TrjT s| |sesq kwy $e]+#TqT.
e|s#&+
~$TrjT |{ |sesq kwy y{ kwe n\ $e]+#TqT.
d+<q #jT&+ |]ds\ |sesq kwy >T]+#TqT, |]o*+#TqT.

| |sesq kwy n_q+~+#TqT
b< |s#&+ q ~$TrjT |{\ kwe n\qT ^jTTqT.

bj C$T
deTk k<q
________________
sD\T #|&+ q sK\ \T \+u < n+#H yjTTqT.

s|D\T #jT&+ q sK, D deT~K+&q sK n>TH < n+#H yjTTqT.
e|s#&+
___________________
d+<q #jT&+ ___________________

b< |s#&+ sUK+&+, e+, \+ deT~K+&q sK, D+ eT]jTT D
deT~K+&q sK\qT ^jTTqT.
$TrjT,
___________________
deTk k<q
~$TrjT s\
ne>Vq
sD\T #|&+ eTVQuT, k<sD VQ\ eT< u<\qT $e]+#TqT. q
s|D\T #jT &+ VQuT eTy < sD\T #|qT.
e|s#&+
___________________
209
d+<q #jT&+ VQuTE\, y{ |s eT< d++<\qT H\=\TqT.

|]ds\ eTVQuT s\ eTTU\T >\ edTe
\qT |]o*+#TqT.
b< |s#&+ eTVQuTE\qT ^jT& d]jTq edTe\qT mqT=qTqT. q
m+| sD\T #|qT.
$TrjT
T\qT
>T]+#+
deTk k<q
___________________
sD\T #|&+ $TrjT T\ eTTU\T, n+#T\T os\ |s+> eZ]+#TqT.

s|D\T #jT &+ (deT|Tq+, Bs |Tq+, d|+, >+, X+KTe |+, |s$T&)
e|s#&+
___________________
d+<q #jT&+ |]ds\ qTq |TH\qT y{ |s >T]+#TqT.

deT |Tq+, Bs |Tq+ eT]jTT db\qT y{ e\q \ eT<
d++< ne>Vq #dT=qTqT.
b< |s#&+ $TrjT T\qT ~$TrjT |{\T> +| |<]+#TqT.
#TT=\
ueq eT]jTT
yX \+ |]#jT +
deTk k<q
#Tsd eT]jTT Bs #Tsd #TT=\\ yX\ deTd\qT
k~+#TqT.
|< deTd\qT k~+#TqT.
sD\T #|&+ |+ jTT #TT=\, yX\ &qT $e]+#TqT.

s|D\T #jT &+ q |+ jTT #TT=\qT qT>=qTqT.
yX\+ * ysT ysT #TT=\ *q #Tsk\, Bs
#Tsk\ <VsD*#TqT.
q |{\ #TT=\ *q |{\qT >T]+#TqT.
#TT=\ yX\qT qT>=qT <c\qT >T]+ de]+#TqT.
e|s#&+
#Tsd, Bs#Tsd+, #T=\ eT]jTT yX\ d\qT
$e]+#TqT.
d+<q #jT&+ yX\ |eD\T eT]jTT eT< d++< H\=\TqT.
b< |s#&+ VQuT yX w& #jTT <s d+#TqT.
210
<+X sVD
deTk k<q
neZ <+X eZ <+X+> ]+#TqT.
sD\T #|&+ |{ de#s |<\ $e]+#TqT.

s|D\T #jT &+
e|s#&+
~yT \, |\ >TD`<c\qT b\TqT, $e]+#TqT.
d+<q #jT&+ J$+ ~yT \, | \ $j> ne>Vq

#dT=qTqT. (d+\ y Hu, y] <jT ` ej\ |{,
ejTkjT T\T yTTq$).
b< |s#&+ <+X >Dq V\ <s d+#TqT.
<+X |{\ <s d+#TqT.
<+X | \T, ~yT\ d+#TqT.
211
>|t +
212
> +
213
|\\! MT dyT d#q\T...

