Hm lng gic

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

th hm sin

th hm cos

th hm tang

 th hm cotang

th hm sec

Cc hm lng gic c bn[sa]

Ngy nay, chng ta thng lm vic vi su hm lng gic c bn, c lit k trong bng di, km
theo lin h ton hc gia cc hm.

Hm

Vit tt

Sin

sin

Cos

cos

Tang

tan(tg)

Cotang

cot(cotg)

Sec

sec

Cosec

csc
(hay cosec)

Lin h

Trong lch s, mt s hm lng gic khc c nhc n, nhng nay t dng l:

versin (versin = 1 cos)

exsecant (exsec = sec 1).

nh ngha bng tam gic vung[sa]

Mt tam gic vung lun cha mt gc 90 (/2 radian), c k hiu l C trong hnh ny. Gc A v B c th thay i.
Cc hm lng gic th hin mi lin h chiu di cc cnh v ln cc gc ca tam gic vung.

C th nh ngha cc hm lng gic ca gc A, bng vic dng nn mt tam gic vung cha gc A.
Trong tam gic vung ny, cc cnh c t tn nh sau:

Cnh huyn l cnh i din vi gc vung, l cnh di nht ca tam gic vung, h trn hnh v.

Cnh i l cnh i din vi gc A, a trn hnh v.

Cnh k l cnh ni gia gc A v gc vung, b trn hnh v.

Dng hnh hc clit, tng cc gc trong tam gic l pi radian (hay 180). Khi :

Hm

nh ngha

Sin

Cnh i chia cho cnh huyn

Cos

Cnh k chia cho cnh huyn

Tang

Cnh i chia cho cnh k

Cotang

Cnh k chia cho cnh i

Sec

Cnh huyn chia cho cnh k

Cosec

Cnh huyn chia cho cnh i

nh ngha bng vng trn n v[sa]

Biu thc

Cc hm lng gic cng c th c nh ngha bng vng trn n v, mt vng trn c bn knh bng 1
v tm trng vi tm ca h ta . nh ngha dng vng trn n v thc ra cng da vo tam gic
vung, nhng chng c th nh ngha cho cc mi gc l s thc, ch khng ch gii hn gia 0 v Pi/2
radian. Cc gc ln hn 2 hay nh hn 2 quay vng trn ng trn.

Dng i s[sa]

Vng trn n v v mt s im c bit ng vi mt s gc c bit.

Vng trn n v l mi im (x, y) trn mt phng ca hnh hc phng tha mn:

x2 + y2 = 1
Gi gc l gc gia ng thng ni tm h ta v im (x,y) trn vng trn v chiu dng ca
trc x ca h ta x-y, cc hm lng gic c th c nh ngha l:

Hm

nh ngha

sin()

cos()

tan()

y/x

cot()

x/y

sec()

1/x

csc()

1/y

Khi cc gc quay trn vng trn, hm sin, cos, sec v cosec tr nn hm tun hon vi chu k 2
radian hay 360 :

y l gc, mt s thc bt k; k l mt s nguyn bt k.

Tang v Cotang tun hon vi chu k radian hay 180 .

Dng hnh hc[sa]

Mi hm lng gic u c th c dng ln bng phng php hnh hc trn mt vng trn n
v c tm O.

Hnh v bn cho thy nh ngha bng hnh hc v cc hm lng gic cho gc bt k trn
vng trn n v tm O. Vi l na cung AB:

Hm

nh
ngha

Ch thch

sin()

AC

nh ngha ln u gii thiu trong lch s bi ngi n

cos()

OC

tan()

AE

cot()

AF

sec()

OE

csc()

OF

versin()

CD

versin() = 1 cos()

exsec()

DE

exsec() = sec() 1

ng tip tuyn vi ng trn ti A, ngha ny mang li cho ci tn "tan" ca

hm, xut pht t ting La tinh l "tip tuyn"
ng ct vng trn, ngha ny mang li cho ci tn "secant" ca hm, xut pht
t ting La tinh l "ng ct vng trn"

Theo hnh v, d thy sec v tang s phn k khi tin ti /2 (90 ), cosec v cotang phn
k khi tin ti 0. Nhiu cch xy dng tng t c th c thc hin trn vng trn n v,
v cc tnh cht ca cc hm lng gic c th c chng minh bng hnh hc.

nh ngha bng chui[sa]

Hm sin (xanh lam) c xp x bng chui Taylor bc 7 (mu hng).

