H: Change in chemical energy under conditions of constant pressure.

0 : Standard conditions of pressure of 1x10 Pa and stated temperature. Also,

the standard states of reactants and products.
Standard Enthalpy of Formation: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of a
substance is formed from its elements with all
reactants and products in their standard states.
Standard State: The most stable form of a substance under standard
conditions.
Standard Enthalpy of combustion: The enthalpy change when 1 mole of a
substance burns completely in oxygen with all
reactants and products in their standard states.
Hesss Law: The enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of
the route followed.
Specific Heat Capacity: This is the amount, in joules, of energy required to
raise the temperature of 1ml of water 1oc.
H: -(4.18MassT1000)/MOLES
Bond Enthalpy: The mean enthalpy change when 1 mole of covalent bonds is
broken homolytically in the gaseous phase.
Nucleophile: Electron pair donor.
Electrophile: Electron pair acceptor.
Reagent: Chemical/chemicals that react with an organic molecule.
Substrate: The organic molecule that undergoes the reaction.
Addition Reacton: An unsaturated molecule (alkene) becomes saturated.
Elimination Reaction: Saturated (alkane) becomes unsaturated.
Substitution Reaction: Saturated (alkane) remains saturated, condition:
aqueous reagent.
Base: Curly arrow begins here but goes to Hydrogen, condition: alcoholic
reagent.
Dynamic Equilibrium: Forwards and backwards reactions proceeding at equal
rates with the concentration of reactants and products as
constant.
Le Chateliers Principle: If we change the external condition of a reaction at
equilibrium, the position of equilibrium will move so as to
oppose the external change.
Compromise: 450oc temperature and 200atms pressure.
Activation Energy (Ea): The minimum energy the colliding particles must have
for a chemical reaction to occur.
Most Probable Energy (Emp): This is the hump that takes place on the Maxwell
Distribution Graph.
Catalyst: What: A substance which speeds up a chemical reaction but remains
chemically unchanged by the reaction.
How: A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway of lower
activation
energy.
Reaction Rate: Change in concentration of a substance in a unit of time.
Reagent of Oxidating Alcohols: Acified Potassium Dichromate (orange)
Product of Oxidating Alcohols: Cr3+ (green)-it is an oxidising agent, therefore it
is reduced.
Bio-Fuels: Fuel produced from biological or renewable sources.
Carbon Neutral: No net increase to the CO2 level in the atmosphere.
Major Product: The most stable intermediate forms more often giving the
major product.
Polymerisation: Reaction which turns many small molecules into long chain
molecules.
How isomers found in Infa-red Spectrum: Finger print region unique to all
compounds comparison to authentic
sample.
Primary Alcohols: Oxidised to Aldehydes, then to Carboxylic Acid.
Seconday Alcohols: Oxidised to Ketones.
Reducing Agents: Gains Oxygen, Loses Electrons, Loses Hydrogen.
Oxidising Agents: Loses of Oxygen, Gains of Electrons, Gains Hydrogen.
Electronegativity: Ability to attract a pair of shared electrons in a covalent
bond.
Ores: Naturally occurring materials from which we can extract a metal
commercially.
Alloys: Mixture of metals.

Stereoisomerism: Compounds with the same structural formula with bonds

arranged differently in space.
Structural Isomers: Have the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae.
Hydrolysis: Splitting C-X bonds using water
Molecular Ion: The molecule with an electron knocked off
Radical: An unpaired electron.
Substitution: Replacement of the Halogen.