bs|d+ | ueq ne>Vq d+ d+<s+ < <VsD\T < deTd\T < \T
yTT<\>Tq$ < d++~+q ueT\T/|{\T e&q$. d+<s |+/ueT bT#~$
ueqqT ne>Vq #dT=qT |jT+#*.
ueq\T ne>Vq #dTe& sVdTq \ bZ+Tq d+<s+ MT e# nqTeH\qT
y+H MT b<jTT\qT n& \TdTy*.
ueq ne>Vq nsTTq~ n \TdT=qT $ #jT+& deTd\qT MTsT d++> k~+#*.
y\ k~+#b e~] deTdqT |]o*+ ne>Vq b+<*. < b<jTT n&
\TdTy*.
|jT+#+& o] +< q deTd\T MT #q\qT |<TqT|& |j>|&sTT. nq>
MT #q H|D\qT |+b+~ksTT. M{ djT+> k~+#q|&T {$<sT\ *d
k~+#& |jT+#*. < b<jTT\ #]+ k<qqT \TdTy*.
+#+&`#]+#+& \T MTsT ueqqT eT]+ T> $d+> ne>Vq #dTe&
<V<|&sTT. eq M{ MT $TT\ *d #]d, |d ne>Vq b+<+&.
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k~+#e#T.
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bs|d+ m& bC\T e&qy y{ MTsT #jTe\d +T+~. nsTT M{
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ueq ne>Vq d+ sV+# \T, nuk\ +& deTd\ MT |d+<q\qT bs |d + H
sjTe\d +f y{ n& sj*.
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djT+> jsT#d > MT b<jTT, { $<sT\ #|+#+&. n+<sT *d y{ k~+#+&.
>D ueq\ d++~+ bs|d+ q \T, |, dsyTq $wj\T ne>Vq
#dT= n+{$ eT]= d]+ k~+#*.
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jT) $$< d+<s\ y{ C&+#&+, |j+#&+ e+{$ #j*.
>D+ MTsT eTTK+> deTdk<q, sD\T #|&+`s|D\T #jT&+, >Duw e|s#&+,
>D ueq\qT, ne>VqqT $$< d+<s+, $wj\, J$+ nqTd+<q+ #jT&+,
b<|s#&+ e+{ keTs\qT k~+#*.
| >D keTs\qT k~+#&+ ueq\ ne>Vq |s+> @yH +<T\T m<Ts m|{|&T
b<jTT\ dVs+ rdTy*.
214
eT<V uq |<+
b<$Tq s>T\T (VI - VIII)
1. uq |<s\ d (Menu) :
sE (Day)
keTys+
eT+>y s+
T<ys+
>TsTys+
Xys+
Xys+
uq |<s\ d (Menu)
>T&T, k+usT
Ls>jT\T
||, Ls\T
>T&T, k+usT
Ls>jT\T
||, Ls\T
2. Vs |eD\T (Food Norms) :

eT
d+K
Vs<H\T (><TeT/_jT+)
(Food Grains)
||\T (Pulses)
b<$Tq (Upper Primary)

|]eD+
b{qT\T
\\T
(>.\)
(>.\)
150
510
12
Vs $es\T
(Food Items)
30
100
Ls>jT\T (Vegitables)
75
30
qH\T (Oil & Fat)
7.5
55
seTT\T (>T&T/ns{|+&T)
(Any other item [Egg/Banana])
ys s +&T ksT
160
12
3. e+jT KsT neT\T ~ 01/04/2012 (Cooking Cost w.e.f.01-04-2012) :

+<+
3.49
b<$Tq (Upper Primary)

sh+
1.16
yTT+
4.65
4. ejTdT |s+ u\ u*\ jTT b&T>T eT]jTT sTe

(Age-wise Height and Weight for Boys and Girls) :
eT
d+K s>
1
VI
2
VII
3
VIII
u\TsT
ejTdT
sTe
b&e
(d+ \)
(d+.MT.) (.>.\)
137.5
31.4
11
140.0
32.2
12
147.0
37.0
13
215
u*\T
sTe
b&e
(d+.MT.) (.>.\)
138.3
32.5
142.2
33.5
148.0
38.7
Distribution of Population and Sex Ratio: Census 2011

State /
UT
Code
Total Population
India / State / Union Terrory
INDIA
Persons
Males
Female
5
Sex ratio
(females per
1000 males)
6
1,210,193,422
623,724,248
586,469,174
940
Jammu & Kasmir
12,548,926
6,665,561
5,883,365
883
Himachal Pradesh
6,856,509
3,473,892
3,382,617
974
Punjab
27,704,236
14,634,819
13,069,417
893
Chandigarh
1,054,686
580,282
474,404
818
Uttarakhand
10,116,752
5,154,178
4,962,574
963
Haryana
25,353,081
13,505,130
11,847,951
877
NCT of Delhi
16,753,235
8,976,410
7,776,825
866
Rajasthan
68,621,012
35,620,086
33,000,926
926
Uttar Pradesh
199,581,477
104,596,415
94,985,062
908
10
Bihar
103,804,637
54,185,347
49,619,290
916
11
Sikkim
607,688
321,661
286,027
889
12
Arunachal Pradesh
1,382,611
720,232
662,379
920
13
Nagaland
1,980,602
1,025,707
954,895
931
14
Manipur
2,721,756
1,369,764
1,351,992
987
15
Mizoram
1,091,014
552,339
538,675
975
16
Tripura
3,671,032
1,871,867
1,799,165
961
17
Meghalaya
2,964,007
1,492,668
1,471,339
986
18
Assam
31,169,272
15,954,927
15,214,345
954
19
West Bengal
91,347,736
46,927,389
44,420,347
947
20
Jharkhand
32,966,238
16,931,688
16,034,550
947
21
Orissa
41,947,358
21,201,678
20,745,680
978
22
Chhattisgarh
25,540,196
12,827,915
12,712,281
991
23
Madhya Pradesh
72,597,565
37,612,920
34,984,645
930
24
Gujarat
60,383,628
31,482,282
28,901,346
918
25
Daman &Diu
242,911
150,100
92,811
618
26
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
342,853
193,178
149,675
775
27
Maharashtra
112,372,972
58,361,397
54,011,575
925
28
Andhra Pradesh
84,665,533
42,509,881
42,155,652
992
29
Karnataka
61,130,704
31,057,742
30,072,962
968
30
Goa
1,457,723
740,711
717,012
968
31
lakshadweep
64,429
33,106
31,323
946
32
Kerala
33,387,677
16,021,290
17,366,387
1,084
33
Tamil Nadu
72,138,958
36,158,871
35,980,087
995
34
Puducher.ry
1,244,464
610,485
633,979
1,038
35
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
3,79,944
202,330
177,614
878
216

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Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

All rights reserved.

This Book has been printed on 80 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

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JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do

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