Dng hnh hc v cc tnh cht ca gii hn hm s, c th chng minh rng o

hm ca hm sin l hm cos v o hm ca hm cos l tri du ca hm sin. C th
dng chui Taylor phn tch hm sin v cos ra chui, cho mi gc x o bng gi
tr radian thc. T hai hm ny c th suy ra chui ca cc hm lng dng cn li.
Cc ng thc bn di y cho bit chui Taylor ca cc hm lng gic. Chng c th
dng lm nh ngha cho hm lng gic. Chng c dng trong nhiu ng dng,
nh chui Fourier), v l thuyt ca chui v hn c th c xy dng t nn tng h
thng s thc, c lp vi hnh hc. Cc tnh cht nh kh vi hay lin tc c th c chng
minh ch t nh ngha bng chui.
Trong bng di, quy c:
En l s Euler th n
Un l s ln/xung th n

Hm
sin(x)

cos(x
)

tan(x)

cot(x)

sec(x
)

nh ngha

C th

csc(x
)

Trn trng s phc[sa]

T nh ngha bng chui, c th chng minh rng cc hm sin v cos l phn
o v phn thc ca hm m ca s o:

Vi i l n v o, cn bc hai ca -1.
Lin h ny c pht hin ln u bi Euler v cng thc ny c gi
l cng thc Euler. Trong gii tch phc, nu v vng trn n v trn mt phng
phc, gm cc im z = eix, cc mi lin h gia s phc v lng gic tr nn
r rng. V d nh cc qu trnh miu t bi hm m phc c tnh cht tun
hon.
Cng thc trn cng cho php m rng hm lng gic ra cho bin phc z:

Trong trng hp c bit, z = x, mt s thc

nh ngha bng phng trnh vi

phn[sa]
C hai hm sin v cos tha mn phng trnh vi phn

Cc hm ny l cc hm tri du ca vi phn bc hai ca

chng.
Trong khng gian vect hai chiu V cha tt c cc
nghim ca phng trnh vi phn trn, sin l hm duy
nht tha mn iu kin bin y(0) = 0 v y(0) = 1, cn
cos l hm duy nht tha mn iu kin bin y(0) = 1
v y(0) = 0. Hai hm ny li c lp tuyn tnh trong V,
chng to thnh h c s cho V.
Thc t cch nh ngha ny tng ng vi vic dng
cng thc Euler. Phng trnh vi phn khng ch c th
c dng nh ngha sin v cos m cn c th c

dng chng minh cc ng thc lng gic cho cc

hm ny.
Hm tan l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh vi phn
phi tuyn sau:

vi iu kin bin y(0) = 0. Xem [1] cho mt chng

minh ca cng thc ny.
Cc phng trnh trn ch ng khi bin s trong cc
hm lng gic l radian. Nu dng n v o gc
khc, bin s thay i bng qua mt nhn t k. V
d, nu x c tnh bng , k s l:

Lc :

v vi phn ca hm sin b thay i cng

nhn t ny:
.
Ngha l hm s phi tha mn:

V d trn cho hm sin, iu

tng t cng xy ra cho hm
lng gic khc.

Cc nh ngha
khc[sa]
Hm sin v cos, v cc hm
lng gic khc suy ra t hai hm
ny, c th c nh ngha l
hm s v c trong nh l sau:
Tn ti duy nht cp
hm s v c trn trng s
thc tha mn:
1.

s(x)2 + c(x)2 = 1

2.

s(x+y) = s(x)c(y)
+ c(x)s(y)

3.

c(x+y) = c(x)c(y)
- s(x)s(y)

4.

0 < xc(x) < s(x) < x cho

mi 0 < x < 1

Min xc nh v min
gi tr[sa]
Cc hm s lng gic trn
trng s thc c min xc
nh v min gi tr c tng kt
trong bng sau:

Hm

Min

sin

R (ton b trc s thc)

cos

tang

R/{/2 + k|k nguyn}

vi k l cc s nguyn)

cotang

R/{k|k nguyn} (cc s

nguyn)

Phng php tnh[sa]

Vic tnh gi tr s cho cc hm
lng gic l bi ton phc tp.
Ngy nay, a s mi ngi c th
dng my tnh hay my tnh b ti
khoa hc tnh gi tr cc hm
ny. Di y trnh by vic dng
bng tnh trong lch s tra gi
tr cc hm lng gic, k thut
tnh ngy nay trong my tnh, v
mt s gi tr chnh xc d nh.

