Quite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech, music,

video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These

are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at

the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.

i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse

becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband

spectrum to the passband of the given channel.

Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say

 A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel

that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the

out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.

If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually

termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall

explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as

just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume

that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.

i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW

modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband

spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous

variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the

receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission

characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually

termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a

digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband

communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as

just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let
us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume
that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference andQuite a few of the information bearing signals, such as speech,
music,
video, etc., are analog in nature; that is, they are functions of the continuous
variable t and for any t = t1, their value can lie anywhere in the interval, say
A to A. Also, these signals are of the baseband variety. If there is a channel
that can support baseband transmission, we can easily set up a baseband
communication system. In such a system, the transmitter could be as simple as
just a power amplifier so that the signal that is transmitted could be received at
the destination with some minimum power level, even after being subject to
attenuation during propagation on the channel. In such a situation, even the
receiver could have a very simple structure; an appropriate filter (to eliminate the
out of band spectral components) followed by an amplifier.
If a baseband channel is not available but have access to a passband
channel, (such as ionospheric channel, satellite channel etc.) an appropriate CW
modulation scheme discussed earlier could be used to shift the baseband
spectrum to the passband of the given channel.
Interesting enough, it is possible to transmit the analog information in a
digital format. Though there are many ways of doing it, in this chapter, we shall
explore three such techniques, which have found widespread acceptance. These
are: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
Principles of Communication Prof. V. Venkata Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6.2
and Delta Modulation (DM). Before we get into the details of these techniques, let

us summarize the benefits of digital transmission. For simplicity, we shall assume

that information is being transmitted by a sequence of binary pulses.
i) During the course of propagation on the channel, a transmitted pulse
becomes gradually distorted due to the non-ideal transmission
characteristic of the channel. Also, various unwanted signals (usually
termed interference and