Trc ht, vic tnh gi tr cc

hm lng gic ch cn tp trung
vo cc gc nm, v d, t 0 n
/2, v gi tr ca cc hm lng
gic cc gc khc u c th
c suy ra bng tnh cht tun
hon v i xng ca cc hm.
Trc khi c my tnh, ngi ta
thng tm gi tr hm lng gic
bng cch ni suy t mt bng
tnh sn, c chnh xc ti
nhiu ch s thp phn. Cc bng
tnh ny thng c xy dng
bng cch s dng cc cng thc
lng gic, nh cng thc chia
i gc, hay cng thc cng gc,
bt u t mt vi gi tr chnh xc
(nh sin(/2)=1).
Cc my tnh hin i dng nhiu
k thut khc nhau (Kantabutra,
1996). Mt phng php ph
bin, c bit cho cc my tnh c
cc b tnh s thp phn, l kt
hp xp x a thc (v dchui
Taylor hu hn hoc hm hu t)
vi cc bng tnh sn u tin,
my tnh tm n gi tr tnh sn
trong bng nh cho gc nm gn
gc cn tnh nht, ri dng a
thc sa gi tr trong bng v
gi tr chnh xc hn. Trn cc
phn cng khng c b s hc v
l gc, c th dng thut
ton CORDIC (hoc cc k thut
tng t) tnh hiu qu hn, v
thut ton ny ch dng ton t
chuyn v v php cng. Cc
phng php ny u thng

c lp sn trong cc phn cng

my tnh tng tc x l.
i vi cc gc c bit, gi tr
cc hm lng gic c th c
tnh bng giy v bt da vo nh
l Pytago. V d nh sin, cos v
tang ca cc gc l bi ca /60
radian (3 ) c th tnh c
chnh xc bng giy bt.
Mt v d n gin l tam gic
vung cn vi cc gc nhn bng
/4 radian (45 ). Cnh
k b bng cnh i a v c th
t a = b = 1. Sin, cos v tang ca
/4 radian (45 ) c th tnh
bng nh l Pytago nh sau:

Nn:

Mt v d khc l tm
gi tr hm lng
gic ca /3 radian
(60 ) v /6
radian (30 ), c
th bt u vi tam
gic u c cc
cnh bng 1. C 3
gc ca tam gic
bng /3 radian (60
). Chia i tam
gic ny thnh hai
tam gic vung c
gc nhn /6 radian
(30 ) v /3
radian (60 ). Mi

tam gic vung c

cnh ngn nht l
1/2, cnh huyn
bng 1 v cnh cn
li bng (3)/2. Nh
vy:

Hm
ln
g
gic
ng
c[s
a]
Cc
hm
lng
gic
tun
hon,
do vy
tm
hm
ngc,
cn
gii
hn
min
ca
hm.
Di
y l
nh
ngha

cc
hm
lng
gic
ngc:

Gii hn min

nh ngha

-/2 < y < /2

y = arcsin(x) khi v ch khi x = sin(y)

0<y<

y = arccos(x) khi v ch khi x = cos(y)

-/2 < y < /2

y = arctan(x) khi v ch khi x = tan(y)

-/2 < y < /2 v y 0

y = arccot(x) khi v ch khi x = cot(y)

0 < y < v y /2

y = arcsec(x) khi v ch khi x = sec(y)

-/2 < y < /2 v y 0

y = arccsc(x) khi v ch khi x = csc(y)

Cc
hm
ngc
c
k hiu
l
arcsin
v
arccos
Cc
hm
lng
gic
ngc
cng
c th
c
nh
ngha
bng
chui
v
hn:

Chng cng c

c nh ngh

thng qua cc

thc sau, da

tnh cht chn

o hm ca
hm khc.

Cng thc tr

gic ngc ra

Mt s
Xem thm ng thc lng gic
Xem thm Danh sch tch phn vi hm lng gic, Danh sch tch phn vi hm lng gic
ngc

Tnh cht

nh lut sin v

Cc hm ln

cho vic m p

tng (v hn)

cc bi ton
Cc tnh cht

nh l si

nh l sin ph

C th chng

nghch o c

di hai cn

vo vic o c

nh l co

nh l cos l

nh l ny c

d liu cha b

Nu gc trong

C nm trong k

nh l ta

nh l tang p